(1)

By its Decision (EU) 2018/796 (4), the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) restricted the marketing, distribution or sale of contracts for differences (CFDs) to retail clients with effect from 1 August 2018 for a period of three months.

(2)

In accordance with Article 40(6) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014, ESMA must review a temporary product intervention measure at appropriate intervals and at least every three months.

(3)

ESMA's review of the restriction on CFDs has been informed by, inter alia, a survey among national competent authorities (5) (NCAs) on the practical application and impact of the product intervention measure as well as additional information provided by NCAs and stakeholders.

(4)

NCAs detected only limited examples of non-compliance with the ESMA product intervention measure, which mainly related to the risk warnings.

(5)

NCAs reported an overall decrease in the number of CFD retail client accounts, trading volume and total retail client equity over the month of August 2018 in comparison with August 2017. The share of profitable retail client accounts decreased slightly, but this appears to be mainly arising from the soaring prices of cryptocurrencies in August 2017 (6). Comparing client outcomes over time is not only impacted by the product intervention measures, but also for example by market conditions. Market conditions in August 2017 were bullish in comparison to August 2018. Furthermore, the population of retail clients changed (7). Finally, NCAs reported a decrease in the number of automatic close-outs and the occurrences that accounts went into negative equity (8).

(6)

NCAs also reported an increase in the number of clients treated as professional clients on request over the month of August 2018 in comparison with August 2017. ESMA is aware that some CFD providers are advertising to retail clients the possibility of becoming professional clients on request. However, a retail client may request to be treated as a professional client when, in particular, the client submits a request in writing in accordance with all the requirements set out in the applicable legislation. Providers should ensure that they comply at all times with those requirements (9). ESMA is also aware that some third-country firms are actively approaching Union clients or that some CFD providers in the Union are marketing the possibility for retail clients to move their accounts to an intra-group third-country entity. However, without authorisation or registration in the Union, third-country firms are only allowed to offer services to clients established or situated in the Union at the client's own exclusive initiative. Finally, ESMA is aware that firms are starting to provide other speculative investment products. ESMA will continue to monitor the offer of these other products to determine whether any other Union measures are appropriate.

(7)

During the review period, ESMA did not obtain evidence contradicting its overall finding of a significant investor protection concern identified in Decision (EU) 2018/796. ESMA has therefore concluded that the significant investor protection concern identified in Decision (EU) 2018/796 would persist if its decision to restrict the marketing, distribution or sale of CFDs to retail clients is not renewed.

(8)

Since the adoption of that Decision, the applicable existing regulatory requirements under Union law have not changed and continue not to address the threat identified by ESMA. Furthermore, NCAs have not taken action to address the threat or the actions taken do not adequately address the threat. In particular, since the adoption of the Decision, no NCA has adopted its own national product intervention measure under Article 42 of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 (10).

(9)

The renewal of the restriction set out in Decision (EU) 2018/796 does not have a detrimental effect on the efficiency of financial markets or on investors that is disproportionate to the benefits of the action and does not create a risk of regulatory arbitrage for the same reasons set out in that Decision.

(10)

If the temporary restriction is not renewed, ESMA considers it is likely that CFDs will again be offered without adequate measures to sufficiently protect retail clients against the risks related to those products that gave rise to the consumer detriment identified in Decision (EU) 2018/796.

(11)

In view of these reasons, taken together with the reasons set out in Decision (EU) 2018/796, ESMA has decided to renew the restriction for a further three-month period to address the significant investor protection concern.

(12)

In renewing the restriction, ESMA has carefully considered any new relevant information that has emerged during the review period. In this respect, ESMA obtained information that, in certain cases, CFD providers experience technical difficulties in using the abbreviated risk warning due to the character limits imposed by third party marketing providers for communications other than through a durable medium or a webpage. Therefore, a reduced character risk warning should be introduced in this renewal.

(13)

The reduced character risk warning is not intended to replace the abbreviated risk warning. The new warning is envisaged to be used only for cases where the third party relied on by a CFD provider to market the product imposes a character limit that is not compatible with the number of characters comprising the risk warnings.

(14)

The reduced character risk warning provides retail clients with information on the percentage of CFD retail accounts losing money. However, in order to fully draw clients' attention to whether they can afford the high risk of losing their money when investing in CFDs, this renewal requires that any communication containing the reduced character risk warning also includes a direct link to a webpage of the CFD provider where the warning required for durable media or webpages is shown.

(15)

As the proposed measures may, to a limited extent, relate to agricultural commodities derivatives, ESMA has consulted the public bodies competent for the oversight, administration and regulation of physical agricultural markets under Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 (11). None of those bodies has raised any objections to the proposed renewal of the measures.

(16)

ESMA has notified NCAs of the proposed renewal Decision,

(a)

‘contract for differences’ or ‘CFD’ means a derivative other than an option, future, swap or forward rate agreement, the purpose of which is to give the holder a long or short exposure to fluctuations in the price, level or value of an underlying, irrespective of whether it is traded on a trading venue, and that must be settled in cash or may be settled in cash at the option of one of the parties other than by reason of default or other termination event;

(b)

‘excluded non-monetary benefit’ means any non-monetary benefit other than, insofar as they relate to CFDs, information and research tools;

(c)

‘initial margin’ means any payment for the purpose of entering into a CFD, excluding commission, transaction fees and any other related costs;

(d)

‘initial margin protection’ means the initial margin determined by Annex I;

(e)

‘margin close-out protection’ means the closure of one or more of a retail client's open CFDs on terms most favourable to the client in accordance with Articles 24 and 27 of Directive 2014/65/EU when the sum of funds in the CFD trading account and the unrealised net profits of all open CFDs connected to that account falls to less than half of the total initial margin protection for all those open CFDs;

(f)

‘negative balance protection’ means the limit of a retail client's aggregate liability for all CFDs connected to a CFD trading account with a CFD provider to the funds in that CFD trading account.

(a)

the CFD provider requires the retail client to pay the initial margin protection;

(b)

the CFD provider provides the retail client with the margin close-out protection;

(c)

the CFD provider provides the retail client with the negative balance protection;

(d)

the CFD provider does not directly or indirectly provide the retail client with a payment, monetary or excluded non-monetary benefit in relation to the marketing, distribution or sale of a CFD, other than the realised profits on any CFD provided; and

(e)

the CFD provider does not send directly or indirectly a communication to or publish information accessible by a retail client relating to the marketing, distribution or sale of a CFD unless it includes the appropriate risk warning specified by and complying with the conditions in Annex II.