‘Appendix 3

In-use performance ratio

1.   Introduction

1.1.   This Appendix sets out the in-use performance ratio of a specific monitor M of the OBD systems (IUPR M) requirements for L3e, L5e-A, and L7e-A vehicles type approved in accordance with this Regulation.

2.   Audit of IUPR M

2.1.   At the request of the approval authority, the manufacturer shall report to the type-approval authority on warranty claims, warranty repair works and OBD faults recorded at servicing, according to a format agreed at type-approval. The information shall detail the frequency and substance of faults for emissions-related components and systems. The reports shall be filed at least once in the vehicle's production cycle, for each vehicle model for the duration of 5 years of age or the distance as laid down in Annex VII(A) to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, whichever is sooner.

2.2.   Parameters defining IUPR family

For defining the IUPR family the OBD family parameters listed in Appendix 5 shall be used.

2.3.   Information requirements

An audit of IUPR M will be conducted by the approval authority on the basis of information supplied by the manufacturer. Such information shall include in particular, the following:

2.3.1.

The name and address of the manufacturer;

2.3.2.

The name, address, telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address of his authorised representative within the areas covered by the manufacturer's information;

2.3.3.

The model name(s) of the vehicles included in the manufacturer's information;

2.3.4.

Where appropriate, the list of vehicle types covered within the manufacturer's information, i.e. for OBD and IUPR M, the OBD family in accordance with Appendix 5;

2.3.5.

The vehicle identification number (VIN) codes applicable to these vehicle types within the family (VIN prefix);

2.3.6.

The numbers of the type-approvals applicable to these vehicle types within the IUPR family, including, where applicable, the numbers of all extensions and field fixes/recalls (re-works);

2.3.7.

Details of extensions, field fixes/recalls to those type-approvals for the vehicles covered within the manufacturer's information (if requested by the approval authority);

2.3.8.

The period of time over which the manufacturer's information was collected;

2.3.9.

The vehicle build period covered within the manufacturer's information (e.g. vehicles manufactured during the 2017 calendar year);

2.3.10.

The manufacturer's IUPR M checking procedure, including: (a) vehicle location method; (b) vehicle selection and rejection criteria; (c) test types and procedures used for the programme; (d) the manufacturer's acceptance/rejection criteria for the family group; (e) geographical area(s) within which the manufacturer has collected information; (f) sample size and sampling plan used.

2.3.11.

The results from the manufacturer's IUPR M procedure, including: (a) identification of the vehicles included in the programme (whether tested or not). The identification shall include the following: — model name; — vehicle identification number (VIN); — region of use (where known — date of manufacture. (b) the reason(s) for rejecting a vehicle from the sample: (c) test data, including the following: — date of test/download; — location of test/download; — all data, as required in accordance with point 4.1.6. of Appendix 1, downloaded from the vehicle; — for each monitor to be reported the in-use-performance ratio.

2.3.12.

For IUPR M sampling, the following: (a) the average of in-use-performance ratios IUPR M of all selected vehicles for each monitor in accordance with point 4.1.4. of Appendix 1. (b) The percentage of selected vehicles, which have an IUPR M greater or equal to the minimum value applicable to the monitor in accordance with point 4.1.4. of Appendix 1.

3.   Selection of vehicles for IUPR M

3.1.   The manufacturer's sampling shall be drawn from at least two Member States with substantially different vehicle operating conditions (unless only made available on the market in one Member State). Factors such as differences in fuels, ambient conditions, average road speeds, and urban/highway driving split shall be taken into consideration in the selection of the Member States.

For IUPR M testing, only vehicles fulfilling the criteria of point 2.3 of Appendix 4 shall be included in the test sample.

3.2.   In selecting the Member States for sampling vehicles, the manufacturer may select vehicles from a Member State that is considered to be particularly representative. In this case, the manufacturer shall demonstrate to the approval authority which granted the type approval that the selection is representative (e.g. by the market having the largest annual sales of a vehicle family within the Union). When a family requires more than one sample lot to be tested as defined in point 3.3, the vehicles in the second and third sample lots shall reflect different vehicle operating conditions from those selected for the first sample.

3.3.   Sample size

3.3.1.   The number of sample lots shall depend on the annual sales volume of an OBD family in the Union, as defined in the following table:

EU registrations — per calendar year (for tailpipe emissions tests) — of vehicles of an OBD family with IUPR in the sampling period	Number of sample lots
up to 100 000	1
100 001 to 200 000	2
above 200 000	3

3.3.2.   For IUPR, the number of sample lots to be taken is described in the table in point 3.3.1. and is based on the number of vehicles of an IUPR family that are approved with IUPR

For the first sampling period of an IUPR family, all of the vehicle types in the family that are approved with IUPR shall be considered to be subject to sampling. For subsequent sampling periods, only vehicle types which have not been previously tested or are covered by emissions approvals that have been extended since the previous sampling period shall be considered to be subject to sampling.

For families consisting of fewer than 5 000 EU registrations that are subject to sampling within the sampling period the minimum number of vehicles in a sample lot is six. For all other families, the minimum number of vehicles in a sample lot to be sampled is fifteen.

Each sample lot shall adequately represent the sales pattern, i.e. at least high volume vehicle types (≥ 20 % of the family total) shall be represented.

Vehicles of small series productions with less than 1 000 vehicles per OBD family are exempted from minimum IUPR requirements as well as the requirement to demonstrate these to the type approval authority.

4.   On the basis of the audit referred to in Section 2 the approval authority shall adopt one of the following decisions and actions:

(a)	decide that the IUPR family is satisfactory and not take any further action;

(b)	decide that the data provided by the manufacturer is insufficient to reach a decision and request additional information or test data from the manufacturer;

(c)	decide that based on data from the approval authority or Member State surveillance testing programmes, that information provided by the manufacturer is insufficient to reach a decision and request additional information or test data from the manufacturer;

(d)	decide that the outcome of the audit for the IUPR family is unsatisfactory and proceed to have such vehicle type or IUPR family tested in accordance with Appendix 1.

If according to the IUPR M audit the test criteria of point 3.2. of Appendix 4 are met for the vehicles in a sample lot, the type-approval authority must take the further action described in point (d) of this point.

4.1.   The approval authority, in cooperation with the manufacturer, shall select a sample of vehicles with sufficient mileage whose use under normal conditions can be reasonably assured. The manufacturer shall be consulted on the choice of the vehicles in the sample and allowed to attend the confirmatory checks of the vehicles.

‘Appendix 4

Selecting criteria for vehicles with respect to in-use-performance ratios

1.   Introduction

1.1.   This Appendix sets out the criteria referred to in Section 4 of Appendix 1 to this annex regarding the selection of vehicles for testing and the procedures for IUPR M.

2.   Selection criteria

The criteria for acceptance of a selected vehicle are defined for IUPR M in Sections 2.1. to 2.5.

2.1.   The vehicle shall belong to a vehicle type that is type-approved under this Regulation and covered by a certificate of conformity in accordance with Implementing Regulation (EU) No 901/2014 (3). For checking of IUPR M, the vehicle shall be approved to the OBD standard stage II or later. It shall be registered and have been used in the Union.

2.2.   The vehicle shall have been in service for at least 3 000 km or 6 months, whichever is the later, and for no more than the durability mileages given for the relevant vehicles category mentioned in Annex VII(A) to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 or 5 years, whichever is the sooner.

2.3.   For checking IUPR M, the test sample shall include only vehicles that:

(a)

have collected sufficient vehicle operation data for the monitor to be tested. For monitors required to meet the in-use monitor performance ratio and to track and report ratio data pursuant to point 4.6.1. of Appendix 1, sufficient vehicle operation data shall mean the denominator meets the criteria set forth below. The denominator, as defined in points 4.3 and 4.5 of Appendix 1, for the monitor to be tested must have a value equal to or greater than one of the following values: (i) 15 for evaporative system monitors, secondary air system monitors, and monitors utilising a denominator incremented in accordance with point 4.3.2. of Appendix 1 (e.g. cold start monitors, air conditioning system monitors, etc.); or (ii) 5 for particulate filter monitors and oxidation catalyst monitors utilising a denominator incremented in accordance with point 4.3.2. of Appendix 1; or (iii) 30 for catalyst, oxygen sensor, EGR, VVT, and all other component monitors.

(b)	have not been tampered with or equipped with add-on or modified parts that would cause the OBD system not to comply with the requirements of Annex XII.

2.3.   If any service has taken place, it shall be to the manufacturer's recommended service intervals.

2.4.   The vehicle shall exhibit no indications of abuse (e.g. racing, overloading, mis-fuelling, or other misuse), or other factors (e. g. tampering) that could affect emission performance. The fault code and mileage information stored in the computer shall be taken into account. A vehicle shall not be selected for testing if the information stored in the computer shows that the vehicle has operated after a fault code was stored and a relatively prompt repair was not carried out.

2.5.   There shall have been no unauthorised major repair to the engine or major repair of the vehicle.

3.   Plan of remedial measures

3.1.   The type approval authority shall request the manufacturer to submit a plan of remedial measures to remedy the non-compliance when:

3.2.   For IUPRM of a particular monitor M the following statistical conditions are met in a test sample, the size of which is determined in accordance with point 3.3.1. of Appendix 3.

For vehicles certified to a ratio of 0,1 in accordance with point 4.1.4. of Appendix 1, the data collected from the vehicles indicate for at least one monitor M in the test sample either that the test sample average in-use-performance ratio is less than 0,1 or that 66 per cent or more of the vehicles in the test sample have an in-use monitor performance ratio of less than 0,1.

3.3.   The plan of remedial measures shall be filed with the type approval authority not later than 60 working days from the date of the notification referred to in point 3.1. The type approval authority shall within 30 working days declare its approval or disapproval of the plan of remedial measures. However, where the manufacturer can demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the competent type approval authority, that further time is required to investigate the non-compliance in order to submit a plan of remedial measures, an extension is granted.

3.4.   The remedial measures shall apply to all vehicles likely to be affected by the same defect. The need to amend the type approval documents shall be assessed.

3.5.   The manufacturer shall provide a copy of all communications related to the plan of remedial measures, and shall also maintain a record of the recall campaign, and supply regular status reports to the type approval authority.

3.6.   The plan of remedial measures shall include the requirements specified in points 3.6.1. to 3.6.11. The manufacturer shall assign a unique identifying name or number to the plan of remedial measures.

3.6.1.   A description of each vehicle type included in the plan of remedial measures.

3.6.2.   A description of the specific modifications, alterations, repairs, corrections, adjustments, or other changes to be made to bring the vehicles into conformity including a brief summary of the data and technical studies which support the manufacturer's decision as to the particular measures to be taken to correct the non-conformity.

3.6.3.   A description of the method by which the manufacturer informs the vehicle owners.

3.6.4.   A description of the proper maintenance or use, if any, which the manufacturer stipulates as a condition of eligibility for repair under the plan of remedial measures, and an explanation of the manufacturer's reasons for imposing any such condition. No maintenance or use conditions may be imposed unless it is demonstrably related to the non-conformity and the remedial measures.

3.6.5.   A description of the procedure to be followed by vehicle owners to obtain correction of the non-conformity. This shall include a date after which the remedial measures may be taken, the estimated time for the workshop to perform the repairs and where they can be done. The repair shall be done expediently, within a reasonable time after delivery of the vehicle.

3.6.6.   A copy of the information transmitted to the vehicle owner.

3.6.7.   A brief description of the system which the manufacturer uses to assure an adequate supply of component or systems for fulfilling the remedial action. It shall be indicated when there will be an adequate supply of components or systems to initiate the campaign.

3.6.8.   A copy of all instructions to be sent to those persons who are to perform the repair.

3.6.9.   A description of the impact of the proposed remedial measures on the emissions, fuel consumption, driveability, and safety of each vehicle type, covered by the plan of remedial measures with data, technical studies, etc. which support these conclusions.

3.6.10.   Any other information, reports or data the type approval authority may reasonably determine is necessary to evaluate the plan of remedial measures.

3.6.11.   Where the plan of remedial measures includes a recall, a description of the method for recording the repair shall be submitted to the type approval authority. If a label is used, an example of it shall be submitted.

3.7.   The manufacturer may be required to conduct reasonably designed and necessary tests on components and vehicles incorporating a proposed change, repair, or modification to demonstrate the effectiveness of the change, repair, or modification.

3.8.   The manufacturer is responsible for keeping a record of every vehicle recalled and repaired and the workshop which performed the repair. The type approval authority shall have access to the record on request for a period of 5 years from the implementation of the plan of remedial measures.

3.9.   The repair and/or modification or addition of new equipment shall be recorded in a certificate supplied by the manufacturer to the vehicle owner.

‘Appendix 5

On-board diagnostics family

1.   Introduction

1.1.   This Appendix sets out the criteria to define a OBD family as referred to in Appendices 3 and 4

2.   Selection criteria

Vehicle types for which at least the parameters described below are identical are considered to belong to the same engine/emission control/OBD system combination.

2.2   Engine:

—	combustion process (i.e. positive-ignition/compression-ignition, two stroke/four stroke/rotary),

—	method of engine fuelling (i.e. single or multi-point fuel injection),

—	fuel type (i.e. petrol, diesel, flex fuel petrol/ethanol, flex fuel diesel/biodiesel, NG/biomethane, LPG, bi fuel petrol/NG/biomethane, bi fuel petrol/LPG),

2.3   Emission control system:

—	type of catalytic converter (i. e. oxidation, three-way, heated catalyst, SCR, other),

—	type of particulate trap,

—	secondary air injection (i.e. with or without),

—	exhaust gas recirculation (i.e. with or without),

2.4   OBD parts and functioning:

—	the methods of OBD functional monitoring, malfunction detection and malfunction indication to the vehicle driver.

‘Appendix 3

Bench ageing durability test

1.   Bench ageing durability test

1.1   The vehicle tested according the procedure laid down in this appendix has driven more than 100 accumulated kilometres after it was first started at the end of the production line.

1.2.   The fuel used during the test shall be the one of the specified fuels in Appendix 2 of Annex II.

2.   Procedure for Vehicles with Positive Ignition Engines

2.1.   The following bench ageing procedure shall be applicable for positive-ignition vehicles including hybrid vehicles which use a catalyst as the principle after-treatment emission control device.

The bench ageing procedure requires the installation of the catalyst-plus-oxygen sensor system on a catalyst ageing bench.

Ageing on the bench shall be conducted by following the standard bench cycle (SBC) for the period of time calculated from the bench ageing time (BAT) equation. The BAT equation requires, as input, catalyst time-at-temperature data measured during the Standard Road Cycle (SRC-LeCV) described in Appendix 1. As an alternative, if applicable, the catalyst time-at-temperature data measured during the AMA durability cycle, as described in Appendix 2, may be used.

2.2.   Standard bench cycle (SBC). Standard catalyst bench ageing shall be conducted following the SBC. The SBC shall be run for the period of time calculated from the BAT equation. The SBC is described in Appendix 4.

2.3.   Catalyst time-at-temperature data. Catalyst temperature shall be measured during at least two full cycles of the SRC-LeCV cycle as described in Appendix 1, or if applicable at least two full cycles of AMA as described in Appendix 2.

Catalyst temperature shall be measured at the highest temperature location in the hottest catalyst on the test vehicle. Alternatively, the temperature may be measured at another location providing that it is adjusted to represent the temperature measured at the hottest location using good engineering judgement.

Catalyst temperature shall be measured at a minimum rate of one hertz (one measurement per second).

The measured catalyst temperature results shall be tabulated into a histogram with temperature groups of no larger than 25 °C.

2.4.   Bench-ageing time. Bench ageing time shall be calculated using the bench ageing time (BAT) equation as follows:

te for a temperature bin = the ((R/Tr) – (R/Tv))

Total te = Sum of te over all the temperature groups

bench ageing time = A (Total te)

Where:

A	=	1,1 This value adjusts the catalyst ageing time to account for deterioration from sources other than thermal ageing of the catalyst.
R	=	Catalyst thermal reactivity = 18 500
th	=	The time (in hours) measured within the prescribed temperature bin of the vehicle's catalyst temperature histogram adjusted to a full useful life basis e.g., if the histogram represented 400 km, and useful life is, in accordance with Annex VII to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, for example for Le3 20 000 km; all histogram time entries would be multiplied by 50 (20 000 /400).
Total te	=	The equivalent time (in hours) to age the catalyst at the temperature of Tr on the catalyst ageing bench using the catalyst ageing cycle to produce the same amount of deterioration experienced by the catalyst due to thermal deactivation over the use for live distance specific for the vehicle class in Annex VII to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, for example for Le3 20 000 km
te for a temperature bin	=	The equivalent time (in hours) to age the catalyst at the temperature of Tr on the catalyst ageing bench using the catalyst ageing cycle to produce the same amount of deterioration experienced by the catalyst due to thermal deactivation at the temperature bin of Tv over the use for live distance specific for the vehicle class in Annex VII to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, for example for Le3 20 000 km
Tr	=	The effective reference temperature (in °K) of the catalyst on the catalyst bench run on the bench ageing cycle. The effective temperature is the constant temperature that would result in the same amount of ageing as the various temperatures experienced during the bench ageing cycle.
Tv	=	The mid-point temperature (in °K) of the temperature bin of the vehicle on-road catalyst temperature histogram.

2.5.   Effective reference temperature on the standard bench cycle (SBC). The effective reference temperature of the SBC shall be determined for the actual catalyst system design and actual ageing bench which will be used using the following procedures:

(a)

Measure time-at-temperature data in the catalyst system on the catalyst ageing bench following the SBC. Catalyst temperature shall be measured at the highest temperature location of the hottest catalyst in the system. Alternatively, the temperature may be measured at another location providing that it is adjusted to represent the temperature measured at the hottest location. Catalyst temperature shall be measured at a minimum rate of one hertz (one measurement per second) during at least 20 minutes of bench ageing. The measured catalyst temperature results shall be tabulated into a histogram with temperature groups of no larger than 10 °C.

(b)

The BAT equation shall be used to calculate the effective reference temperature by iterative changes to the reference temperature (Tr) until the calculated ageing time equals or exceeds the actual time represented in the catalyst temperature histogram. The resulting temperature is the effective reference temperature on the SBC for that catalyst system and ageing bench.

2.6.   Catalyst ageing bench. The catalyst ageing bench shall follow the SBC and deliver the appropriate exhaust flow and emission level in line with the exhaust flow of engine for which the catalyst is designed, exhaust constituents, and exhaust temperature at the face of the catalyst.

All bench ageing equipment and procedures shall record appropriate information (such as measured A/F ratios and time-at-temperature in the catalyst) to assure that sufficient ageing has actually occurred.

2.7.   Required testing. For calculating deterioration factors at least two Type 1 tests before bench ageing of the emission control hardware and at least two Type 1 tests after the bench-aged emission hardware is reinstalled have to be performed on the test vehicle.

Calculation of the deterioration factors has to be done in accordance with the calculation method as specified below.

A multiplicative exhaust emission deterioration factor shall be calculated for each pollutant as follows:

Where:

Mi1	=	mass emission of the pollutant i in g/km after the type 1 test of a vehicle specified in point 1.1. of this Appendix.
Mi2	=	mass emission of the pollutant i in g/km after the type test 1 of an aged vehicle according the procedure described in this Annex.

These interpolated values shall be carried out to a minimum of four places to the right of the decimal point before dividing one by the other to determine the deterioration factor. The result shall be rounded to three places to the right of the decimal point.

If a deterioration factor is less than one, it is deemed to be equal to one.

At the request of a manufacturer, an additive exhaust emission deterioration can be used, the factor shall be calculated for each pollutant as follows:

D. E. F. = Mi2 – Mi1

‘Appendix 4

Standard bench cycle (SBC)

1.   Introduction

The standard ageing durability procedure consists of ageing a catalyst/oxygen sensor system on an ageing bench which follows the standard bench cycle (SBC) described in this Appendix. The SBC requires use of an ageing bench with an engine as the source of feed gas for the catalyst. The SBC is a 60-second cycle which is repeated as necessary on the ageing bench to conduct ageing for the required period of time. The SBC is defined based on the catalyst temperature, engine air/fuel (A/F) ratio, and the amount of secondary air injection which is added in front of the first catalyst.

2.   Catalyst temperature control

2.1.   Catalyst temperature shall be measured in the catalyst bed at the location where the highest temperature occurs in the hottest catalyst. Alternatively, the feed gas temperature may be measured and converted to catalyst bed temperature using a linear transform calculated from correlation data collected on the catalyst design and ageing bench to be used in the ageing process.

2.2.   Control the catalyst temperature at stoichiometric operation (1 to 40 seconds on the cycle) to a minimum of 800 °C (± 10 °C) by selecting the appropriate engine speed, load, and spark timing for the engine. Control the maximum catalyst temperature that occurs during the cycle to 890 °C (± 10 °C) by selecting the appropriate A/F ratio of the engine during the ‘rich’ phase described in the table below.

2.3.   If a low control temperature other than 800 °C is utilized, the high control temperature shall be 90 °C higher than the low control temperature.

Standard bench cycle (SBC)

Time (seconds)	Engine Air/Fuel Ratio	Secondary Air Injection
1-40	Stoichiometric with load, spark timing and engine speed controlled to achieve a minimum catalyst temperature of 800 °C	None
41-45	‘Rich’ (A/F ratio selected to achieve a maximum catalyst temperature over the entire cycle of 890 °C or 90 °C higher than lower control temperature)	None
46-55	‘Rich’ (A/F ratio selected to achieve a maximum catalyst temperature over the entire cycle of 890 °C or 90 °C higher than lower control temperature)	3 % (± 0,1 %)
56-60	Stoichiometric with same load, spark timing and engine speed as used in the 1-40 sec period of the cycle	3 % (± 0,1 %)

Standard Bench Cycle

‘Rich’

Secondary Air

Air/Fuel Ratio

Time (seconds)

Air Injection (%)

Air/Fuel Ratio

Control catalyst temperature to 800 °C

Stoichiometric

3.   Ageing bench equipment and procedures

3.1.   Ageing bench configuration. The ageing bench shall provide the appropriate exhaust flow rate, temperature, air-fuel ratio, exhaust constituents and secondary air injection at the inlet face of the catalyst.

The standard ageing bench consists of an engine, engine controller, and engine dynamometer. Other configurations may be acceptable (e.g. whole vehicle on a dynamometer, or a burner that provides the correct exhaust conditions), as long as the catalyst inlet conditions and control features specified in this Appendix are met.

A single ageing bench may have the exhaust flow split into several streams providing that each exhaust stream meets the requirements of this appendix. If the bench has more than one exhaust stream, multiple catalyst systems may be aged simultaneously.

3.2.   Exhaust system installation. The entire catalyst(s)-plus-oxygen sensor(s) system, together with all exhaust piping which connects these components, will be installed on the bench. For engines with multiple exhaust streams, each bank of the exhaust system will be installed separately on the bench in parallel.

For exhaust systems that contain multiple in-line catalysts, the entire catalyst system including all catalysts, all oxygen sensors and the associated exhaust piping will be installed as a unit for ageing. Alternatively, each individual catalyst may be separately aged for the appropriate period of time.

3.3.   Temperature measurement. Catalyst temperature shall be measured using a thermocouple placed in the catalyst bed at the location where the highest temperature occurs in the hottest catalyst. Alternatively, the feed gas temperature just before the catalyst inlet face may be measured and converted to catalyst bed temperature using a linear transform calculated from correlation data collected on the catalyst design and ageing bench to be used in the ageing process. The catalyst temperature shall be stored digitally at the speed of 1 hertz (one measurement per second).

3.4.   Air/Fuel measurement. Provisions shall be made for the measurement of the air/fuel (A/F) ratio (such as a wide-range oxygen sensor) as close as possible to the catalyst inlet and outlet flanges. The information from these sensors shall be stored digitally at the speed of 1 hertz (one measurement per second).

3.5.   Exhaust flow balance. Provisions shall be made to assure that the proper amount of exhaust (measured in grams/second at stoichiometry, with a tolerance of ± 5 grams/second) flows through each catalyst system that is being aged on the bench.

The proper flow rate is determined based upon the exhaust flow that would occur in the original vehicle's engine at the steady state engine speed and load selected for the bench ageing in point 3.6.

3.6.   Setup. The engine speed, load, and spark timing are selected to achieve a catalyst bed temperature of 800 °C (± 10 °C) at steady-state stoichiometric operation.

The air injection system is set to provide the necessary air flow to produce 3,0 % oxygen (± 0,1 %) in the steady-state stoichiometric exhaust stream just in front of the first catalyst. A typical reading at the upstream A/F measurement point (required in point 5) is lambda 1,16 (which is approximately 3 % oxygen).

With the air injection on, set the ‘Rich’ A/F ratio to produce a catalyst bed temperature of 890 °C (± 10 °C). A typical A/F value for this step is lambda 0,94 (approximately 2 % CO).

3.7.   Ageing cycle. The standard bench ageing procedures use the standard bench cycle (SBC). The SBC is repeated until the amount of ageing calculated from the bench ageing time (BAT) equation is achieved.

3.8.   Quality assurance. The temperatures and A/F ratio in points 3.3. and 3.4. shall be reviewed periodically (at least every 50 hours) during ageing. Necessary adjustments shall be made to assure that the SBC is being appropriately followed throughout the ageing process.

After the ageing has been completed, the catalyst time-at-temperature collected during the ageing process shall be tabulated into a histogram with temperature groups of no larger than 10 °C. The BAT equation and the calculated effective reference temperature for the ageing cycle in accordance with point 2.4. of Appendix 3 to Annex VI will be used to determine if the appropriate amount of thermal ageing of the catalyst has in fact occurred. Bench ageing will be extended if the thermal effect of the calculated ageing time is not at least 95 % of the target thermal ageing.

3.9.   Startup and shutdown. Care should be taken to assure that the maximum catalyst temperature for rapid deterioration (e.g., 1 050 °C) does not occur during startup or shutdown. Special low temperature startup and shutdown procedures may be used to alleviate this concern.

4.   Experimentally determining the R-factor for bench ageing durability procedures

4.1.   The R-factor is the catalyst thermal reactivity coefficient used in the bench ageing time (BAT) equation. Manufacturers may determine the value of R experimentally using the following procedures.

4.2.   Using the applicable bench cycle and ageing bench hardware, age several catalysts (minimum of 3 of the same catalyst design) at different control temperatures between the normal operating temperature and the damage limit temperature. Measure emissions (or catalyst inefficiency (1-catalyst efficiency)) for each exhaust constituent. Assure that the final testing yields data between one- and two-times the emission standard.

4.3.   Estimate the value of R and calculate the effective reference temperature (Tr) for the bench ageing cycle for each control temperature in accordance with point 2.4 of Appendix 3 to Annex VI.

4.4.   Plot emissions (or catalyst inefficiency) versus ageing time for each catalyst. Calculate the least-squared best-fit line through the data. For the data set to be useful for this purpose the data should have an approximately common intercept [between 0 and 6 400 km. See the following graph for an example.]

4.5.   Calculate the slope of the best-fit line for each ageing temperature.

4.6.   Plot the natural log (ln) of the slope of each best-fit line (determined in point 4.5) along the vertical axis, versus the inverse of ageing temperature (1/(ageing temperature, deg K)) along the horizontal axis, Calculate the least squared best-fit lines through the data. The slope of the line is the R-factor. See the following graph for an example

Catalyst Ageing

2 × std

1 × std

Emissions

Temp A

Temp C

Temp B

Ageing Time (hours)

4K

4.7.   Compare the R-factor to the initial value that was used in accordance with point 4.3. If the calculated R-factor differs from the initial value by more than 5 %, choose a new R-factor that is between the initial and calculated values, and then repeat steps of point 4,, to derive a new R-factor. Repeat this process until the calculated R-factor is within 5 % of the initially assumed R-factor.

4.8.   Compare the R-factor determined separately for each exhaust constituent. Use the lowest R-factor (worst case) for the BAT equation.

Determining the R-Factor

1/(ageing temperature)

slope = rate of change in emissions/time

1/TC

1/TB

1/TA

-Ln(slope)