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| EVROPSKA KOMISIJA | EUROPEAN COMMISSION |
| Bruselj, 27.1.2021 | Brussels, 27.1.2021 |
| COM(2021) 50 final | COM(2021) 50 final |
| ZELENA KNJIGA | GREEN PAPER |
| O STARANJU Spodbujanje solidarnosti in odgovornosti med generacijami | ON AGEING Fostering solidarity and responsibility between generations |
| 1. Uvod | 1. Introduction |
| 2. Postavitev temeljev | 2. Laying the foundations |
| 2.1. Zdravo in aktivno staranje | 2.1. Healthy and active ageing |
| 2.2. Izobraževanje in usposabljanje z vidika vseživljenjskega učenja | 2.2. Education and training in a lifelong learning perspective |
| 2.3. Ozemeljski vidiki dostopa do izobraževanja | 2.3. Territorial aspects in access to education |
| 3. Čim boljši izkoristek delovnega življenja | 3. Making the most of our working lives |
| 3.1. Vključevanje večjega števila ljudi v delovno silo | 3.1. Bringing more people into the workforce |
| 3.2. Produktivnost, inovacije in poslovne priložnosti | 3.2. Productivity, innovation and business opportunities |
| 3.3. Zaposlovanje in produktivnost – ozemeljski vidik | 3.3. Employment and productivity – a territorial perspective |
| 4. Nove priložnosti in izzivi pri upokojevanju | 4. New opportunities and challenges in retirement |
| 4.1. Ohranjanje aktivnosti | 4.1. Staying active |
| 4.2. Revščina v starosti | 4.2. Old‑age poverty |
| 4.3. Ustrezni, pravični in vzdržni pokojninski sistemi | 4.3. Adequate, fair and sustainable pension systems |
| 5. Zadovoljevanje naraščajočih potreb starajočega se prebivalstva | 5. Meeting the growing needs of an ageing population |
| 5.1. Zadovoljevanje potreb po zdravstvenem varstvu in dolgotrajni oskrbi starajočega se prebivalstva | 5.1. Meeting the health and long-term care needs of an ageing population |
| 5.2. Mobilnost, povezljivost in dostopnost | 5.2. Mobility, connectivity and accessibility |
| 5.3. Ozemeljske razlike pri dostopu do oskrbe in storitev | 5.3. Territorial differences in access to care and services |
| 5.4. Izboljšanje dobrega počutja z medgeneracijsko solidarnostjo | 5.4. Improving well-being through intergenerational solidarity |
| 6. Obeti | 6. Outlook |
| 1.Uvod | 1.Introduction |
| Staranje ves čas našega življenja vpliva na vse vidike našega življenja. Medtem ko se soočamo s sedanjo pandemijo ter se borimo za zaščito življenj in možnosti preživljanja, ne smemo spregledati izjemnega razvoja: še nikoli prej ni toliko Evropejcev in Evropejk živelo tako dolgo. To je velik dosežek, ki temelji na socialnem tržnem gospodarstvu EU. | Ageing affects every aspect of our lives, throughout our lives. As the current pandemic continues to challenge us, and as we fight to protect lives and livelihoods, we must not lose sight of a remarkable development: never before have so many Europeans enjoyed such long lives. This is a major achievement that is underpinned by the EU’s social market economy. |
| V zadnjih petih desetletjih se je pričakovana življenjska doba ob rojstvu podaljšala za približno 10 let tako za moške kot ženske. Demografski profil regij EU se zelo razlikuje, zlasti med mestnimi in podeželskimi območji, pri čemer se nekateri kraji znatno starajo, v drugih pa se obseg delovno sposobnega prebivalstva povečuje. Evropa nikakor ni edina celina s starajočim se prebivalstvom, vendar je ta proces tu najbolj napredoval. Za ponazoritev: današnja mediana starosti v Evropi 1 , 42,5 leta, znaša več kot dvakratnik mediane starosti v Afriki. Ta vrzel bo v prihodnjih desetletjih ostala velika. | In the last five decades, life expectancy at birth has increased by about 10 years for both men and women. The demographic profiles of EU regions vary widely, notably between urban and rural areas, with some places ageing significantly and others expanding their working-age population. Europe is by no means the only continent with an ageing population, but the process is most advanced here. As way of illustration, today’s median age in Europe 1 of 42.5 years is more than double the figure for Africa. This gap will remain large in the coming decades. |
| Ta trend močno vpliva na vsakdanje življenje ljudi in našo družbo. Vpliva na gospodarsko rast, fiskalno vzdržnost, zdravstveno varstvo, dolgotrajno oskrbo ter splošno dobro počutje in socialno kohezijo. Poleg tega so prišli zaradi nesorazmernega vpliva pandemije na starejše – v smislu hospitalizacij in smrti – do izraza nekateri izzivi, ki jih staranje prebivalstva predstavlja za zdravstveno in socialno varstvo. Vendar staranje prinaša tudi nove priložnosti za ustvarjanje novih delovnih mest, spodbujanje socialne pravičnosti in povečanje blaginje, na primer v „srebrni“ in skrbstveni ekonomiji. | This trend is having a significant impact on people’s everyday lives and on our societies. It has implications for economic growth, fiscal sustainability, health and long-term care, well-being and social cohesion. In addition, the pandemic’s disproportionate impact on older people – in terms of hospitalisations and deaths - has highlighted some of the challenges an ageing population poses on health and social care. But ageing also provides new opportunities for creating new jobs, fostering social fairness and boosting prosperity, for instance in the ‘silver’ and care economies. |
| Države članice obravnavajo učinke staranja prebivalstva z izboljšanjem sistemov izobraževanja in usposabljanja, spodbujanjem daljšega in polnejšega delovnega življenja ter reformiranjem sistemov socialne zaščite in pokojninskih sistemov. Vendar pa je glede na obseg in hitrost tega trenda in glede na posledice, ki ga bo imel za družbo, treba preučiti tudi nove pristope in zagotoviti, da bodo naše politike ustrezne v obdobju velikih sprememb – od dvojnega zelenega in digitalnega prehoda do novih oblik dela in nevarnosti pandemij. | Member States are addressing the impacts of ageing by improving education and skills systems, encouraging longer and fuller working lives, and advancing reforms of social protection and pension systems. However, given the scale, speed and impact this trend will have across society, we also need to look at new approaches and ensure that our policies are fit for purpose in an era of major change – from the twin green and digital transitions to new forms of work and the threat of pandemics. |
| Namen te zelene knjige je začeti široko razpravo o politikah glede staranja, da se pogovorimo o možnostih za predvidevanje izzivov in priložnosti, ki jih prinaša staranje, ter o odzivanju nanje, zlasti ob upoštevanju agende ZN za trajnostni razvoj do leta 2030 in desetletja ZN za zdravo staranje. Za obvladovanje učinkov staranja so večinoma pristojne države članice, EU pa je v dobrem položaju, da opredeli ključna vprašanja in trende ter podpre ukrepe na področju staranja na nacionalni, regionalni in lokalni ravni. Državam članicam in regijam lahko pomaga pri oblikovanju lastnih prilagojenih političnih odgovorov na staranje. | The purpose of this green paper is to launch a broad policy debate on ageing to discuss options on how to anticipate and respond to the challenges and opportunities it brings, notably taking into account the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and UN Decade for Healthy Ageing. Competences for dealing with the effects of ageing are largely in the hands of Member States and the EU is well placed to identify key issues and trends and support action on ageing at national, regional and local level. It can help Member States and regions develop their own, tailor-made policy responses to ageing. |
| Evropski steber socialnih pravic 2 določa številna načela, ki se neposredno ali posredno nanašajo na področja, na katera vpliva staranje. Ta so med drugim starostni dohodki in pokojnine, dolgotrajna oskrba, zdravstveno varstvo, vključevanje invalidov, socialna zaščita, usklajevanje poklicnega in zasebnega življenja ter izobraževanje, usposabljanje in vseživljenjsko učenje. Komisija bo kmalu predstavila akcijski načrt za podporo polnemu izvajanju evropskega stebra socialnih pravic. | The European Pillar of Social Rights 2 sets out a number of principles that relate directly or indirectly to areas impacted by ageing, such as on old age income and pensions, long-term care, health care, inclusion of people with disabilities, social protection, work-life balance and education, training and life-long learning. The Commission will soon put forward an action plan to support the full implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights. |
| Ta zelena knjiga temelji na pristopu življenjskega cikla, ki odraža splošni vpliv staranja in se osredotoča na osebne in širše družbene posledice staranja. Te vključujejo vse od vseživljenjskega učenja in zdravega načina življenja do financiranja ustreznih pokojnin ter potrebe po večji produktivnosti in dovolj veliki delovni sili za vzdrževanje zdravstvenega varstva in dolgotrajne oskrbe starejših. | This green paper takes a life-cycle approach that reflects the universal impact of ageing and focuses on both the personal and wider societal implications of ageing. These include everything from lifelong learning and healthy lifestyles to how to fund adequate pensions or the need for increased productivity and a large enough workforce to sustain healthcare and long-term care for older people. |
| Pri pristopu življenjskega cikla se upošteva dejstvo, da tradicionalne stopnje izobraževanja in usposabljanja, dela in upokojitve postajajo manj togo opredeljene in bolj prožne. V tem pristopu se odraža tudi dejstvo, da je odziv na staranje prebivalstva vprašanje doseganja pravega ravnovesja med trajnostnimi rešitvami za naš sistem socialnega varstva ter krepitvijo medgeneracijske solidarnosti in pravičnosti med mladimi in starimi. Obstaja veliko soodvisnosti med generacijami, zaradi katerih se za naše družbe pojavljajo izzivi, priložnosti in vprašanja. Zato bi morali mladi – pa tudi ljudje vseh starosti – dejavno sodelovati pri oblikovanju odziva politike. | The life-cycle approach takes into account the fact that the traditional stages of education and training, work and retirement are becoming less rigidly defined and more flexible. It also reflects the fact that responding to population ageing is a question of striking the right balance between sustainable solutions for our welfare system and strengthening intergenerational solidarity and fairness between both young and old. There are many interdependencies across generations that create challenges, opportunities and questions for our societies. This is why young people – and those of all ages – should play an active part in shaping our policy response. |
| Ta Komisija je demografijo postavila na pomembno mesto v političnem programu EU. Junija 2020 je predstavila poročilo 3 , v katerem so navedena ključna dejstva v zvezi z demografskimi spremembami in njihovimi verjetnimi učinki. Ta zelena knjiga je prvi rezultat navedenega poročila in začenja razpravo o eni od ključnih demografskih sprememb v Evropi. Razprava bo vključujoča in bo temeljila na delu drugih institucij in organov EU 4 , ki so dejavno vključeni v razpravo o demografskih izzivih. | This Commission has put demography high on the EU policy agenda. In June 2020, it presented a report 3 setting out the key facts of demographic change and its likely impacts. This green paper is the first outcome of this report and launches a debate on one of the defining demographic transformations in Europe. The debate will be inclusive and build on the work of other EU institutions and bodies 4 who are actively engaged in the debate on demographic challenges. |
| 2.Postavitev temeljev | 2.Laying the foundations |
| Leta od zgodnjega otroštva do zgodnje odrasle dobe vplivajo na preostanek našega življenja. Naše izkušnje, znanje in navade vplivajo na naše prihodnje obete, zdravje in dobro počutje. Postavitev pravih temeljev zgodaj v življenju lahko pomaga preprečiti, omejiti in odložiti nekatere izzive, povezane s staranjem. | The years from early childhood to young adulthood affect us for the rest of our lives. What we experience, what we learn, the habits we adopt are all factors that shape our future prospects, health and well-being. Laying the right foundations early on can help prevent, limit and postpone some of the challenges linked to ageing. |
| Zlasti dva koncepta politike lahko omogočita uspešno starajočo se družbo: zdravo in aktivno staranje ter vseživljenjsko učenje. Oba pristopa sta najuspešnejša, če se začneta uporabljati zgodaj, saj sta pomembna za celoten življenjski cikel. Pomenljivo je, da se visoka stopnja izobrazbe in dobro zdravje medsebojno krepita. | There are two policy concepts, in particular, that can enable a thriving ageing society: healthy and active ageing, and lifelong learning. Both approaches work best when they start at an early age, as they are relevant for the entire life-cycle. Importantly, high levels of education and good health are mutually reinforcing. |
| 2.1.Zdravo in aktivno staranje | 2.1.Healthy and active ageing |
| Zdravo in aktivno staranje pomeni spodbujanje zdravega načina življenja v vseh življenjskih obdobjih, vključuje pa naše potrošniške in prehranske vzorce ter stopnji telesne in socialne aktivnosti. Pomaga zmanjšati tveganje za debelost, sladkorno bolezen in druge nenalezljive bolezni, ki so čedalje bolj razširjene. Srčno-žilne bolezni in rak so v Evropi pri mlajših od 75 let glavni vzroki smrti, ki bi jih bilo mogoče preprečiti 5 . Zdravo in aktivno staranje pozitivno vpliva na trg dela, stopnje zaposlenosti in sisteme socialne zaščite ter s tem na rast in produktivnost gospodarstva. | Healthy and active ageing is about promoting healthy lifestyles throughout our lives and includes our consumption and nutrition patterns and our levels of physical and social activity. It helps reduce the risk of obesity, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases which are on the rise. Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the key causes of avoidable deaths for people under 75 years in Europe 5 . Healthy and active ageing has a positive impact on the labour market, employment rates and our social protection systems, and thereby on the growth and productivity of the economy. |
| Zdravo in aktivno staranje je osebna izbira in odgovornost, vendar je močno odvisno od okolja, v katerem ljudje živijo, delajo in se družijo. Javne politike imajo lahko pomembno podporno vlogo. Proaktivni ukrepi lahko pomagajo pri preprečevanju in odkrivanju bolezni ter zaščiti ljudi pred posledicami slabega zdravstvenega stanja. Pomagajo lahko zagotoviti, da bo odločitev za zdravo in aktivno staranje postala lažja – tudi za osebe v ranljivih položajih. Obstajajo inovativni načini za spodbujanje zdravega načina življenja otrok in mladih, vključno z varno digitalno tehnologijo, igrami, učnimi platformami in aplikacijami. Personalizirana medicina lahko že na zgodnji stopnji pomaga prepoznavati ljudi, pri katerih obstaja tveganje, da bodo pozneje v življenju razvili določene bolezni. | Healthy and active ageing is a personal choice and responsibility, but it depends heavily on the environment in which people live, work and socialise. Public policies can play a significant supporting role. Proactive measures can help prevent and detect illness and protect people from the effects of ill health. They can help ensure that healthy and active ageing becomes an easier choice, including for those in situations of vulnerability. There are innovative ways of promoting healthy lifestyles among children and young people, including through safe digital technology, games, learning platforms and apps. Personalised medicine can help identify, at an early stage, people who are at risk of developing particular diseases later in life. |
| Države članice so sicer odgovorne za svoje zdravstvene politike, EU pa lahko njihove ukrepe podpre, kar lahko stori tudi z novim programom EU za zdravje, na primer na področjih boja proti raku, demence, duševnega zdravja, spodbujanja zdrave prehrane in načinov prehranjevanja ter redne telesne aktivnosti. V podporo temu je bil pripravljen evropski načrt za boj proti raku, ki obravnava celoten potek bolezni, od preprečevanja do preživetja. Spremljanje in izmenjava informacij o nacionalnih zdravstvenih pobudah lahko pomagata zmanjšati razlike v pristopu in ponudbi med državami in znotraj njih. | While Member States are responsible for their health policies, the EU can support Member State action, including through the new EU4Health programme, for example in the fight against cancer, dementia, mental health, and promoting healthy nutrition and diets as well as regular physical activity. To support this, Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan is set up to address the whole disease pathway, from prevention to survivorship. Monitoring and exchanging information on national health initiatives may help to reduce the differences of approach and provision among and within countries. |
| 2.2.Izobraževanje in usposabljanje z vidika vseživljenjskega učenja | 2.2.Education and training in a lifelong learning perspective |
| Vseživljenjsko učenje – vlaganje v znanje, spretnosti in kompetence ljudi v vseh življenjskih obdobjih – je del odziva na izzive staranja. Nenehno vlaganje v učenje ima številne pozitivne učinke: pridobivanje in nadgrajevanje znanj in spretnosti prispevata k nadaljnji zaposljivosti, uspešnosti pri prehajanju med zaposlitvami in poklicnemu napredovanju, tako da ljudje ostajajo delovno aktivni in se poveča njihovo zadovoljstvo na delovnem mestu. V hitro spreminjajočem se svetu je vseživljenjsko učenje nujno, saj se poklicne poti in priložnosti za izobraževanje hitro spreminjajo. Nenehno učenje lahko tudi pomaga odložiti začetek demence in preprečiti upad kognitivnih sposobnosti, povezan s starostjo. Je tudi način, kako lahko starejši aktivno sodelujejo v družbi. Razvoj državljanskih kompetenc je pomemben za vseživljenjsko demokratično udeležbo. | Lifelong learning - investing in people’s knowledge, skills and competences throughout their lives - forms part of the response to the challenges of ageing. Continuous investment in learning has many positive effects: acquiring and updating skills helps people remain employable, succeed in job transitions and advance professionally, keeping them in work and adding to job satisfaction. In a fast‑changing world, lifelong learning is a necessity, as careers and education opportunities change at a rapid pace. Continued learning can also help to delay the onset of dementia and prevent cognitive decline related to old age. It is also a way for older people to play an active role in society. Developing citizenship competences is important for lifelong democratic participation. |
| Vseživljenjsko učenje je najučinkovitejše, če se začne zgodaj v življenju. Prva leta življenja so ključna za razvoj kognitivnih sposobnosti in socialnih veščin. Obstajajo dokazi, da dostop do visokokakovostnega izobraževanja in varstva v zgodnjem otroštvu trajno vpliva na dosežke v šoli in v poznejšem življenju. Kljub izboljšanju šolskega izobraževanja in usposabljanja še vedno preveč mladih zgodaj opusti šolanje in ima velike težave z osnovnimi znanji in veščinami, kakršni so branje, naravoslovje in matematika. Enako velja za odrasle. Zaskrbljujoče je, da petina mladih v Evropi nima osnovnih digitalnih spretnosti in znanj. Učenci in učenke iz prikrajšanih okolij so prekomerno zastopani med tistimi s podpovprečnimi dosežki. Dokazi kažejo tudi na tveganje zanke nizke usposobljenosti, saj se ljudje, ki imajo več znanja in spretnosti, pogosteje udeležujejo učnih dejavnosti kakor ljudje z manj znanja in spretnosti. | Lifelong learning is most effective when it starts early in life. The first years of life are critical for developing cognitive and social skills. Evidence shows that access to high‑quality early childhood education and care has a lasting effect on achievement in school and beyond. Despite improvements in school education and training, too many young people still leave school early and have major problems with basic skills, such as reading, science and mathematics. The same is true for adults. It is alarming that one in five young people in Europe lacks basic digital skills. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds are overrepresented among underachievers. Evidence also suggests a risk of a low-skills trap whereby people with more skills tend to engage more often in learning activities, while people with lower basic skills do not. |
| Obstaja velik potencial za razvoj znanj in spretnosti starejših ter za izboljšanje načina njihovega potrjevanja in zagotavljanja karierne orientacije. Izobraževanje in usposabljanje odraslih prispevata k izboljšanju zaposljivosti v spreminjajočem se svetu dela, saj razvijajoče se potrebe po znanjih in spretnostih, zlasti zaradi zelenega in digitalnega prehoda, prinašajo potencial za nova delovna mesta. | There is a large potential for developing the skills of older people, as well as to improve how they are validated and how career guidance is made available. Adult education and training helps to improve employability in a changing world of work as evolving skills needs in particular due to green and digital transitions bring potential for new jobs. |
| Vse to je v središču izvajanja evropskega programa znanj in spretnosti, ki ga je nedavno sprejela Komisija 6 . Z oblikovanjem evropskega izobraževalnega prostora 7 do leta 2025 pa si prizadevamo za dostop do kakovostnega izobraževanja za vse, zlasti ob upoštevanju tistih, pri katerih obstaja večje tveganje podpovprečnih rezultatov in socialne izključenosti. | This is all at the core of the implementation of the European Skills Agenda recently adopted by the Commission 6 . In addition, with the creation of a European Education Area 7 by 2025, we are working towards access to quality education for all, taking particular account of those more at risk of underachievement and social exclusion. |
| 2.3.Ozemeljski vidiki dostopa do izobraževanja | 2.3.Territorial aspects in access to education |
| Dostopa do visokokakovostnega izobraževanja in usposabljanja ne smemo šteti za samoumevnega, zlasti v redko poseljenih regijah, kjer ljudi do ustreznih izobraževalnih ustanov morda ločijo dolge razdalje. Zaradi nizke rodnosti in izseljevanja mladih se lahko v podeželskih in oddaljenih regijah zmanjša povpraševanje po šolanju. | Access to high-quality education and training cannot be taken for granted, especially in low populated regions, where people may have to travel long distances to the relevant facilities. The combination of low birth rates and emigration of young people can reduce the demand for schooling in rural and remote regions. |
| To lahko privede do začaranega kroga: število otrok se lahko toliko zmanjša, da je težko upravičiti ohranitev šole. Zaradi tega pa je za družine z otroki priseljevanje v to regijo ali ostajanje njej manj privlačno. | This can lead to a vicious circle: the number of children can fall to such a low level that it is difficult to justify maintaining a school. This in turn makes it less attractive for families with children to move to or remain in such a region. |
| S prehodom na učenje na daljavo, ki ga je spodbudil izbruh COVID-19, smo prišli do nekaterih spoznanj glede uporabe digitalne tehnologije v izobraževanju in usposabljanju. Vendar so neenakosti, s katerimi se podeželske skupnosti soočajo pri dostopu do digitalnih storitev, postale še očitnejše. Podeželska in oddaljena območja bodo bolj verjetno potrebovala naložbe v povezljivost ter bodo manj verjetno imela dostop do cenovno dostopnih, visokokakovostnih širokopasovnih povezav ter naprav in znanj, potrebnih za uporabo teh. Za nekatere otroke to pomeni nezmožnost sodelovanja pri pouku med pandemijo, kar povečuje obstoječe neenakosti v primerjavi z vrstniki v bolje opremljenih regijah. Novi pristopi omogočajo kombiniranje poučevanja v učilnici z visokokakovostnim digitalnim učenjem, da se izboljša dostop do izobraževanja in usposabljanja v mestih in na podeželju. Načrt za digitalno izobraževanje 8 predlaga celovit pristop k digitalnemu učenju in izobraževanju na ravni EU. | The shift to distance learning stimulated by the COVID-19 outbreak has provided some lessons for the use of digital technology in education and training. However, it has further highlighted inequalities faced by rural communities in accessing digital services. Rural and remote areas are more likely to need investment in connectivity and less likely to have access to affordable, high-quality broadband, as well as the devices and skills needed to make use of it. For some children this meant being unable to continue lessons during the pandemic, widening pre-existing inequalities with peers in better-serviced regions. New approaches can blend classroom teaching with high‑quality digital learning to improve access to education and training, both in urban and rural areas. The Digital Education Plan 8 proposes a comprehensive approach to digital learning and education at EU level. |
| 1.Kako bi lahko spodbujali politike zdravega in aktivnega staranja v vseh starostnih obdobjih, začenši z otroštvom? Kako naj otroke in mlade bolje pripravimo na daljšo pričakovano življenjsko dobo? Kakšno podporo lahko EU nudi državam članicam? | 1.How can healthy and active ageing policies be promoted from an early age and throughout the life span for everyone? How can children and young people be better equipped for the prospect of a longer life expectancy? What kind of support can the EU provide to the Member States? |
| 2.Katere so največje ovire za vseživljenjsko učenje v celotnem življenjskem ciklu? V katerem življenjskem obdobju bi z odstranitvijo teh ovir dosegli največji učinek? Kako bi se bilo treba tega lotiti na podeželskih in oddaljenih območjih? | 2.What are the most significant obstacles to lifelong learning across the life-cycle? At what stage in life could addressing those obstacles make most difference? How should this be tackled specifically in rural and remote areas? |
| 3.Čim boljši izkoristek delovnega življenja | 3.Making the most of our working lives |
| Delovno aktivno prebivalstvo EU se že desetletje zmanjšuje in pričakuje se, da se bo še naprej 9 . Ker skupna populacija ostaja nespremenjena, se tveganje pomanjkanja delovne sile povečuje. To pa otežuje ohranjanje proizvodnje in storitev ter navsezadnje vpliva na našo blaginjo in dobro počutje. Da bi izravnale upadanje delovno sposobnega prebivalstva, bi morale EU in njene države članice spodbujati politike, ki več ljudi pritegnejo na trg dela, omogočajo daljše delovno življenje in izboljšujejo produktivnost. Potencial manj razvitih regij, tj. regij, katerih BDP na prebivalca je nižji od 75 % povprečja EU, bi se lahko bolje izkoristil z ustreznimi naložbami za podporo regionalne izravnave. | The EU’s working‑age population has been shrinking for a decade and this is projected to continue 9 . With the overall population remaining constant, the risk of labour shortages increases. This in turn makes it difficult to sustain production and service provision and ultimately has an impact on our prosperity and well-being. To compensate for the shrinking working-age population, the EU and its Member States should promote policies that bring more people into the labour market, enable longer working lives and improve productivity. The potential of less developed regions, i.e. regions with a GDP per head below 75% of the EU average, could also be better exploited with appropriate investment to support regional levelling-up. |
| 3.1.Vključevanje večjega števila ljudi v delovno silo | 3.1.Bringing more people into the workforce |
| Visoka udeležba na trgu dela in daljše delovno življenje lahko ublažita problem starajoče se družbe, v kateri se število delovno sposobnega prebivalstva zmanjšuje 10 . Vendar je diskriminacija na delovnem mestu – ali pri iskanju zaposlitve – razširjena in lahko nekatere skupine bolj prizadene. Z zagotavljanjem, da lahko pripadniki rasnih ali etničnih manjšin izkoristijo ves svoj potencial, se bodo za vse dosegli boljši socialni in gospodarski rezultati. Pri tem je ključnega pomena nadaljnje delo v zvezi z oblikovanjem Unije enakosti in doslednim izvajanjem obstoječih pravnih instrumentov. | High labour‑market participation and longer working lives can mitigate the problem of an ageing society with a shrinking working-age population 10 . However, discrimination at work – or when looking for work – is widespread and can affect certain groups more. Ensuring that people with a minority racial or ethnic background can fully deploy their potential will lead to better social and economic outcomes for all. In this respect, continued work on building a Union of Equality and fully implementing existing legal instruments is key. |
| Stopnja zaposlenosti žensk (starih od 20 do 64 let) je v EU še vedno 11,7 odstotne točke nižja kot pri moških, več žensk pa običajno dela s krajšim delovnim časom, čeprav univerzitetno diplomo pridobi več žensk kot moških 11 . | Employment rates among women (aged 20-64) in the EU remain 11.7 percentage points lower than those among men, and more women tend to work part time despite more women than men obtaining a university degree 11 . |
| Ukrepi za spodbujanje enake udeležbe žensk in moških pri plačanem in neplačanem delu lahko prispevajo k povečanju stopnje zaposlenosti žensk, tudi s podpiranjem posameznikov in družin pri doseganju boljšega usklajevanja poklicnega in zasebnega življenja. Ukrepi za izboljšanje enakosti spolov na trgu dela in odpravo vrzeli med spoloma bi lahko povečali udeležbo moških pri gospodinjskih opravilih in skrbi za družino, če bi jih spremljali strukturni ukrepi za reformo davčnih sistemov in sistemov socialnega varstva. Evropska strategija za enakost spolov za obdobje 2020–2025 12 je že določila številne ključne ukrepe na tem področju. | Measures to promote equal participation of women and men in both paid and unpaid family work can help boost employment rates among women, including by supporting people and families to achieve better reconciliation between work and private life. Action to improve gender equality in the labour market and close the gender gap could enhance men’s participation in household work and family care - if coupled with structural measures reforming the tax and welfare systems. The EU Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 12 has already set out a number of key actions in this area. |
| Nedavni podatki 13 kažejo, da je 5,4 % žensk (in 2,2 % moških) v starosti od 18 do 64 let skrajšalo svoj delovni čas ali pa je za oskrbovanje bolnih in/ali invalidnih starejših sorodnikov za več kot mesec dni prekinilo zaposlitev. Boljša razpoložljivost kakovostnega otroškega varstva, formalne dolgotrajne oskrbe in podpore za neformalne oskrbovalce bi pomagala zadovoljiti naraščajoče potrebe starejših, poleg tega pa bi več delavcem in zlasti delavkam omogočila vstop na trg dela in obstanek na njem. | Recent data 13 show that 5.4% of women (and 2.2% of men) aged 18-64 have reduced their working time, or have taken employment breaks of more than a month to care for ill and/or older relatives with disabilities. Better availability of quality childcare, formal long-term care and support for informal carers would not only help to meet the increasing needs of older people, but also enable more workers - in particular women - to enter and remain in the labour market. |
| Če se osebam z migrantskim ozadjem omogoči, da opravljajo delo, ki odraža njihove kvalifikacije ter znanja in spretnosti, bi se lahko bolje integrirale. To bi prispevalo k večji socialni koheziji, gospodarski rasti in zmanjšanju neenakosti. | If enabled to pursue work that reflects their qualifications and skills, people with a migrant background could be better integrated. This would contribute to improved social cohesion, economic growth and reduction of inequalities. |
| Zakonite migracije lahko pomagajo zapolniti pomanjkanje znanj in spretnosti ter tako reševati potrebe trga dela. Pri visoko izobraženih migrantih je bolj verjetno, da bodo za delo, ki ga opravljajo, preveč usposobljeni. Pri migrantih je izkoriščanje potenciala žensk še posebej zahtevno zaradi strukturnih ovir, kot je dostop do visokokakovostnega in cenovno dostopnega otroškega varstva. Komisija je novembra 2021 predstavila nov akcijski načrt za integracijo in vključevanje za obdobje 2020–2027 14 , ki upošteva različen položaj migrantskega prebivalstva ter podpira države članice in druge zadevne deležnike pri iskanju ustreznega odziva politik glede integracije in vključevanja. V okviru nadaljnjega dela po novem paktu o migracijah in azilu 15 je Komisija nedavno zaključila javno posvetovanje o prihodnosti zakonitih migracij EU in bo predlagala številne ukrepe, med drugim sveženj o znanjih, spretnostih in talentih z možnostmi za razvoj nabora talentov EU. | Legal migration can help fill skills shortages and therefore address labour market needs. Highly educated migrants are more likely than average to be over-qualified for the job they are doing. Harnessing the potential of migrant women is particularly challenging as a result of structural barriers, such as access to high-quality and affordable childcare. The Commission presented in November 2020 a new Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion 2021-2027 14 , which takes into account the different situation of migrant populations and supports Member States and other relevant stakeholders in finding the adequate response in their integration and inclusion policies. As a follow-up to the New Pact on Migration and Asylum 15 , the Commission recently concluded a public consultation on the future of EU legal migration and will propose a number of measures including a ‘talent and skills’ package with options for developing an EU talent pool. |
| Obstajajo tudi možnosti za odpravljanje pomanjkanja delovne sile s povečanjem zaposlenosti invalidov, za kar so potrebne primerne prilagoditve in dostopno delovno okolje. | There is also potential to address labour shortages by increasing employment among people with disabilities, which requires reasonable accommodation and an accessible work environment. |
| Kljub nedavnemu povečanju je stopnja zaposlenosti starejših delavcev v EU še vedno nižja od povprečja. Leta 2019 je bilo zaposlenih le 59,1 % oseb, starih od 55 do 64 let, medtem ko je bilo zaposlenih 73,1 % oseb, starih od 20 do 64 let 16 . Po 50. letu se tveganje dolgotrajne brezposelnosti povečuje 17 . Številni starejši delavci se srečujejo s težavami pri zaposlovanju, dostopu do priložnosti za usposabljanje, prehajanju med zaposlitvami in nalogah, prilagojenih starosti. Olajševanje vključevanja starejših na trg dela bi se lahko bolje spodbujalo, na primer z davčnimi spodbudami za delodajalce, da zaposlujejo starejše delavce. | Despite recent increases, the employment rate among older workers in the EU remains lower than the average. Only 59.1% of those aged 55-64 were employed in 2019 versus 73.1% of all those aged 20-64 16 . After the age of 50, the risk of long-term unemployment increases 17 . Many older workers face difficulties when it comes to recruitment, access to training opportunities, job transitions and age-adapted tasks. Facilitating the labour market participation of older persons could be better encouraged, including for example with fiscal incentives for employers to recruit older workers. |
| V nekaterih sektorjih, kot je kmetijstvo, ljudje v starosti nadaljujejo z delom, bodisi po lastni izbiri bodisi zaradi življenjskih razmer, pomanjkanja potencialnega naslednika ali nizke pokojnine. Fizični vidiki – ne glede na to, ali so povezani z ergonomijo ali dostopnostjo – in prožni delovni pogoji bi starejšim delavcem omogočili, da upokojitev odložijo, če se za to odločijo. Nesreče pri delu in poklicne bolezni so pri starejših nevarnejše. Dobri delovni pogoji, vključno z dobro varnostjo in zdravjem pri delu, prispevajo k varovanju zdravja delavcev vseh starosti ter tako spodbujajo dobro počutje in zmanjšujejo stopnje predčasnega upokojevanja. Digitalne tehnologije lahko podpirajo delavce ter ponudijo bolje prilagojena delovna okolja s personaliziranimi informacijsko-komunikacijskimi sistemi, nosljivimi napravami in mobilnimi zdravstvenimi aplikacijami. | In some sectors, such as agriculture, people continue to work into old age, either out of choice or because of their living conditions, the lack of a potential transferee, or because of low pension provision. Physical aspects – whether ergonomic or to do with accessibility – and flexible working conditions would allow older workers to postpone their retirement should they choose to do so. Accidents at work and occupational diseases are more dangerous as people get older. Good working conditions, including sound occupational safety and health, help protect the health of workers of all ages, thus promoting well-being and reducing early retirement rates. Digital technologies can support workers and offer better adapted working environments, with ICT-based personalised systems, wearables and mobile health applications. |
| Podjetništvo starejših lahko podaljša delovno življenje, zmanjša brezposelnost starejših, izboljša socialno vključenost starejših in z zagonskimi podjetji okrepi inovacije. Lahko spodbuja medgeneracijsko učenje in zagotavlja prenos znanja. Ozaveščanje, da je podjetništvo možno tudi pozno na poklicni poti, lahko pripomore k preprečevanju starostne diskriminacije, ki sicer lahko takšno dejavnost ovira. Javna politika lahko starejše podjetnike podpira z odpravo odvračilnih dejavnikov v davčnih sistemih in sistemih socialne varnosti, nudenjem dobro usmerjenega svetovanja ter zagotavljanjem dostopa do financiranja. | Senior entrepreneurship can prolong working lives, reduce old-age unemployment, improve the social inclusion of older individuals and enhance innovation through start-ups. It can foster intergenerational learning and ensure knowledge transfer. Raising awareness of entrepreneurship as a late-career option can help counter ageism as a potential barrier to such activity. Public policy can support senior entrepreneurs by removing disincentives in tax and social security systems, providing well‑targeted advice and ensuring access to finance. |
| 3.2.Produktivnost, inovacije in poslovne priložnosti | 3.2.Productivity, innovation and business opportunities |
| Rast produktivnosti se je v vseh razvitih gospodarstvih v zadnjih desetletjih upočasnila. Glede na upadanje delovno sposobnega prebivalstva je večja produktivnost ključnega pomena za trajnostno in vključujočo gospodarsko rast ter višji življenjski standard v EU. Zeleni in digitalni prehod sta priložnost za oživitev rasti produktivnosti s spodbujanjem inovacij v obliki novih tehnologij in poslovnih modelov. Inovacije lahko prispevajo tudi k učinkovitejši rabi virov, hkrati pa lahko tehnologije, ki omogočajo zmanjšanje delovne sile, ublažijo izzive, povezane z zmanjševanjem delovno sposobnega prebivalstva. | Productivity growth has slowed in all advanced economies in recent decades. Against the backdrop of a shrinking working-age population, higher productivity is key to underpinning sustainable and inclusive economic growth and higher living standards in the EU. The green and digital transitions present an opportunity to reignite productivity growth by promoting innovation in the form of new technologies and business models. Innovation can also help improve resource efficiency while labour-saving technologies can mitigate the challenges of a shrinking working-age population. |
| Ustrezne in učinkovite naložbe v raziskave in razvoj ter neopredmetena sredstva na splošno so bistvene za spodbujanje inovacij in uvajanja novih tehnologij. Pri podpiranju produktivnosti in inovacij so pomembni tudi učinkovita javna uprava in sodstvo, spodbudno poslovno okolje, učinkovite politike varstva konkurence ter pravičen, pregleden in učinkovit sistem subvencij in obdavčitve, skladen z dolgoročnimi cilji družbene in okoljske trajnostnosti. | Adequate and efficient investment in research and development and intangible assets in general is central to stimulate innovation and foster adoption of new technologies. An efficient public administration and judiciary system, a supportive business environment, effective competition policies, and a fair, transparent and efficient system of subsidies and taxation coherent with long-term objectives of socio-environmental sustainability also play a role in supporting productivity and innovation. |
| Ena od priložnosti za EU je „srebrno gospodarstvo“ – ta izraz se nanaša na splošen premik v povpraševanju po izdelkih in storitvah, ki odraža posebne potrebe in želje starejših. Srebrno gospodarstvo naj bi se povečevalo za približno 5 % letno s 3,7 bilijona EUR leta 2015 na 5,7 bilijona EUR leta 2025 18 . | One of the opportunities for the EU is the ‘silver economy’ – this term refers to a general shift in demand for products and services that reflects the specific needs and preferences of older people. The silver economy is expected to grow by about 5% a year from EUR 3.7 trillion in 2015 to EUR 5.7 trillion in 2025 18 . |
| Srebrno gospodarstvo lahko odpre nove zaposlitvene priložnosti v sektorjih, kot so turizem, pametni domovi za podpiranje neodvisnega življenja, podporne tehnologije, dostopni izdelki in storitve, storitvena robotika, velnes, kozmetika in moda, varnost, kultura, osebna in avtomatizirana mobilnost ter bančništvo. Z inovacijami v znanosti in medicini se bodo povečale tudi priložnosti za razvijalce tehnologije ter visoko usposobljeno zdravstveno osebje in negovalce, hkrati pa se bo dosegel napredek, potreben za odziv na starajočo se družbo. | The silver economy can open up new job opportunities in sectors such as tourism, smart homes that support independent living, assistive technologies, accessible products and services, service robotics, wellness, cosmetics and fashion, safety, culture, personal and automated mobility, and banking. Scientific and medical innovation will also boost opportunities for technology developers and highly skilled health staff and carers, while delivering the breakthrough needed to respond to an ageing society. |
| Telemedicina, aplikacije za pametne telefone in biosenzorji za diagnozo in spremljanje na daljavo lahko izboljšajo rezultate zdravljenja. Nove podporne tehnologije lahko povečajo samostojnost, neodvisnost in udeležbo starejših invalidnih oseb. Razvit trg proizvodov in storitev za zdravo in aktivno staranje bi lahko izboljšal učinkovitost sistemov zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva, s čimer bi ti lahko postali bolj trajnostni. | Telemedicine, smartphone apps and biosensors for remote diagnosis and monitoring can improve patient outcomes. New assistive technologies may extend the autonomy, independence and participation of older people with disabilities. A developed market of products and services for healthy and active ageing could improve the efficiency of health and social care systems, potentially making them more sustainable. |
| 3.3.Zaposlovanje in produktivnost – ozemeljski vidik | 3.3.Employment and productivity – a territorial perspective |
| Spodnji zemljevid prikazuje podaljšanje delovnega življenja, ki je potrebno za prilagoditev na staranje prebivalstva v regijah EU. Samo v petini regij EU naj bi se med letoma 2020 in 2040 delovno sposobno prebivalstvo povečevalo. Te regije pogosto vključujejo glavna mesta, druga velika mesta in/ali predmestja takšnih mest. Podjetja v teh maloštevilnih regijah, v katerih se obseg delovno sposobnega prebivalstva povečuje, bodo lažje zapolnila prosta delovna mesta in razširila poslovanje. Podjetja v regijah, v katerih se obseg delovno sposobnega prebivalstva zmanjšuje, pa se bodo bolj verjetno soočala s pomanjkanjem delovne sile, če se mobilnost delovne sile ne bo povečala. Zato bodo podjetja morala več vlagati v tehnologijo in inovacije, ki omogočajo zmanjšanje delovne sile, da bi proizvedla enako količino blaga ali storitev. | The map below shows the increase in working life needed to counter population ageing in the EU regions. Only one in five regions of the EU is projected to have a growing working age population between 2020 and 2040. These regions often include the capital city, another large city and/or their suburbs. Firms in the few regions with a growing working age population will find it easier to fill their vacancies and expand their business. Firms in regions with a shrinking working-age population, however, are more likely to face labour shortages in the absence of increased labour mobility. As a result, they will have to invest more in labour saving technology and innovation just to produce the same amount of goods or services. |
| Zemljevid 1. Predvidena najvišja delovna starost, pri kateri se obseg delovno sposobnega prebivalstva ne spremeni, 2040 | Map 1. Projected maximum working age that keeps the size of the working-age population constant, 2040 |
| Potencial manj razvitih regij, vključno s podeželskimi regijami, je mogoče nadalje proučiti, na primer glede izkoriščanja priložnosti, ki se pojavljajo v srebrnem gospodarstvu. Kohezijska politika ima pomembno vlogo pri podpiranju njihovega razvoja. Podeželska območja v Evropi se zelo razlikujejo, saj so nekatera z gospodarskega in socialnega vidika uspešna, druga pa gospodarsko in/ali socialno nazadujejo. Pogosto se šteje, da je kakovost življenja na podeželskih območjih boljša kakor v mestih. Bližina naravi, čist zrak, občutek skupnosti in cenejša stanovanja so mestnim ljudem privlačna. Če podeželska območja nudijo zadostno osnovno infrastrukturo, prevozne zmogljivosti in pogoje za gospodarsko dejavnost, so lahko privlačna tako za delovno sposobno kot za starajoče se prebivalstvo. | The potential of less developed regions, including rural regions, can be further explored, for example to use opportunities emerging in the silver economy. Cohesion policy plays a significant role in supporting their development. Rural areas in Europe vary greatly with some performing well in economic and social terms and others in economic and/or social decline. The quality of life is often considered to be better in rural areas than in cities. The closeness to nature, clean air, sense of community and cheaper housing appeal to people from cities. If equipped with sufficient basic infrastructure, transport facilities and conditions for economic activity, they can be attractive both for working-age people as well as for an ageing population. |
| Digitalna povezljivost lahko oddaljenim območjem pomaga tudi pri dostopu do kakovostnega izobraževanja in kakovostnih zaposlitvenih priložnostih, kakor se je pokazalo med krizo zaradi COVID-19. Kriza je poudarila tudi potencial dela na daljavo, ki zaposlenim v nekaterih poklicih omogoča, da se izognejo vožnji na delo in vsem njenim posledicam glede onesnaževanja zraka in porabe časa. | Digital connectivity can also help remote territories with access to quality education and quality job opportunities, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 crisis. The crisis has also highlighted the potential of telework for some professions as a way of avoiding commuting with all its consequences for air pollution and time use. |
| Infrastruktura – med drugim promet, šole, povezljivost, stanovanja, poštna omrežja in zdravstvo – ter zagotavljanje storitev, kot so izobraževanje in usposabljanje, zdravstveno varstvo in dolgotrajna oskrba, lahko povečata priložnosti za razvoj, če sta prilagojena lokalnim potrebam. | Infrastructure - from transport to schools, connectivity to housing or postal networks to healthcare - and the provision of services, such as education and training, health and long-term care, can enhance opportunities for development, if adapted to local needs. |
| 3. Katere inovativne ukrepe politik, s katerimi bi se izboljšala udeležba na trgu dela, zlasti udeležba starejših delavcev, bi bilo treba natančneje obravnavati? | 3. What innovative policy measures to improve participation in the labour market, in particular by older workers, should be considered more closely? |
| 4. Ali je na ravni EU potrebnih več politik in ukrepov, ki podpirajo podjetništvo starejših? Kakšno vrsto podpore potrebujemo na ravni EU in kako lahko gradimo na uspešnih primerih socialne inovacije, in sicer primerih mentorstva med mladimi in starejšimi podjetniki? | 4. Is there a need for more policies and action at EU level that support senior entrepreneurship? What type of support is needed at EU level and how can we build on the successful social innovation examples of mentorship between young and older entrepreneurs? |
| 5. Kako bi lahko politike EU pomagale manj razvitim regijam in podeželskim območjem pri obvladovanju staranja in depopulacije? Kako bi lahko območja EU, ki se hkrati soočajo z izzivoma depopulacije in staranja, bolje izkoristila srebrno gospodarstvo? | 5. How can EU policies help less developed regions and rural areas to manage ageing and depopulation? How can EU territories affected by the twin depopulation and ageing challenges make better use of the silver economy? |
| 4.Nove priložnosti in izzivi pri upokojevanju | 4. New opportunities and challenges in retirement |
| Nikoli prej v evropski zgodovini ni toliko ljudi živelo tako dolgo in hkrati ohranjalo tako dobrega zdravja. Nikoli prej ni toliko ljudi ostajalo dolgo aktivnih, podaljševalo svojih poklicnih poti in po upokojitvi sodelovalo v socialnih aktivnostih. Zaradi bolj zdravega načina življenja in napredka v medicini (izboljšanje preventive, diagnosticiranja in zdravljenja bolezni) je večina upokojencev čilih in se lahko odloči, kako želijo preživljati svoj čas 19 . Te nove razmere spreminjajo naše dojemanje staranja in opozarjajo, da starejši z medgeneracijskim učenjem in kohezijo pomembno prispevajo k družbi in gospodarstvu. | Never before in European history have so many people enjoyed such long and healthy lives. More people than ever remain active for longer, extend their work careers and participate in social activities after retiring. Thanks to healthier lifestyles and medical progress (improved prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease), most retirees are fit and can choose how to spend their time 19 . These new realities change our perception of ageing, shining a light on the important contribution older people make to society and economy through intergenerational learning and cohesion. |
| Hkrati je upokojevanje izziv za posameznike, pa tudi za sisteme socialne zaščite, ki jih podpirajo. Za zagotovitev ustreznosti, cenovne dostopnosti in vzdržnosti pokojninskih sistemov moramo kritično oceniti, kako ustrezni so sedanji pokojninski sistemi za spopadanje z izzivom hitro starajočega se prebivalstva. | At the same time, the retirement stage presents challenges to individuals but also to the social protection systems that support them. Ensuring the adequacy, affordability and sustainability of pension systems requires us to critically assess how fit the current pension systems are to deal with a fast ageing population. |
| 4.1.Ohranjanje aktivnosti | 4.1.Staying active |
| Prostovoljske dejavnosti lahko spodbujajo medgeneracijsko solidarnost in sodelovanje, ustvarjajo vrednost ter glede znanja, izkušenj in samozavesti koristijo tako mladim kot starejšim. Hkrati ima prostovoljstvo znaten gospodarski pomen. Podatki kažejo, da približno petina oseb, starih od 65 do 74 let, sodeluje v formalnem prostovoljstvu in da starejši od 75 let ostanejo vključeni, če jim zdravje to omogoča 20 . Med pandemijo COVID-19 so upokojenci pomagali skupnosti s tem, da so se vrnili med zdravstveno ali negovalno osebje ali da so zagotavljali prostovoljne storitve za pomoč drugim v vsakdanjem življenju. | Volunteering activities can promote intergenerational solidarity and cooperation, creating value and benefiting young and old alike in terms of knowledge, experience and self-esteem. At the same time, volunteering has an important economic value. Data show that about a fifth of 65-74 year‑olds participate in formal volunteering while people aged 75+ also remain engaged when their health allows 20 . During the COVID-19 pandemic, retirees have helped the community by returning as medical or nursing staff, or providing voluntary services to relieve others in their everyday lives. |
| Mnogi, zlasti starejše ženske, so neplačane negovalke, predvsem v lastnih družinah (kjer skrbijo za starše, partnerje, otroke ali vnuke), s čimer generaciji, ki tvori jedro delovne sile, pomagajo pri usklajevanju poklicnega in družinskega življenja. | Many, especially older women, are unpaid carers, mainly within their families (for their parents, partners, children, or grandchildren), thereby helping the generation of core working age to balance work and family life. |
| Medgeneracijsko učenje, vključno z mentorstvom ali izmenjavo izkušenj, mladim in starim omogoča izmenjavo znanja in kompetenc. Veliko medgeneracijskega učenja poteka neformalno v skupnosti, v dejavnostih, povezanih s knjižnicami in muzeji, v kulturnih, športnih ali drugih združenjih, v verskih ustanovah itd. | Intergenerational learning, including mentoring or experience sharing, allows the young and old to exchange knowledge and competencies. A lot of intergenerational learning happens informally in the community, in activities around libraries and museums, cultural, sports or other associations, religious institutions, etc. |
| Aktivno staranje podpira tudi aktivna mobilnost. Hoja in kolesarjenje sta priljubljena v številnih državah članicah, tudi med ljudmi, starejšimi od 65 let. Nove oblike električne mobilnosti, zlasti električna kolesa, že nudijo prožen odziv na potrebe nekaterih starejših po mobilnosti in jim omogočajo uporabo aktivnega načina prevoza, hkrati pa zmanjšujejo emisije iz prometa. | Active mobility also supports active ageing. Walking and cycling are popular in many Member States, including among people over 65. New forms of electric mobility, mainly electric bicycles, are already providing a flexible response to some older people’s mobility needs and allowing them to use an active mode of transport while reducing their transport emissions. |
| 4.2.Revščina v starosti | 4.2.Old‑age poverty |
| Za večino ljudi upokojitev pomeni zmanjšanje dohodka in za nekatere tveganje revščine v starosti. S starostjo se povečujejo finančna tveganja, povezana na primer s potrebo po zdravstvenem varstvu in zlasti dolgotrajni oskrbi. | For most people, retirement comes with a drop in income and, for some, the threat of old-age poverty. As people grow old, they face increasing financial risks relating, for instance, to the need for healthcare and especially long-term care. |
| Za večino upokojencev so pokojnine glavni vir dohodka. Da bodo glede na daljšo pričakovano življenjsko dobo ostale ustrezne, bodo morali ljudje v prihodnosti delati dlje. Kljub temu bodo nekateri še vedno bolj kakor drugi v starosti izpostavljeni tveganju revščine, vključno z energijsko revščino. To velja zlasti za tiste, ki so prejemali nizke dohodke, prekinili poklicno pot ali opravljali dela ali poklice, ki so zagotavljali omejeno zaščito, na primer nestandardne delavce in samozaposlene. | Pensions are the main source of income for most retirees. To ensure that they remain adequate in view of increased life expectancy, people will have to work longer in future. Nevertheless, some will still run a higher risk of old‑age poverty than others, including energy poverty. This concerns in particular those who earned low incomes, had career breaks or were in jobs or trades that provided limited protection, such as non-standard workers and the self-employed. |
| Tveganje je za določene skupine še vedno večje. Ženske običajno zaslužijo manj, imajo krajše, manj linearne poklicne poti, delajo s krajšim delovnim časom in prevzemajo več neplačanih obveznosti oskrbe. Pokojnine žensk v EU so v povprečju 29,5 % nižje od pokojnin moških 21 . Leta 2019 je bilo 37 % migrantov iz tretjih držav izpostavljenih tveganju revščine in socialne izključenosti v primerjavi z 22 % mobilnih državljanov EU 22 . V prihodnjih letih se lahko, ker so bile njihove poklicne poti v EU krajše, soočajo z večjim tveganjem revščine v starosti. | The risk continues to be higher for specific groups. Women tend to earn less, have shorter, less linear careers, work part-time and take on more unpaid care responsibilities. Women’s pensions in the EU are on average 29.5% lower than men’s 21 . In 2019, 37% of third country migrants were at risk of poverty and social exclusion against 22% of EU mobile citizens 22 . In the coming years, they may face higher risks of old-age poverty due to shorter careers within the EU. |
| Starejši invalidi se lahko soočajo s posebnimi težavami. Delovno aktivnim osebam, ki postanejo invalidi, kot nadomestilo za izgubo dohodka in dodatne stroške pogosto koristi podpora, povezana s trgom dela. Čeprav v številnih primerih ni zadostna, osebe, ki postanejo invalidi po upokojitvi, do takšnih dodatkov pogosto niso upravičene. | Older people with disabilities can face particular problems. Working‑age people who develop a disability often benefit from labour market-related support to compensate for loss of income and extra expenditure. While this is insufficient in many cases, people acquiring a disability after retirement are often ineligible for these benefits. |
| Okvir 1: Samostojnost, udeležba in pravice starejših | Box 1. Autonomy, participation and rights of older people |
| Evropski steber socialnih pravic služi kot vodilo na poti k boljšim delovnim in življenjskim pogojem za vse, ne glede na starost, ter resničnim socialnim pravicam. Vključuje več načel, ki se osredotočajo na izzive staranja. | The European Pillar of Social Rights serves as a compass on the path to better working and living conditions for all, regardless of age, and genuine social rights. It includes a number of principles that focus on the challenges of ageing. |
| Starejši se pogosto znajdejo v ranljivem položaju, nekateri z več vidikov – na primer osebe slabega zdravja, invalidi 23 , pripadniki etničnih ali verskih manjšin ali osebe LGBTQI. Nekateri bodo morda potrebovali pomoč, neposredno povezano z zaščito sebe ali svojih sredstev, na primer pri skrbi za finance ali upravljanju zdravljenja. To je bilo poudarjeno tudi v novi agendi za potrošnike 24 . Poleg tega se lahko ranljivi starejši soočajo tudi s tveganjem zlorab, na primer zaradi zanemarjanja ali fizičnega oziroma duševnega nasilja. Glede na težko breme, ki je med pandemijo padlo na ranljive starejše, je pomembno, da se varujejo njihova samostojnost, zdravje in življenjske razmere. | Older people often find themselves in a situation of vulnerability; some in more ways than one, for instance, those with ill health or a disability 23 , those from an ethnic or religious minority or those who are LGBTQI. Some may need assistance directly related to protecting themselves or their assets, such as taking care of finances or managing medical treatment. This has also been highlighted in the recent New Consumer Agenda 24 . In addition, vulnerable older persons may also face risk of abuse such as through neglect, or physical or mental violence. The heavy toll on vulnerable older people during the pandemic underlines the importance of protecting their autonomy, as well as their health and living conditions. |
| Za dostop do blaga, storitev, vključno z javnimi storitvami, in udeležbo v političnem, družbenem in kulturnem življenju so vse bolj potrebne digitalne spretnosti in znanja. S tehnološkim razvojem se lahko poveča ranljivost starejših, na primer če so slabše seznanjeni ali manj spretni z digitalnimi orodji ali če imajo omejen dostop do digitalne tehnologije. To lahko poveča njihovo dovzetnost za goljufije, prevare in škodljive trgovinske prakse, kakor smo videli med pandemijo in omejitvami gibanja. Starejši, ki živijo v tujini ali imajo v tujini premoženje, so lahko še posebej ranljivi tudi zaradi ovir, ki jih predstavlja nepoznavanje tujih jezikov ter tujih upravnih in pravnih sistemov, zato bi bili v čezmejnih primerih morda potrebni posebni zaščitni ukrepi. | Access to goods, services, including public services, and participation in political, social and cultural life increasingly requires digital skills. Technological developments may amplify older persons’ vulnerability, for example if they are less familiar or at ease with digital tools, or have limited access to digital technology. This may make them more prone to fraud, scams and rogue trading as we have seen during the pandemic and lockdowns. Older people living abroad or owning assets abroad may also be particularly vulnerable due to the barriers of foreign languages and unknown administrative and legal systems and specific measures for protection may be needed in cross-border situations. |
| Naraščanje števila starejših ljudi v EU prinaša posebne pomisleke glede varnosti in zaščite, saj lahko postanejo tarča organiziranih kriminalcev, na primer s klici na dom, uličnimi prevarami, vlomi, žeparstvom ali drugimi prevarami in kaznivimi dejanji. | The growth in the number of older people in the EU brings specific security and safety concerns, as organised criminals may target them, for instance with house calls, street cons, burglary, pickpocketing or other scams and crimes. |
| Da bi starejši lahko uživali svoje pravice in samostojnost ter v največji možni meri sodelovali v družbi, morajo oblikovalci politik na vseh ravneh takšne ranljive položaje upoštevati in jih po potrebi posebej obravnavati. | In order to enable older people to enjoy their rights and autonomy and participate in society to the fullest extent possible, such situations of vulnerability need to be taken into account and, where necessary, be addressed specifically by policymakers at all levels. |
| 4.3.Ustrezni, pravični in vzdržni pokojninski sistemi | 4.3.Adequate, fair and sustainable pension systems |
| Izziv ohranjanja ustreznih, pravičnih in vzdržnih pokojnin v starajoči se družbi ter potreba, da ljudje zberejo dodatne prihranke, sta bila večkrat poudarjena – zlasti v poročilih o ustreznosti pokojnin, ki sta jih skupaj objavila Svet in Komisija 25 . Vendar če ne bodo uvedene dodatne reforme, bosta večje število upokojencev in manjše število delovno sposobnega prebivalstva verjetno privedli do višjih prispevkov in nižjih nadomestitvenih stopenj pokojnin, da se zagotovi vzdržnost javnih financ. Tak razvoj lahko dvojno obremeni mlajše generacije in zato sproža vprašanja medgeneracijske pravičnosti. | The challenge of maintaining adequate, fair and sustainable pensions in an ageing society and the need for people to accumulate additional savings have been highlighted repeatedly, notably in Pension Adequacy Reports published jointly by Council and Commission 25 . However, in the absence of further reforms, more pensioners and fewer people of working age are likely to lead to higher contribution rates and lower pension replacement rates in order to ensure the sustainability of public finances. Such developments may create a double burden for the younger generations and thus raise questions of intergenerational fairness. |
| Ključni odgovor na to je daljše delovno življenje. Glede na najnovejše Eurostatove projekcije prebivalstva bi koeficient starostne odvisnosti starejših 26 v EU leta 2040 ostal enak kot leta 2020 le, če bi se delovno življenje podaljšalo na 70 let. Vendar so med državami članicami velike razlike, kar kaže, da izzivi po Evropi ne bodo povsod enaki. Da bi bil nacionalni koeficient starostne odvisnosti starejših v letu 2040 enak kot v letu 2020, bi glede na napovedi morale Malta, Madžarska in Švedska delovno življenje podaljšati le na 68 let, Litva in Luksemburg pa bi ga morala podaljšati na 72 let. Že leta 2019 se je koeficient starostne odvisnosti starejših bistveno razlikoval, in sicer od 22 v Luksemburgu do 39 v Italiji in 38 na Finskem 27 . | Longer working lives are a key answer to this. According to the most recent Eurostat population projection, the EU old age dependency ratio 26 in 2040 would only remain at the same level as in 2020 if working life were extended to the age of 70. There are, however, significant variations between Member States, which show the different challenges across Europe. To keep the national old age dependency ratio constant in 2040 relative to 2020, projections suggest that Malta, Hungary and Sweden would have to extend working life only to 68, while Lithuania and Luxembourg would have to extend it to 72. Already in 2019, the old age dependency ratio varied substantially from 22 in Luxembourg to 39 in Italy and 38 in Finland 27 . |
| Pokojninski sistemi bi lahko daljše delovno življenje podpirali s samodejnim prilagajanjem upokojitvene starosti, zahtev glede poklicne poti, odmernih stopenj ali dodatkov tako, da bi odražali daljšo pričakovano življenjsko dobo. Omejitev predčasnega upokojevanja na objektivno utemeljene primere, vzpostavitev splošne pravice do dela po upokojitveni starosti in prožne pokojninske sheme lahko prispevajo k temu, da pokojninski sistemi postanejo ustrezni in trajnostni. | Pension systems could support longer working lives by adjusting retirement ages or career requirements, accrual rates or benefits automatically to reflect higher life expectancy. Limiting early retirement to objectively warranted cases, establishing a general right to work beyond pensionable age and flexible retirement schemes, can help to make pension systems both adequate and sustainable. |
| Pri reformah za posodobitev pokojninskih sistemov je treba skrbno upoštevati logiko prerazporeditve in pravičnosti pokojninskih sistemov. Med dejavniki, ki bi jih bilo mogoče upoštevati, so vse večje demografsko breme za prihodnje generacije, pravična obravnava delavcev, ki zgodaj vstopajo na trg dela, sposobnost prerazporejanja med dohodkovnimi razredi, zaščita prekinitev poklicne poti, povezanih z družino, in postopno opuščanje preferencialnih pokojninskih shem. | Reforms to modernise pension systems need to carefully consider the redistribution and fairness logic of pension systems. Factors that could be taken into account include the increasing demographic burden on future generations, a fair treatment of workers who enter the labour market early, the redistributive capacity across income groups, the protection of family-related career breaks and the phasing-out of preferential pension schemes. |
| Pokojnine, ki omogočajo dostojen življenjski standard v starosti, bi morale biti na voljo tistim, ki v prihodnosti ne bodo mogli imeti daljšega delovnega življenja. To bi bilo mogoče doseči na primer s pokojninskimi dobropisi, minimalnimi pokojninami, pokojninami na podlagi prebivališča in socialno pomočjo, namenjeno ali na voljo tudi starejšim. | Pensions allowing for dignified living standards in old age should be available to those who will not be able to have longer working lives in the future. This could be achieved, for instance, through pension credits, minimum pensions, pensions based on residence and social assistance targeted at, or also available to older people. |
| Zagotovitev, da pokojninski sistemi zajemajo različne vrste gospodarskih dejavnosti, na primer z razširitvijo dostopa na več vrst delavcev in samozaposlene, bi pomagala zaščititi njihovo ustreznost in osnovo za prispevke ter ublažiti neenakosti na trgu dela. Ker bi lahko spremembe v gospodarstvu in delovnem okolju vplivale na osnovo za prispevke, bodo države članice morda morale ponovno razmisliti, kako se financirajo njihovi sistemi socialne zaščite. | Ensuring that pension systems cover different types of economic activity, for instance by extending access to more types of workers and to self-employed, would help safeguard their adequacy and contribution base and mitigate inequalities within the labour market. As changes in the economy and the world of work could affect the contribution base, Member States may need to reconsider how their social protection systems are resourced. |
| Državljane je treba seznaniti s stanjem njihovih pokojninskih pravic. Visokokakovostne, varne in stroškovno učinkovite dodatne pokojnine, vključno z vseevropskim osebnim pokojninskim produktom (pan-European personal pension product oz. PEPP) 28 , ki dopolnjujejo zakonsko določene pokojninske sheme, lahko zagotovijo dodatne pokojninske prihranke. Politike za lajšanje in spodbujanje udeležbe v sistemih dodatnega pokojninskega zavarovanja bi morale upoštevati njihove fiskalne stroške in distribucijski učinek ter vzpostaviti ravnovesje med širokim in vključujočim kritjem ter zaščitnimi ukrepi pred posledicami nestanovitnosti trga na eni strani in stroškovno učinkovitostjo na drugi strani. | Citizens need to be made aware of the status of their retirement entitlements. High quality, safe and cost-effective supplementary pensions, including the pan-European personal pension product (PEPP) 28 , that complement statutory pension schemes can provide additional retirement savings. Policies to facilitate and encourage participation in supplementary pension schemes should consider their fiscal cost and distributive effect, and strike a balance between broad and inclusive coverage and safeguards against the effects of market volatility on the one hand and cost-effectiveness on the other. |
| 6.Kako bi lahko bolje podpirali prostovoljstvo starejših in medgeneracijsko učenje, tudi čezmejno, ter tako spodbujali izmenjavo znanja in državljansko udeleževanje? Kakšno vlogo bi lahko imela digitalna platforma ali druge pobude na ravni EU in na koga bi bilo treba te pobude nasloviti? Kako bi lahko prostovoljstvo mladih skupaj s starejšimi in za starejše povezali v medgeneracijske pobude? | 6.How could volunteering by older people and intergenerational learning be better supported, including across borders, to foster knowledge sharing and civic engagement? What role could a digital platform or other initiatives at EU level play and to whom should such initiatives be addressed? How could volunteering by young people together with and towards older people be combined into cross-generational initiatives? |
| 7.Katere storitve in spodbudno okolje bi bilo treba vzpostaviti ali izboljšati, da bi starejšim zagotovili samostojnost, neodvisnost in pravice ter jim omogočili udeležbo v družbi? | 7. Which services and enabling environment would need to be put in place or improved in order to ensure the autonomy, independence and rights of older people and enable their participation in society? |
| 8.Kako bi lahko EU podprla ranljive starejše, ki ne morejo zaščititi lastnih finančnih in osebnih interesov, zlasti v čezmejnih položajih? | 8.How can the EU support vulnerable older persons who are not in a position to protect their own financial and personal interests, in particular in cross-border situations? |
| 9.Kako bi lahko EU podprla prizadevanja držav članic pri zagotavljanju pravičnejših, a fiskalno trdnih sistemov socialne zaščite za ljudi vseh generacij, ne glede na spol, starost in dohodkovno skupino? | 9.How can the EU support Member States' efforts to ensure more fairness in the social protection systems across generations, gender, age and income groups, ensuring that they remain fiscally sound? |
| 10.Kako bi lahko zmanjšali in obravnavali tveganje revščine v starosti? | 10.How can the risks of poverty in old age be reduced and addressed? |
| 11.Kako bi lahko zagotovili ustrezno pokojnino osebam (večinoma so to ženske), ki daljša obdobja delovnega življenja opravljajo neplačano delo (pogosto oskrbo)? | 11.How can we ensure adequate pensions for those (mainly women) who spend large periods of their working life in unremunerated work (often care provision)? |
| 12.Kakšno vlogo bi pri zagotavljanju ustreznih pokojninskih prihodkov lahko imele dodatne pokojnine? Kako bi jih lahko razširili po vsej EU in kakšna bi bila vloga EU v tem procesu? | 12.What role could supplementary pensions play in ensuring adequate retirement incomes? How could they be extended throughout the EU and what would be the EU’s role in this process? |
| 5.Zadovoljevanje naraščajočih potreb starajočega se prebivalstva | 5.Meeting the growing needs of an ageing population |
| Čeprav se je število pričakovanih let zdravega življenja izboljšalo, se s starostjo povečuje možnost bolezni ali invalidnosti. Sčasoma številni starejši postanejo slabotni in odvisni od dolgotrajne oskrbe. | Despite improved healthy life expectancy, the older you get the higher the chance of illness or disability. Gradually, many older people become frail and dependent on long-term care. |
| Slika 1. Stopnje odvisnosti 29 se v EU s starostjo povečujejo, 2015–2019 | Figure 1. EU dependency rates 29 increase with age, 2015-2019 |
| Vir: Izračun Generalnega direktorata Komisije za gospodarske in finančne zadeve na podlagi Eurostatove spletne preglednice hlth_silc_06. | Source: Calculation of the Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs based on Eurostat online data table hlth_silc_06 |
| Spodbujanje zdravja in preprečevanje bolezni z zdravim načinom življenja, zdravjem in varnostjo pri delu ter aktivnim socialnim življenjem lahko te težave pomagata omejiti ali odložiti. Podporne politike, na primer obnova mest, revitalizacija podeželskih območij ter dostopnost stavb in prometa, lahko olajšajo življenje, zlasti osebam z omejeno mobilnostjo. | Health promotion and disease prevention, in the form of healthy lifestyles, health and safety at work, and active social lives can help limit or postpone these problems. Supporting policies, such as urban renewal, revitalised rural areas and accessibility in buildings and transport, can help make life easier, in particular for people with limited mobility. |
| Čeprav lahko takšne politike pomagajo ublažiti splošni izziv, je neizogibno, da bosta staranje in dolgoživost povzročila strukturno povečanje skupnega povpraševanja po storitvah zdravstvenega varstva in dolgotrajne oskrbe 30 . To je še posebno izrazito v nekaterih oddaljenih in podeželskih regijah, ki se običajno soočajo z izzivi glede kakovosti in obsega razpoložljivih socialnih storitev. | While such policies can help mitigate the overall challenge, ageing and longevity will invariably lead to a structural increase in overall demand for healthcare and long-term care services 30 . This is exacerbated for some remote and rural regions that typically face challenges in terms of quality and scale of the social services provided. |
| Način, kako se družbe pripravljajo na staranje, mora preseči gospodarska vprašanja ter kakovostne in cenovno dostopne storitve. Razmisliti moramo o tem, kako generacije živijo skupaj. Eden od zaskrbljujočih pojavov je vse večje tveganje osamljenosti in družbene osamitve med mladimi in starejšimi, kar so mnogi občutili tudi med pandemijo COVID-19. Čeprav je manj vidna, dejansko vpliva na naše gospodarske, socialne in zdravstvene sisteme ter si zasluži pozornost oblikovalcev politik. | The way societies prepare for ageing needs to go beyond economic issues and quality, affordable services. We have to think about how generations live together. One concern is the increasing risk of loneliness and social isolation both among younger and older people, as experienced by many not least during the COVID-19 pandemic. While less visible, this has a real impact on our economic, social and healthcare systems and deserves the attention of the policy-makers. |
| 5.1.Zadovoljevanje potreb po zdravstvenem varstvu in dolgotrajni oskrbi starajočega se prebivalstva | 5.1.Meeting the health and long-term care needs of an ageing population |
| Zaradi demografskih sprememb bo več starejših bolnikov s kroničnimi boleznimi in pogosto tudi z več boleznimi. Za skoraj polovico oseb, starih 65 let ali več, se ocenjuje, da so invalidi ali dolgotrajno omejeni pri aktivnostih. Poleg tega učinki podnebnih sprememb, naravnih nesreč, degradacije okolja in onesnaževanja nesorazmerno povečujejo pritisk na zdravje starejših ljudi. To bo povečalo potrebo po zdravstvenem varstvu in drugih storitvah oskrbe ali podpore. | As a result of demographic change, there will be more older patients suffering from chronic and, in many cases, multiple diseases. Almost half of persons 65 years or older are perceived as having a disability or long standing activity limitation. In addition, the effects of climate change, natural disasters and environmental degradation and pollution tend to disproportionately increase pressure on older people’s health. This will increase the need for healthcare and other care or support services. |
| Čeprav se bosta morala tako sistem zdravstvenega varstva kot tudi sistem dolgotrajne oskrbe odzvati na povečano povpraševanje, se soočata z različnimi izzivi, npr. v zvezi z delovno silo teh sistemov, pokritostjo s socialno zaščito ali standardi kakovosti. | Although healthcare and long-term care systems will both need to respond to increased demand, they face different challenges, such as with regard to their workforce, social protection coverage or quality standards. |
| Celovit odziv politike lahko vključuje naložbe v kakovostne storitve in infrastrukturo ter raziskave in inovacije na področju zdravstvenega varstva, s čimer bi se zagotovil dostop do zdravstvenega varstva, ponudili privlačni delovni pogoji za odpravo pomanjkanja osebja in izkoriščale inovativne tehnologije za izboljšanje učinkovitosti. Tehnološki napredek omogoča zagotavljanje nekaterih storitev in terapij na nove načine in ne v bolnišnicah. Boljša infrastruktura za ambulantno in zunajbolnišnično oskrbo ne zagotavlja le boljšega zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva, temveč lahko starejšim omogoči tudi sodelovanje v socialnih aktivnostih in aktivnostih za dobro počutje. | A comprehensive policy response may involve investing in quality services and infrastructure, as well as in healthcare research and innovation, ensuring the access to healthcare, offering attractive working conditions to address staff shortages and exploiting innovative technology to improve efficiency. Technological progress makes it possible to provide certain services and therapies in new ways, rather than in hospitals. Greater provision of ambulatory and community care infrastructure not only provides better health and social care, it can also allow older people to take part in social and well-being activities. |
| V sektorju zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva obstaja potencial za odprtje 8 milijonov novih delovnih mest v naslednjih 10 letih. To bo zahtevalo več strokovnjakov ter izpopolnjevanje in prekvalifikacijo delavcev, kar bo zlasti obravnavano v okviru pakta za znanja in spretnosti, ki se je začel izvajati novembra 2020. Pri odpravljanju pomanjkanja zdravstvenega osebja bi lahko imela vlogo tudi čezmejna mobilnost osebja. Leta 2018 so državljani EU, ki delajo v državi članici, ki ni njihova matična država, na področju zdravstvenega varstva in dolgotrajne oskrbe predstavljali skoraj 5 % delovne sile, priseljenci iz držav nečlanic EU pa 9,1 % 31 . Z vključevanjem vidikov v zvezi z zdravstvenim varstvom in dolgotrajno oskrbo v obstoječe zakonite migracijske poti bi se lahko izboljšalo tudi izkoriščanje znanj in spretnosti migrantov v EU. | There is a potential of 8 million job openings in the health and social care sector in the next 10 years. This will require more specialists and up- and re-skilling of workers, which will notably be addressed through the Pact for Skills launched in November 2020. Also, in order to address the lack of healthcare staff, cross-border mobility of staff could play a role. In 2018, EU citizens working in a Member State other than their own represented almost 5% of the health and long-term care workforce, while immigrants from outside the EU accounted for 9.1% 31 . Integrating health and long-term care considerations in existing legal migration channels may also improve the use of the skills of the migrants in the EU. |
| Število ljudi, ki bi lahko potrebovali dolgotrajno oskrbo, naj bi se v EU-27 predvidoma povečalo z 19,5 milijona leta 2016 na 23,6 milijona leta 2030 in 30,5 milijona leta 2050 32 . Zanašanje na neformalne negovalce ni več vzdržno, saj je vedno težje zagotoviti pomoč družinskih članov, ker imajo družine manj otrok, živijo bolj oddaljeni drug od drugega, ženske pa so v večji meri udeležene na trgu dela. | The number of people potentially in need of long-term care is expected to increase from 19.5 million in 2016 to 23.6 million in 2030 and 30.5 million in 2050 in the EU27 32 . Relying on informal carers is no more sustainable, as help from family members is increasingly difficult to ensure, with families having fewer children, living further apart, and women participating more in the labour market. |
| Države članice se soočajo s skupnimi izzivi na področju dolgotrajne oskrbe, ki vključujejo zagotavljanje dostopa, cenovne dostopnosti in kakovosti dolgotrajne oskrbe ter ustrezne delovne sile. Mnogi, ki potrebujejo oskrbo, do nje ne morejo dostopati zaradi vrzeli v ponudbi, visokih stroškov ter pomanjkanja socialne zaščite ali zavarovanja, ki bi zagotovili cenovno dostopnost. Brez ustrezne socialne zaščite lahko zaradi potrebne dolgotrajne oskrbe posamezniki pristanejo v revščini. To tveganje je treba uskladiti z ohranjanjem fiskalne vzdržnosti sistemov v starajoči se družbi. | Member States face common challenges in long-term care, which include ensuring access, affordability and quality, of long-term care, as well as adequate workforce. Many in need of care cannot access it due to gaps in supply, high costs, and a lack of social protection or insurance coverage to ensure affordability. Without adequate social protection, the need for long-term care can push individuals into poverty. This risk needs to be squared with maintaining the systems’ fiscal sustainability in an ageing society. |
| Kakovostna dolgotrajna oskrba je pomembna za zagotavljanje osebnega dostojanstva, izbire in dobrega počutja ter za preprečevanje nepotrebnih hospitalizacij. Trenutno v EU obstajajo različni standardi in razlage kakovosti, države članice pa so na različnih stopnjah zagotavljanja kakovosti. Pomembno je opozoriti, da obstajajo različni načini zagotavljanja kakovostne dolgotrajne oskrbe. S storitvami v skupnosti za starejše, ki potrebujejo dolgotrajno oskrbo, vključno z invalidi, se lahko podpira njihova pravica, da samostojno živijo v skupnosti, dokler je to mogoče. Po drugi strani pa se lahko z institucionalnimi in drugimi storitvami zagotavljajo storitve oskrbe, ki presegajo zmogljivosti v skupnosti. | Quality long-term care is important to ensure personal dignity, choice, well-being, as well as to avoid unnecessary hospitalisations. Currently, there are different quality standards and interpretations across the EU and Member States are at different stages of quality assurance. It is important to note that there are different ways of delivering quality long-term care. Offering community-based service provision for older people in need of long-term care, including those with disabilities, can support their right to live independently in the community, as long as this is possible. Residential or other services, on the other hand, may secure the provision of care services that exceed the capacities of community-based settings. |
| Zaposlovanje in ohranjanje usposobljenega osebja za dolgotrajno oskrbo je težavno zaradi nizkega plačila in zahtevnih delovnih pogojev. To še povečuje pritisk na neformalne negovalce – običajno so to ženske –, ki težko usklajujejo oskrbo in plačano delo, kar pogosto povzroča stroške za družbo, kot so negativni učinki na zdravje in dobro počutje, manjša udeležba na trgu dela in nižji dohodki. | Recruiting and retaining qualified staff to work in long-term care is difficult given low pay and demanding working conditions. This adds pressure on informal carers - usually women - who struggle to balance care and paid work, often with costs for society such as negative effects on health and well-being, reduced participation in the labour market and reduced income. |
| Kakor je poudarjeno v sporočilu o močni socialni Evropi za pravičen prehod 33 , bo razvoj močnih sistemov dolgotrajne oskrbe izboljšal dostop do cenovno dostopne in kakovostne dolgotrajne oskrbe, zagotovil dostojno življenje v starosti in spodbudil zaposlitvene možnosti v skrbstveni ekonomiji. Skupno poročilo Evropske komisije in Odbora za socialno zaščito, ki bo objavljeno leta 2021, bo pojasnilo trenutno stanje sistemov dolgotrajne oskrbe v EU in posledice pandemije COVID-19. | As underlined in the Communication on a strong social Europe for just transitions 33 , developing strong long-term care systems will improve access to affordable and quality long-term care, ensure dignified lives in old age and boost the job opportunities in the care economy. A joint European Commission and Social Protection Committee Report, to be published in 2021, will shed light on the state of play of long-term care systems across the EU as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| Obsežna uvedba socialnih in tehnoloških inovacij, kakršne so e-zdravje, mobilno zdravje, oskrba na daljavo, celostna oskrba in neodvisno življenje, bi lahko znatno izboljšala učinkovitost sistemov zdravstvenega varstva in dolgotrajne oskrbe. Modeli zdravstvenega varstva s spremljanjem na daljavo, zlasti takšni, ki med oskrbovalce vključujejo bolnike in družinske člane, so pokazali jasne koristi za bolnike s kroničnimi boleznimi 34 . | The large‑scale introduction of social and technological innovation, such as e‑health, mobile health, telecare, integrated care or independent living, could substantially improve the efficiency of health and long-term care systems. Remote monitoring healthcare models, in particular those that include patients and family members in the care team, have shown clear benefits for patients with chronic disease 34 . |
| Integracija oskrbe s tesnim sodelovanjem in izmenjavo informacij med strokovnjaki, bolniki in njihovimi oskrbovalci (vključno z neformalnimi oskrbovalci) lahko omeji naraščajoče stroške zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva ter starejšim pomaga, da dlje ostanejo samostojni, in izboljša njihovo dobro počutje. | Integration of care through close cooperation and information‑sharing between professionals, patients and their carers (including informal carers) has the potential to contain the rising costs of health and social care and at the same time help older people to remain independent for longer and increase their well‑being. |
| Za zagotavljanje zdravstvenih in socialnih storitev, tudi za starejše, se vse pogosteje uporabljajo socialna podjetja in neprofitne organizacije (zlasti družbe za vzajemno zavarovanje). Lahko so učinkoviti, ker koreninijo v lokalnem okolju in ga poznajo ter imajo izrecne socialne cilje. | Social enterprises and non-profit organisations, (in particular, mutual societies), have been used increasingly to deliver health and social care services, including for older people. They can be effective because of their local roots and knowledge and their explicit social objectives. |
| EU podpira države članice pri uvajanju sistemov in reform dolgotrajne oskrbe z analitičnim delom, medsebojnimi izmenjavami, političnimi smernicami in financiranjem EU. Izzivi na področju dolgotrajne oskrbe in zdravstvenega varstva se odražajo tudi v evropskem semestru. EU olajšuje usklajevanje nacionalnih sistemov socialne varnosti in ščiti pravice oseb, ki se gibljejo v Evropi, vključno z njihovim dostopom do storitev za dolgotrajno oskrbo 35 . Več pobud bo pomagalo izboljšati položaj neformalnih oskrbovalcev in zagotovilo ustrezno plačilo v sektorju – med drugim sta to direktiva o usklajevanju poklicnega in zasebnega življenja in predlog direktive o ustreznih minimalnih plačah 36 . Analiza vpliva izbruha COVID-19 na dolgotrajno oskrbo 37 in smernice za obvladovanje pandemije v okoljih dolgotrajne oskrbe 38 so izpostavile strukturne šibkosti. | The EU supports Member States in advancing long-term care systems and reforms through analytical work, mutual exchanges, policy guidance, as well as EU funding. Challenges in long-term care and health care are also reflected in the European Semester. The EU facilitates coordination of national social security systems, protecting the rights of persons moving within Europe, including their access to long-term care benefits 35 . Several initiatives will help improve the situation of informal carers and ensure adequate pay in the sector, such as the Directive on work-life balance, or the proposal for a Directive on adequate minimum wages 36 . In the context of COVID-19, the analysis of its impact on long-term care 37 and guidance provided on managing the pandemic in the long-term care settings 38 highlight the structural weaknesses. |
| 5.2.Mobilnost, povezljivost in dostopnost | 5.2.Mobility, connectivity and accessibility |
| Starajoče se družbe v Evropi predstavljajo demografski trend, ki bo v prihodnosti verjetno vplival na vzorce mobilnosti. Ponudniki javnega prevoza se bodo morali prilagoditi vse večjemu številu potnikov z invalidnostjo ali omejeno mobilnostjo, zato bodo morali vlagati v pametno prometno infrastrukturo brez ovir in takšna vozila. Ker med starejšimi prevladujejo ženske, se bo mobilnost morda morala bolj osredotočati na posebne potrebe žensk glede časa, namena, poteka, razdalje in varnosti potovanja. | Ageing societies in Europe represent a demographic trend that is likely to shape mobility patterns in the future. Public transport providers will have to adapt to an increasing number of passengers with disabilities or reduced mobility and invest in barrier-free smart transport infrastructure and vehicles. With a predominantly female older population, mobility may need to focus more on the specific needs of women in terms of time and purpose of travel, route and travel distance as well as safety. |
| Avtomatizacija in digitalizacija prometa lahko pomagata zmanjšati število nesreč, izboljšati potovalne in prometne dejavnosti, spodbujati multimodalnost, zmanjševati porabo energije in onesnaževanje ter optimizirati uporabo virov in infrastrukture. Po drugi strani pa predstavljata tudi izzive za starejše, ki nimajo osnovnih digitalnih znanj in spretnosti ali imajo omejen dostop do interneta. Ti izzivi zadevajo zlasti starejše, ki živijo na podeželju. | The automation and digitalisation of transport can help reduce the number of accidents, improve travel and transport operations, promote multimodality, lower energy consumption and pollution, and optimise the use of resources and infrastructure. On the other hand, they also present challenges for older people who lack basic digital skills or have limited internet access. Those challenges are particularly relevant for older people residing in rural areas. |
| Različne potrebe in zmožnosti starejših bi bilo treba upoštevati pri organizaciji urbane infrastrukture in storitev. Številna mesta v svojih načrtih urbane mobilnosti že upoštevajo zdravje, enakost spolov in druge vidike. Dostopnost prispeva k socialni vključenosti. Prilagojene stanovanjske rešitve in „pametni domovi“ s senzorji in avtomatiziranimi sistemi za električne aparate, razsvetljavo in ogrevanje lahko izboljšajo varnost starejših, ki živijo sami, ter povečajo trajnost in možnost ponovne uporabe izdelkov. | Varying needs and capacities of older people should be taken into account in the organisation of urban infrastructure and services. Many cities already take into account health, gender equality and other considerations in their urban mobility plans. Accessibility contributes to social inclusion. Adapted housing solutions and ‘smart homes’ with sensors and automated systems for electrical appliances, lighting and heating can improve the safety of older people living alone and increase product durability and reusability. |
| 5.3.Ozemeljske razlike pri dostopu do oskrbe in storitev | 5.3.Territorial differences in access to care and services |
| Čeprav je v večini držav EU osnovni nabor zdravstvenih storitev zajet v univerzalno zdravstveno zavarovanje, se obseg storitev in stopnja delitve stroškov med državami močno razlikujeta. Dejansko dostop do oskrbe je lahko omejen zaradi finančnih razlogov, pomanjkanja osebja, dolgih čakalnih dob in prevelike oddaljenosti najbližje zdravstvene ustanove. Nekatere države članice zaznavajo težave pri dostopu do zdravstvenega varstva na podeželskih in obrobnih območjih. Ta področja so znana kot področja s „slabo zdravstveno pokritostjo“ 39 . Regionalne razlike pri dostopu do zdravstvenega varstva so se dodatno povečale med pandemijo COVID-19. To velja tako za dostop do storitev dolgotrajne oskrbe kot tudi infrastrukturo. | Although most EU countries have achieved universal coverage for a core set of health services, the range of services and the degree of cost-sharing vary significantly across countries. Effective access to care can be restricted for financial reasons, staff shortages, long waiting times and excessive distance to travel to the closest health care facility. Some Member States record problems in access to healthcare in rural and peripheral areas. These areas are known as ‘medical deserts’ 39 . Regional disparities in access to healthcare have gained a new momentum during the COVID‑19 pandemic. This is equally relevant for access to long-term care services and infrastructure. |
| Zemljevid 2. Trajanje vožnje do najbližje zdravstvene ustanove | Map 2. Driving time to the nearest health care facility |
| Tehnologija lahko pomaga izboljšati dostop starejših do zdravstvenega varstva, zlasti na oddaljenih območjih. Digitalne rešitve imajo pomembno vlogo pri odpravljanju vrzeli in postajajo vse pogostejše, na primer za telekonzultacije. Za to bosta potrebna ustrezno usposabljanje in podpora pri uporabi takih orodij. | Technology can help improve access to healthcare for older people, in particular in remote areas. Digital solutions play an important role in closing the gaps and are becoming increasingly common, for instance for teleconsultations. This will require appropriate training and support in the use of such tools. |
| Zaradi majhne gostote prebivalstva podeželske občine težko nudijo stroškovno učinkovit, reden in priročen javni prevoz, ki je dostopen in cenovno sprejemljiv tudi za starejše. Če se lokalni objekti, kot so trgovine, banke, zdravstvene ustanove itd., zaprejo, morajo ljudje za dostop do teh storitev potovati dlje, kar lahko nesorazmerno prizadene starejše prebivalce podeželja. Inovativne rešitve znotraj skupnosti, včasih z mobilnimi storitvami, lahko pomagajo zapolniti vrzeli in ohraniti dostop do storitev na redko poseljenih območjih. | Low population densities make it difficult for rural municipalities to offer cost-effective, regular and convenient public transport that is also accessible and affordable for older people. If local facilities, such as shops, banks, healthcare, etc. close down, people have to travel further to access these services, an issue which may disproportionately affect older rural residents. Innovative, community-based, sometimes mobile service solutions can help to fill the gaps, maintaining access to services in low populated areas. |
| Okvir 2: Obravnavanje potreb vseh generacij | Box 2. Addressing the needs of all generations |
| Eno glavnih vprašanj v razpravi o odzivu na staranje je medgeneracijska pravičnost. Izziv je ohraniti ustrezno raven socialne zaščite, ne da bi prekomerno obremenili vse manjši obseg delovno sposobnega prebivalstva, katerega prispevki so največji vir financiranja socialnih sistemov. Prenos davčne obremenitve z dela na onesnaževanje, kakor je predlagano v evropskem zelenem dogovoru, lahko ponudi nove rešitve. Brez nadaljnjih reform je zaradi vse večje raznolikosti na trgu dela manj ljudi vključenih v sisteme socialne zaščite in manj jih vplačuje vanje. | One of the big issues in the debate on how to respond to ageing is intergenerational fairness. The challenge is to maintain an adequate level of social protection without putting an excessive burden on the shrinking working-age population whose contributions represent the biggest financing source for social systems. Shifting the tax burden from labour to pollution, as proposed in the European Green Deal, may offer new solutions. In the absence of further reforms, the increasing diversity in the labour market has fewer people covered by and contributing to social protection systems. |
| Vzdržnost javnih financ je treba pozorno spremljati, zlasti v državah z visokim javnim dolgom. Skupni stroški javnofinančnih odhodkov, povezanih s starostjo, trenutno v EU kot celoti presegajo 25 % BDP. Po napovedih v poročilu o staranju prebivalstva za leto 2018 naj bi se ti stroški do leta 2070 povečali za 1,1 odstotne točke, pri čemer naj bi se v 11 državah članicah povečali za 3 odstotne točke ali več. Povečanje je predvsem posledica odhodkov za dolgotrajno oskrbo in zdravstveno varstvo, potrebnih, da se zadostijo potrebe starajočega se prebivalstva. Poleg tega so se zaradi boja proti pandemiji COVID-19 in gospodarskih posledic omejitev gibanja pojavili dodatni izzivi. | The sustainability of public finances needs to be closely monitored, especially for countries with high public debt. Currently, the total cost of age-related public expenditure exceeds 25% of GDP in the EU as a whole. In the 2018 Ageing Report, these costs were projected to increase by 1.1 percentage points (pp) by 2070, with an increase of 3 pp or more in 11 Member States. The rise is driven mainly by spending on long-term care and healthcare in line with the need to adequately meet the needs of an ageing population. In addition, the fall-out of fighting COVID‑19 and the economic consequences of lockdown measures have posed further challenges. |
| V praksi pa se lahko izkaže, da bo povečanje odhodkov, povezanih s staranjem, še večje, na primer, če se pretekle pokojninske reforme razveljavijo ali se sprejmejo nove reforme, s katerimi se odhodki povečajo. Na področju zdravstvenega varstva in dolgotrajne oskrbe bi lahko tehnološki napredek pripomogel k izboljšanju kakovosti storitev, vendar bi lahko privedel tudi do višjih odhodkov; podobno bo za cenovno dostopnejšo dolgotrajno oskrbo morda potrebno dodatno javno financiranje. | In practice, however, the rise in age-related spending may prove to be even higher, for example, if past pension reforms are reversed or new reforms are adopted that increase spending. In the area of healthcare and long-term care, technological progress could help improve the quality of services, but may also lead to higher expenditure; similarly, better access to affordable long-term care may require additional public financing. |
| Fiskalna vzdržnost in ustreznost sta dve plati iste medalje, saj je Evropa trdno zavezana ohranjanju visokih socialnih standardov. K usklajevanju socialne in fiskalne vzdržnosti lahko ukrepi politik pripomorejo s podaljšanjem delovnega življenja, povečanjem pokritosti in ponovnim razmislekom o sistemih socialne zaščite. | Fiscal sustainability and adequacy are two faces of the same coin, as Europe is strongly committed to upholding its high social standards. Policy measures can help reconcile social and fiscal sustainability by prolonging working lives as well as increasing coverage and rethinking social protection systems. |
| 5.4.Izboljšanje dobrega počutja z medgeneracijsko solidarnostjo | 5.4.Improving well-being through intergenerational solidarity |
| Zaradi povečevanja deleža starejših so lahko potrebne politike za obravnavanje socialnih in čustvenih potreb, kakršni sta varnost in socialna interakcija. Mešani socialni stiki so omejeni, ker se različne starostne skupine naseljujejo v različnih soseskah in regijah glede na stanovanjske preference, ki so odvisne od življenjskega obdobja posameznika. Mladi študenti običajno gravitirajo k mestnim središčem, mlade družine se naselijo v predmestjih, starejši pa se preselijo na manj gosto poseljena območja in so bolj oddaljeni od mestnih središč. Ti vzorci selitev glede na starost 40 lahko vplivajo na medgeneracijsko povezanost. | The growing share of older people may mean that policies are needed to address social and emotional needs, such as safety and social interaction. Social intermixing is limited by the fact that age groups cluster in different neighbourhoods and regions according to residential preferences that depend on their stage of life. Young students tend to gravitate towards city centres, young families settle in suburbs, while older people move to less densely populated areas and at higher distances from city centres. These patterns of movement according to age 40 can have implications for intergenerational cohesion. |
| Po ocenah se približno 30 milijonov odraslih v EU pogosto počuti osamljenih 41 . Osamljenost zadeva vse starostne skupine. Dejavniki, kakršni so slabo zdravje, neugodne gospodarske razmere in samsko življenje, so povezani z višjo stopnjo osamljenosti. | It is estimated that around 30 million adults in the EU frequently feel lonely 41 . Loneliness affects all age groups. Factors such as poor health, unfavourable economic circumstances and living alone are associated with higher levels of loneliness. |
| Kriza zaradi COVID-19 je poudarila splošni pomen duševnega zdravja. Omejitve gibanja so močno vplivale na zelo stare, slabotne ljudi, ki živijo v bivalni oskrbi in pogosto nimajo dostopa do digitalne komunikacije ali znanj in spretnosti za njeno uporabo. Naložbe v digitalna znanja in spretnosti, razvoj skupnosti ter medgeneracijsko kohezijo lahko preprečijo poslabšanje duševnega zdravja in dobrega počutja ter zmanjšajo neenakosti. | The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the general importance of mental health. Lockdowns have had a significant impact on very old, frail people living in residential care, who often do not have access to - or the skills to use - digital communication. Investing in digital skills, community development and intergenerational cohesion can prevent the deterioration of mental health and well-being and reduce inequalities. |
| Zdravi starejši ljudje lahko znatno prispevajo k ustvarjanju družbene in gospodarske vrednosti v naših družbah. Z neizkoriščanjem njihovih kognitivnih spretnosti se ne škoduje zgolj njihovemu duševnemu in telesnemu zdravju ter dobremu počutju, temveč je to tudi izgubljena priložnost za skupnost. | Healthy older people are able to contribute substantially to the production of social and economic value in our societies. Wasting their cognitive skills is not only detrimental to their mental and physical health and well-being, but also a missed opportunity for the community. |
| Narašča sicer še nerazširjena težnja po ureditvi večgeneracijskih stanovanj, včasih v obliki stanovanjskih zadrug, ki lahko starejšim stanovalcem zagotovijo družbo, mlajšim prenos spretnosti in znanj ter vsem dragoceno socialno interakcijo. | There is a growing, but still nascent, tendency to arrange ‘multi-generational housing’, sometimes in the form of housing cooperatives, which can provide companionship for older residents, the transfer of skills and knowledge for younger residents, and valuable social interactions for all. |
| 13.Kako bi lahko EU podprla prizadevanja držav članic za uskladitev ustreznega in cenovno dostopnega zdravstvenega varstva in dolgotrajne oskrbe s fiskalno in finančno vzdržnostjo? | 13.How can the EU support Member States’ efforts to reconcile adequate and affordable healthcare and long-term care coverage with fiscal and financial sustainability? |
| 14.Kako bi lahko EU podprla države članice pri obravnavi izzivov dolgotrajne oskrbe? Katere cilje in ukrepe bi bilo treba uresničiti v okviru politike EU glede dostopnosti, kakovosti, cenovne dostopnosti ali delovnih pogojev? Kaj je treba upoštevati pri redko naseljenih območjih? | 14.How could the EU support Member States in addressing common long-term care challenges? What objectives and measures should be pursued through an EU policy framework addressing challenges such as accessibility, quality, affordability or working conditions? What are the considerations to be made for areas with low population density? |
| 15.Kako bi lahko starejši izkoristili prednosti digitalizacije mobilnosti in zdravstvenih storitev? Kako bi lahko izboljšali dostopnost, razpoložljivost, cenovno dostopnost in varnost javnega prevoza za starejše, zlasti na podeželskih in oddaljenih območjih? | 15.How can older people reap the benefits of the digitalisation of mobility and health services? How can the accessibility, availability, affordability and safety of public transport options for older persons, notably in rural and remote areas, be improved? |
| 16.Ali se pri oblikovanju politik dovolj zavedamo vzrokov in učinkov osamljenosti? Kaj bi bilo mogoče storiti za preprečevanje osamljenosti in družbene izolacije starejših? Kakšno podporo lahko zagotovi EU? | 16.Are we sufficiently aware of the causes of and impacts of loneliness in our policy making? Which steps could be taken to help prevent loneliness and social isolation among older people? Which support can the EU give? |
| 17.Kakšno vlogo pri obravnavi izzivov starajočega se prebivalstva ima lahko upoštevanje večgeneracijskega življenja in stanovanj pri prostorskem načrtovanju mestnih in podeželskih okolij? Kako bi lahko to možnost bolje izkoristili? | 17.Which role can multigenerational living and housing play in urban and rural planning in addressing the challenges of an ageing population? How could it be better harnessed? |
| 6.Obeti | 6.Outlook |
| Staranje ter z njim povezani izzivi in priložnosti so prisotni vse življenje, vendar se naše perspektive spreminjajo. Številni mladi se danes težko vključijo na trg dela, sedanja kriza zaradi COVID-19 pa je razmere še poslabšala. Dolgoročno so pričakovanja, da bo življenjska doba daljša kakor pri generaciji njihovih starih staršev, pri številnih mladih podlaga za številne odločitve, na primer glede izobraževanja, poklicnega življenja in prekinitev poklicne poti. To pa vpliva na njihovo zdravje ter njihovo mesto v gospodarstvu in družbi. Hkrati današnja starejša generacija prinaša vseživljenjske prispevke, potrebe in pričakovanja. Skupaj so del družbe in gospodarstva, ki mora vsem deležnikom zagotoviti blaginjo, uspeh in dobro počutje. Obravnavanje izzivov in priložnosti, ki jih prinaša staranje, je zato individualna in kolektivna odgovornost. | Ageing and its challenges and opportunities are present throughout our lives but our perspectives change. Many young people today find it difficult to join the labour market and the current COVID-19 crisis has worsened the situation. In the longer term, the prospect of a longer life expectancy than their grandparents’ generation informs many of the choices young people make, including on education, work life, career breaks. This in turn has impacts on their health, and their place in the economy and society. At the same time, today’s older generation brings the contributions, needs and expectations of their lifetime. All together, they form part of a society and economy that needs to ensure prosperity, success and well-being for all its members. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of ageing is therefore an individual and collective responsibility. |
| Kakor je navedeno v tej zeleni knjigi, obstajajo številni načini, kako preprečevati ali omejevati negativne posledice staranja prebivalstva za našo družbo. Ti načini so med drugim spodbujanje zdravega in aktivnega staranja, izboljšanje odpornosti zdravstvenih sistemov in sistemov oskrbe, izboljšanje učinkovitosti trga dela, posodobitev socialne zaščite ter spodbujanje zakonitih migracij in vključevanja, kar bi bilo treba za večjo produktivnost in učinkovitost na vseh področjih vključiti v kombinacijo politik. | As discussed in this green paper, there are many ways of preventing or limiting the negative consequences of ageing on our society. These include promoting healthy and active ageing, improving the resilience of our health and care systems, improving labour market performance, modernising social protection and fostering legal migration and integration as part of a policy mix, striving for higher productivity and efficiency across the board. |
| EU se lahko z navedenimi izzivi spoprime z zavzetostjo in udejstvovanjem mladih in starejših, spodbujanjem medgeneracijske solidarnosti in odgovornost s podpornimi politikami ter utiranjem poti razvoju spodbudne in dinamične družbe. | The EU can face them with the commitment and engagement of young and older people, fostering intergenerational solidarity and responsibility with enabling policies, and at the same time leading the way in developing a supportive, dynamic society. |
| Namen mehanizma za okrevanje in odpornost, ki je ključni instrument za okrevanje v središču pobude NextGenerationEU, je pri tem podpreti države članice, da bi ob izhodu iz sedanje krize lahko okrepile svoj potencial za gospodarsko rast, ustvarjanje delovnih mest ter gospodarsko in socialno odpornost. Program NextGenerationEU je hkrati sredstvo za medgeneracijsko podporo in pravičnost, s katerim se olajšuje trajnostno srednje- in dolgoročno okrevanje gospodarstva, ki naj bi s kombinacijo ambicioznih reform in naložb držav članic koristilo prihodnjim generacijam. | The Recovery and Resilience Facility, the key recovery instrument at the heart of NextGenerationEU, aims to support Member States in doing this, enabling them to enhance their economic growth potential, job creation, and economic and social resilience in the way out of the current crisis. NextGenerationEU is at the same time a vehicle of intergenerational support and fairness, facilitating a sustainable economic recovery over the medium- and long-term that should benefit the generations to come, through a combination of ambitious reforms and investments by Member States. |
| Vendar pri staranju ne gre le za ohranjanje rasti in socialno državo. Gre tudi za našo družbo kot celoto in način, kako medgeneracijsko sodelujemo. Vzporedno z odzivom politike glede družbeno-gospodarskih posledic staranja moramo razpravljati o tem, kako zagotoviti, da lahko vsakdo sodeluje v naših družbah. Zato je treba v razpravo dejavno vključiti tako mlade kot stare. | However, ageing is not just about sustaining growth and the welfare state. It is also about our societies as a whole and how we interact across generations. In parallel with our policy response to the socio-economic impact of ageing, we have to discuss how to ensure that everyone can participate in our societies. This calls for an active involvement of both young and old in the discussion. |
| Navsezadnje se razprava o politikah za obravnavanje izzivov in priložnosti, ki jih prinaša staranje, nanaša tako na takojšnje kot tudi dolgoročne rešitve. Potreben je v prihodnost usmerjen razmislek o vplivih in alternativah v okviru tega demografskega prehoda v EU ter njegovih posledicah za vlogo Evrope v svetu. Takšno, v prihodnost usmerjeno razmišljanje bi lahko prispevalo k razpravi in podprlo dolgoročne trajnostne izbire politik v korist ljudem vseh starosti. | Ultimately, the debate on policies to address the challenges and opportunities of ageing is one of both immediate and long-term solutions. It requires a forward-looking reflection on the impacts and alternatives in this demographic transition inside the EU as well as its consequences for Europe’s role in the world. Such forward thinking could inform the debate and support long-term sustainable policy choices to the benefit of every age. |
| Kako sodelovati v posvetovanju | How to take part in the consultation |
| S to zeleno knjigo se začenja 12-tedensko javno posvetovanje. Komisija bo pri svojem prihodnjem delu upoštevala vse prispevke in dala povratne informacije o rezultatih. Vabimo vas, da svoj prispevek pošljete z elektronskim obrazcem, ki je na voljo na naslednjem naslovu: https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12722-Green-Paper-on-Ageing | This green paper launches a 12‑week public consultation. The Commission will take all contributions into consideration in its future work and provide feedback on the results. We invite you to submit your contribution using the electronic form, which you can find at the following address: https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12722-Green-Paper-on-Ageing |
| Če za odgovor uporabite elektronski obrazec, bomo vaša mnenja lažje obdelali. Vendar lahko pošljete tudi pisni prispevek na naslednji naslov: | Using the electronic response form will make it easier to process your opinions. However, you can also send a written contribution to the following address: |
| Green paper on ageing | Green paper on ageing |
| SG.E.3 | SG.E.3 |
| BERL 06/270 | BERL 06/270 |
| European Commission | European Commission |
| 1049 Bruxelles/Brussel | 1049 Brussels |
| BELGIQUE/BELGIË | Belgium |
| (1) | (1) |
| Evropa v tem primeru pomeni vso celino. Vir: napovedi ZN za svetovno prebivalstvo, revidirane leta 2019 . Eurostatova spletna preglednica demo_pjanind kot mediano starosti za EU-27 za leto 2019 navaja 43,7 let. | Europe refers here to the entire continent. Source: the 2019 Revision of UN World Population Prospects . Eurostat online data table demo_pjanind indicates 43.7 years as the 2019 median age for EU-27. |
| (2) | (2) |
| https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/deeper-and-fairer-economic-and-monetary-union/european-pillar-social-rights/european-pillar-social-rights-20-principles_sl . | https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/deeper-and-fairer-economic-and-monetary-union/european-pillar-social-rights/european-pillar-social-rights-20-principles_en |
| (3) | (3) |
| Poročilo o učinku demografskih sprememb v Evropi (COM(2020) 241 final z dne 17. junija 2020). | Report on the impact of demographic change in Europe (COM(2020) 241 final, 17.6.2020). |
| (4) | (4) |
| Na primer sklepi Sveta o demografskih izzivih – pot naprej (8668/20 z dne 8. junija 2020); Sklepi Sveta o človekovih pravicah, participaciji in dobrem počutju starejših v dobi digitalizacije (11717/2/20 z dne 9. oktobra 2020); Mnenje Evropskega ekonomsko-socialnega odbora o demografskih izzivih v EU glede na gospodarske in razvojne neenakosti z dne 5. maja 2020 in mnenje Odbora regij o demografskih spremembah: predlogi za merjenje in odpravljanje negativnih učinkov v regijah EU z dne 14. oktobra 2020. Evropski parlament pripravlja tudi poročilo „Stari kontinent, ki se stara – možnosti in izzivi politik na področju staranja po letu 2020“. | For example Council conclusions on demographic challenges – the way ahead (8668/20 of 8.6.2020); Council conclusions on human rights, participation and well-being of older persons in the era of digitalisation (11717/2/20 of 9.10.2020); Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on “Demographic challenges in the EU in light of economic and development inequalities" of 5 May 2020 and opinion of the Committee of the Regions on “Demographic change: proposals on measuring and tackling its negative effects in the EU regions” of 14 October 2020. The European Parliament is also preparing a report on “Old continent growing older – possibilities and challenges related to ageing policy post 2020”. |
| (5) | (5) |
| Vir: Eurostatova spletna preglednica: HLTH_CD_APR in Preventable and treatable mortality statistics . | Source: Eurostat online data table: HLTH_CD_APR and Preventable and treatable mortality statistics |
| (6) | (6) |
| COM(2020) 274 final z dne 1. julija 2020. | COM(2020) 274 final, 1.7.2020 |
| (7) | (7) |
| COM(2020) 625 final z dne 30. septembra 2020. | COM(2020) 625 final, 30.9.2020 |
| (8) | (8) |
| COM(2020) 624 final z dne 30. septembra 2020. | COM(2020) 624 final, 30.9.2020 |
| (9) | (9) |
| Vir: Eurostatovi spletni preglednici demo_pjan and proj_19np. | Source: Eurostat online tables demo_pjan and proj_19np |
| (10) | (10) |
| JRC, Demographic Scenarios for the EU: Migration, Population and Education , 2019. | JRC, Demographic Scenarios for the EU: Migration, Population and Education , 2019. |
| (11) | (11) |
| Vir: Eurostatova spletna preglednica lfsi_emp_a | Source: Eurostat online table lfsi_emp_a |
| (12) | (12) |
| COM(2020) 152 final z dne 5. marca 2020. | COM(2020) 152 final, 5.3.2020 |
| (13) | (13) |
| Anketa o delovni sili, Care for incapacitated relatives . | Labour Force Survey, Care for incapacitated relatives . |
| (14) | (14) |
| COM(2020) 758 final z dne 24. novembra 2020. | COM(2020) 758 final, 24.11.2020. |
| (15) | (15) |
| COM(2020) 609 final z dne 23. septembra 2020. | COM(2020) 609 final, 23.9.2020 |
| (16) | (16) |
| Vir: Eurostatova spletna preglednica lfsi_emp_a | Source: Eurostat online table lfsi_emp_a |
| (17) | (17) |
| Vir: lfsa_upgan. | Source: lfsa_upgan |
| (18) | (18) |
| https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/silver-economy-study-how-stimulate-economy-hundreds-millions-euros-year . | https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/silver-economy-study-how-stimulate-economy-hundreds-millions-euros-year |
| (19) | (19) |
| Vir: Eurostatova izdaja Ageing Europe iz leta 2020 . | Source: Eurostat’s 2020 edition of Ageing Europe |
| (20) | (20) |
| Za več informacij glej Eurostatovo spletno preglednico: ilc_scp19 | For more information see Eurostat online table: ilc_scp19 |
| (21) | (21) |
| Vir: Eurostat spletna preglednica ilc_pnp13. | Source: Eurostat online table ilc_pnp13. |
| (22) | (22) |
| Vir: Eurostat spletna preglednica ilc_peps05. | Source: Eurostat online table ilc_peps05 |
| (23) | (23) |
| EU je zavezana Konvenciji Združenih narodov o pravicah invalidov (UNCRPD), da bi zaščitila pravice in dostojanstvo invalidov. | The EU is committed to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. |
| (24) | (24) |
| COM(2020) 696 final z dne 13. novembra 2020. | COM(2020) 696 final, 13.11.2020 |
| (25) | (25) |
| Svet in Komisija vsaka tri leta skupaj objavita poročilo o staranju prebivalstva in poročilo o ustreznosti pokojnin (naslednji izdaji bosta objavljeni leta 2021). | Every three years the Council and the Commission publish jointly the Ageing Report and the Pension Adequacy Report (next editions will be published in 2021). |
| (26) | (26) |
| Koeficient starostne odvisnosti starejših, ki se uporablja tu, je razmerje med številom oseb, starih 65 let in več, ter številom oseb, starih med 20 in 64 let. Vrednost je izražena na 100 delovno sposobnih oseb (15–64 let). | Old age dependency ratio used here is the ratio between the number of persons aged 65 and over and the number of persons aged between 20 and 64. The value is expressed per 100 persons of working age (15-64). |
| (27) | (27) |
| Vir: Eurostatova spletna tabela proj_19np in izračuni Generalnega direktorata Komisije za regionalno in mestno politiko, več informacij je na voljo tukaj . | Source: Eurostat online table proj_19np and calculations made by Commission's Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy, more information available here . |
| (28) | (28) |
| PEPP je prostovoljni osebni pokojninski načrt, ki naj bi bil uveden leta 2022 in bo potrošnikom ponudil nov vseevropski produkt, s katerim bodo lahko varčevali za upokojitev. Glej Uredbo (EU) 2019/1238 z dne 20. junija 2019. | PEPP is a voluntary personal pension scheme due to be rolled out in 2022 that will offer consumers a new pan-European product to save for retirement. Cf. Regulation (EU) 2019/1238 of 20 June 2019. |
| (29) | (29) |
| Opomba: Stopnje odvisnosti so izračunane kot petletno povprečje letnih samoocen glede dolgotrajnih resnih omejitev, ki jih pri običajnih aktivnostih predstavljajo zdravstvene težave. | Note: The dependency rates are calculated as a five-year average of annual self-perceived long-standing severe limitations in usual activities due to health problem. |
| (30) | (30) |
| Načeli 16 in 18 evropskega stebra socialnih pravic določata „pravico do pravočasnega, cenovno dostopnega in kakovostnega preventivnega in kurativnega zdravstvenega varstva“ in „pravico do cenovno dostopnih in kakovostnih storitev dolgotrajne oskrbe, zlasti oskrbe na domu in storitev skupnosti“. | Principles 16 and 18 of the European Pillar of Social Rights set out ‘the right to timely access to affordable, preventive and curative healthcare of good quality’ and ‘the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home care and community-based care’. |
| (31) | (31) |
| JRC, Health care and long-term care workforce: Demographic challenges and potential contribution of migration and digital technology, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC121698. | JRC, Health care and long-term care workforce: Demographic challenges and potential contribution of migration and digital technology, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC121698 |
| (32) | (32) |
| Napovedi iz poročila o staranju prebivalstva za leto 2018. | Projections from the Ageing Report 2018. |
| (33) | (33) |
| COM(2020) 14 final z dne 14. januarja 2020. | COM(2020) 14 final, 14.1.2020 |
| (34) | (34) |
| Transforming the future of ageing, SAPEA (2019) https://www.sapea.info/wp-content/uploads/tfa-report.pdf | Transforming the future of ageing, SAPEA (2019) https://www.sapea.info/wp-content/uploads/tfa-report.pdf |
| (35) | (35) |
| Uredba (ES) št. 883/2004 z dne 29. aprila 2004. | Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of 29 April 2004. |
| (36) | (36) |
| Direktiva (EU) 2019/1158 z dne 20. junija 2019 in COM(2020) 682 final z dne 28. oktobra 2020. | Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of 20 June 2019 and COM(2020)682 final, 28.10.2020. |
| (37) | (37) |
| Skupno poročilo Evropske komisije in Odbora za socialno zaščito, ki bo objavljeno leta 2021. | A joint European Commission and Social Protection Committee Report to be published in 2021. |
| (38) | (38) |
| https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/surveillance-COVID-19-long-term-care-facilities-EU-EEA | https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/surveillance-COVID-19-long-term-care-facilities-EU-EEA |
| (39) | (39) |
| Vir: Eurostatova spletna preglednica: hlth_silc_21. Glej tudi zemljevid zdravstvenih ustanov v EU . | Source: Eurostat online table: hlth_silc_21. See also the map of health care facilities in the EU . |
| (40) | (40) |
| JRC, Demographic landscape of EU territories — challenges and opportunities in diversely ageing regions, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC123046. | JRC, Demographic landscape of EU territories — challenges and opportunities in diversely ageing regions, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC123046 . |
| (41) | (41) |
| Poročilo JRC o politikah: Loneliness – an unequally shared burden in Europe, 2019 | JRC, Policy brief: Loneliness – an unequally shared burden in Europe, 2019 |
