EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 10.12.2021

SWD(2021) 373 final/2

This document corrects SWD(2021)373 final of 09.12.2021
Reformatting of figure 3

The text shall read as follows:

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

Accompanying the document

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions

Building an economy that works for people: an action plan for the social economy

{COM(2021) 778}

Contents

1.    Why an action plan for the social economy?    

2.    Social economy in Europe – An overview    

2.1    Organisation types    

2.2    Mapping the social economy: different starting points, scope and dynamics    

2.3    Efforts in measuring social impact    

2.4    Gender dimension    

3.    Collection of evidence and consultations    

3.1    Evidence and data collection    

3.2    Consultations    

3.3    Publication of the SEAP roadmap    

4.    Challenges and opportunities for the social economy – Main findings from the consultations    

4.1    On the action plan for the social economy in general    

4.2    Defining social economy at the European level    

4.3    Enhancing awareness and visibility of the social economy    

4.4    Support for specific target groups    

4.5    Developing policy and legal frameworks    

4.6    Social economy and State aid    

4.7    Taxation    

4.8    Better access to markets: socially responsible public procurement    

4.9    Promoting the social economy at regional and local levels    

4.10    Promoting the social economy at international level    

4.11    Improving access to funding    

4.12    Boosting social innovation    

4.13    Fostering digitalisation and new technologies    

4.14    Maximising the contribution of the social economy to the European Green Deal and circular economy    

4.15    Promoting entrepreneurial skills and capacity building    

4.16    Implementation of the action plan for the social economy    

5.    EU Budget to support social economy 2021-2027    

Annex 1: recent declarations on (or related to) social economy    

Annex 2: List of stakeholders who submitted feedback on the social economy action plan roadmap    

Annex 3: Examples of existing social economy awards    

1.Why an action plan for the social economy?

Ten years ago, in 2011, the European Commission launched the Social Business Initiative (SBI) . This was followed by the Start-up and Scale-up initiative in 2016. Further to these initiatives the EU has launched a large number of actions to support the development of the social economy and social enterprises in view of their potential to address societal challenges and contribute to sustainable economic growth.

Social economy ecosystems have developed significantly over the last decade and the concept of social economy has gained attention and momentum. Progress has been made, yet a great deal remains to be done in terms of harnessing the full potential of the social economy.

Therefore, the President of the Commission Ursula von der Leyen has  mandated the Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights, Nicolas Schmit, with developing a European Action Plan for the Social Economy. The action plan contributes to the Commission priority “An economy that works for the people”. Given the transversal nature 1 of social economy, the action plan will support the objectives of the Commission in a variety of other policy areas (European Green Deal, A Europe fit for the digital age and Promoting our European way of life).

The 2021 Commission Work Programme highlights that the Action Plan is intended to enhance social investment, support social economy actors and social enterprises to start-up, scale-up, innovate and create jobs.

More recently, a number of Commission initiatives have called on the potential of social economy:

· A Strong Social Europe for Just Transitions    

· Circular Economy Action Plan    

· SME Strategy

· Renovation Wave    

· Recovery Plan – Next Generation EU    

· Africa Strategy    

· Youth Employment Support Initiative    

· Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion    

· European Skills Agenda    

· EU Roma Strategic Framework    

· EU Green Paper on Ageing: Fostering solidarity and responsibility between generations

· Economic and Investment Plan for the Western Balkans    

· Renewed partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood - A new Agenda for the Mediterranean

· Joint Communication: Eastern Partnership policy beyond 2020: Reinforcing Resilience – an Eastern Partnership that delivers for all

· Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy

· A long-term Vision for the EU's Rural Areas

Social economy organisations also contribute to the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights . At the Social Summit in Porto (7-8 May 2021) Member States and civil society organisations confirmed their “commitment to the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights and to use this unique opportunity to join forces for an inclusive, sustainable, just and jobs-rich recovery, based on a competitive economy and that leaves no one behind.” 2  The Porto declaration specifically acknowledged the role of social enterprises. 3

The present staff working document provides background information and an analysis on challenges and opportunities for the social economy in Europe. In addition, the document provides a summary of the consultations conducted and evidence gathered since the action plan was announced at the beginning of 2020.

It is complemented by a second Staff Working Document 4  which presents scenarios towards the co-creation, together with stakeholders, of the transition pathway of the ‘Proximity and Social Economy” industrial ecosystem 5 towards its green and digital transition and long-term resilience.

2.Social economy in Europe – An overview

Member States have heterogeneous traditions and employ a variety of terminology as to which organisations are part of the social economy. Historically, the term social economy refers to four main types of organisations: cooperatives, mutual benefit societies, associations (including charities), and foundations.

In recent years, social enterprises emerged as a new type of organisation in the social economy. Social enterprises operate by providing goods and services for the market in an entrepreneurial and often innovative fashion, having social and/or environmental objectives as the reason for their commercial activity. Profits are mainly reinvested with a view to achieving their societal objective. Their method of organisation and ownership also follow democratic or participatory principles or focus on social progress 6 . Social enterprises adopt a variety of legal forms depending on the national context.

Section 2 of the action plan provides a definition of the social economy from the EU perspective.

2.1Organisation types

The action plan provides a definition of the social economy from the European Commission’s perspective. It highlights that Member States have heterogeneous traditions and employ a variety of terms in relation to the social economy. It is commonly considered to include the following organisation types: cooperatives, mutual benefit societies, foundations, associations and social enterprises.

Cooperatives have a long history in Europe and globally. There are some 131,000 in the EU 7  active in all sectors of the economy. They are people-centred enterprises jointly owned and democratically controlled by and for their members to achieve common social and economic objectives. Driven by the principles of fairness and equality, they usually generate long-term jobs and prosperity. They are managed by producers, users or workers and are run according to the 'one member, one vote' rule 8 . They offer innovative solutions to green growth such as renewable energy, but also to societal challenges. For example, recently platform co-operatives offer a potential route to a fairer digital economy that generates quality working conditions and other tangible advantages for workers and consumers alike and helps retain revenues and taxes locally. Cooperatives also provide a solution for workers wishing to jointly buy their company 9 . Different types of cooperatives exist: consumer cooperatives, producer cooperatives, worker cooperatives, social cooperatives, platform cooperatives (overlaps are possible).

Mutual benefit societies are private entities owned and governed by their members. They play an important role in health insurance and in providing good, affordable and universally accessible health, long-term care and other social security services. They are driven by the principles of solidarity, affordability, non-discrimination and non-exclusion and are often key partners for public authorities, providing innovative social services, such as healthcare and general care services. Some 209 million citizens in Europe receive health coverage and other social security services from mutuals 10 . They command a 25% share of the insurance market and 70% of the total number of undertakings in the industry. 11

Public-benefit foundations are asset-based and purpose-driven. They generally have no members or shareholders and are separately constituted non-profit bodies. They can engage in many forms of philanthropy, from traditional grant-making to running their own programmes to venture philanthropy and other new forms of social investment. Public-benefit foundations focus on areas ranging from the environment, social services, health and education, to science, research, arts and culture. They tend to have an established and reliable income source, which allows them to plan and carry out long-term work. There are estimated to be approximately 147,000 public-benefit foundations in Europe. 12  They can also act as funders of, and investors in, social enterprises and other social economy organisations. Similarly, they help leverage private funding for many other important EU policy priorities.

Associations are vital for democracy and a constituent of EU civil society. As about 19% of the EU adult population engages in formal volunteering activities, associations offer a unique space where citizens engage in common interests and generate social cohesion and mutual understanding. They are present in many areas such as sport, education, environmental protection, culture or health. The possibility that associations carry out entrepreneurial activities is not acknowledged in all countries 13 .

Most social enterprises have their roots in one of the above-mentioned social economy forms. In countries where a significant degree of freedom in the performance of entrepreneurial activities by non-profit organisations is permitted, the most widespread path to setting up social enterprises remains the use of the legal form of association and/or foundation (e.g., France, Belgium, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands). However, they can also take other legal forms that have not been designed specifically for them (e.g. conventional enterprises), which makes it difficult to capture their size and contribution to the economy. A recent report showed that they employ high proportions of female workers thanks to the availability of more flexible jobs. 14

Social enterprises are active in a wide range of fields of activity. Particularly well known are work integration social enterprises (WISE) which benefit from legal recognition in a significant number of countries. For example, countries such as Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Spain have introduced statuses recognising WISEs to facilitate especially the integration of disabled people. Over the years, there has been a progressive enlargement of the typologies of disadvantaged people to be integrated by those legal forms that obtain the WISE status, whereas in the past only people with disabilities could be integrated.

2.2Mapping the social economy: different starting points, scope and dynamics 15

The landscape for social economy ecosystems in EU Member States is diverse.

Data on social economy in the EU is partial, because social economy organisations fall under several categories in national accounts and therefore the volume of their activities is not directly visible in this most reliable data source. The most accurate estimation of the economic importance of social economy in Europe is included in the study “Recent evolutions of the social economy in the EU” (EESC 2017). 16  

Satellite accounts are the most solid way to get a clear, comparable and harmonised view of the social economy in a way compatible with the overall national accounts framework. However, only two Member States (Belgium and Portugal) have set up national versions of satellite accounts. Four more Member States worked on satellite accounts under a grant from Eurostat.

The EESC study finds that the social economy represents around 2.8 million organisations and entities in Europe, as well as over 13.6 million paid jobs (i.e. 6.3% of the work force) 17 . Social economy represents between 0.6% and 9.9% of all jobs across Member States. In the countries where it is most developed it makes an important contribution to GDP. 18  These different degrees of development demonstrate that it has significant untapped economic potential, including in terms of job creation, in many Member States.

Specific data on the number of social enterprises in the EU is limited, given that this concept is based on the characteristics of the undertaking rather than on its legal form. The recently published synthesis report of the 2020 mapping of social enterprises provides the latest estimates. However, given the low availability and reliability of data is some countries, it only draws together and presents the national data to enable comparisons when possible.

For example:

-The highest numbers of social enterprises are found in: Italy (102 500), France (96 600), Germany (77 500), and Poland (24 500).

-The highest numbers of social enterprises per 1 million inhabitants are found in: Italy (1690), Hungary (1620), Luxembourg (1550), Belgium (1530) and France (1400).

The mapping study was launched by the European Commission as a follow-up to its 2011 communication on the Social Business Initiative (SBI) in order to shed light on the current size, scope and state of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe.

The first study was published in 2014 and mapped social enterprise activity and ecosystems in 29 countries using a common definition and approach. Following this initial effort, an update was launched in seven selected countries in 2016. A complete update of the then 28 Member States plus seven neighbouring countries participating in the Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) Programme was carried out in 2018-2020.

The mapping study identified different drivers that have been boosting social enterprise development in recent years depending on the type of welfare system in place:

Table: Drivers and trends of social enterprises

   Source: European Commission, A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020.

The degree of recognition of the social economy and social enterprises varies largely from one Member State to another. However, the general trend is clearly positive: since the Commission adopted its Social Business Initiative in 2011, 16 EU countries have adopted new specific legislation in this field and 11 EU countries have created formal strategies or policies for supporting social economy and/or social enterprise development. Some of these countries have adoped dedicated legal forms for the social economy (e.g. BE, FR, IT, LV, PL, PT) while others have used  labelling systems or statutes to address the lack of legal recognition 19 . Examples of countries that have introduced a social enterprise or social economy label include Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Moreover, accreditation schemes for work integration social enterprises applicable to a plurality of legal forms have been introduced for instance in: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain. Such labelling can also apply to the products and services delivered by social economy entitites or to financial products (see more info in section 4.5).

The two maps below from the 2020 mapping study show the diversity:

Source: European Commission, A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020.

Source: European Commission, A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020.

Taxation: Diversity of approaches

As the 2020 mapping study pointed out: In most countries, the fiscal framework within which social enterprises operate is rather complex and fragmented. "Given their nature, social enterprises in most countries enjoy all those fiscal benefits (or at least many of them) already in place for non-profit organisations, social economy organisations (especially for cooperatives) and mainstream business. Some fiscal benefits depend on the legal forms adopted by social enterprises instead of their activity, as in Italy and in Ireland, in cases in which cooperatives (in Italy) and organisations with charitable status (in Ireland) are exempt from taxation on non-distributed profits. In other countries, social enterprises may enjoy fiscal benefits that are granted on the basis of their activities rather than on the basis of their specific organisational nature." 20

The table below (from the same source) gives an overview about the fiscal benefits granted to social enterprises:

Source: European Commission, A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020.

Developing social economy ecosystems

Some countries with an already advanced ecosystem benefitted from EU support on mutual learning, access to finance and research for social economy organisations. In Central and Eastern Europe and in neighbouring countries (e.g. the Western Balkans), SBI actions and EU funding have played an essential role in the setting up of a social economy ecosystem. 21

Despite progress in many areas, needs persist – although with different intensities across EU Member States and regions.

While some economic sectors like care and social services have a higher share of social economy than other sectors 22 , social economy organisations can be found in virtually all economic sectors. This can make it very challenging to adress their needs. A newly founded social enterprise, trying to scale up a particular social innovation, will face other immediaate challenges than a local farming cooperative with decades of history. On the other hand, there are numerous ways how exchange of experience across sectors can be beneficial for social economy organisations. Common challenges can inspire new creative solutions that would not have been possible without the cross-sectoral exchange of ideas.

Estimated data on employment

The EESC (2017) study estimates that in the EU the social economy represents more than 82.8 million volunteers, equivalent to 5.5 million (non-paid) full-time workers. This gives an estimated total workforce of 19.1 million people (13.6 million paid and 5.5 million non-paid). Data on employment confirm that social enterprises are generally micro- and small organisations with high proportions of female workers. For example, in Croatia, only one-fifth of social enterprises employ more than 10 workers. Exceptions include France, Italy and Spain, where social enterprises also include rather large organisations. In many countries—including Belgium, Denmark, France and Italy— large numbers of volunteers work with social enterprises. 23  

Data on working conditions

Statistical data on the quality of jobs and working conditions in the social economy are not availble. However, anecdotal evidence such as the case studies conducted by Eurofound in cooperatives and social enterprises in 2018 in five countries (Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, UK) suggests that, overall, workers perceived the quality of jobs within cooperatives and social enterprises to be good, both in absolute terms and relative to other organisations. Managers and workers reported that many of the dimensions of job quality were integral to organisational objectives.

Mainstream businesses: increased awareness of social issues

Awareness of social issues has also grown among mainstream profit-maximising businesses. For example, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has grown in prominence over the last two decades, to the point that it is now inconceivable for companies of a certain size not to have a CSR policy in place. Benefit Corporations and impact enterprises have also grown in number and incorporate sustainable ambitions in their missions. At the same time other enterprises are adopting ad hoc measures to improve transparency and engage more actively with communities. This trend has been largely driven by an increase in public and consumer pressure. At the same time, social economy business models have served as inspiration for alternative ways to engage in business.

These developments can serve as an opportunity for increased cooperation between the social economy and mainstream businesses.

2.3Efforts in measuring social impact

With growing interest in recent years in social enterprises and social impact investment, efforts have increased to try to measure social impact. The idea is that such data can help an organisation identify for itself the strategies that generate the greatest social impact. At the same time, such data can help attract funding from public authorities and social investors. The recent concept of social outcome contracting 24 , for example, introduces the idea of contracting and paying for certain outcomes, rather than activities (outputs), and has contributed to interest in measurement methodologies.

As interest in social impact measurement has grown, numerous approaches, tools and practices have been developed, each promoting particular types of indicators. Experts identify a need to further strengthen and support the sharing of know-how, tools and good practice in designing, planning, implementing, measuring, monitoring, and reporting on social impact and social added value 25 .

At present there is no indicator database for social impact criteria that can be used by investors and social economy organisations. Some efforts are underway regarding the standardisation of data by providing validated indicators 26 . They constitute a good source to start developing an own indicator set. However, not all possible interventions are covered and indicators often focus on a development aid context 27 .

Whilst some of these methodologies are becoming more widely used than others, there is emerging consensus that a “one-size fits all” approach is not appropriate in light of the diversity of social needs, interventions, scale and stakeholder interests. Social economy representatives are therefore increasingly requesting more bottom-up, flexible and differentiated approaches 28 .

The 4-year INTERREG project VISES gathered 21 partners and highlighted how the social economy contributes to the dynamism of the territories and to the well-being of their inhabitants. The project illustrated the key features of a relevant social impact evaluation strategy. 29

While promising developments are occurring in relation to social impact measurement and these should be further explored, some challenges need to be acknowledged. For example, measuring impact can be perceived as intrusive and an additional burden, in terms of human and financial resources. Expectations need to be proportionate and adjusted to the nature of the entity (e.g. social enterprises, investment funds) and the stage of development and size of the enterprise in order not to stymie the development of new start ups in the early stages.  30  Concerns have also been expressed about possible unintended consequences of data gathering, especially long-term data. For instance, the importance of not ending up focusing only on easy to measure impacts, rather than considering all aspects of the work of an organisation. Similarly, questions have arisen as to whether measurement dynamics – if poorly designed - could inadvertently actually reduce the scope for innovation if too much pressure from payment schedules is imposed on the delivery of very specifically pre-determined outcomes.

Despite these challenges, some promising practices in terms of harmonising reporting standards have emerged at national levels. Examples include the Social Reporting Standard, developed in Germany, and the Canadian Common Approach. 31  Rather than focusing on creating a universal set of metrics that every social economy organisation must narrowly adhere to, these approaches recognise the diversity of drivers, actors and intentions for social impact. Although promising, the continued development of these “middle ground” approaches require extensive consultation at a grass roots level, and creative mechanisms for enabling collaboration between financers and the social economy 32 .

The Commission has also started the development of a social economy “canvas”, a visual tool to comprehend the social, environmental and economic implications of social economy activity as well as picturing the value relations between social economy organisations and their community stakeholders.  33

2.4Gender dimension

In general, high proportions of female workers seem common in the social economy 34 , however no EU-wide reliable and fully comparable data is available.

“(I)n Belgium, females comprise 70% of the workforce in social economy, while in France they comprise 67%. Women represent about 61% of Italian social cooperatives’ nonseasonal part-time employees, compared with 47% in other enterprises. In some countries, the creation of flexible jobs by social enterprises is regarded as a positive trend (e.g., Czech Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Turkey) that can especially benefit women. This is the case for both social enterprises led by women and social enterprises that mainly employ women. The high share of women employed is related to the fields of engagement of social enterprises, which also typically account for a high percentage of women when they are managed by public agencies.” 35

However, having a large share of women in the workforce does not prevent issues related to the gender pay gap. While no reliable data is available for all EU Member States and it it is thus difficult to assess the overall situation, some national data is available. For example, the gender pay gap in the French social economy can be partly explained by the strong presence of women in occupations in the health and social sectors. Occupations and jobs in these sectors are often not paid very well and women generally have less access to managerial positions which usually command higher salaries. For example, only 13 % of women employed in the social economy in France are in managerial positions, compared to 22 % of men. 36  In France part-time work is more common in the social economy (38%) than in the rest of the private sector (19%) and the public sector (24%). 37

According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) an estimated 55% of the world’s social entrepreneurs are male and 45% female. This gender gap in social entrepreneurial activity is significantly smaller than the roughly 2:1 gender gap in mainstream entrepreneurial activity found in some economies. Women tend to pursue entrepreneurial roles in a more social setting – for example, by becoming a social entrepreneur (on the support for female social entrepreneurship see section 4.15) or by making an entrepreneurial contribution in the public sector, as found in an earlier GEM report. 38 For more information about female entrepreneurship see also the most recent edition of OECD & European Commission report “ The Missing Entrepreneurs 2021. Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment ” (6th edition).

A number of social economy organisations also specifically target women in their up-skilling and re-skilling work, including female migrants and refugees and women from other vulnerable groups.

Fostering the social economy can also have an indirect positive impact on women’s access to the labour market. The reasoning is that, as care burdens in households are still not shared equally between women and men in practice, the provision of high quality, affordable care services by social economy organisations can enable women to pursue their professional development more indepentently because they can turn to professional care services instead of having no other choice than to do the care work for dependent relatives themselves.

3.Collection of evidence and consultations

In order to gain a better understanding of the needs of the social economy, the Commission gathered evidence through a variety of studies and reports and consulted a broad range of stakeholders. The feedback from social economy stakeholders confirmed the need for reinforced action at EU level to support the social economy.

This section describes how evidence and views from stakeholders have been collected. The first part focuses on relevant studies, the second one describes the process of collecting feedback and contributions, including on the basis of the roadmap published by the Commission 39 .

An analysis of the contribution is provided in chapter 4.

3.1 Evidence and data collection 

A number of recent studies fed into the preparation of the action plan for social economy. The most important ones are:

-The study on the impact of the Social Business Initiative and its follow-up actions (2020): Based on 326 interviews with public authorities, stakeholder organisations, experts and practitioners, the study provides a comprehensive evidence-based analysis of the impact of the Commission’s 2011 Social Business Initiative on the development of social economy organisations and their operating environments at both national and EU levels.

-The EU mapping study on social enterprises and their ecosystems (2020): it is currently the most comprehensive source presenting a comparative overview of social enterprises and their operating environments in Europe. It covers 35 European countries.

-The European Economic and Social Committee report on the recent Evolutions of the Social Economy in the European Union (2017): it provides aggregate EU level figures on the whole social economy, its importance in terms number of entities, number of jobs and to a certain extent its economic weight.

-A set of policy guidance and tools elaborated by the European Commission in cooperation with the OECD in relation to specific aspects of social economy and social entrepreneurship developments. A number of the related OECD / EU reports have been used to gather evidence relevant for the drafting of the action plan:

§ Policy brief on Social Entrepreneurship

§ Policy brief on Social Impact Measurement

§ Policy brief on Scaling the Impact of Social Enterprises

§ Compendium of good practices

§ Policy paper: Regional Strategies for the Social Economy 40

-Other recent studies focusing on specific challenges for the social economy, such as two market analyses of the social enterprise finance market and of the microfinance market conducted in 2020, which shed light on the funding gaps for social enterprises and micro-enterprises in Europe, one study on the cooperation between social economy and traditional enterprises , a study on new technologies and digitisation and the ESF report on social innovation .

3.2Consultations 

This section describes the ways in which EU institutions, stakeholders and citizens provided input for the action plan. The consultations allowed the Commission to benefit from rich inputs reflecting the variety of citizens’ and stakeholders’ views on the needs of the social economy and formed the basis for the preparation of the action plan.

Formal opinions from other EU institutions and bodies

The Commission has received contributions or held exchanges of views with the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) as well as the Committee of the Regions (CoR).

·The EESC adopted an explanatory opinion on “The role of social economy in the creation of jobs and in the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights” at the request of the Portuguese Presidency, on 27 April 2021. 41  

·The CoR adopted an opinion on “An action plan for the social economy”, at the request of the Commission, on 1 July 2021. 42  

In addition, at the time of publication, the European Parliament was in the process of preparing a report with recommendations to the Commission on a statute for European cross-border associations and non-profit organisations (2020/2026(INL) (Committee on Legal Affairs - Rapporteur: Sergey Lagodinsky).

Events

·On 25-26 November 2020 the European Commission co-organised the  Social Economy Scientific Conference ,, whose proceedings have been widely disseminated through a partnership between the European Commission and the Stanford Social Innovation Review, culminating with the publication of the in-depth series on “European Perspectives on Emerging Social Economy” .

·On 26-27 May 2021 the city of Mannheim in Germany organised the European Social Economy Summit with the support of the Commission. Eight online events took place in the run-up to this Summit. In addition, a “ Mannheim declaration ” with policy recommendations was endorsed by a large number of stakeholders after the Summit. 

·The Spanish and Portuguese Presidencies of the Monitoring Committee of the Luxembourg declaration 43 organised several conferences on the social economy.

·On 8 June 2021, the Commission organised a meeting of EU social partners. In addition to discussing the overall objectives of the action plan, the participants were invited to comment more specifically on the issues of State aid and worker buy-outs.

·Since 2020, the European Parliament Intergroup on Social Economy organised several digital events aimed to feed the preparation of the action plan for the social economy:

o2 June 2020: “Co-designing the European Action plan for the Social Economy, as a leverage for the Economic and Social Recovery of Europe”;

o10 November 2020: “Social Economy’s vision for a Green and Fair Transition”;

o18 February 2021: “Skills and Digitalisation: Investing in the Social Economy as tomorrow’s economy”; 

o7 October 2021: “Social Economy as an Industrial Ecosystem – A catalyst to Build Back Better & Fairer”. 

·A series of social economy stakeholders also organised relevant conferences and events.

Targeted consultation

The Commission invited stakeholders to provide input through various channels:

·The broad consultation process from 14 January to 30 November 2021 on the action plan for the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights;

·The ‘Have your Say’ web page of the European Commission, where stakeholders could provide feedback on the roadmap on the action plan (for details see section III);

·The European Commission expert group on the social economy and social enterprises (GECES) meetings and its 2016 report on “Social enterprises and the social economy going forward”;

·A specific consultation of the GECES on the topic of “Social economy and State aid for access to finance” at the meeting on 10 September 2021, with an invitation to provide written comments in the weeks following the meeting; 

·The strategic dialogue between civil society and the European Commission in November 2020.

·Bilateral meetings with stakeholders such as Social Economy Europe, Concorde Europe, Social Services Europe, CG Scop, CECOP, European Foundation Centre, Dieses, Union for the Mediterranean, AIM, EASPD, Red Cross, Caritas.

Ad hoc input and position papers

The Commission also received ad hoc input and position papers from stakeholders. These included a position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia.

3.3Publication of the SEAP roadmap

In spring 2021 the European Commission published a roadmap on the upcoming action plan, inviting stakeholders to provide their input. The Commission received feedback both through the dedicated website and other contact channels.

Roadmap feedback

Via a dedicated  web page 44 , open from 1 March until 26 April 2021, stakeholders and citizens could submit their feedback (without pre-set questions) on the roadmap for the action plan for the social economy. The Commission received 132 contributions and 46% of submissions came from NGOs – within and beyond the social economy. Business associations accounted for 13% of total submissions, public authorities for 8%, and business organisations for 7%. Further contributions came from research institutions (4%), consumer organisations (2%), trade unions (2%), as well as from EU (2%) and non-EU citizens (2%).

Distribution of contributions from citizens and organisations (N=132)

In total, the Commission received contributions from 25 countries, including 21 in the EU. Stakeholders’ contributions very much echoed the needs identified in the context of the evidence gathering process. They called for an improvement of access to funding and markets for social economy actors, as well as for advances in policy and legal frameworks better reflecting their characteristics. In addition, several asked to increase the recognition, visibility of and awareness about the social economy, in particular through the inclusion of a clear and inclusive definition of the business model. A number of contributions formulated very concrete proposals.

4.Challenges and opportunities for the social economy – Main findings from the consultations

4.1On the action plan for the social economy in general

A strong consensus emerged amongst the contributions on the importance of the action plan for the social economy and its strong relevance in the current context. Stakeholders appreciated the EU’s efforts in supporting the social economy’s visibility. A number of key themes were identified in the feedback gathered.

4.2Defining social economy at the European level

The SBI study pointed out that future policy initiatives should take into account the different needs of the diverse types of organisation (e.g. cooperatives, mutual benefit societies, associations, foundations, social enterprises).

Suggestions from stakeholders

A number of stakeholders called for a clear EU level definition of the social economy concept. 45 A few advocated a homogenous, binding definition at EU level, whilst most others stressed the need for an EU definition to respect the diversity of social economy organisations and the heterogeneity of national traditions. There was also a call for the explicit inclusion of specific types of entities, e.g. not-for-profit social service providers. European social partners argued that the definition would be best created at Member State level.

4.3Enhancing awareness and visibility of the social economy

The visibility of the social economy and social enterprises has increased considerably since 2011. The Social Business Initiative has helped to increase the visibility, recognition and understanding of social enterprises. It contributed to facilitate the availability of information on social enterprises, to implement mutual learning, research, and visibility measures related to the social economy and social enterprises in EU programmes. The SBI also helped to disseminate the social enterprise concept across EU Member States and to raise awareness on the social economy as a broader dynamic in policy debates.

Social enterprises and other social economy organisations (SEOs) are increasingly considered as important actors, not only by policymakers in social policy, but also in other policies (regional development, cohesion, innovation, climate, environment). Further awareness raising efforts would nevertheless be beneficial. The SBI study identified a need for more visibility, better understanding and recognition of benefits and obstacles, for example in national legal and fiscal frameworks. Social impacts of social economy organisations need to be better understood and reported. 46  

Continued efforts in generating solid knowledge and high quality data about social economy are needed to inform EU, national and local policies, to stimulate mutual learning and to inspire common agendas according to the 2020 mapping study.

Suggestions from stakeholders

Visibility

Stakeholders and experts drew attention to the role of the action plan for the social economy in increasing the visibility and recognition of the sector as a whole and of its enterprises in particular.

Stakeholders such as RREUSE and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) called for mainstreaming the social economy at EU and national levels, respectively.

At the European Social Economy Summit, several speakers emphasised the importance of raising political awareness on the advantages of socially inclusive economic growth.

A position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia stressed that research initiatives on the social, environmental and economic added value of social economy structures should be encouraged through the Fi-compass platform 47 or European universities. Eurofound suggested that, building on work already undertaken by the European Commission, the existing and emerging types of cooperative and social enterprises should be further clarified in order to collect a robust and consistent evidence base. In addition to this, the Mannheim Declaration suggested that the European Commission increase the sector’s visibility by encouraging other interested regions, cities and municipalities to join the European Social Economy Regions (ESER) initiative.

Other visibility initiatives referred to included the European Social Economy Capital initiative set up by the Monitoring Committee of the Luxembourg declaration. 48 In addition, efforts have been made to raise awareness on the social economy through the development, in recent years, of a large number of awards and prizes a developed at various levels (see Annex 3 for a list of examples).

4.4Support for specific target groups

In a number of contributions stakeholders called for an enhanced awareness and support for their area(s) of work and their target groups (including mainstreaming the issues and target groups into various EU programmes).

Suggestions from stakeholders

Some stakeholders identified a lack of data as an issue to address. EVPA suggested to collect data on equality and disparities of different vulnerable groups (on the main topics under the European Pillar of Social Rights) for designing more targeted solutions. 49 Another suggestion made, was to disaggregate collected data to highlight the percentage of social entrepreneurs led by vulnerable and marginalised groups. 50  Eurodiaconia suggested that the European Commission should launch research into the methods of successful mainstream workplace integration of people with disabilities, people who experience homelessness and the long term unemployed.

A number of specific target groups have been highlighted in the contributions from stakeholders. The list below is by no means exhaustive, but may serve as a reminder about the wide range of groups and individuals social economy organisations support with their work on a daily basis.

Persons with disabilities

The European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals and Eurodiaconia suggested the European Commission and national governments should promote and fund projects and transnational mutual learning exchanges that facilitate the reintegration of persons with disabilities into the regular labour market (including through the ESF). The European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals asks to ensure that non-discrimination on the basis of disability and work integration of persons with disabilities remains a requirement for EU funding allocation, in particular for the current initiatives taken to support employment retention and promotion.

A number of stakeholders called for an increase in recognition and visibility of the positive socio-economic impact of work integration social enterprises (WISEs) by the EU and its Member States. The European Commission should organise awareness raising activities for Member States, together with social services providers in order to showcase WISEs' contribution. 51

Other suggestions included:

-Ensure that EU-level funds can be easily accessed to finance projects around education, training, lifelong learning, skills development and traineeship-to-employment programmes, in order to equip workers with disabilities with knowledge and competences that match the demand for green, digital and in-sourcing skills –  European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals

-Support conditions for unrestricted access to in-company vocational training for young people with disabilities and to individually adapted vocational preparation measures for the transition from school to working life – European Confederation of Inclusive Enterprises (EUCIE) and Spanish Council for the Defense of Disability and Dependency (CEDDD)

-SEAP should address the responsibility of social enterprises to focus on training and skilling their employees with disabilities to facilitate career progression and a transition into the open labour market if the employee wishes to. Particular efforts must be made to ensure that training programmes are made accessible for persons with disabilities, and that workers are free from discrimination when it comes to promotions and pay-scale progression – European Disability Forum

-SEAP must recognise the differing roles played by social economy enterprises and social services towards the inclusion of persons with disabilities – (CEDDD)

-Raise awareness of all employers that the talents of persons with disabilities can be used in these times as well and that workers with disabilities can actually be “co-creators of COVID-19 responses. 52 The SEAP should explore the importance of persons with disabilities not only as employees in social enterprises, but also as entrepreneurs who want to create their own business or start-up. 53

-Recognise the crucial role played by work integration social enterprises employing persons with disabilities (D-WISE) in promoting employment for persons with disabilities in the next European Disability Strategy. 54 The SEAP should clearly recognise the value of social economy entities in providing employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. 55

-Fund EU level projects and research aiming to improve the understanding of work integration social enterprises employing persons with disabilities (D-WISE) across EU Member States – European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals.

Roma

ERGO Network pointed out that social economy holds a great potential to positively contribute to a sustainable and inclusive recovery, where the Roma are not left behind, but supported towards better social and economy outcomes, while combatting prejudice and promoting peaceful coexistence. In their view, WISEs represent a good solution for the preservation of Roma traits and crafts that are on the verge of being forgotten.

The ERGO network also suggested to mainstream social enterprises and the social economy into EU law, policy, and programmes and spell out Roma as a key target group in EU initiatives such as the EU Roma Integration Framework, Youth Guarantee and Child Guarantee. Legislative proposals should strive for social inclusion and clearly name Roma communities among the intended beneficiaries.

They call for all social economy actors to be mindful of deeply-rooted discrimination and anti-gypsyism in all countries and make conscious efforts to combat any such tendencies in their work.

People experiencing homelessness

FEANTSA reminded that it should be recognised that homeless services are first and foremost provided by not-for-profit organisations and that employment and social economy policies can play an important part in approaches and solutions to preventing and ending homelessness in Europe, but that they are not a guaranteed solution to all of that challenges that a homeless person might face.

 From the perspective of the homelessness sector, the European Platform for Combatting Homelessness is the flagship initiative to prevent and reduce homelessness in the EU. FEANTSA suggested that the innovative approaches and inspiring examples arising from the Platform should be channelled into the social economy sector via the SEAP. Models of social enterprises that are designed specifically for people experiencing homelessness and their unique needs and obstacles to accessing the labour market should be promoted.

Migrants

Migrants, refugees in particular, often are in need of support when they first arrive in a new country. Social economy organisations contribute significantly to the integration of migrants and refugees, at the different stages of the integration process. The earlier the access to the labour market, the more effective the integration process. Social economy organisations can also provide labour opportunities with specifically adapted conditions, for example in terms of linguistic support, which can have an overall positive effect on the participation to the labour market. The Municipality of Lampedusa and Linosa pointed out that social economy opportunities for migrants can speed up their process of integration, helping them in becoming a productive member of the European society and local community. In their view this can lead to wider societal change: “Through social economy, local European Citizens can reimagine the economic model of their communities shaping new sustainable entrepreneurial initiatives based on new societal context (result of migration) and ready to answer to the new needs”.

Youth

Young people, especially from disadvantaged backgrounds, are also a target group for the work of social economy organisations and can benefit from their activities. The overall increased awareness of environmental and social issues among young people, combined with a rising interest in entrepreneurship with social impact, could potentially make social entrepreneurship the careerpath of choice for many dedicated young professionals. In addition to social entrepreneurship, the cooperative model has been found to be an attractive option with viable employment opportunities for young people 56 . Despite its potential, however, many young people remain unaware of social economy business models and their opportunities 57 .

In this sense, several stakeholders and experts stressed the importance of promoting awareness and recognition of the social economy among young people, in order to promote a transition towards a more sustainable and fairer society 58 . To reach this objective, stakeholders suggested that efforts be made to include teaching on the social economy in  schools and universities. 59 Social Economy Europe 60 and ConcertES called for the development of Erasmus+ opportunities on social entrepreneurship.

Some stakeholders focused particularly on cooperatives, underlining the importance of raising awareness about the cooperative model among young people. 61 On this, CECOP and ZLSP Poland suggested that professional trainings be developed within cooperatives and on the cooperative model, particularly targeting young people.

Women

The gender dimension was mentioned in the contributions, mainly in calls for promoting female entrepreneurship and gender equality as a whole. Indeed, in their position papers, a number of stakeholders called on the European Commission to ensure that full gender equity is mainstreamed throughout the action plan for the social economy and that specific attention be given to fostering and supporting female-led social enterprises. 62

On gender and working conditions, the European Disability Forum invited the action plan for the social economy to pay particular attention to furthering the employment quality of women with disabilities. They added that the action plan should seek to combat harassment, including sexual harassment, faced by women with disabilities working in social enterprises.

At the Social Economy Summit in Mannheim, experts highlighted the challenges faced by women between the ages of 45 and 65 that undertake both work and care responsibilities. To this end, they stressed the value of career coaching and the importance of work-life balance and promoting a more inclusive labour market.

4.5Developing policy and legal frameworks

The Social Business Initiative and its follow-up activities have had important effects on the regulatory and institutional operating environments of the social economy and social enterprises.

Suggestions from stakeholders

Several stakeholders, experts and Member States 64 , as well as the Mannheim Declaration, provided suggestions on improving policy and legal frameworks related to the social economy. Throughout the consultation process, stakeholders and experts called for more inclusive EU legislation, strengthened social dialogue and proposed new policies and initiatives. While presenting their comments, many underlined the diversity of social economy actors.

In response to the roadmap consultation, several stakeholders called on the EU to promote and support Member States in setting up appropriate framework conditions, as well as guide them in improving their social economy ecosystems. 65 To this end, the European Confederation of Inclusive Enterprises and the Spanish Council for the Defense of Disability and Dependency (CEDDD) suggested that a permanent support system for the social economy be established at European level to later be transposed into the national legal systems. On this topic, the Mannheim Declaration pointed out that “(…) [t]he development of appropriate legal, regulatory and fiscal frameworks must (…) emerge from the national and local environments in which social economy enterprises and organisations operate."

In their contributions, stakeholders further underlined that the diversity of enterprise models operating in the European Union must be considered when legislation is drafted or revised. 66  To this end, Social Economy Europe 67 and AIM suggested that a protocol on the diversity of forms of enterprises in the EU be adopted as an annex to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), including the social economy actors and their different legal forms. 

On social dialogue, several stakeholders underlined that the action plan should address the need to further develop and promote social dialogue and collective bargaining in the social economy. 68 Some stressed that this would be particularly relevant for the social services sector, where current workforce challenges must be addressed. 69

Working conditions in the social economy overall are understood to be good, but some concerns have been raised, especially in situations when public tenders are solely based on cost (see section 4.8). On working conditions, several GECES experts pointed out the lack of data on the topic and called for the collection of more information with a view to improve policies. 70  However it was recognized, that gathering data on this topic would be a complex matter and it would need to include a comparison with the situation in traditional (for-profit) businesses. Eurofound suggested that national working conditions surveys should provide a separate analysis of the working conditions in social economy organisations.

In addition, the European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals had a more specific request, calling on the European Commission to collect data and support research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rights of workers with disabilities, taking a gender-sensitive and intersectional approach.

The Commission also received several suggestions concerning labels and certification of varied scope. The Mannheim Declaration invites a reflection on labels and certification “to boost the recognition of products, services and enterprises and highlight the social economy’s role in tackling societal challenges”. While RREUSE called for the creation of a European social label specifically for social economy products 71 , the GECES working group set up for preparing InvestEU looked at the feasibility of social finance labels. The latter concluded that such labels could play a role in helping mobilise finance for social purposes, but that independence would be crucial for their credibility. The experts also cautioned that labels can be costly and complex to set up and manage and EU labels were not realistic. In a different vein, in response to a Commission consultation of the GECES on State aid, the French authorities highlighted the French accreditation framework enabling State aid for social enterprise financing (“solidarity-based enterprise of social utility”), designed to create an asset class for channelling long-term private savings towards social companies, with fiscal incentives for risk finance investors through income tax reductions.

4.6Social economy and State aid

Suggestions from stakeholders

Several stakeholders and experts made comments and suggestions on the social economy and State aid throughout the consultation process. Many highlighted the need to revise and adapt EU competition and State aid rules to the particularities of social economy entities and called on specific changes to legislation and initiatives.

In response to the roadmap, several stakeholders called for the State aid General Block Exemption Regulation (n° 651/2014 of 17 June 201) to be modified in order to better take stock of the specific needs of the social economy 72 , while others underlined that the complexity of the legislation should be addressed 73 . 

On improving legal frameworks, a position paper supported by eight Member States 74  suggested that the State aid General Block Exemption Regulation introduce a definition for social enterprises, based on the definition already enshrined in Regulation (EU) no 346/2013 75 . On this topic, the Mannheim Declaration pointed out that “(…) [t]he development of appropriate legal, regulatory and fiscal frameworks must (…) emerge from the national and local environments in which social economy enterprises and organisations operate." 

In their position paper, the Five Flemish provinces & Association of Flemish Provinces explained that the complexity of State aid rules and regulations leads many local/regional governments to resort to de minimis, which do not serve the social economy adequately. Indeed, several stakeholders made reference to the de minimis Regulation in their position papers. Some called for an increase of the threshold of de minimis State aid provided for services of general economic interest 76 , while others emphasised that EU discipline with regard to de minimis rules must be respected and implemented in national grant programmes 77 . 

Also on State aid, some business representatives present at the social partners’ consultation spoke in support of extending the maximum duration of wage subsidies for the recruitment of disadvantaged and severely disadvantaged workers under the General Block Exemption Regulation. Along these lines, in response to the roadmap, ENSIE and ConcertES pointed out that the General Block Exemption Regulation should be revised regarding the definitions of disadvantaged and severely disadvantaged workers and the aids for their employment and training. 78

In response to a Commission consultation of the GECES on state aid, the French authorities highlighted the French accreditation framework enabling State aid for social enterprise financing (“solidarity-based enterprise of social utility”) (see previous section).

4.7Taxation

Suggestions from stakeholders

Several stakeholders and experts made comments and suggestions on taxation throughout the targeted consultation process.

In response to the roadmap, several stakeholders highlighted the need to ensure that the EU’s taxation policy favours the development of social economy actors 79 and called for facilitating taxation measures (i.e.: special rates of VAT) for the social economy. 80 Similarly, other stakeholders called for a favourable VAT framework for social enterprises active in the circular economy 81 and underlined that the EU should incentivise investments in social entrepreneurs and enterprises through tax exemptions 82 . Along these lines, Philanthropy Advocacy suggested that the implementation of the non-discrimination principle be improved and called for a fairer VAT deal for public-benefit organisations via a code of conduct.

RREUSE pointed out a problem with VAT leading to incentives that work counter to the logic of sustainability: in many cases it is currently cheaper for manufacturers and retailers to destroy usable goods (including new goods) than to donate them to non-profit organisations (because VAT payments are required for donations).

In their position paper, the European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD) explained that the EU’s fiscal rules and promotion of cuts to public expenditure over the last decade have damaged the development of the social economy, in particular the development of the social services sector, whose structural vulnerability is in large part caused by underinvestment. In this sense, they called for the action plan for the social economy to demonstrate how EU fiscal rules can be used to maximise investment into the social economy, including through the flexibility clause.

4.8Better access to markets: socially responsible public procurement

While access to public markets was in principle facilitated by the latest overhaul of EU public procurement rules, social economy organisations still largely fail to seize the opportunities deriving from public tenders. There also remains a lot of untapped potential for scaling up social entrepreneurial activities on the basis of private procurement and partnerships with mainstream enterprises (see SBI study).

Capacity building is needed to strengthen managerial skills and professionalisation, but also to better prepare the public sector and financial intermediaries for working with social economy organisations (see SBI study).

Suggestions from stakeholders

Better access to markets is a priority for numerous stakeholders. They highlighted the need to improve the legal framework, facilitate public and private procurement, build partnerships and stimulate cross-border operations.

In particular, several stakeholders argued in favour of a revision of Article 54 of the TFEU to better reflect the diversity of actors operating in the Single Market 84 . Along these lines, some stakeholders emphasised the need to improve equal access to the Single Market for the social economy 85 .

GECES experts 86  and Social Economy Europe stressed the importance of promoting socially responsible public procurement in Europe in general. Other stakeholders called more specifically for an increased use of social clauses and reserved contracts in public procurement. 87  Similar comments were also noted at the European Social Economy Summit. In the GECES meeting of 23 March 2021, it was stressed that public tenders were still often awarded solely on the basis of the price criterion and that this had a negative effect on the working conditions in the social economy.

On the subject of improving access to markets, some Member States 88  and GECES experts 89  pointed out that cross-border cooperation remains difficult. To overcome these barriers, several stakeholders called for a legal recognition for associations, foundations and mutual benefit societies at European level. 90

The Walloon Region encouraged partnerships between social economy stakeholders in the traditional economy. Cooperation between social entrepreneurs and the traditional entrepreneurial ecosystem (e.g.: accelerators, incubators, chambers of commerce, development agencies) should be strengthened. Different types of partnerships could be established according to the desired area of exchange and mutual learning: local partnerships, partnerships between entrepreneurs, international partnerships, etc.

4.9Promoting the social economy at regional and local levels

Given the significant differences between national/local contexts, there is a need to build capacity at local and regional level and tackle the specific needs of cross-border 91 social economy organisations in rural and peripheral areas (see SBI study). The European Social Economy Regions ( ESER ) intitiative was highlighted as a successful initiative in the SBI study.

Suggestions from stakeholders

Throughout the targeted consultation process, stakeholders and experts stressed the need to focus on local partnerships and the regional level. For example, SEE suggested that local partnerships between regional and local authorities and the social economy should be further supported. Along these lines, the city of Strasbourg called for improved dialogue and collaboration with local authorities to strengthen the ties between the local and EU levels.

Strasbourg also outlined that the “[t]he Commission should encourage tools and dynamics of territorial economic cooperation” and CIRIEC recommended enhancing cooperation between social economy actors and the public sector. REVES, RTES and the Conseil Supérieur de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire called for initiatives to promote the exchange of good practices between local governments and their ecosystems.

Also on territorial dimension, REVES suggested the establishment of a task force to ensure that EU measures take the local and regional perspectives into account. Along these lines, CG SCOP pointed out that developing cooperatives that meet citizens’ needs could contribute to the revitalisation of territories.

CECOP and REVES highlighted the need to further promote Community-Led Local Development approaches and good practices.

4.10Promoting the social economy at international level

Suggestions from stakeholders

Several stakeholders and experts pointed out the importance of developing the social economy beyond the EU. Throughout the consultation process, many emphasised the need to inform EU delegations about the social economy, called for intiatives to further develop the social economy in the EU neighbourhood and beyond, and encouraged EU institutions to cooperate with international and regional organisations on the topic.

In the GECES meeting of 23 March 2021, a number of experts called for further research on the development of social economy ecosystems in different parts of the world. On cooperation with international organisations, some GECES experts underlined that it was key to work with actors such as ILO, UNTSFSSE or OECD.

Moreover, stakeholders 93  called for the social economy to be put on the agenda of global fora and conferences such as the UN General Assembly, G7 and G20 and the COP Climate negotations. At the European Social Economy Summit, several speakers emphasised the need to look “beyond Europe”. Here, the importance of promoting social businesses at the upcoming EU-Africa Summit was also underlined.

4.11Improving access to funding

The Social Business Initiative and its follow-up activities have made it easier for social enterprises to access public and private funding. Interviewed stakeholders highlighted the role of EU policies and EU funds as a key driver for strengthening social economy ecosystems. They considered that the general SBI objectives remain relevant and that needs persist: access to finance continue to be an important need according to the SBI study.

Suggestions from stakeholders

Improving access to funding was a key topic raised by experts, stakeholders and some Member States in official meetings, relevant conferences and events and in position papers.

Overall, stakeholders and experts pointed out the need to adapt eligibility criteria and legal requirements to the particularities of social economy actors, provide access to both financial and non-financial support, and create new funding schemes. In response to the roadmap, the Commission also received suggestions on how to improve access to funding for entities in this sector.

For example, a number of stakeholders called for the creation of an EU online platform that could support social economy actors in accessing EU funds and opportunities. 94  In the GECES meeting of 18 June 2020, experts underlined that requesting access to EU funds is too complex and called for the creation of a specific EU fund for social economy actors. At the European Social Economy Summit stakeholders expressed a need for clearer communication efforts between the European Commission and national public institutions, as well as between the national/regional authorities and social investors.

On the specific case of philanthropic organisations, a number of stakeholders suggested that EU and national measures should be developed to stimulate foundation engagement into social business. 95

EVPA signalled the need to create a generally accepted framework for Impact Measurement and Management (IMM) practices and suggested a closer cooperation between the social economy and the academic world, as well as the establishment of a pan-European database on IMM practices. A position paper supported by several Member States 96  identified similar challenges and called on the European Commission to give a mandate to the EIB Group to develop technical assistance and financing tools tailored for social economy players.

ESS Forum International called for new financing instruments to provide seed capital and acceleration capital for social economy projects, while Euclid Network called for investments in existing impact funds which support the social economy.

4.12Boosting social innovation 

The issue of how to scale and/or replicate social innovations is a recurring theme among stakeholders since several years. Various challenges are identified.

Suggestions from stakeholders

Several speakers and experts stressed the need to support and promote social innovation and social entrepreneurship across Europe. This included the need to create mechanisms to scale and/or replicate successful social innovations. For example, the initial investment (often with public funds) is not capitalised on if the results of successful initiatives fail to be scaled or replicated.

In response to the roadmap, several stakeholders called for the exchange of good practices and experiences on social innovation. 97  In their position paper, REVES expained that its members have expressed a lack of opportunities for contacts and exchange between projects funded in the framework of EU Cohesion Policy, including the European Agricultural Rural Development Fund. Calling for the encouragement of a more collaborative approach to innovation, EURICSE pointed out that this approach could create greater awareness of the role that the social economy plays in social innovation.

In their position papers, REVES and the ILO stressed the need to improve connections and exchanges between existing projects and initiatives. Along these lines, Center Noordung suggested the creation of mentoring partnerships between emerging socially innovative initiatives and those that are already successfully operating. As a concrete proposal, Center Noordung and Catalyst 2030 suggested the development of a network of social innovation ambassadors, where staff from sectoral agencies, business support organisations, SMEs and big enterprises could be trained for social entrepreneurship and on social innovation.

4.13Fostering digitalisation and new technologies

Suggetions from stakeholders

Improving digitalisation was also a common theme in stakeholder expert feedback. In response to the roadmap, ideas such as promoting digital social enterprises more actively 98 and improving the digitalisation of social economy actors 99 to better integrate most vulnerable groups in the labour market were put forward. 100 For example, in their position paper, Catalyst 2030 stressed that social enterprises can help promote digital education, one of the key tools to empower young people for their future and for coping with rapidly changing digital innovations, to reach a more diverse range of target groups. Cooperatives Europe stressed that the digital gap should be addressed from a gender perspective.

On skills, the European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals called on the European Commission to ensure that EU-level funds can be easily accessed to finance projects around education, training, lifelong learning, skills development and traineeship-to-employment programmes, in order to equip workers with disabilities with knowledge and competences that match the demand for green, digital and in-sourcing skills. The Mannheim Declaration highlighted the important role of skills, calling on the European Commission to “(…) support the upskilling of social economy workers in areas such as digitalisation, participatory governance and the green transition.”

4.14Maximising the contribution of the social economy to the European Green Deal and circular economy

Suggestions from stakeholders

Throughout the consultation process, stakeholders and experts have highlighted the importance of the social economy for the green transition. In response to the roadmap, RREUSE made a number of suggestions in support of the circular economy. For example, RREUSE called for the development of flexible labour market integration policies to match evolving circular business models. Along these lines, several stakeholders called on the European Commission to consider setting social and employment objectives within circular economy related policies and to create a clear link between the action plan for the social economy and the Circular Economy Initiatives. 101  

During the Road to Mannheim events, several speakers emphasised the relevance of consumer cooperatives, and other social economy forms, in achieving sustainability and transitioning to a circular economy. This point was also highlighted at the European Social Economy Summit. In response to the roadmap, the WWF European Policy Office stressed the role of the social economy in fulfilling the SDGs, the European Green Deal and in addressing climate change. 

4.15Promoting entrepreneurial skills and capacity building

The capacity to self-organise as well as research, education and skills development were among the opportunities and challenges indentified in the 2020 mapping study.

Suggestions from stakeholders

Focusing on social entrepreneurship, several speakers at the European Social Economy Summit emphasised the need to develop entrepreneurial skills and mindsets through education. At the Summit, as well as in other conferences and events, speakers suggested that courses on social entrepreneurship be included in school curriculums.

In response to the roadmap, several speakers expressed the view that female entrepreneurship should be encouraged and supported. 102 In their position paper, the Walloon Region called on the European Commission to encourage a gendered approach in public policies pertaining to the social economy by supporting female entrepreneurship through bolstering the skills, financial resources and networks of female entrepreneurs and supporting the employment of female workers within integration enterprises. Along these lines, Cooperatives Europe stressed that female entrepreneurs should be supported through the provision of effective follow-up and support on access to capital and credit. Similar points were raised at the Social Economy Summit, where speakers emphasised the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, including the impact of different maternity leave opportunities and unequal care responsibilities. Experts suggested lifelong learning and flexible working arrangements as strategies to facilitate balancing career and care responsibilities for women entrepreneurs. (See also section 2.4 on the gender dimension).

4.16Implementation of the action plan for the social economy

Suggestions from stakeholders

Throughout the consultation process, several stakeholders (among them Social Services Europe) called for a participatory approach to policy design and implementation and indicated their availability for co-creation processes. This was also underlined in the Mannheim Declaration: "The preparation of public policy making should be carried out in close cooperation with social economy actors for greater policy coherence and greater effectiveness".

In response to the roadmap, several stakeholders called for the action plan to be renewed every 5-6 years. 103  This point was also made in the European social partners‘ consultation. In addition, some stakeholders called for the implementation of the action plan to be assessed on an annual basis by the GECES. 104  A few stakeholders suggested that the GECES be strengthened 105  and renewed at the end of its mandate in 2024. 106  In addition, several stakeholders 107 , in response to the roadmap, called for the action plan to be fully connected with other EU initiatives and programmes such as the European Pillar of Social Rights, the EU Green Deal and the Skills Agenda. Looking beyond EU initiatives, WWF European Policy Office and Eurodiaconia stressed that the action plan should be aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The need for the social economy to complement public support, rather than replace it, was also raised by some stakeholders in response to the roadmap and by trade union representatives at the European social partners’ consultation. This message was echoed by the Mannheim declaration which stressed that “the social economy should complement public approach in tackling societal challenges but not replace it.”

5.EU Budget to support social economy 2021-2027

To raise awareness about the various EU funding and programmes available for the social economy, the Commission is supporting networks active at European level. For example, Euclid Network is preparing an EU Funding toolkit providing details on how to access the funding available in the period 2021-2027 and the European Venture Philantrophy Association disseminates information on EU funding opportunities throuth their website 110 . The Commission will soon publish a toolkit on the use of EU funds for the integration of people with a migrant background and has recently published a Toolkit for Early-Stage Social Innovators 111 .

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Recent declarations on the social economy

Annex 2: List of stakeholders who submitted feedback on the social economy action plan roadmap

Annex 3: Examples of existing social economy awards

Annex 1: recent declarations on (or related to) social economy

· Declaration of Luxembourg , “A roadmap to a more complete ecosystem for social economy companies.” 4 December 2015

· Declaration of Bratislava , “The social economy as a key player in providing effective answers to current societal challenges in the EU and the world”. 1 December 2016

· Declaration of Madrid , "The social economy, a business model for the future of the European Union.” 23 May 2017

· Declaration of Ljubljana , “Expansion of social economy enterprises in the social and solidarity economy: towards a more solid and structured cooperation between the EU and Southeast Europe.” 25 April 2017

· Lisbon declaration “Social innovation as a path to a sustainable, resilient and inclusive Europe”, 26 September 2018

· Manifesto “Pact for impact, a global alliance for a social and inclusive economy” Paris, 11 July 2019

· Manifesto of the ILO Social and Solidarity Academy "The social economy in the future of work" , Madrid, 18 October 2019

· Toledo Declaration 2020 “The Social and Solidarity Economy as a key driver for an inclusive and sustainable future”, 4 December 2020

· Porto declaration , 8 May 2021

· Porto social commitment , 7 May 2021

· Mannheim Declaration , European Social Economy summit, 27 May 2021

· Cascais declaration , 13 July 2021

Annex 2: List of stakeholders who submitted feedback on the social economy action plan roadmap

(1 March to 26 April 2021)

112 Annex 3: Examples of existing social economy awards 

Examples of European awards:

·European Commission’s European Social Innovation Competition awarded annually since 2013, https://eusic.challenges.org/  

·European Commission’s Horizon prize for social innovation 2019 ( RTD )

·EIB Social Innovation Tournament for social entrepreneurs: Social Innovation Tournament 2021

·WISE Manager Award (organiser: ENSIE , in collaboration with RREUSE , Social Firms Europe CEFEC and the CEC ,).

·European Social Economy Award (Organiser: Social Economy Europe ), first edition 2021, to be replicated every two years. 

·Social Innovation Summit Awards  2021 : 8-10 June 2021 (organized by Landmark Ventures) 

· https://socialimpactaward.net/ They are linked to an incubator (ImpactHub) and provide incubation to the winners of the award.

· REVES Excellence award  (2013, 2015, 2017, 2019) (European Network of Cities & Regions for the Social Economy) 

·EPR Innovation Prize: EPR is a community of service providers working with people with disabilities committed to high quality service delivery.

· ESN European Social Services Awards: organized by the European Social Network since 2019

· Social Innovation on Ageing European Award : organized by Ashoka “changemakers” network

Examples of national awards (examples listed in the mapping study and others):

·“Social Impact Award” in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

·“Social Economy Prize” in French-speaking Belgium

· “ESF Ambassadors” nomination in Flanders, held in the context of a European Social Fund programme”

·Malta: Since 2014, activities and events around SEs, such as the Social Impact Awards and dosomethinggood.eu

·France: Les Prix de l'économie sociale et solidaire  (categories in 2021: Transition écologique & Utilité sociale)

·Austria: Get Active Social Business Award : 14th edition in 2021, organizers: Coca‑Cola, Der Standard (newspaper), NPO und SE Kompetenzzentrum der WU Wien, 4Gamechangers)

Somewhat related awards:

·Regiostars awards (organised by DG REGIO since 2008)

·JAE launched an Enterprise Challenge: https://www.jaenterprisechallenge.org/  

· EESC Civil Society Prize  

· European Entrepreneurial Regions since 2011 (CoR) 

·European Commission’s Access City Awards: The Access City Award 2022 will be the 12th edition.

(1)

Social economy entities are active in almost all economic sectors and therefore many EU laws and policies are potentially relevant for the social economy or some of its actors.

(2)

  Porto social commitment , 7 May 2021

(3)

  The Porto declaration , 8 May 2021

(4)

See SWD (2021) 982.

(5)

Updated EU Industrial Strategy, COM(2021) 350 final

(6)

European Commission, A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020.

(7)

Cocolina, C., The power of cooperation: Cooperatives Europe key figures 2015, Cooperatives Europe, 2015.

(8)

 International Cooperative Alliance, What is a cooperative?, in https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/what-is-a-cooperative

(9)

In the EU, the practice of worker buyouts is most developed in Italy, Spain and France, where specific networks and policy initiatives have been adopted to support its development. 

(10)

According to the International Association of Mutual Benefit Societies (AIM).

(11)

Social Economy Europe, Co-designing the Action Plan for the Social Economy, 2021.

(12)

 McGill, L., Number of Registered Public Benefit Foundations in Europe Exceeds 147,000 , Dafne, 2016.

(13)

European Commission, A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020.

(14)

European Commission (2020), A map of social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe.

(15)

For more details on the evidence base, including links to the studies see section 3.1.

(16)

  https://www.eesc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/qe-04-17-875-en-n.pdf . It has to be noted that the data in this study have a number of limitations: for example not capturing all social enterprises and covering on the other hand all organisations that have a specific legal form (association, cooperative, mutual and foundations) without looking at their mission nor the profit distribution model.

(17)

The study also estimates that the social economy represents more than 82.8 million volunteers, equivalent to 5.5 million (non-paid) full-time workers, which gives a total workforce of over 19.1 million people (paid and non-paid).

(18)

Estimates indicate GDP contributions of 10% in Spain (CEPES, 2017) and France (Cress, 2017) and 15% in Italy (Borzaga & Fontanara, 2013)

(19)

The labels or statutes can be adopted by a variety of legal entities provided that they comply with a set of criteria, in addition to the fulfilment of the criteria already in force for the legal forms entitled to qualify.

(20)

European Commission, ‘Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe: Comparative synthesis report’, Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020, p. 92. (For more details see Appendix 6 of this study)

(21)

European Commission. Impact of the European Commission’s Social Business Initiative (SBI) and its Follow-up Actions, 2020.

(22)

The economic sectors in which social economy actors are particularly prevalent varies between countries.

(23)

European Commission, ‘Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe: Comparative synthesis report’, 2020, p. 106.

(24)

European Commission, Study on the benefits of using social outcome contracting in the provision of social services and interventions, 2021

(25)

European Commission, Social enterprises and the social economy going forward: A call for action from the Commission Expert Group on Social Entrepreneurship (GECES), 2016.

(26)

 The few examples encompass the SDG’s sub-indicators  and the metrics published by IRIS+.

(27)

Upcoming European Commission (2021) Impact measurement in Social Finance.

(28)

OECD, ‘Social impact measurement for the Social and Solidarity Economy: OECD Global Action Promoting Social & Solidarity Economy Ecosystems’, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2021/05, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021. & European Commission, Proposed approaches to social impact measurement, A report by the GECES Sub-group on Impact Measurement, 2014.

(29)

 See: Joint declaration - VISES - Valorisation de l’Impact Social de l’Entrepreneuriat Social (projetvisesproject.eu)

(30)

OECD & European Commission, Policy Brief on Social Impact Measurement for Social Enterprises, 2015.

(31)

See note 29, p. 12.

(32)

OECD, ‘Social impact measurement for the Social and Solidarity Economy: OECD Global Action Promoting Social & Solidarity Economy Ecosystems’, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2021/05, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021.

(33)

 European Commission, A Canvas for Social Economy

(34)

At least in some countries the percentage is significantly higher than in the mainstream private sector or even the public sector: For example in France 40% percent of people working in the private sector (not counting social economy) and 63% in the public sector are women, compared to 68% in the social economy. CNCRESS, État des lieux de l'égalité femmes-hommes dans l'Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2019, p. 6.

(35)

European Commission, ‘Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe: Comparative synthesis report’, Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe, 2020, p. 105.

(36)

CNCRESS, État des lieux de l'égalité femmes-hommes dans l'Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2019, p. 28.

(37)

See note 37, p. 13.

(38)

Bosma, N., Schøtt, T., Terjesen, S. and Kew. P, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’s (GEM): Social Entrepreneurship, 2016. See also : Huysentruyt, M., "Women's Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation", OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2014/01, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2014.

(39)

  https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12743-EU-action-plan-for-social-economy_en

(40)

This is an OECD Policy Paper, while all above are OECD / EU jointly.

(41)

  EESC opinion adopted on 27/04/2021 , The role of social economy in the creation of jobs and in the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights, INT/925-EESC-2020-5266. 

(42)

  Committee of the Regions opinion adopted on 01/07/2021 , An action plan for the social economy, SEDEC-VII/016 

(43)

The Monitoring Committee for the Luxembourg Declaration currently has 14 member states (Slovak Republic, Luxembourg, Spain, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Cyprus, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Sweden, Italy, Malta and Portugal). The main aim of the monitoring committee is to follow up and provide continuity to the agreements made in the Luxembourg declaration, which establishes a road map to a broader ecosystem for social economy companies.

(44)

  https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12743-EU-action-plan-for-social-economy_en

(45)

Suggestion made in position papers by CIRIEC, Social Economy Europe, AMICE, CEPES, Federation of European Social Employers, SLOGA Platform, Fair Trade Advocacy Office, ConcertES, Department of Rural and Community Development (Ireland), AEMA Groupe, Crédit Coopératif, TERZJUS and Social Entrepreneurship Association of Latvia.

(46)

See recommendations in European Commission, Impact of the European Commission’s Social Business Initiative (SBI) and its Follow-up Actions, 2020.

(47)

Fi-Compass is an EU platform offering advisory services on financial instruments available under the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). A joint tool provided by the European Commission and European Investment Bank (EIB), it is designed to support microfinance providers and other interested parties by making learning tools on financial instruments available to them and encouraging them to make use of them. (https://www.fi-compass.eu/)

(48)

Since 2019, the countries presiding the Monitoring Committee designate yearly a European Capital for Social Economy. After Strasbourg (2019) and Toledo (2020), in 2021 the title is shared by five Portuguese municipalities (Sintra, Braga, Cascais, Coimbra and Torres Vedras).

(49)

The EU Multidimensional Inequality Monitoring Framework developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/multidimensional-inequality) offers a repository of inequality indicators spanning ten key life domains. It also facilitates the monitoring of inequality levels across groups defined by socioeconomic characteristics such as gender and migrant status.

(50)

Suggestion made in position paper by WEF COVID Response Alliance for Social Entrepreneurs

(51)

Suggestion made in position papers by ENSIE, Coorace, Eco-Razeni Association, Fédération des entreprises d'insertion, FAEDEI, GALILEO PROGETTI Nonprofit Kft., Klimax Plus, RISE, ŠENT, Stichting De Omslag, TESSEA CR

(52)

Suggestion made in position paper by European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals

(53)

Suggestion made in position paper by European Disability Forum

(54)

Suggestion made in position paper by European Observatory for Inclusive Employment and Sustainable Development Goals

(55)

Suggestion made in position paper by European Disability Forum and Asociación MIRA España

(56)

International Cooperative Alliance, Young People and Cooperatives: a perfect match?, 2021, p. 65.

(57)

See note 59, p. 26 and ESSC 2021 Workshop : “Social Economy and Youth Entrepreneurship for a sustainable recovery”.

(58)

Suggestion made in position papers by Caritas Europa, CECOP and EMES International Research Network.

(59)

Suggestion made in position papers by Caritas Europa, EMES International Research Network and Euclid Network and by speakers at the European Social Economy Summit.

(60)

Social Economy Europe’s position paper was also submitted by AMICE & CEPES.

(61)

Suggestion made in position papers by CECOP, CG Scop, Cooperatives Europe, the Wallon Region and ZLSP Poland.

(62)

 Suggestion made in position papers by Euclid Network and Advocating 4 non-profit enterprises

(63)

For example: Recommendation 2003/361/EC of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises can indirectly exclude work integration social enterprises (WISEs) from the group of beneficiaries of public aids for SMEs as the definition of company size is linked to the number of people working in the company. In addition the ownership structure can also lead to not being considered an (autonomous) SME.

(64)

This reference concerns a position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia.

(65)

Suggestion made in position papers by European Confederation of Inclusive Enterprises (EUCIE), SLOGA Platform, Spanish Council for the Defense of Disability and Dependency (CEDDD) and European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).

(66)

Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe (SEE), AMICE, CEPES, AIM, Spanish Council for the Defense of Disability and Dependency (CEDDD), Cooperatives Europe, ZLSP (Poland), Eurodiaconia

(67)

Social Economy Europe’s position paper was also submitted by AMICE & CEPES.

(68)

 Suggestion made in position papers by Social Services Europe, Union des employeurs de l'économie sociale et solidaire, Federation of European Social Employers, Humana DE, EPSU and European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).

(69)

 Suggestion made in position papers by Social Services Europe, Union des employeurs de l'économie sociale et solidaire, Federation of European Social Employers, Social Employers and EPSU joint statement and European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).

(70)

This point is made in reference to the GECES meeting of 23 March 2021.

(71)

In their position paper, RREUSE explained that the aim of this European Label for social economy products would be to boost and incentivise companies to integrate social considerations and empower consumers to make informed choices.

(72)

Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe, AMICE, ENSIE, Coorace, Eco-Razeni Association, Fédération des entreprises d'insertion, FAEDEI, GALILEO PROGETTI Nonprofit Kft., Klimax Plus, RISE, ŠENT, Stichting De Omslag, TESSEA CR, ConcertES and the European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).

(73)

Suggestion made in position papers by Five Flemish provinces & Association of Flemish Provinces and ENSIE (Coorace, Eco-Razeni Association, Fédération des entreprises d'insertion, FAEDEI, GALILEO PROGETTI Nonprofit Kft., Klimax Plus, RISE, ŠENT, Stichting De Omslag, TESSEA CR).

(74)

Position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia.

(75)

Regulation (EU) No 346/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European social entrepreneurship funds.

(76)

Suggestion made in position papers by ENSIE and CECOP.

(77)

Suggestion made in position paper by the Hungarian Social Enterprise Coalition.

(78)

ENSIE’s position paper was also submitted by Coorace, Eco-Razeni Association, Fédération des entreprises d'insertion, FAEDEI, GALILEO PROGETTI Nonprofit Kft., Klimax Plus, RISE, ŠENT, Stichting De Omslag, TESSEA CR The stakeholders point out that "the limits of the “Aid for the recruitment of disadvantaged workers in the form of wage subsidies” (art.32) do not allow to integrate many disadvantaged groups because the financial support is insufficient to cover their non-productivity and also because they are not ready to integrate the conventional labour market after 12 or 24 months of integration pathways (justifying the need of a longer period of financial support in general and, more specifically, for people over 50)."

(79)

Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe, AMICE and CEPES.

(80)

Suggestion made in position papers by Federation of European Social Employers, European Confederation of Inclusive Enterprises (EUCIE), Humana DE, CECOP, Spanish Council for the Defense of Disability and Dependency (CEDDD) and European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD).

(81)

Suggestion made in position paper by RREUSE.

(82)

Suggestion made in position paper by WEF COVID Response Alliance for Social Entrepreneurs.

(83)

VAT on donations cannot be deducted as this is not business use, unless they can no longer be sold, e.g. food products after due date.

(84)

 Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe, AMICE, CEPES and AIM.

(85)

 Suggestion made in position papers by AIM, Social Economy Europe, AMICE, CEPES and Philanthropy Advocacy

(86)

 This point is made in reference to the GECES meeting of 18 June 2020.

(87)

 Suggestion made in position papers by the City of Strasbourg, RREUSE, Caritas Europa, Position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia

(88)

 Position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia.

(89)

 This point is made in reference to the GECES meeting of 18 June 2020.

(90)

Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe, AMICE, CEPES and AIM.

(91)

Mostly EU cross border, but possibly also beyond the EU.

(92)

 For example: ‘ Territoires Zéro Chômeur de Longue Durée , a Belgian project to reduce long-term unemployment.)

(93)

Suggestion made in position papers by Caritas Europa and ESS Forum International

(94)

 Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe,UDES, ENSIE, Coorace, Eco-Razeni Association, Fédération des entreprises d'insertion, FAEDEI, GALILEO PROGETTI Nonprofit Kft., Klimax Plus, RISE, ŠENT, Stichting De Omslag, TESSEA CR and Conseil Supérieur de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire (FR).

(95)

 Suggestion made in position papers by Social Economy Europe and Philanthropy Advocacy.

(96)

Position paper developed by France and supported by Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and Slovakia.

(97)

Suggestion made in position papers by Catalyst 2030, Center Noordung, ILO, REVES, ERICSE.

(98)

Suggestion made in position paper by EURICSE.

(99)

Suggestion made in position paper by Walloon Region.

(100)

Suggestion made in position paper by the ILO.

(101)

Suggestion made in position papers by ENSIE, Coorace, Eco-Razeni Association, Fédération des entreprises d'insertion, FAEDEI, GALILEO PROGETTI Nonprofit Kft., Klimax Plus, RISE, ŠENT, Stichting De Omslag, TESSEA CR

(102)

Suggestion made in position papers by the Walloon Region and Cooperatives Europe.

(103)

 Suggestion made in position papers by UDES, Social Economy Europe (SEE) and EASPD.

(104)

 Suggestion made in position papers by UDES, SEE, Philanthropy Advocacy, EASPD and Cooperatives Europe.

(105)

 Suggestion made in position papers by SEE and Social Services Europe.

(106)

 Suggestion made in position papers by SEE and Philanthropy Advocacy.

(107)

Suggestion made in position papers by CECOP, Cooperatives Europe, Fair Trade Advocacy Office, FEANTSA, Region Örebro County, RTES and SLOGA Platform.

(108)

These estimates reflect only the dedicated support to social economy and other related topics. However the social economy also benefited from other broad EU measures (e.g. targeting SMEs or innovation) which are not reflected in these amounts.

(109)

 In current prices, see https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en   

(110)

  https://evpa.eu.com/policy/eu-funding  

(111)

See https://eismea.ec.europa.eu/news/finance-your-social-innovation-new-funding-toolkit-released-2021-08-26_en   

(112)

As of 19 October 2021.