(1)

On 22 November 2017, the Commission adopted the Annual Growth Survey, marking the start of the 2018 European Semester for economic policy coordination. It took due account of the European Pillar of Social Rights, proclaimed by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on 17 November 2017. The priorities of the Annual Growth Survey were endorsed by the European Council on 22 March 2018. On 22 November 2017, on the basis of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2), the Commission also adopted the Alert Mechanism Report, in which it did not identify Estonia as one of the Member States for which an in-depth review would be carried out. On the same date, the Commission also adopted a recommendation for a Council recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area, which was endorsed by the European Council on 22 March 2018. On 14 May 2018, the Council adopted the Recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area (3) (‘Recommendation for the euro area’).

(2)

As a Member State whose currency is the euro and in view of the close interlinkages between the economies in the economic and monetary union, Estonia should ensure the full and timely implementation of the Recommendation for the euro area, as reflected in the recommendations below, in particular recommendation (1).

(3)

The 2018 country report for Estonia was published on 7 March 2018. It assessed Estonia's progress in addressing the country-specific recommendations adopted by the Council on 11 July 2017 (4), the follow-up given to the country-specific recommendations adopted in previous years and Estonia's progress towards its national Europe 2020 targets. The Commission's analysis led it to conclude that Estonia is not experiencing macroeconomic imbalances.

(4)

On 26 April 2018, Estonia submitted its 2018 National Reform Programme and its 2018 Stability Programme. In order to take account of their interlinkages, the two programmes have been assessed at the same time.

(5)

Relevant country-specific recommendations have been addressed in the programming of the European Structural and Investment Funds (‘ESI Funds’) for the 2014-2020 period. As provided for in Article 23 of Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (5), where it is necessary to support the implementation of relevant Council recommendations, the Commission may request a Member State to review and propose amendments to its Partnership Agreement and relevant programmes. The Commission has provided further details on how it would make use of that provision in guidelines on the application of the measures linking the effectiveness of the ESI Funds to sound economic governance.

(6)

Estonia is currently in the preventive arm of the Stability and Growth Pact. The Government plans to move from a general government deficit of 0,3 % of GDP in 2017 to a surplus of 0,2 % of GDP in 2018, 0,5 % of GDP in 2019 and move towards a balanced budget thereafter. Its medium-term budgetary objective is a structural deficit of 0,5 % of GDP. According to the 2018 Stability Programme, the recalculated (6) structural deficit is projected to amount to 0,8 % of GDP in 2018, 0,4 % of GDP in 2019 and remaining in a slight deficit thereafter. The general government debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to remain below 9 % of GDP in 2018 and 2019, declining to 5,3 % of GDP by 2022. The macroeconomic scenario underpinning those budgetary projections is favourable. Negative risks for the revenue yield assumptions primarily relate to some of the measures which are not well specified, affecting all years of the programme horizon.

(7)

For 2018, Estonia was recommended to remain at the medium-term budgetary objective. This is consistent with a maximum nominal growth rate of net primary government expenditure (7) of 6,1 %, corresponding to an allowed deterioration in the structural balance by 0,2 % of GDP. Based on the Commission 2018 spring forecast, there is a risk of some deviation from that requirement in 2018. In 2019, in view of Estonia's projected output gap of 2,7 % of GDP and with projected GDP growth below to the estimated potential growth rate, the nominal growth rate of net primary government expenditure should not exceed 4,1 %, in line with the structural adjustment of 0,6 % of GDP stemming from the commonly agreed adjustment matrix of requirements under the Stability and Growth Pact. Based on the Commission 2018 spring forecast under unchanged policies, there is a risk of some deviation from that requirement in 2019 and over 2018 and 2019 taken together. Overall, the Council is of the opinion that Estonia needs to stand ready to take further measures to ensure compliance in 2018 and 2019.

(8)

Providing a more adequate social safety net supported by better service provision remains a major challenge for Estonia. Estonia spends less on social protection (around 16 % of GDP) than the Union average (around 28 % of GDP). The impact of social transfers on reducing poverty is improving but still weak and below the Union average. Estonia still has a high at-risk-of-poverty rate, particularly for people with disabilities, jobless households and older people, especially those living alone. Income inequality at 5,6 % in 2016 remains higher than the Union average (5,2 % in 2016) despite recent improvements. Some steps are being taken to provide adequate family benefits for larger families, which has further reduced relative poverty among children. The level of minimum income benefit was increased, accompanied by incentives to return to work. The payment of an allowance of EUR 115 to persons with low pensions and living alone was the first step in addressing the very high at-risk-of-poverty rate of this group. The at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion gap between people with disabilities and those without (20,9 % in 2016) was also higher than the Union average (10,1 %). Financing of long-term care services does not match the needs of the ageing population. The impact of ongoing administrative reform on the delivery of high-quality services remains to be seen.

(9)

The gender pay gap remains one of the highest in the Union at 25,3 % although it is reducing. Work-life balance is being promoted by the recent changes to the parental leave and benefit system. These changes are expected to give women an incentive to return to work earlier and thereby contribute to lowering Estonia's gender pay gap. The changes will be implemented between 2018 and 2020. The proposal on the second stage of parental leave reform is being discussed. Continued engagement with social partners and strengthening their capacity, in light of very low membership rates, remain important in this context and beyond. Amendments to the Gender Equality Act to improve wage transparency have yet to be adopted and, once adopted, will only apply to the public sector entities. A tool to analyse wage differences between genders is not expected to be developed before 2019.

(10)

Estonia's slow productivity growth is linked to its moderate performance on research, technology and innovation. With less than 0,5 % of Estonian companies reporting research activities in 2016, business R&D intensity is only 0,7 % of GDP — half the Union average of 1,3 %. In addition, several indicators measuring innovation — such as small and medium-sized companies creating new products and processes or innovating in-house — have declined significantly in recent years. While the economy has some high value added and knowledge-intensive activities, business R&D intensity, science-business links, and companies' innovation and technological capacity remain low. Public sector expenditure on research, technology and innovation has traditionally been above the Union average. However, insufficient priority-setting in public research poses challenges. Estonia has put in place several measures to boost the economy's research and innovation performance, but it is a challenge to maximise their impact.

(11)

In the context of the 2018 European Semester, the Commission has carried out a comprehensive analysis of Estonia's economic policy and published it in the 2018 country report. It has also assessed the 2018 Stability Programme, the 2018 National Reform Programme and the follow-up given to the recommendations addressed to Estonia in previous years. The Commission has taken into account not only their relevance for sustainable fiscal and socioeconomic policy in Estonia but also the extent to which they comply with Union rules and guidance, given the need to strengthen the Union's overall economic governance by providing Union-level input into future national decisions.

(12)

In the light of this assessment, the Council has examined the 2018 Stability Programme and its opinion (8) is reflected in particular in recommendation (1) below,

1.

2.