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Document 32022D2110
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/2110 of 11 October 2022 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions, for the ferrous metals processing industry (notified under document C(2022) 7054) (Text with EEA relevance)
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/2110 of 11 October 2022 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions, for the ferrous metals processing industry (notified under document C(2022) 7054) (Text with EEA relevance)
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/2110 of 11 October 2022 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions, for the ferrous metals processing industry (notified under document C(2022) 7054) (Text with EEA relevance)
C/2022/7054
OJ L 284, 04/11/2022, p. 69–133
(BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV)
In force
4.11.2022 |
EN |
Official Journal of the European Union |
L 284/69 |
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2022/2110
of 11 October 2022
establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions, for the ferrous metals processing industry
(notified under document C(2022) 7054)
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (1), and in particular Article 13(5) thereof,
Whereas:
(1) |
Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions are the reference for setting permit conditions for installations covered by Chapter II of Directive 2010/75/EU and competent authorities should set emission limit values which ensure that, under normal operating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with the best available techniques as laid down in the BAT conclusions. |
(2) |
In accordance with Article 13(4) of Directive 2010/75/EU, the forum composed of representatives of Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, established by Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 (2), provided the Commission on 17 December 2021 with its opinion on the proposed content of the BAT reference document for the ferrous metals processing industry. That opinion is publicly available (3). |
(3) |
The BAT conclusions set out in the Annex to this Decision take into account the opinion of the forum on the proposed content of the BAT reference document. They contain the key elements of the BAT reference document. |
(4) |
The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU, |
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
Article 1
The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for the ferrous metals processing industry, as set out in the Annex, are adopted.
Article 2
This Decision is addressed to the Member States.
Done at Brussels, 11 October 2022.
For the Commission
Virginijus SINKEVIČIUS
Member of the Commission
(1) OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17.
(2) Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (OJ C 146, 17.5.2011, p. 3).
(3) https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/06f33a94-9829-4eee-b187-21bb783a0fbf/library/b8ba39b2-77ca-488a-889b-98e13cee5141/details
ANNEX
1. BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FERROUS METALS PROCESSING INDUSTRY
SCOPE
These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive2010/75/EU:
2.3. |
Processing of ferrous metals:
|
2.6. |
Surface treatment of ferrous metals using electrolytic or chemical processes where the volume of the treatment vats exceeds 30 m3, when it is carried out in cold rolling, wire drawing or batch galvanising. |
6.11. |
Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC, provided that the main pollutant load originates from the activities covered by these BAT conclusions. |
These BAT conclusions also cover the following:
— |
Cold rolling and wire drawing if directly associated with hot rolling and/or hot dip coating. |
— |
Acid recovery, if directly associated with the activities covered by these BAT conclusions. |
— |
The combined treatment of waste water from different origins, provided that the waste water treatment is not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC and that the main pollutant load originates from the activities covered by these BAT conclusions. |
— |
Combustion processes directly associated with the activities covered by these BAT conclusions provided that:
|
These BAT conclusions do not cover the following:
— |
metal coating by thermal spraying; |
— |
electroplating and electroless plating; this may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics (STM). |
Other BAT conclusions and reference documents which could be relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions include the following:
— |
Iron and Steel Production (IS); |
— |
Large Combustion Plants (LCP); |
— |
Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics (STM); |
— |
Surface Treatment using Organic Solvents (STS); |
— |
Waste Treatment (WT); |
— |
Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations (ROM); |
— |
Economics and Cross-Media Effects (ECM); |
— |
Emissions from Storage (EFS); |
— |
Energy Efficiency (ENE); |
— |
Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS). |
These BAT conclusions apply without prejudice to other relevant legislation, e.g. on the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH), on classification, labelling and packaging (CLP).
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:
General terms |
|||||
Term used |
Definition |
||||
Batch galvanising |
Discontinuous immersion of steel workpieces in a bath containing molten zinc to coat their surface with zinc. This also includes any directly associated pre- and post-treatment processes (e.g. degreasing and passivation). |
||||
Bottom dross |
A reaction product of molten zinc with iron or with iron salts carried over from pickling or fluxing. This reaction product sinks to the bottom of the zinc bath. |
||||
Carbon steel |
Steel in which the content of each alloy element is less than 5 wt-%. |
||||
Channelled emissions |
Emissions of pollutants into the environment through any kind of duct, pipe, stack, etc. |
||||
Cold rolling |
Compression of steel by rollers at ambient temperatures to change its characteristics (e.g. size, shape and/or metallurgical properties). This also includes any directly associated pre- and post-treatment processes (e.g. pickling, annealing and oiling). |
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Continuous measurement |
Measurement using an automated measuring system permanently installed on site. |
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Direct discharge |
Discharge to a receiving water body without further downstream waste water treatment. |
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Existing plant |
A plant that is not a new plant. |
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Feedstock |
Any steel input (unprocessed or partly processed) or workpieces entering a production process step. |
||||
Feedstock heating |
Any process step where feedstock is heated. This does not include feedstock drying or the heating of the galvanising kettle. |
||||
Ferrochromium |
An alloy of chromium and iron typically containing between 50 wt-% and 70 wt-% chromium. |
||||
Flue-gas |
The exhaust gas exiting a combustion unit. |
||||
High-alloy steel |
Steel in which the content of one or more alloy elements is 5 wt-% or more. |
||||
Hot dip coating |
Continuous immersion of steel sheets or wires through a bath containing molten metal(s), e.g. zinc and/or aluminium, to coat the surface with metal(s). This also includes any directly associated pre- and post-treatment processes (e.g. pickling and phosphating). |
||||
Hot rolling |
Compression of heated steel by rollers at temperatures typically ranging from 1 050 °C to 1 300 °C to change its characteristics (e.g. size, shape and/or metallurgical properties). This includes hot ring rolling and hot rolling of seamless tubes as well as any directly associated pre- and post-treatment processes (e.g. scarfing, finishing, pickling and oiling). |
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Indirect discharge |
A discharge that is not a direct discharge. |
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Intermediate heating |
Heating of the feedstock between the hot rolling stages. |
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Iron and steel process gases |
Blast furnace gas, basic oxygen furnace gas, coke oven gas or mixtures thereof originating from iron and steel production. |
||||
Leaded steel |
Steel grades in which the content of lead added is typically between 0,15 wt-% and 0,35 wt-%. |
||||
Major plant upgrade |
A major change in the design or technology of a plant with major adjustments or replacements of the process and/or abatement technique(s) and associated equipment. |
||||
Mass flow |
The mass of a given substance or parameter which is emitted over a defined period of time. |
||||
Mill scale |
Iron oxides formed on the surface of steel when oxygen reacts with hot metal. This occurs immediately after casting, during reheating and hot rolling. |
||||
Mixed acid |
A mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. |
||||
New plant |
A plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions. |
||||
Periodic measurement |
Measurement at specified time intervals using manual or automated methods. |
||||
Plant |
All parts of an installation covered by the scope of these BAT conclusions and any other directly associated activities which have an effect on consumption and/or emissions. Plants may be new plants or existing plants. |
||||
Post-heating |
Heating of the feedstock after hot rolling. |
||||
Process chemicals |
Substances and/or mixtures as defined in Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1) and used in the process(es). |
||||
Recovery |
Recovery as defined in Article 3(15) of Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2). The recovery of spent acids includes their regeneration, reclamation and recycling. |
||||
Regalvanising |
The processing of used galvanised articles (e.g. highway guard rails) that are returned to be galvanised after long service periods. Processing of these articles requires additional process steps due to the presence of partly corroded surfaces or the need to remove any residual zinc coating. |
||||
Reheating |
Heating of the feedstock before hot rolling. |
||||
Residue |
Substance or object generated by the activities covered by the scope of these BAT conclusions as waste or by-product. |
||||
Sensitive receptor |
Areas which need special protection, such as:
|
||||
Stainless steel |
High-alloy steel which contains chromium typically within the range 10–23 wt-%. It includes austenitic steel, which also contains nickel typically within the range 8–10 wt-%. |
||||
Top dross |
In hot dipping, the oxides formed on the surface of the molten zinc bath by reaction of iron and aluminium. |
||||
Valid hourly (or half-hourly) average |
An hourly (or half-hourly) average is considered valid when there is no maintenance or malfunction of the automated measuring system. |
||||
Volatile substance |
A substance capable of readily changing from a solid or liquid form to a vapour, having a high vapour pressure and a low boiling point (e.g. HCl). This includes volatile organic compounds as defined in Article 3(45) of Directive 2010/75/EU. |
||||
Wire drawing |
Drawing of steel rods or wires through dies to reduce their diameter. This also includes any directly associated pre- and post-treatment processes (e.g. wire rod pickling and feedstock heating after drawing). |
||||
Zinc ash |
A mixture comprising zinc metal, zinc oxide and zinc chloride that is formed on the surface of the molten zinc bath. |
Pollutants and parameters |
|
Term used |
Definition |
B |
The sum of boron and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as B. |
Cd |
The sum of cadmium and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Cd. |
CO |
Carbon monoxide. |
COD |
Chemical oxygen demand. Amount of oxygen needed for the total chemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide using dichromate. COD is an indicator for the mass concentration of organic compounds. |
Cr |
The sum of chromium and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Cr. |
Cr(VI) |
Hexavalent chromium, expressed as Cr(VI), includes all chromium compounds where the chromium is in the oxidation state +6. |
Dust |
Total particulate matter (in air). |
Fe |
The sum of iron and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Fe. |
F- |
Dissolved fluoride, expressed as F-. |
HCl |
Hydrogen chloride. |
HF |
Hydrogen fluoride. |
Hg |
The sum of mercury and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Hg. |
HOI |
Hydrocarbon oil index. The sum of compounds extractable with a hydrocarbon solvent (including long-chain or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons). |
H2SO4 |
Sulphuric acid. |
NH3 |
Ammonia. |
Ni |
The sum of nickel and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Ni. |
NOX |
The sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as NO2. |
Pb |
The sum of lead and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Pb. |
Sn |
The sum of tin and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Sn. |
SO2 |
Sulphur dioxide. |
SOX |
The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphur trioxide (SO3) and sulphuric acid aerosols, expressed as SO2. |
TOC |
Total organic carbon, expressed as C (in water); includes all organic compounds. |
Total P |
Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includes all inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds. |
TSS |
Total suspended solids. Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration through glass fibre filters and gravimetry. |
TVOC |
Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C (in air). |
Zn |
The sum of zinc and its compounds, dissolved or bound to particles, expressed as Zn. |
ACRONYMS
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronyms apply:
Acronym |
Definition |
BG |
Batch galvanising |
CMS |
Chemicals management system |
CR |
Cold rolling |
EMS |
Environmental management system |
FMP |
Ferrous metals processing |
HDC |
Hot dip coating |
HR |
Hot rolling |
OTNOC |
Other than normal operating conditions |
SCR |
Selective catalytic reduction |
SNCR |
Selective non-catalytic reduction |
WD |
Wire drawing |
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Best Available Techniques
The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable.
BAT-AELs and indicative emission levels for emissions to air
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) and indicative emission levels for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of waste gas) under the following standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa, and expressed in mg/Nm3.
The reference oxygen levels used to express BAT-AELs and indicative emission levels in these BAT conclusions are shown in the table below.
Source of emissions |
Reference oxygen level (OR) |
||||
Combustion processes associated with:
|
3 dry vol-% |
||||
All other sources |
No correction for the oxygen level |
For the cases where a reference oxygen level is given, the equation for calculating the emission concentration at the reference oxygen level is:
where:
ER |
: |
emission concentration at the reference oxygen level OR; |
OR |
: |
reference oxygen level in vol-%; |
EM |
: |
measured emission concentration; |
OM |
: |
measured oxygen level in vol-%. |
The equation above does not apply if the combustion process(es) use oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen or when additional air intake for safety reasons brings the oxygen level in the waste gas very close to 21 vol-%. In this case, the emission concentration at the reference oxygen level of 3 dry vol-% is calculated differently, e.g. by normalising on the basis of the carbon dioxide generated by the combustion.
For averaging periods of BAT-AELs for emissions to air, the following definitions apply.
Type of measurement |
Averaging period |
Definition |
Continuous |
Daily average |
Average over a period of one day based on valid hourly or half-hourly averages. |
Periodic |
Average over the sampling period |
Average value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each (3). |
When the waste gases of two or more sources (e.g. furnaces) are discharged through a common stack, the BAT-AELs apply to the combined discharge from the stack.
For the purpose of calculating the mass flows in relation to BAT 7 and BAT 20, where waste gases from one type of source (e.g. furnaces) discharged through two or more separate stacks could, in the judgement of the competent authority, be discharged through a common stack, these stacks shall be considered as a single stack.
BAT-AELs for emissions to water
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of water), expressed in mg/l or μg/l.
Averaging periods associated with the BAT-AELs refer to either of the following two cases:
— |
In the case of continuous discharge, daily average values, i.e. 24-hour flow-proportional composite samples. Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated. Spot samples can be used when the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable. |
— |
In the case of batch discharge, average values over the release duration taken as flow-proportional composite samples, or, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixed and homogeneous, a spot sample taken before discharge. |
The BAT-AELs apply at the point where the emission leaves the plant.
Other environmental performance levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AEPLs)
BAT-AEPLs for specific energy consumption (energy efficiency)
The BAT-AEPLs for specific energy consumption refer to yearly averages calculated using the following equation:
where:
energy consumption |
: |
total amount of heat (generated from primary energy sources) and electricity consumed by the relevant process(es), expressed in MJ/year or kWh/year; and |
input |
: |
total amount of feedstock processed, expressed in t/year. |
In the case of feedstock heating, the energy consumption corresponds to the total amount of heat (generated from primary energy sources) and electricity consumed by all furnaces in the relevant process(es).
BAT-AEPLs for specific water consumption
The BAT-AEPLs for specific water consumption refer to yearly averages calculated using the following equation:
where:
water consumption |
: |
total amount of water consumed by the plant excluding:
expressed in m3/year; and |
||||||
production rate |
: |
total amount of products manufactured by the plant, expressed in t/year. |
BAT-AEPLs for specific material consumption
The BAT-AEPLs for specific material consumption refer to averages over 3 years calculated using the following equation:
where:
material consumption |
: |
3-year average of total amount of material consumed by the relevant process(es), expressed in kg/year; and |
input |
: |
3-year average of total amount of feedstock processed, expressed in t/year or m2/year. |
1.1. General BAT conclusions for the ferrous metals processing industry
1.1.1. General environmental performance
BAT 1. |
In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to elaborate and implement an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features:
Specifically for the ferrous metals processing sector, BAT is to also incorporate the following features in the EMS:
Note Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 establishes the European Union eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), which is an example of an EMS consistent with this BAT. |
Applicability
The level of detail and the degree of formalisation of the EMS will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
BAT 2. |
In order to facilitate the reduction of emissions to water and air, BAT is to establish, maintain and regularly review (including when a significant change occurs) an inventory of process chemicals used and of waste water and waste gas streams, as part of the EMS (see BAT 1), that incorporates all of the following features:
|
Applicability
The level of detail of the inventory will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the plant, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
BAT 3. |
In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to elaborate and implement a chemicals management system (CMS) as part of the EMS (see BAT 1) that incorporates all of the following features:
|
Applicability
The level of detail of the CMS will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the plant.
BAT 4. |
In order to prevent or reduce emissions to soil and groundwater, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 5. |
In order to reduce the frequency of the occurrence of OTNOC and to reduce emissions during OTNOC, BAT is to set up and implement a risk-based OTNOC management plan as part of the EMS (see BAT 1) that includes all of the following elements:
|
1.1.2. Monitoring
BAT 6. |
BAT is to monitor at least once per year:
|
Description
Monitoring can be performed by direct measurements, calculations or recording, e.g. using suitable meters or invoices. The monitoring is broken down to the most appropriate level (e.g. to process or plant level) and considers any significant changes in the plant.
BAT 7. |
BAT is to monitor channelled emissions to air with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.
|
BAT 8. |
BAT is to monitor emissions to water with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.
|
1.1.3. Hazardous substances
BAT 9. |
In order to avoid the use of hexavalent chromium compounds in passivation, BAT is to use other metal-containing solutions (e.g. containing manganese, zinc, titanium fluoride, phosphates and/or molybdates) or organic polymer solutions (e.g. containing polyurethanes or polyesters). |
Applicability
Applicability may be restricted due to product specifications (e.g. surface quality, paintability, weldability, formability, corrosion resistance).
1.1.4. Energy efficiency
BAT 10. |
In order to increase the overall energy efficiency of the plant, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 11. |
In order to increase energy efficiency in heating (including heating and drying of feedstock as well as heating of baths and galvanising kettles), BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.
Further sector-specific techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Sections 1.2.1, 1.3.1 and 1.4.1 of these BAT conclusions. Table 1.1 BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific energy consumption for feedstock heating in hot rolling
Table 1.2 BAT-associated environmental performance level (BAT-AEPL) for specific energy consumption in annealing after cold rolling
Table 1.3 BAT-associated environmental performance level (BAT-AEPL) for specific energy consumption of feedstock heating before hot dip coating
Table 1.4 BAT-associated environmental performance level (BAT-AEPL) for specific energy consumption in batch galvanising
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6. |
1.1.5. Material efficiency
BAT 12. |
In order to increase material efficiency in degreasing and to reduce the generation of spent degreasing solution, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 13. |
In order to increase material efficiency in pickling and to reduce the generation of spent pickling acid when pickling acid is heated, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below and not to use direct injection of steam.
|
BAT 14. |
In order to increase material efficiency in pickling and to reduce the generation of spent pickling acid, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.5 BAT-associated environmental performance level (BAT-AEPL) for specific pickling acid consumption in batch galvanising
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6. |
BAT 15. |
In order to increase material efficiency in fluxing and to reduce the quantity of spent fluxing solution sent for disposal, BAT is use all of the techniques (a), (b) and (c), in combination with technique (d) or in combination with technique (e) given below.
|
BAT 16. |
In order to increase the material efficiency of hot dipping in the coating of wires and in batch galvanising, and to reduce the generation of waste, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 17. |
In order to increase material efficiency and to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from phosphating and passivation, BAT is to use technique (a) and one of the techniques (b) or (c) given below.
|
BAT 18. |
In order to reduce the quantity of spent pickling acid sent for disposal, BAT is to recover spent pickling acids (i.e. hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and mixed acid). The neutralisation of spent pickling acids or the use of spent pickling acids for emulsion splitting is not BAT. |
Description
Techniques to recover spent pickling acid on site or off site include:
i. |
spray roasting or using fluidised bed reactors for the recovery of hydrochloric acid; |
ii. |
crystallisation of ferric sulphate for the recovery of sulphuric acid; |
iii. |
spray roasting, evaporation, ion exchange or diffusion dialysis, for the recovery of mixed acid; |
iv. |
use of spent pickling acid as a secondary raw material (e.g. for the production of iron chloride or pigments). |
Applicability
In batch galvanising, if the use of spent pickling acid as a secondary raw material is restricted by market unavailability, neutralisation of spent pickling acid may exceptionally take place.
Further sector-specific techniques to increase material efficiency are given in Sections 1.2.2, 1.3.2, 1.4.2, 1.5.1 and 1.6.1 of these BAT conclusions.
1.1.6. Water use and waste water generation
BAT 19. |
In order to optimise water consumption, to improve water recyclability and to reduce the volume of waste water generated, BAT is to use both techniques (a) and (b) and an appropriate combination of the techniques (c) to (h) given below.
Table 1.6 BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific water consumption
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6. |
1.1.7. Emissions to air
1.1.7.1. Emissions to air from heating
BAT 20. |
In order to prevent or reduce dust emissions to air from heating, BAT is to use either electricity generated from fossil-free energy sources or technique (a), in combination with technique (b) given below.
Table 1.7 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from feedstock heating
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
BAT 21. |
In order to prevent or reduce SO2 emissions to air from heating, BAT is to use either electricity generated from fossil-free energy sources or a fuel, or a combination of fuels, with low sulphur content. |
Description
Fuels with low sulphur content include for example natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, blast furnace gas, basic oxygen furnace gas and CO-rich gas from ferrochromium production.
Table 1.8
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled SO2 emissions to air from feedstock heating
Parameter |
Sector |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (Daily average or average over the sampling period) |
SO2 |
Hot rolling |
mg/Nm3 |
|
Cold rolling, wire drawing, hot dip coating of sheets |
20 –100 (29) |
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7.
BAT 22. |
In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from heating while limiting CO emissions and the emissions of NH3 from the use of SNCR and/or SCR, BAT is to use either electricity generated from fossil-free energy sources or an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.9 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled NOX emissions to air and indicative emission levels for channelled CO emissions to air from feedstock heating in hot rolling
Table 1.10 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled NOX emissions to air and indicative emission levels for channelled CO emissions to air from feedstock heating in cold rolling
Table 1.11 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled NOX emissions to air and indicative emission level for channelled CO emissions to air from feedstock heating in wire drawing
Table 1.12 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled NOX emissions to air and indicative emission level for channelled CO emissions to air from feedstock heating in hot dip coating
Table 1.13 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled NOX emissions to air and indicative emission level for channelled CO emissions to air from heating the galvanising kettle in batch galvanising
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.1.7.2. emissions to air from degreasing
BAT 23. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of oil mist, acids and/or alkalis from degreasing in cold rolling and hot dip coating of sheets, BAT is to collect emissions by using technique (a) and to treat the waste gas by using technique (b) and/or technique (c) given below.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.1.7.3. Emissions to air from pickling
BAT 24. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of dust, acids (HCl, HF, H2SO4) and SOx from pickling in hot rolling, cold rolling, hot dip coating and wire drawing, BAT is to use technique (a) or technique (b) in combination with technique (c) given below.
Table 1.14 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of HCl, HF and SOX to air from pickling in hot rolling, cold rolling and hot dip coating
Table 1.15 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled HCl and SOX emissions to air from pickling with hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid in wire drawing
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
BAT 25. |
In order to reduce NOX emissions to air from pickling with nitric acid (alone or in combination with other acids) and the emissions of NH3 from the use of SCR, in hot rolling and cold rolling, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.16 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled NOX emissions to air from pickling with nitric acid (alone or in combination with other acids) in hot rolling and cold rolling
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.1.7.4. Emissions to air from hot dipping
BAT 26. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of dust and zinc from hot dipping after fluxing in hot dip coating of wires and in batch galvanising, BAT is to reduce the generation of emissions by using technique (b) or techniques (a) and (b), to collect the emissions by using technique (c) or technique (d), and to treat the waste gases by using technique (e) given below.
Table 1.17 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from hot dipping after fluxing in hot dip coating of wires and in batch galvanising
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.1.7.4.1.
BAT 27. |
In order to prevent oil mist emissions to air and to reduce the consumption of oil from oiling of the feedstock surface, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below.
|
1.1.7.5. Emissions to air from post-treatment
BAT 28. |
In order to reduce emissions to air from chemical baths or tanks in post-treatment (i.e. phosphating and passivation), BAT is to collect the emissions by using technique (a) or technique (b), and in that case to treat the waste gas by using technique (c) and/or technique (d) given below.
|
1.1.7.6. Emissions to air from acid recovery
BAT 29. |
In order to reduce emissions to air from the recovery of spent acid of dust, acids (HCl, HF), SO2 and NOX (while limiting CO emissions) and the emissions of NH3 from the use of SCR, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.18 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of dust, HCl, SO2 and NOX to air from the recovery of spent hydrochloric acid by spray roasting or by using fluidised bed reactors
Table 1.19 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of dust, HF and NOX to air from the recovery of mixed acid by spray roasting or evaporation
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.1.8. Emissions to water
BAT 30. |
In order to reduce the load of organic pollutants in water contaminated with oil or grease (e.g. from oil spillages or from the cleaning of rolling and tempering emulsions, degreasing solutions and wire drawing lubricants) that is sent to further treatment (see BAT 31), BAT is to separate the organic and the aqueous phase. |
Description
The organic phase is separated from the aqueous phase, e.g. by skimming or by emulsion splitting with suitable agents, evaporation or membrane filtration. The organic phase may be used for energy or material recovery (e.g. see BAT 34 (f)).
BAT 31. |
In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to treat waste water using a combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.20 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct discharges to a receiving water body
Table 1.21 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for indirect discharges to a receiving water body
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 8. |
1.1.9. Noise and vibrations
BAT 32. |
In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise and vibration emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review a noise and vibration management plan, as part of the EMS (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:
|
Applicability
The applicability is restricted to cases where a noise or vibration nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.
BAT 33. |
In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise and vibration emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
|
1.1.10. Residues
BAT 34. |
In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to avoid the disposal of metals, metal oxides and oily sludge and hydroxide sludge by using technique (a) and an appropriate combination of techniques (b) to (h) given below.
|
BAT 35. |
In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from hot dipping, BAT is to avoid the disposal of zinc-containing residues by using all of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 36. |
In order to improve the recyclability and recovery potential of the zinc-containing residues from hot dipping (i.e. zinc ash, top dross, bottom dross, zinc splashes, and fabric filter dust) as well as to prevent or reduce the environmental risk associated with their storage, BAT is to store them separately from each other and from other residues on:
|
BAT 37. |
In order to increase material efficiency and to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from texturing of working rolls, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.
Further sector-specific techniques to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal are given in Section 1.4.4 of these BAT conclusions. |
1.2. BAT conclusions for hot rolling
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
1.2.1. Energy efficiency
BAT 38. |
In order to increase energy efficiency in feedstock heating, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given in BAT 11 together with an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 39. |
In order to increase energy efficiency in rolling, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.22 BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific energy consumption in rolling
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6. |
1.2.2. Material efficiency
BAT 40. |
In order to increase material efficiency, and to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from feedstock conditioning, BAT is to avoid or, where that is not practicable, to reduce the need for conditioning by applying one or a combination of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 41. |
In order to increase material efficiency in rolling for the production of flat products, BAT is to reduce the generation of metallic scrap by using both of the techniques given below.
|
1.2.3. Emissions to air
BAT 42. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of dust, nickel and lead in mechanical processing (including slitting, descaling, grinding, roughing, rolling, finishing, levelling), scarfing and welding, BAT is to collect the emissions by using techniques (a) and (b) and in that case to treat the waste gas by using one or a combination of the techniques (c) to (e) given below.
Table 1.23 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of dust, lead and nickel to air from mechanical processing (including slitting, descaling, grinding, roughing, rolling, finishing, levelling), scarfing (other than manual scarfing) and welding
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
BAT 43. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of dust, nickel and lead in roughing and rolling in the case of low levels of dust generation (e.g. below 100 g/h (see BAT 42 (b))), BAT is to use water sprays. |
Description
Water spraying injection systems are installed at the exit side of each roughing and rolling stand to abate dust generation. The humidification of dust particles facilitates agglomeration and dust settling. The water is collected at the bottom of the stand and treated (see BAT 31).
1.3. BAT conclusions for cold rolling
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
1.3.1. Energy efficiency
BAT 44. |
In order to increase energy efficiency in rolling, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
Table 1.24 BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific energy consumption in rolling
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6. |
1.3.2. Material efficiency
BAT 45. |
In order to increase material efficiency and to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from rolling, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.
|
1.3.3. Emissions to air
BAT 46. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of dust, nickel and lead from decoiling, mechanical predescaling, levelling and welding, BAT is to collect the emissions by using technique (a) and in that case to treat the waste gas by using technique (b).
Table 1.25 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of dust, nickel and lead to air from decoiling, mechanical predescaling, levelling and welding
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
BAT 47. |
In order to prevent or reduce oil mist emissions to air from tempering, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 48. |
In order to reduce oil mist emissions to air from rolling, wet tempering and finishing, BAT is to use technique (a) in combination with technique (b) or in combination with both techniques (b) and (c) given below.
Table 1.26 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from rolling, wet tempering and finishing
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.4. BAT conclusions for wire drawing
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
1.4.1. Energy efficiency
BAT 49. |
In order to increase the energy and material efficiency of lead baths, BAT is to use either a floating protective layer on the surface of the lead baths or tank covers. |
Description
Floating protective layers and tank covers minimise heat losses and lead oxidation.
1.4.2. Material efficiency
BAT 50. |
In order to increase material efficiency and to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from wet drawing, BAT is to clean and reuse the wire drawing lubricant. |
Description
A cleaning circuit, e.g. with filtration and/or centrifugation, is used to clean the wire drawing lubricant for reuse.
1.4.3. Emissions to air
BAT 51. |
In order to reduce emissions to air of dust and lead from lead baths, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.
Table 1.27 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of dust and lead to air from lead baths
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
BAT 52. |
In order to reduce dust emissions to air from dry drawing, BAT is to collect the emissions by using technique (a) or (b) and to treat the waste gas by using technique (c) given below.
Table 1.28 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from dry drawing
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
BAT 53. |
In order to reduce oil mist emissions to air from oil quench baths, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.4.4. Residues
BAT 54. |
In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to avoid the disposal of lead-containing residues by recycling them, e.g. to the non-ferrous metals industries to produce lead. |
BAT 55. |
In order to prevent or reduce the environmental risk associated with the storage of lead-containing residues from lead baths (e.g. protective layer materials and lead oxides), BAT is to store lead-containing residues separately from other residues, on impermeable surfaces and in enclosed areas or in closed containers. |
1.5. BAT conclusions for hot dip coating of sheets and wires
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
1.5.1. Material efficiency
BAT 56. |
In order to increase material efficiency in continuous hot dipping of strips, BAT is to avoid excess coating with metals by using both of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 57. |
In order to increase material efficiency in continuous hot dipping of wire, BAT is to avoid excess coating with metals by using one of the techniques given below.
|
1.6. BAT conclusions for batch galvanising
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
1.6.1. Residues
BAT 58. |
In order to prevent the generation of spent acids with high zinc and high iron concentrations or, where that is not practicable, to reduce their quantity sent for disposal, BAT is to carry out pickling separately from stripping. |
Description
Pickling and stripping are carried out in separate tanks in order to prevent the generation of spent acids with high zinc and high iron concentrations or to reduce their quantity sent for disposal.
Applicability
Applicability to existing plants may be restricted by a lack of space in the event that additional tanks for stripping are needed.
BAT 59. |
In order to reduce the quantity of spent stripping solutions with high zinc concentrations sent for disposal, BAT is to recover the spent stripping solutions and/or the ZnCl2 and NH4Cl contained therein. |
Description
Techniques to recover spent stripping solutions with high zinc concentrations on site or off site include the following:
— |
Zinc removal by ion exchange. The treated acid can be used in pickling, while the ZnCl2- and NH4Cl-containing solution resulting from the stripping of the ion-exchange resin can be used for fluxing. |
— |
Zinc removal by solvent extraction. The treated acid can be used in pickling, while the zinc-containing concentrate resulting from stripping and evaporation can be used for other purposes. |
1.6.2. Material efficiency
BAT 60. |
In order to increase material efficiency in hot dipping, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.
|
BAT 61. |
In order to increase material efficiency and to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from blowing off excess zinc from galvanised tubes, BAT is to recover zinc-containing particles and to reuse them in the galvanising kettle or to send them for zinc recovery. |
1.6.3. Emissions to air
BAT 62. |
In order to reduce emissions of HCl to air from pickling and stripping in batch galvanising, BAT is to control the operating parameters (i.e. temperature and acid concentration in the bath) and to use the techniques given below with the following order of priority:
Technique (d) is BAT only for existing plants and provided that it ensures at least an equivalent level of environmental protection compared to using technique (c) in combination with techniques (a) or (b).
Table 1.29 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled HCl emissions to air from pickling and stripping with hydrochloric acid in batch galvanising
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7. |
1.6.4. Waste water discharge
BAT 63. |
It is not BAT to discharge waste water from batch galvanising. |
Description
Only liquid residues (e.g. spent pickling acid, spent degreasing solutions and spent fluxing solutions) are generated. These residues are collected. They are appropriately treated for recycling or recovery and/or sent for disposal (see BAT 18 and BAT 59).
1.7. Descriptions of techniques
1.7.1. Techniques to increase energy efficiency
Technique |
Description |
Coil boxes |
Insulated boxes are installed between the roughing mill and the finishing mill to minimise temperature losses from feedstock during coiling/uncoiling processes and allow for lower rolling forces in hot strip mills. |
Combustion optimisation |
Measures taken to maximise the efficiency of energy conversion in the furnace while minimising emissions (in particular of CO). This is achieved by a combination of techniques including good design of the furnace, optimisation of the temperature (e.g. efficient mixing of the fuel and combustion air) and residence time in the combustion zone, and use of furnace automation and control. |
Flameless combustion |
Flameless combustion is achieved by injecting fuel and combustion air separately into the combustion chamber of the furnace at high velocity to suppress flame formation and reduce the formation of thermal NOX while creating a more uniform heat distribution throughout the chamber. Flameless combustion can be used in combination with oxy-fuel combustion. |
Furnace automation and control |
The heating process is optimised by using a computer system controlling in real time key parameters such as furnace and feedstock temperature, the air to fuel ratio and the furnace pressure. |
Near-net-shape casting for thin slabs and beam blanks followed by rolling |
Thin slabs and beam blanks are produced by combining casting and rolling in one process step. The need to reheat the feedstock before rolling and the number of rolling passes are reduced. |
Optimisation of the SNCR/SCR design and operation |
Optimisation of the reagent to NOX ratio over the cross-section of the furnace or duct, of the size of the reagent drops and of the temperature window in which the reagent is injected. |
Oxy-fuel combustion |
Combustion air is replaced fully or partially with pure oxygen. Oxy-fuel combustion can be used in combination with flameless combustion. |
Preheating of combustion air |
Reuse of part of the heat recovered from the combustion flue-gas to preheat the air used in combustion. |
Process gas management system |
A system that enables iron and steel process gases to be directed to the feedstock heating furnaces, depending on their availability. |
Recuperative burner |
Recuperative burners employ different types of recuperators (e.g. heat exchangers with radiation, convection, compact or radiant tube designs) to directly recover heat from the flue-gases, which are then used to preheat the combustion air. |
Reduction of the rolling friction |
Rolling oils are carefully selected. Pure oil and/or emulsion systems are used to reduce the friction between the working rolls and the feedstock and to ensure minimal oil consumption. In HR, this is usually carried out in the first stands of the finishing mill. |
Regenerative burner |
Regenerative burners consist of two burners which are operated alternately and which contain beds of refractory or ceramic materials. While one burner is in operation, the heat of the flue-gas is absorbed by the refractory or ceramic materials of the other burner and then used to preheat the combustion air. |
Waste heat recovery boiler |
Heat from hot flue-gases is used to generate steam using a waste heat recovery boiler. The generated steam is used in other processes of the plant, for supplying a steam network or for generating electricity in a power plant. |
1.7.2. Techniques to reduce emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Combustion optimisation |
See Section 1.7.1. |
Demister |
Demisters are filter devices that remove entrained liquid droplets from a gas stream. They consist of a woven structure of metal or plastic wires, with a high specific surface area. Through their momentum, small droplets present in the gas stream impinge against the wires and coalesce into bigger drops. |
Electrostatic precipitator |
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) operate such that particles are charged and separated under the influence of an electrical field. Electrostatic precipitators are capable of operating under a wide range of conditions. Abatement efficiency may depend on the number of fields, residence time (size), and upstream particle removal devices. They generally include between two and five fields. Electrostatic precipitators can be of the dry or of the wet type depending on the technique used to collect the dust from the electrodes. Wet ESPs are typically used at the polishing stage to remove residual dust and droplets after wet scrubbing. |
Fabric filter |
Fabric filters, often referred to as bag filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases are passed to remove particles. The use of a fabric filter requires the selection of a fabric suitable for the characteristics of the waste gas and the maximum operating temperature. |
Flameless combustion |
See Section 1.7.1. |
Furnace automation and control |
See Section 1.7.1. |
Low-NOX burner |
The technique (including ultra-low-NOX burners) is based on the principles of reducing peak flame temperatures. The air/fuel mixing reduces the availability of oxygen and reduces the peak flame temperature, thus retarding the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NOX and the formation of thermal NOX, while maintaining high combustion efficiency. |
Optimisation of the SNCR/SCR design and operation |
See Section 1.7.1. |
Oxy-fuel combustion |
See Section 1.7.1. |
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) |
The SCR technique is based on the reduction of NOX to nitrogen in a catalytic bed by reaction with urea or ammonia at an optimum operating temperature of around 300–450 °C. Several layers of catalyst may be applied. A higher NOX reduction is achieved with the use of several catalyst layers. |
Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) |
SNCR is based on the reduction of NOX to nitrogen by reaction with ammonia or urea at a high temperature. The operating temperature window is maintained between 800 °C and 1 000 °C for optimal reaction. |
Wet scrubbing |
The removal of gaseous or particulate pollutants from a gas stream via mass transfer to a liquid solvent, often water or an aqueous solution. It may involve a chemical reaction (e.g. in an acid or alkaline scrubber). In some cases, the compounds may be recovered from the solvent. |
1.7.3. Techniques to reduce emissions to water
Technique |
Description |
Adsorption |
The removal of soluble substances (solutes) from the waste water by transferring them to the surface of solid, highly porous particles (typically activated carbon). |
Aerobic treatment |
The biological oxidation of dissolved organic pollutants with oxygen using the metabolism of microorganisms. In the presence of dissolved oxygen, injected as air or pure oxygen, the organic components are mineralised into carbon dioxide and water or are transformed into other metabolites and biomass. |
Chemical precipitation |
The conversion of dissolved pollutants into an insoluble compound by adding chemical precipitants. The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, air flotation or filtration. If necessary, this may be followed by microfiltration or ultrafiltration. Multivalent metal ions (e.g. calcium, aluminium, iron) are used for phosphorus precipitation. |
Chemical reduction |
The conversion of pollutants by chemical reducing agents into similar but less harmful or hazardous compounds. |
Coagulation and flocculation |
Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate suspended solids from waste water and are often carried out in successive steps. Coagulation is carried out by adding coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended solids. Flocculation is carried out by adding polymers, so that collisions of microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger flocs. |
Equalisation |
Balancing of flows and pollutant loads at the inlet of the final waste water treatment by using central tanks. Equalisation may be decentralised or carried out using other management techniques. |
Filtration |
The separation of solids from waste water by passing them through a porous medium, e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration. |
Flotation |
The separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas bubbles, usually air. The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are collected with skimmers. |
Nanofiltration |
A filtration process in which membranes with pore sizes of approximately 1 nm are used. |
Neutralisation |
The adjustment of the pH of waste water to a neutral level (approximately 7) by the addition of chemicals. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is generally used to increase the pH, whereas sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or carbon dioxide (CO2) is generally used to decrease the pH. The precipitation of some substances may occur during neutralisation. |
Physical separation |
The separation of gross solids, suspended solids and/or metal particles from the waste water using for example screens, sieves, grit separators, grease separators, hydrocyclones, oil-water separation or primary settlement tanks. |
Reverse osmosis |
A membrane process in which a pressure difference applied between the compartments separated by the membrane causes water to flow from the more concentrated solution to the less concentrated one. |
Sedimentation |
The separation of suspended particles and suspended material by gravitational settling. |
(1) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1).
(2) Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3).
(3) For any parameter where, due to sampling or analytical limitations and/or due to operational conditions, a 30-minute sampling/measurement and/or an average of three consecutive measurements is inappropriate, a more representative sampling/measurement procedure may be employed.
(4) To the extent possible, the measurements are carried out at the highest expected emission state under normal operating conditions.
(5) The monitoring does not apply when only electricity is used.
(6) If measurements are continuous, the following generic EN standards apply: EN 15267-1, EN 15267-2, EN 15267-3 and EN 14181.
(7) If measurements are continuous, EN 13284-2 also applies.
(8) If the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable, a lower monitoring frequency can be adopted but in any case at least once every 3 years.
(9) In the event that techniques (a) or (b) of BAT 62 are not applicable, measurement of the HCl concentration in the gaseous phase above the pickling bath is carried out at least once every year.
(10) The monitoring only applies when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream based on the inventory given in BAT 2.
(11) The monitoring does not apply if only natural gas is used as a fuel or when only electricity is used.
(12) In the case of batch discharge less frequent than the minimum monitoring frequency, monitoring is carried out once per batch.
(13) The monitoring only applies in the case of a direct discharge to a receiving water body.
(14) Monitoring frequencies may be reduced to once every month if the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable.
(15) Either COD or TOC is monitored. TOC monitoring is the preferred option because it does not rely on the use of very toxic compounds.
(16) In the case of an indirect discharge to a receiving water body, the monitoring frequency may be reduced to once every 3 months if the downstream waste water treatment plant is designed and equipped appropriately to abate the pollutants concerned.