This document is an excerpt from the EUR-Lex website
Document 52017PC0799
Recommendation for a COUNCIL DECISION authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
Recommendation for a COUNCIL DECISION authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
Recommendation for a COUNCIL DECISION authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
COM/2017/0799 final
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels, 20.12.2017
COM(2017) 799 final
Recommendation for a
COUNCIL DECISION
authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
1.CONTEXT OF THE RECOMMENDATION
In the globalised world where serious crime and terrorism are increasingly transnational and polyvalent, law enforcement authorities should be fully equipped to cooperate with external partners to ensure the security of their citizens. Europol should therefore be able to exchange personal data with law enforcement authorities of third countries to the extent necessary for the accomplishment of its tasks.
Since the entry into application of Regulation 2016/794 on 1 May 2017 1 and pursuant to the Treaty, the Commission is responsible, on behalf of the Union, for negotiating international agreements with third countries for the exchange of personal data with Europol. In so far as necessary for the performance of its tasks, Europol may establish and maintain cooperative relations with external partners through working and administrative arrangements that cannot by themselves be a legal basis for the exchange of personal data.
Taking into account the political strategy as outlined in the European Agenda on Security 2 , Council Conclusions 3 , and the Global Strategy 4 , the operational needs of law enforcement authorities across the EU, and the potential benefits of closer cooperation in this area, the Commission considers it necessary to start negotiations in the short-term with eight countries, as identified in the 11th progress report towards a genuine and effective Security Union 5 .
The Commission has made its assessment of priority countries taking into account Europol's operational needs. The Europol Strategy 2016-2020 identifies the Mediterranean region as priority for enhanced partnerships 6 . The Europol External Strategy 2017-2020 also stresses the need for closer cooperation between Europol and the Middle East/North Africa (MENA) due to the current terrorist threat and migration-related challenges 7 .
This Recommendation specifically concerns negotiations with Turkey, although cooperation with any country needs to be seen in the context of the region as a whole. The current instability in the region, especially the situation in Syria and Iraq, presents a significant long-term security threat to the EU that needs to be addressed urgently. This concerns both the effective fight against terrorism and related organised crime 8 , as well as the migration-related challenges being faced such as the facilitation of irregular migration and trafficking in human beings. Turkey has also demonstrated its interest in cooperating on counter terrorism with EU law enforcement, notably with the joint training organised by CEPOL. Cooperation with local law enforcement is critical to addressing these challenges.
Europol's current cooperation with Turkey is based on an Agreement on Strategic Cooperation concluded in 2004 9 . This agreement facilitates cooperation in exchange of strategic and technical information of mutual interest 10 , of law enforcement experience, of legislation, manuals, technical literature and other law enforcement material and training. The EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan of November 2015 agreed to further intensify cooperation with Europol through the deployment of a Turkish liaison officer. On 21 March 2016, Europol and Turkey signed a Liaison Agreement allowing for enhanced cooperation. As a result, a liaison officer representing the Turkish National Police was seconded to Europol in May 2016, which has resulted in some positive developments and contacts. However, these agreements do not authorise the exchange of data related to an identified individual or identifiable individuals 11 .
Political context
Turkey is a key partner for the European Union. Since 1964, when it was linked to the EU by an Association Agreement, cooperation with Turkey has increased. In December 1999 the European Council granted the status of candidate country to Turkey and accession negotiations were launched in October 2005. Deepening cooperation with Europol is relevant in the context fulfilling all remaining benchmarks under the Visa Liberalisation Roadmap 12 . At the EU-Turkey Summit held on 29 November 2015 it was agreed to expand and intensify the political dialogue across all areas, including foreign and security policy, migration and counter terrorism.
Turkey and the EU have reiterated their commitment to tackle the threat posed by Daesh and foreign terrorist fighters, as well as the threat posed and continues to pose by the PKK which the EU has designated as a terrorist organisation. At the EU-Turkey Counter-Terrorism Dialogue in June 2016, both sides agreed to explore ways of enhancing collaboration on information sharing, law enforcement and judicial cooperation, including in the field of terrorism-related deportations and the financing of terrorism. The interest in enhancing collaboration on information sharing was reiterated at the EU-Turkey Counter-terrorism Dialogue in November 2017; a high-level seminar on counter-terrorism cooperation and arms trafficking at Europol is envisaged.
Turkey and the EU have also reiterated their commitment to work together to drive forward international efforts such as the Global Counter Terrorism Forum (GCTF), the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL/Daesh and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 13 .
Cooperation in the area of migration was stepped up on the basis of a Joint Action Plan activated at the EU-Turkey Summit held on 29 November 2015 and the EU-Turkey Statement of 18 March 2016, with the aim to end irregular migration from Turkey to the EU, in full compliance with EU and international standards. The EU-Turkey Statement has been producing tangible results, despite the challenging circumstances. The number of irregular border crossings since activation of the Statement continues to be substantially reduced and the loss of lives has been stemmed.
Operational needs
Based on data in the SOCTA 2017 14 and TE-SAT 2017 15 , the above discussions, as well as, inter alia, Europol's in-house expert knowledge, cooperation with Turkey is needed in particular to counter the following crime phenomena:
Terrorism: Recent terrorist attacks illustrate the terrorist threat faced by both Turkey and the EU. Islamist terrorism, in particular Daesh but also al-Qaeda, constitutes a common threat. As regards European foreign terrorist fighters, Turkey has been the main transit hub for travel to, and return from Syria and Iraq. Both Turkey and the EU have reiterated their commitment to stem this flow. Turkish authorities have made significant efforts in this regard but stressed the importance of receiving advance information on suspected travellers. Recent incidents have also shown that insufficient, delayed or uncoordinated exchange of information could allow arrested travellers to return undetected to Europe.
In addition, while the PKK is assessed to pose a low threat to Europe, the EU has recognised the grave threat it posed to Turkey. The PKK has been designated as a terrorist organisation by the EU.
The exchange of operational information will support joint work to counter this terrorist threat, including to address fundraising, propaganda and recruitment activities in the EU.
Migrant smuggling: Migrant smugglers are using Turkey to smuggle migrants from Asia, Africa and the Middle East into Europe. Irregular migrants enter Turkey through eastern Turkish land borders with Iran, Iraq and Syria and also via air borders, in particular by transiting through Istanbul airport. Istanbul itself operates as a hub for irregular migrants before they proceed to either the land borders with Bulgaria and Greece, or to the Aegean coastline.
Since the EU-Turkey Statement agreed on 18 March 2016, the numbers of irregular border crossings from Turkey to Greece have remained substantially reduced. However, despite patrolling exercised by the Turkish authorities in the coastal, land and airports areas, and the systematic interception of irregular migrants, organised smuggling networks still continue to operate. The modi operandi are constantly changing and routes are further diversifying.
The Turkish services have made significant efforts to dismantle criminal groups and taken effective actions against vessels to be used by smugglers using information provided by EU Member States. However, there is a clear need to further enhance investigation and prosecution capacity as well as operational cooperation with EU Member States.
Despite improvements in setting up a framework for addressing trafficking in human beings, the migration pressure has exacerbated the challenges faced in this area.
Drug trafficking: Turkey has long been and remains a significant transit country for illicit drug trafficking. Heroin, opium, and cocaine are generally trafficked through Turkey to European markets, and methamphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants are trafficked to markets in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Large amounts of opiates and hashish continue to be seized in Turkey.
Illicit trafficking of firearms: crime rates and the smuggling of weapons from Syria represents a potential danger for the EU. This creates a threat for the security both in the short and the long term. The cooperation with Turkey therefore constitutes a strategic priority, both to slow the flow of illicit firearms to its neighbours and prevent trafficking into the EU.
Counter-terrorist financing / Money laundering: FATF highlighted in 2014 the potential benefits of cooperation in countering terrorism financing, building on Europol's specific instruments as well as Turkey significant progress in the area.
Turkey is an important regional financial centre, particularly for Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Turkey’s rapid economic growth over the past 15 years, combined with its commercial relationships and geographical proximity to unstable, conflict-ridden areas, such as Iraq, Syria, and Crimea, makes Turkey vulnerable to money laundering risks.
Counterfeit goods: Turkey is a major source and transhipment point of counterfeit goods, especially to the EU.
Other significant sources of funding for organised crime include excise and MTIC (Missing Trader Intra Community) fraud and environmental crime.
2.LEGAL ELEMENTS OF THE RECOMMENDATION
Regulation (EU) 2016/794 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) sets out a legal framework for Europol, in particular its objectives, tasks, scope of competence, data protection safeguards and ways to cooperate with external partners.
This Recommendation is consistent with the provisions of the Europol Regulation.
The objective of this recommendation is to obtain from the Council the authorisation for the Commission to negotiate the future agreement on behalf of the EU. The legal basis for the Council to authorise the opening of negotiations is Article 218(3) and (4) TFEU.
In line with Article 218 of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Commission shall be nominated as the Union negotiator for the agreement between the European Union and Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism.
Recommendation for a
COUNCIL DECISION
authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and in particular Article 218(3) and (4) thereof,
Having regard to the recommendation from the European Commission,
Whereas:
(1)Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council 16 was adopted on 11 May 2016 and is applicable as of 1 May 2017.
(2)This Regulation, in particular its Article 25, sets out the rules for the transfer of personal data from the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) to third countries and international organisations. Europol may transfer personal data to an authority of a third country on the basis of an international agreement concluded between the Union and that third country pursuant to Article 218 TFEU adducing adequate safeguards with respect to the protection of privacy and fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
(3)Negotiations should be opened with a view to concluding such an Agreement between the European Union and Turkey.
(4)The Agreement should respect the fundamental rights and observe the principles recognised by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, in particular the right to private and family life, recognised in Article 7 of the Charter, the right to the protection of personal data, recognised in Article 8 of the Charter and the right to effective remedy and fair trial recognised by Article 47 of the Charter. The Agreement should be applied in accordance with those rights and principles.
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
Article 1
The Commission is hereby authorised to negotiate, on behalf of the Union, between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism.
Article 2
The negotiating directives are set out in the Annex.
Article 3
The negotiations shall be conducted in consultation with [name of the special committee to be inserted by the Council].
Article 4
This Decision is addressed to the Commission.
Done at Brussels,
For the Council
The President
Turkey can send, but not receive data. Indirect transmission via Interpol is a useful channel but not the most effective or rapid solution to address cases requiring immediate reaction.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels,20.12.2017
COM(2017) 799 final
ANNEX
to the
Recommendation for a COUNCIL DECISION
authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
ANNEX
Directives for the negotiation of an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the Turkish competent authorities for fighting serious crime and terrorism
In the course of the negotiations the Commission should aim to achieve the objectives set out in detail below.
(1)The objective of the Agreement shall be to provide the legal basis for the transfer of personal data between Europol and the competent authorities of Turkey respectively, in order to support and strengthen the action by the competent authorities of this country and Member States as well as their mutual cooperation in preventing and combatting serious transnational crime and terrorism, while ensuring appropriate safeguards with respect to the protection of privacy, personal data and fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
(2)To guarantee purpose limitation, cooperation under the Agreement shall only relate to crimes and related criminal offences falling within Europol's competence in accordance with Article 3 of Regulation 2016/794 (together "criminal offences"). In particular, cooperation should be aimed at tackling terrorism and preventing radicalisation, disrupting organised crime notably illicit trafficking of firearms, drug trafficking, migrant smuggling and counterfeit goods, and fighting cybercrime.
(3)The Agreement shall spell out clearly and precisely the necessary safeguards and controls with respect to the protection of personal data, fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, irrespective of nationality and place of residence, in the exchange of personal data between Europol and the Turkish competent authorities.
In particular:
(a)The purposes of the processing of personal data by the Parties in the context of the Agreement shall be spelt out clearly and precisely, and shall be no wider than what is necessary in individual cases for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and criminal offences referred to in the Agreement.
(b)Personal data transferred by Europol in accordance with the Agreement shall be processed fairly, on a legitimate basis and only for the purposes for which they have been transferred. The Agreement shall provide the possibility for Europol to indicate, at the moment of transferring the data, any restriction on access or use, including as regards its transfer, erasure or destruction. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to that purpose. It shall be accurate and kept up to date. It shall not be retained for longer than is necessary for the purposes for which they have been transferred.
(c)The transfer of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade-union membership, genetic data and data concerning a person's health and sex life by Europol shall be prohibited, unless it is strictly necessary and proportionate in individual cases for preventing or combating criminal offences as referred to in the Agreement and subject to appropriate safeguards. The Agreement should also contain specific safeguards relating to the transfer of personal data on victims of criminal offence, witnesses or other persons who can provide information concerning criminal offences, as well as minors.
(d)The Agreement shall ensure enforceable rights of individuals whose personal data are processed by laying down rules on the right of access, rectification and erasure, including the specific grounds which may allow any necessary and proportionate restrictions. The Agreement shall also ensure enforceable rights of administrative and judicial redress for any person whose data are processed under the agreement and guaranteeing effective remedies.
(e)The Agreement shall lay down the rules on storage, review, correction and deletion of personal data as well as on keeping records for the purposes of logging and documentation as well as on information to be made available to individuals. It should also provide for safeguards in respect to automated processing of personal data.
(f)The Agreement shall specify the criteria on the basis of which the reliability of the source and accuracy of the data shall be indicated.
(g)The Agreement shall include the obligation to ensure security of personal data through appropriate technical and organisational measures, including by allowing only authorised persons to have access to personal data. The Agreement shall also include the obligation of notification in the event of a personal data breach affecting data transferred under the Agreement.
(h)Onward transfers of information from competent authorities of Turkey to other authorities in Turkey shall only be allowed for the purposes of the Agreement and shall be made subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards.
(i)The same conditions as under (h) shall apply to onward transfers of information from competent authorities of Turkey to authorities in a third country, with the additional requirement that such onward transfers shall be allowed only with respect to third countries to which Europol is entitled to transfer personal data on the basis of Article 25(1) of Regulation (EU) 2016/794.
(j)The Agreement shall ensure a system of oversight by one or more independent public authorities responsible for data protection with effective powers of investigation and intervention to exercise oversight over those public authorities of Turkey that use personal data/exchanged information, and to engage in legal proceedings. In particular, the independent authorities shall have powers to hear complaints from individuals about the use of their personal data. Public authorities that use personal data shall be accountable for complying with the rules on the protection of personal data under the Agreement.
(4)The Agreement shall provide for an effective dispute settlement mechanism with respect to its interpretation and application to ensure that the parties observe mutually agreed rules.
(5)The Agreement shall include a provision on the entry into force and validity and a provision whereby a Party may terminate or suspend it.
(6)The Agreement may include a clause addressing its territorial application, if necessary.
(7)The Agreement may include provisions on the monitoring and periodic evaluation of the Agreement.
(8)The Agreement shall be equally authentic in the Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish languages and shall include a language clause to that effect.
