| |
| EVROPSKA KOMISIJA | EUROPEAN COMMISSION |
| Bruselj, 31.10.2018 | Brussels, 31.10.2018 |
| COM(2018) 728 final | COM(2018) 728 final |
| POROČILO KOMISIJE EVROPSKEMU PARLAMENTU, SVETU, EVROPSKEMU EKONOMSKO-SOCIALNEMU ODBORU IN ODBORU REGIJ | REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS |
| o izvajanju sporazumov o prosti trgovini 1. januar 2017‒31. december 2017 | on Implementation of Free Trade Agreements 1 January 2017 - 31 December 2017 |
| {SWD(2018) 454 final} | {SWD(2018) 454 final} |
| Preglednica 1 Pregled sporazumov, zajetih v tem poročilu (1. del) | Table 1 Overview of the agreements Covered by this Report (part 1) |
| Preglednica 1 Pregled sporazumov, zajetih v tem poročilu (2. del) | Table 1 Overview of the agreements Covered by this Report (part 2) |
| 1.Uvod | 1.Introduction |
| 2.Pregled glavnih ugotovitev | 2.overview of main findings |
| 3.Sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije: Južna Koreja, Kolumbija-Ekvador-Peru, Srednja Amerika in Kanada | 3.new generation FTAs: South Korea, Colombia-ecuador-peru, Central america, Canada |
| 3.1SPORAZUM O PROSTI TRGOVINI MED EU IN JUŽNO KOREJO | 3.1 EU-SOUTH KOREA FTA |
| 3.2TRGOVINSKI SPORAZUMI MED EU TER KOLUMBIJO, EKVADORJEM IN PERUJEM | 3.2 EU TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, PERU |
| 3.3SPORAZUM O PRIDRUŽITVI MED EU IN SREDNJO AMERIKO | 3.3 EU ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT WITH CENTRAL AMERICA |
| 3.4.Celoviti gospodarski in trgovinski sporazum med EU in Kanado (CETA) | 3.4.EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement- CETA |
| 4.POGLOBLJENA IN CELOVITA PROSTOTRGOVINSKA OBMOČJA | 4.DEEP AND COMPREHENSIVE FREE TRADE AREAS (DCFTAs) |
| 5.SPORAZUMI O PROSTI TRGOVINI PRVE GENERACIJE | 5.FIRST GENERATION FTAs |
| 5.1Švica | 5.1 Switzerland |
| 5.2Norveška | 5.2 Norway |
| 5.3Sredozemske države | 5.3 Mediterranean countries |
| 5.4Mehika | 5.4 Mexico |
| 5.5Čile | 5.5Chile |
| 5.6Carinska unija s Turčijo | 5.6 Customs Union with Turkey |
| 5.7Stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazumi z Zahodnim Balkanom | 5.7 Stabilisation and Association Agreements with the Western Balkans |
| 6.Sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu z afriškimi, karibskimi in pacifiškimi državami | 6.Economic Partnership Agreements (Epas) With African, Caribbean and Pacific (acp) Countries |
| 6.1.Sporazum o gospodarskem sodelovanju z Južnoafriško razvojno skupnostjo (SADC) | 6.1.Southern African Development Community (SADC) EPA |
| 6.2.Začasni sporazum o gospodarskem sodelovanju z državami Vzhodne in Južne Afrike | 6.2.Eastern and Southern African (ESA) Interim EPA |
| 6.3.Sporazum o gospodarskem sodelovanju s Karibskim forumom afriških, karibskih in pacifiških držav (Cariforum) | 6.3.Forum of the Caribbean Group of ACP States (CARIFORUM) EPA |
| 6.4.Sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu s pacifiškimi državami ter sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Gano, Slonokoščeno obalo in Kamerunom | 6.4.Pacific EPA and EPAs with Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon |
| 7.Trgovina in trajnostni razvoj: najnovejše informacije o nedavnih dejavnostih | 7.Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD): update on recent activities |
| 8.Pod drobnogledom: trgovina s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini | 8.In Focus: agri- food trade under ftas |
| 9.Najnovejše informacije o tekočih in prihodnjih dejavnostih | 9.update on pending and future activities |
| 10.IZVRŠEVANJE ZAKONODAJE | 10.LEGAL ENFORCEMENT |
| Priloga 1 – Uporaba preferencialov za uvoz v EU | Annex 1 – Preference Use on Imports into the EU |
| Priloga 2 – UPORABA PREFERENCIALOV ZA IZVOZ IZ EU | Annex 2 – PREFERENCE USE ON EXPORTS FROM THE EU |
| Priloga 3 – SEZNAM KRATIC | Annex 3 – LIST OF ACRONYMS |
| Preglednica 1 Pregled sporazumov, zajetih v tem poročilu (1. del) | Table 1 Overview of the agreements Covered by this Report (part 1) |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije | "New generation" FTAs |
| Partnerska država | Začetek uporabe | Partner | Applied since |
| Sporazum o prosti trgovini med EU in Južno Korejo | 1. julija 2011 | EU-South Korea FTA | 1 July 2011 |
| Sporazum o prosti trgovini med EU, Kolumbijo, Perujem in Ekvadorjem | 1. marca 2013 za Peru, 1. avgusta 2013 za Kolumbijo, 1. januarja 2017 za Ekvador. | EU-Colombia-Peru-Ecuador FTA | 1 March 2013 for Peru; 1 August 2013 for Colombia; since 1 January 2017 for Ecuador. |
| Sporazum o pridružitvi med EU in Srednjo Ameriko | Od 1. avgusta 2013 se trgovinski steber uporablja za Honduras, Nikaragvo in Panamo, od 1. oktobra 2013 za Kostariko in Salvador, od 1. decembra 2013 za Gvatemalo. | EU-Central America Association Agreement | 1 August 2013: trade pillar applies with Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama, 1 October 2013: Costa Rica and El Salvador; 1 December 2013: Guatemala. |
| Celoviti gospodarski in trgovinski sporazum med EU in Kanado (CETA) | 21. septembra 2017 | EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) | 21 September 2017 |
| Poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja | Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) |
| EU in Gruzija | 1. septembra 2014, veljati je začelo 1. julija 2016. | EU-Georgia | 1 September 2014, and entered into force on 1 July 2016. |
| EU in Moldavija | 1. septembra 2014, veljati je začelo 1. julija 2016. | EU-Moldova | 1 September 2014, and entered into force on 1 July 2016. |
| EU in Ukrajina | 1. januarja 2016, veljati je začelo 1. septembra 2017. | EU-Ukraine | 1 January 2016, and entered into force on 1 September 2017. |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini (SPT) prve generacije | "First generation" FTAs |
| Partnerska država | Začetek uporabe | Partner | Applied since |
| Carinska unija med EU in Turčijo | Pridružitveni sporazum je bil podpisan leta 1963, končna faza carinske unije je bila končana 1. januarja 1996. | EU-Turkey Customs Union | Association Agreement signed in 1963; final phase of the customs union completed on 1 January 1996. |
| EU in Švica | leta 1972 | EU-Switzerland | 1972 |
| EU in Norveška | 1. julija 1973 | EU-Norway | 1 July 1973 |
| EU in Izrael | 1. januarja 1996 | EU-Israel | 1 January 1996 |
| EU in Jordanija | 1. maja 2002 | EU-Jordan | 1 May 2002 |
| EU in Palestina 1 | 1. julija 1997 | EU - Palestine 1 | 1 July 1997 |
| EU in Tunizija | 1. marca 1998 | EU - Tunisia | 1 March 1998 |
| EU in Maroko | 18. marca 2000 | EU - Morocco | 18 March 2000 |
| EU in Libanon | 1. marca 2003 | EU-Lebanon | 1 March 2003 |
| EU in Egipt | 21. decembra 2003 | EU-Egypt | 21 December 2003 |
| EU in Alžirija | 1. septembra 2005 | EU-Algeria | 1 September 2005 |
| Splošni sporazum med EU in Mehiko | Sporazum o prosti trgovini za blago se uporablja od 1. julija 2000. Sporazum o prosti trgovini za storitve se uporablja od 1. marca 2001. | EU – Mexico Global Agreement | FTA for goods applied since 1 July 2000. Service FTA applied since 1 March 2001. |
| Preglednica 1 Pregled sporazumov, zajetih v tem poročilu (2. del) | Table 1 Overview of the agreements Covered by this Report (part 2) |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini (SPT) prve generacije | "First generation" FTAs |
| Partnerska država | Začetek uporabe | Partner | Applied since |
| Pridružitveni sporazum med EU in Čilom | 1. februarja 2003 | EU-Chile Association Agreement | 1 February 2003 |
| SPS 2 med EU in nekdanjo jugoslovansko republiko Makedonijo | Začasni sporazum o trgovini se uporablja od 1. junija 2001. | EU – the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia SAA 2 | Interim Agreement on trade 1 June 2001 |
| SPS med EU in Albanijo | Začasni sporazum o trgovini se uporablja od 1. decembra 2006. | EU-Albania SAA | Interim Agreement on trade 1 December 2006 |
| SPS med EU in Črno goro | Začasni sporazum o trgovini se uporablja od 1. januarja 2008. | EU-Montenegro SAA | Interim Agreement on trade1 January 2008 |
| SPS med EU in Srbijo | Začasni sporazum o trgovini se za Srbijo uporablja od 1. februarja 2009, za EU pa od 8. decembra 2009. | EU-Serbia SAA | Interim Agreement on trade for Serbia: 1 February 2009; for the EU: 8 December 2009 |
| SPS med EU ter Bosno in Hercegovino | Začasni sporazum o trgovini se uporablja od 1. julija 2008. | EU-Bosnia and Herzegovina SAA | Interim Agreement on trade 1 July 2008 |
| SPS med EU in Kosovom 3 | 1. aprila 2016 | EU-Kosovo 3 SAA | 1 April 2016 |
| Sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu | Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) |
| Partnerska država | Začetek uporabe | Partner | Applied since |
| EU in pacifiške države | 28. julija 2014 za Fidži, 20. decembra 2009 za Papuo Novo Gvinejo | EU-Pacific | 28 July 2014: Fiji; 20 December 2009: Papua New Guinea. |
| EU in Cariforum | 29. decembra 2008 za Antigvo in Barbudo, Belize, Bahame, Barbados, Dominiko, Dominikansko republiko, Grenado, Gvajano, Jamajko, Saint Kitts in Nevis, Sveto Lucijo, Saint Vincent in Grenadine, Surinam ter Trinidad in Tobago. | EU-Cariforum | 29 December 2008: Antigua & Barbuda; Belize; Bahamas; Barbados; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Grenada; Guyana; Jamaica; St. Kitts & Nevis; Saint Lucia; St. Vincent & the Grenadines; Suriname; and Trinidad & Tobago. |
| EU ter vzhodno- in južnoafriška podregija | 14. maja 2012 za Madagaskar, Mauritius, Sejšele in Zimbabve | EU-Eastern and Southern African (ESA) sub-region | 14 May 2012: Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Zimbabwe. |
| EU in Centralna Afrika | 4. avgusta 2014 za Kamerun | EU- Central Africa EPA | 4 August 2014: Cameroon |
| EU in SADC (Južnoafriška razvojna skupnost) | 10. oktobra 2016 za Bocvano, Lesoto, Namibijo, Južno Afriko in Esvatini, 4. februarja 2018 za Mozambik | EU-SADC (Southern African Development Community) EPA | 10October 2016: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland; 4 February 2018: Mozambique. |
| Začasni sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu med EU in Gano | 15. decembra 2016 | EU-Ghana Interim EPA | 15 December 2016 |
| Začasni sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu med EU in Slonokoščeno obalo | 3. septembra 2016 | EU- Côte d’Ivoire Interim EPA | 3 September 2016 |
| 1.Uvod | 1.Introduction |
| 1.1 Namen poročila | 1.1. Why this Report? |
| Dvostranski in regionalni sporazumi o prosti trgovini so močna gonila gospodarske rasti. Z izkoriščanjem globalizacije prinašajo pomembne koristi ljudem in družbam v Evropski uniji (EU) in njenih partnerskih državah. Sporazumi o prosti trgovini pomembno prispevajo k uspešnosti zunanje trgovine EU, saj odpirajo nove trge za izvoznike in omogočajo bolj predvidljivo, na pravilih temelječe poslovno okolje, ki koristi potrošniški izbiri in konkurenci. Čeprav je odprava tarif in netarifnih ovir onkraj meje še vedno ključna značilnost trgovinskih sporazumov, so čedalje pomembnejši tudi drugi elementi. Zdaj so v ospredju zlasti pravila, ki podpirajo prosto in pravično trgovino (npr. pravila, povezana z varstvom pravic intelektualne lastnine in pravila konkurence), ter pravila o varstvu pravic delavcev in okolja. Poleg tega lahko nekateri sporazumi o prosti trgovini ponudijo priložnost za tesnejše sodelovanje med pogodbenicami pri številnih vprašanjih, od raziskav in inovacij do standardizacije in podnebnih sprememb. | Bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) are major drivers of economic growth. Through harnessing globalisation, they bring important benefits for the people and companies in the European Union (EU) and in our partner countries. FTAs are major contributors to the EU's external trade performance as they open up new markets for exporters and offer a more predictable, rules-based business environment beneficial to consumer choice and competition. While removing tariffs and behind- the- border non-tariff barriers remain key features of trade agreements, other elements are gaining in importance. In particular, rules supporting free and fair trade (e.g related to IPR protection and competition rules), but also rules protecting labour rights and the environment have come to the fore. In addition, some FTAs may offer an opportunity for closer cooperation between the parties on a range of issues, from research and innovation to standardisation and climate change. |
| Ob tem ko EU sklene čedalje več trgovinskih sporazumov, se povečuje tudi zanimanje javnosti za njihove učinke. Da bi se analizirale dejanske in morebitne koristi pomembnih trgovinskih sporazumov 4 , se je Komisija v sporočilu Trgovina za vse 5 zavezala, da bo letno ocenila izvajanje teh sporazumov, s čimer se bodo osvetlili napredek, izzivi, ki še ostajajo, in ukrepi, ki jih Komisija sprejme za uresničitev polnega potenciala sporazumov o prosti trgovini. | As the number of trade agreements concluded by the EU has been increasing, so has public interest in their impacts. To analyse the real and potential benefits of major trade agreements 4 , the Commission itself in its "Trade for All" Communication 5 committed to take stock annually on how these agreements are being implemented, shedding light on progress but also the challenges that remain and the steps the Commission is taking so that FTAs can reach their full potential. |
| V skladu s prvim poročilom 6 , objavljenim novembra 2017, je namen tega drugega letnega poročila o izvajanju sporazumov o prosti trgovini (v nadaljnjem besedilu: poročilo) povečati ozaveščenost in preglednost glede tega, kako Komisija izvaja sporazume o prosti trgovini. Poročilo bi moralo drugim institucijam EU, državam članicam EU, civilni družbi, podjetjem in vsem, ki so udeleženi v trgovinski politiki EU, omogočiti pregled in razpravo o tem, kako EU uporablja svoje sporazume o prosti trgovini. Tako zbrane informacije se bodo uporabile tudi pri prihodnjih trgovinskih pogajanjih. Poročilo poleg tega zagotavlja koristen vpogled v to, koliko koristi imajo države v razvoju od sporazumov o prosti trgovini z EU in kako bolje prilagoditi razvojno pomoč v skladu z na novo posodobljeno strategijo pomoči za trgovino . | In line with the first report 6 published in Novemver 2017 this second Annual Report on FTA Implementation (hereinafter: "the report") is meant to increase awareness and transparency on how the Commission implements FTAs. The report should enable the other EU institutions, EU Member States, civil society, business and everyone with a stake in EU trade policy to scrutinise and debate how the EU is applying its FTAs. The information gathered through this exercise will also inform future trade negotiations. In addition, the report also provides useful insights about the extent to which developing countries are benefitting from FTAs with the EU, and on how to better tailor development assistance in line with the newly updated Aid-for-Trade strategy . |
| 1.2 Podatki, uporabljeni za poročilo | 1.2 Data used for the report |
| Če ni navedeno drugače, splošni statistični podatki o trgovanju 7 v poročilu o razvoju trgovine in naložbenih tokov temeljijo na podatkih Eurostata (COMEXT), kot so bili na voljo 15. julija 2018 8 . Če ni navedeno drugače, so najnovejši letni podatki, na voljo za trgovino z blagom, za leto 2017, za storitve in naložbe pa za leto 2016. Statistični podatki o stopnjah uporabe preferencialov 9 temeljijo na upravnih podatkih, ki jih zbere država uvoznica. Stopnje uporabe preferencialov kažejo, koliko trgovinski tokovi izkoristijo preferenciale v okviru trgovinskega sporazuma. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov delež uvoza ali izvoza, ki vstopa na podlagi trgovinskih preferencialov, izraža kot delež skupne vrednosti uvoza ali izvoza, upravičenega do preferencialov po posameznih partnerskih državah, tj. skupne vrednosti uvoza ali izvoza, upravičenega do uporabe preferencialov, deljene z uvozom/izvozom, ki je dejansko vstopil na podlagi sheme preferencialov. Uvoz/izvoz, upravičen do preferencialov, obstaja, če je uporabljena preferencialna tarifa nižja od uporabljenih največjih tarifnih ugodnosti. Posledično se trgovina brez dajatve za države z največjimi ugodnostmi ne vključi v izračune. | General trade statistics 7 in the report on the evolution of trade and investment flows use, except where indicated otherwise, EUROSTAT data (COMEXT) as was available on 15 July 2018. 8 Except where indicated otherwise, the most recent annual data available for trade in goods is for 2017, that for services and investment, 2016. Statistics on preference utilisation rates (PURs) 9 are based on administrative data collected by the importing country. PURs show to what extent trade flows make use of preferences under a trade agreement. The PUR reflects the share of imports or exports entering under trade preferences as a share of the total value of imports or exports eligible for preferences by partner country, i.e. total value of imports or exports eligible for use of preferences divided by the imports/exports that actually entered under the preference scheme. Preference eligible imports/exports exist if the applied preferential tariff is lower than the applied Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff. Subsequently MFN-duty free trade is not included in the calculations. |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz partnerskih držav, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, temelji na podatkih Eurostata. Eurostat združi tarife in trgovinske tokove, da oblikuje nabor podatkov, iz katerega Komisija pridobi informacije o obravnavi, do katere je proizvod upravičen, in obsegu, v katerem se uporabi ta upravičena obravnava. Ta nabor podatkov je usklajen in dosleden 10 ter omogoča primerjavo med partnerskimi državami in po letih. | The PUR on imports into the EU from FTA partners is based on Eurostat figures. Eurostat merges tariffs and trade flows to build a dataset from which the Commission extracts information on both the treatment a product is eligible for and the extent to which this eligible treatment is used. The dataset obtained is harmonised and consistent 10 and allows for comparison across partner countries and years. |
| Nasprotno pa Komisija pri izračunu stopenj uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, uporabi upravne podatke, ki jih zbere ustrezna zadevna tretja država uvoznica. Ti statistični podatki niso usklajeni. Zato bi bilo treba neposredne primerjave med partnerskimi državami ali z uvozom EU obravnavati le kot okvirne. Stopnje uporabe preferencialov se navedejo le, če so na voljo dovolj zanesljivi podatki. | By contrast, to calculate the PURs on exports from the EU to FTA partners the Commission uses administrative data collected by the respective importing third country concerned. These statistics are not harmonised. Hence, direct comparisons between partner countries or with EU imports should merely be seen as indicative. PURs are only provided where sufficiently reliable data was available. |
| 1.3 Obseg in struktura poročila | 1.3 Coverage and structure of the report |
| To poročilo zagotavlja najnovejše informacije o dejavnostih Komisije v zvezi z izvajanjem sporazumov o prosti trgovini, v njem pa so povzete v glavnem novosti v zvezi s 35 pomembnejšimi trgovinskimi sporazumi EU z 62 partnerskimi državami, ki so se leta 2017 uporabljali vsaj nekaj mesecev (glej preglednico I). Podrobne informacije o posameznem sporazumu so na voljo v delovnem dokumentu služb Komisije, priloženem temu poročilu. | The present reportprovides an update of the Commission's activities in FTA implementation and summarises the main developments regarding 35 major EU trade agreements with 62 partner countries that were applied at least for several months in 2017 (see Table I). Detailed information on each individual agreement can be found in a Staff Working Document accompanying this report. |
| ·V oddelku 2 so povzete nekatere od glavnih ugotovitev glede glavnih področij, zajetih v sporazumih, ter opisani doseženi napredek in nerešena vprašanja; | ·Section 2 sums up some of the main findings across the main areas covered by the agreements, describing progress achieved and outstanding issues. |
| ·oddelki od 3 do 6 zajemajo najpomembnejše dogodke v vsaki od kategorij sporazumov o prosti trgovini, in sicer: | ·Sections 3-6 cover the highlights within each category of FTA: |
| osporazumov o prosti trgovini nove generacije (oddelek 3), | o"New generation" FTAs (section 3) |
| opoglobljenih in celovitih prostotrgovinskih območij (oddelek 4), | oDeep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs; section 4) |
| osporazumov o prosti trgovini prve generacije (oddelek 5) in | o"First generation" FTAs (section 5) and |
| osporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu (oddelek 6); | oEconomic Partnership Agreements (section 6). |
| ·v oddelku 7 je obravnavano izvajanje zavez v zvezi s trgovino in trajnostnim razvojem; | ·Section 7 looks at the implementation of commitments related to Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD). |
| ·oddelek 8 vsebuje pregled trgovine s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini; | ·Section 8 takes stock of agri-food trade under FTAs. |
| ·v oddelku 9 je proučeno tekoče delo Komisije za večjo ozaveščenost in izboljšanje uporabe sporazumov o prosti trgovini; | ·Section 9 examines the Commission's ongoing work to raise awareness and improve uptake of FTAs. |
| ·v oddelku 10 je prikazano trenutno stanje v zvezi z izvrševanjem zakonodaje. | ·Section 10 reflects the state of play in regard to legal enforcement. |
| 2.Pregled glavnih ugotovitev | 2.overview of main findings |
| 2.1 Ozadje | 2.1 Background |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini močno spodbujajo odprtje trgov in ustvarjanje okvirnih pogojev, ki so ugodni za trgovino in naložbe. Trgovinski sporazumi družbam v EU omogočajo povečanje izvoza in uvoza, kar prispeva k povečanju bruto domačega proizvoda EU (BDP). Ugotovljena je bila tudi jasna povezava med zaposlovanjem (v EU in tujini) in dodano vrednostjo, ki jo ustvari izvoz iz EU v preostale dele sveta 11 . Ob tem se s sporazumi o prosti trgovini poskuša doseči številne dodatne cilje, splošne in specifične za partnersko državo ali regijo. EU je odločena zagotoviti, da bo trgovinska politika spodbujala tudi vrednote, kot so varstvo človekovih pravic, pravice delavcev, varstvo okolja in boj proti podnebnim spremembam. | FTAs are major catalysts in opening markets and generating the framework conditions conducive to trade and investment. Trade agreements enable EU companies to increase their exports and imports, which contributes to increasing the EU's gross domestic product (GDP). A clear link has also been established between (EU and foreign) employment and value added generated by EU exports to the rest of the world. 11 But FTAs also pursue a range of additional objectives, both general and specific to the partner country or region. The EU is committed to ensuring that trade policy is also about promoting values, such as the protection of human rights, labour rights, the environment and the fight against climate change. |
| Poleg tega so poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja s partnerskimi državami EU iz vzhodnega sosedstva, tj. z Moldavijo, Ukrajino in Gruzijo, močno odvisna od postopnega približevanja zakonodaje teh držav pravnemu redu EU. Sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu z afriškimi, karibskimi in pacifiškimi državami so asimetrični sporazumi, ki partnerskim državam EU zagotavljajo dostop do trga EU brez carin in kvot, ta dostop pa dopolnjujejo tehnična pomoč in ukrepi razvojne pomoči. Sporazumi z Zahodnim Balkanom temeljijo na močni evropski perspektivi teh držav, ki si prizadevajo za prihodnje članstvo v EU. | In addition, the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) with our Eastern Neighborhood partners Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia rely heavily on gradual legal approximation of these countries to the EU acquis. The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries are asymetric agreements that provide our partner countries with duty-free, quota-free access to the EU market, flanked by technical assistance and development aid measures. The agreements with the Western Balkans are built on a strong European perspective of these countries aspiring towards future EU membership. |
| Izvajanje sporazuma o prosti trgovini po svoji naravi sledi pogajalskemu procesu in ga bo treba prilagoditi, da se zagotovi doseganje posebnih ciljev politike zadevnega sporazuma. Smiselne sklepne ugotovitve so mogoče šele po tem, ko se sporazum uporablja že več let. Da bi Komisija proučila njihove učinke, je izvedla naknadno vrednotenje sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini prve generacije s Čilom (2012) in Mehiko (2016), poleg tega bo kmalu končala poglobljeno analizo prvega sporazuma EU nove generacije z Južno Korejo. S sklenitvijo celovitega gospodarskega in trgovinskega sporazuma (CETA) s Kanado leta 2016 so se dosegli novi mejniki, kar zadeva obseg in vsebino, to pa se bo pokazalo tudi v njegovem izvajanju. | FTA implementation is, by its nature, trailing the negotiation process and will have to be adjusted to ensure the achievement of the specific policy objectives of the agreement at stake. Meaningful conclusions can only be drawn once an agreement has been applied for several years. In order to examine their impacts the Commission carried out ex post evaluations for the EU's "first generation" FTAs with Chile (2012) and Mexico (2016), and is about to complete an in-depth analysis of the EU's first "new generation" Agreement with South Korea. The conclusion in 2016 of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada marked new milestones in terms of scope and content and this will also be reflected in its implementation. |
| Bolj ko je trgovinski sporazum ambiciozen in celovit, zahtevnejše je njegovo izvajanje in več virov je za to potrebnih. Zato je zdaj še pomembnejše, da se redno in sistematično spremlja izvajanje glavnih sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini. Ugotovitve o tem, kaj na podlagi različnih sporazumov EU deluje in kaj ne, se lahko uporabijo pri pogajanjih o novih sporazumih in posodobitvi veljavnih sporazumov. Komisija zato daje poudarek na nemoten prehod od pogajanj do izvajanja in boljšo pripravljenost za začetek začasne uporabe novega sporazuma, kar je razvidno iz sporazuma CETA in sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Japonsko. Učinkovito izvajanje sporazumov o prosti trgovini se zato lahko šteje za del cikla trgovinske politike. | The more ambitious and comprehensive a trade agreement is the more complex and resource-intensive its implementation will be. It is thus nowadays even more crucial to monitor the functioning of our main FTAs periodically and systematically. The findings of what does and does not work under our different agreements can inform the negotiation of new agreements and the modernisation of existing ones. The Commission thus puts the emphasis on a smooth transition from negotiation to implementation phase and an improved preparedness for the day a new agreement will start to be provisonally applied, as can be seen from CETA and the Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan. Effective FTA implementation can therefore be seen as part of the trade policy cycle. |
| 2.2 Trgovina z blagom 12 | 2.2 Trade in goods 12 |
| Celotna trgovina EU na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini je leta 2017 obsegala 1 179 milijard EUR, kar je približno 32 % celotne trgovine EU s tretjimi državami (približno 3 737 milijard EUR istega leta). Največje trgovinske partnerice EU na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini so Švica, katere trgovina z EU je zajemala 7 % celotne zunanje trgovine EU, Turčija s 4,1 %, Norveška s 3,4 % in Južna Koreja z 2,7 %. Celotni uvoz na podlagi sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini je leta 2017 obsegal približno 542 milijard EUR, celotni izvoz pa je obsegal 637 milijard EUR. | Total EU trade under FTAs in 2017 amounted to 1179 billion EUR, which is around 32% of EU total trade with third countries (around 3737 billion EUR in that same year). Our largest trade partners for trade under FTAs are Switzerland, accounting for 7% of total EU external trade, followed by Turkey with 4.1%, Norway with 3.4% and South Korea with 2.7%. Total imports under EU FTAs in 2017 amounted to around 542 billion EUR, wheras total exports were in the order of 637 billion EUR. |
| Leta 2017 se je trgovina z blagom na splošno povečala, zlasti kar zadeva izvoz iz EU. Kjer se je izvoz EU zmanjšal, se razlog za to zdi povezan predvsem z zunanjimi dejavniki 13 , ki vplivajo na gospodarstvo zadevne partnerske države, in ni posledica nobenih težav z izvajanjem sporazuma o prosti trgovini kot takega. Analiza trgovinskih tokov po sektorjih je pokazala precejšnje povečanje izvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov ter motornih vozil iz EU v nekatere partnerske države sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini nove generacije. Hkrati je še veliko neizkoriščenih možnosti v nekaterih sektorjih, kot so prevozna oprema ali stroji, kjer so temeljna vrednost izvoza in potencialni prihranki pri dajatvah razmeroma veliki v vseh državah članicah EU in partnerskih državah sporazumov o prosti trgovini. V skladu z nedavno študijo, ki jo je izvedel Generalni direktorat za trgovino, bi lahko na primer izvozniki iz EU prihranili približno 15 milijard EUR letno, če bi v celoti izkoristili preferenciale, ki jih omogoča 18 sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini 14 . | In 2017, overall trade in goods increased, in particular regarding EU exports. Where EU exports decreased, it seems to be caused mainly by external factors 13 affecting the economy of the partner country concerned and not the result of any malfunctioning of the FTA as such. A sectoral analysis of trade flows showed considerable increases in EU exports of agri-food products and motor vehicles to some of our "new generation" FTA partners. At the same time a lot of untapped potential remains in certain sectors, such as transportation equipment or machinery where the underlying value of exports and potential duty savings are comparatively high across all EU Member States and FTA partners. For example, according to a recent study conducted by DG TRADE, EU exporters could save an estimated 15 billion EUR annually if they fully used the preferences offered by 18 EU FTAs. 14 |
| 2.3 Stopnje uporabe preferencialov 15 | 2.3 Preference Utilisation Rates (PURs) 15 |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz partnerskih držav, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini | PUR on imports into the EU from FTA partners |
| Leta 2017 je bilo mogoče opaziti napredek zlasti za državi Latinske Amerike Čile in Mehiko ter partnerski državi Efte Norveško in Švico, ki so lahko bolje izkoristile preferenciale iz sporazumov o prosti trgovini, ki jih je dodelila EU. Na splošno so sredozemske partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, dobro izkoristile preferenciale iz zadevnih sporazumov, kar velja tudi za nekatere andske države, na primer Ekvador. Trend narašča tudi za srednjeameriške države, zlasti za Salvador in Panamo. | In 2017 some positive developments could be observed in particular for the Latin American countries Chile and Mexico and EFTA partners Norway and Switzerland, who were able to make better use of FTA preferences granted by the EU. Overall, the Mediterranean FTA partners made good use of the FTA preferences, as did some Andean countries like Ecuador. Central American countries also show an upward trend, notably El Salvador and Panama. |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini | PUR on exports from the EU to FTA partners |
| Izračun uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, je v številnih primerih še vedno izziv, ker ni podatkov ali ni zanesljivih podatkov. Opozoriti je treba, da podatki o stopnji uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, tako kot prejšnje leto niso bili na voljo iz vseh zadevnih partnerskih držav, v nekaterih primerih pa so se prejeti podatki zdeli nezanesljivi ali nedosledni 16 . Vsaka partnerska država namreč uporablja svojo metodo zbiranja in sporočanja podatkov o uvozu. V nekaterih primerih so podatki nezadostni zaradi pomanjkljive zmogljivosti in pomanjkanja strokovnega znanja, nekatere države pa trdijo, da teh podatkov sploh ne zbirajo. | Calculating the preference use on exports from the EU to FTA partners remains a challenge in many cases, due to the absence of data or lack of reliable data. It should be noted that, as was the case last year, data on the PUR of exports from the EU to FTA partners was again not readily available from all FTA partners and in some cases data received appeared to be unreliable or inconsistent. 16 This is due to the fact that each partner country uses its own method of collecting and reporting imports. In some cases the insufficiency is due to capacity shortcomings and a lack of expertise, while some countries claim not to collect these data at all. |
| Komisija je zadevne partnerske države na to vprašanje opozorila z uporabo institucionalnih struktur na podlagi sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini za spodbujanje rednih izmenjav med pogodbenicami. V najnovejše sporazume o prosti trgovini od sporazuma CETA naprej bo vključena zavezujoča določba o redni izmenjavi podatkov o trgovini. | The Commission has raised the issue with partner countries concerned, using the institutional structures under its FTAs to promote periodic exchanges between the parties. In the most recent FTAs starting from CETA a binding provision on a periodic exchange of trade data will be included. |
| Na podlagi informacij, ki so bile na voljo Komisiji, so bile uvedene izboljšave v stopnji uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v številne partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, kot v primeru Južne Koreje, za katero se stopnje uporabe preferencialov zvišujejo že štiri zaporedna leta, ter Gruzije in Čila. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v največjo trgovinsko partnerico EU, s katero je sklenjen sporazum o prosti trgovini, tj. Švico, je ostala stabilna, približno 80-odstotna. Ne glede na ta pozitivni razvoj bi lahko izvozniki iz EU sporazume o prosti trgovini še vedno bolje izkoristili. Komisija si prizadeva družbe v EU spodbuditi k boljšemu izkoristku možnosti iz sporazumov o prosti trgovini z uporabo kombinacije ukrepov, namenjenih zagotavljanju pravočasnejših informacij in praktičnih smernic o zapletenih vprašanjih, kot so pravila o poreklu. Komisija si v tesnem sodelovanju z državami članicami EU in poslovno skupnostjo prizadeva tudi za izboljšanje podatkovne zbirke o dostopu na trge in službe za pomoč uporabnikom EU v zvezi s trgovino, da bi ju prilagodila potrebam malih in srednjih podjetij (MSP). | On the basis of the information at the Commission's disposal there were improvements in the PUR on exports from the EU to a number of FTA partners, as was the case for South Korea, where PURs have been increasing for four consecutive years, as well as for Georgia and Chile. The PUR on exports from the EU to our largest FTA trade partner, Switzerland, remained stable at around 80%. Notwithstanding these positive developments, the utilisation of FTAs by EU exporters still leaves room for improvement. The Commission is working to enhance the uptake of FTAs by EU companies, using a mix of measures aimed at providing more timely information and practical guidance on complex issues, like rules of origin. The Commission is also working to improve its Market Access Database and Trade Helpdesk, in close cooperation with EU Member States and the business community, to adjust them to the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). |
| 2.4 Storitve in naložbe | 2.4 Services and investment |
| Vsi sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije ter poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja vsebujejo ambiciozne določbe o storitvah in naložbah. Najnovejši sporazumi (npr. CETA ali sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Japonsko) pomagajo vzpostaviti in utrditi regulativni okvir za olajšanje zagotavljanja storitev in hkrati ščitijo potrošnike. Sporazum CETA in sporazuma EU o prosti trgovini s Singapurjem oziroma Vietnamom vsebujejo tudi najsodobnejše določbe o zaščiti naložb. Sporazumi EU o prosti trgovini presegajo STO, saj naložb ne liberalizirajo le na področju storitev, ampak v večini gospodarskih sektorjev, vključno s proizvodnjo in kmetijstvom. To olajša poslovanje ponudnikom storitev in vlagateljem iz EU, saj jim zagotavlja predvidljivejše okolje in večjo pravno varnost. | All "new generation" FTAs and DCFTAs contain ambitious provisions on services and investment. The most recent ones (e.g. CETA or the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan help to establish and solidify a regulatory framework to facilitate the provision of services, while protecting consumers. CETA and the EU FTAs with Singapore and Vietnam also contain state-of-the art investment protection provisions. EU FTAs go beyond the WTO as they liberalise investment not only in services but most economic sectors, including manufacturing and agriculture. This makes doing business easier for EU service providers and investors, offering a more predictable environment and increased legal security. |
| Vendar je zaradi pomanjkanja razčlenjenih podatkov težko izmeriti natančen učinek sporazumov o prosti trgovini na trgovino s storitvami in neposredne tuje naložbe. Učinke sporazumov o prosti trgovini na področju storitev bi bilo zato treba podrobneje proučiti, da bi se ustvarila jasnejša slika. Nekatere od najpomembnejših ugotovitev doslej so: | This being said, lack of disaggregated data makes it difficult to measure the precise impact of FTAs on services trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). The effects of FTAs in services would thus need to be studied in more detail to get a clearer picture. Here are some of the most important findings so far: |
| ütrgovina s storitvami se je na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini nove generacije, in to od začetka njihove veljavnosti, povečala z Južno Korejo, Kolumbijo, Ekvadorjem, Perujem in Srednjo Ameriko. V primeru Srednje Amerike je na primer trgovina s storitvami leta 2016 dosegla skoraj 40 % vrednosti celotne trgovine, pri čemer je Panama sama prispevala več kot polovico tega povečanja; | üServices trade has increased under the "new generation" FTAs with South Korea, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Central America, since their entry into force. For example, in the case of Central America, services trade in 2016 reached almost 40% of the value of total trade, with Panama alone accounting for over half of this increase. |
| üpodoben naraščajoč trend je mogoče ugotoviti za sporazuma prve generacije s Čilom in Mehiko. Posodobljeni sporazumi bodo omogočili nadaljnje izboljšave. Zlasti Mehika se je zavezala, da bo njen trg storitev še naprej široko odprt dobaviteljem iz EU s celovitimi in ambicioznimi koncesijami; | üA similar upward trend can be observed for the "first generation" agreements with Chile and Mexico. The modernised agreements will bring further improvements. In particular, Mexico has committed to keep its services markets widely open to EU suppliers, with comprehensive and ambitious concessions. |
| üsporazumi prve generacije s sredozemskimi partnerskimi državami EU vsebujejo zelo omejene določbe le za naložbe in storitve, saj se osredotočajo zlasti na blago. Razvoj trgovine s storitvami in naložbami je na splošno pozitiven, ne glede na nedavno zmanjšanje obsega turističnih storitev nekaterih držav zaradi nestabilnosti ali težav v zvezi z varnostjo; | ü"First generation" agreements with our Mediterranean partners have only very limited provisions on investment and services as they focus mostly on goods. Evolution of trade in services and investments has in general been positive, notwithstanding the recent decrease in some countries’ tourism services due to instability or security concerns. |
| üvrednost trgovine s storitvami, ki jo zagotavljajo družbe iz EU v Švici in obratno, hitro narašča, s pozitivno bilanco za EU; | üThe value of services trade provided by EU companies in Switzerland and vice versa is growing fast, with a positive balance for the EU. |
| ütrgovina s storitvami in naložbami z Ukrajino in Moldavijo v okviru poglobljenih in celovitih prostotrgovinskih območij se je leta 2016, ko je okrevala po gospodarski in politični krizi, še naprej povečevala, kar pa še ne velja za Gruzijo; | üTrade in services and investment with Ukraine and Moldova under the DCFTAs continued to rise in 2016, recovering after the economic and political crisis, while this is not yet the case for Georgia. |
| üod sklenjenih sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu le tisti s Karibi zajema storitve, liberalizacijo naložb in druge teme, povezane s trgovino, drugi sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu pa vsebujejo klavzule o pregledu za pogajanja o teh vprašanjih v poznejši fazi. | üAmong the EPAs in place only the one with the Caribbean covers services, investment liberalisation and other trade-related topics, whereas other EPAs have rendez-vous clauses for negotiations on these issues at a later stage. |
| 2.5 Dosežen napredek in glavna odprta vprašanja | 2.5 Progress made and main open issues |
| Komisija uporablja institucionalni okvir sporazuma o prosti trgovini za reševanje konkretnih težav s partnerskimi državami, in pri tem je bila uspešna tudi leta 2017 17 . Nekateri glavni dosežki in odprta vprašanja so: | The Commission uses the FTA's institutional framework to address concrete problems with partner countries, and successfully did so in 2017 17 . Here are some of the main achievements and outstanding issues to date: |
| Sanitarni in fitosanitarni ukrepi | Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures |
| üČile je svoj trg odprl govejemu mesu iz EU, s čimer je odpravil zadnje preostale ovire za kose mesa in prilagodil pogoje izvoznega zdravstvenega spričevala; | üChile opened its market for EU beef, removing the last remaining obstacles for meat cuts and adjusting the terms of the export health certificate. |
| üPeru je zagotovil skoraj popoln dostop na trg mlečnim izdelkom iz EU; | üPeru provided nearly full market access for dairy products from the EU. |
| üKolumbija, Kostarika in Panama so izboljšale sanitarne in fitosanitarne postopke, vključno s predhodno uvrstitvijo obratov EU na seznam; | üColombia, Costa Rica and Panama improved SPS procedures, including prelisting of EU establishments. |
| üMoldavija je sprejela in začela izvajati sanitarno in fitosanitarno strategijo, Gruzija pa je sprejela zakonodajni načrt; | üMoldova adopted and started to implement a SPS strategy and Georgia adopted a legislative roadmap. |
| ·izvoz evropske govedine v Južno Korejo je še naprej prepovedan. To vprašanje je Odbor za sanitarne in fitosanitarne ukrepe znova obravnaval 6. septembra 2017; | ·European beef exports to South Korea remain banned. This issue was again raised at the SPS Committee on 6 September 2017. |
| ·v Kolumbiji se še vedno uporabljajo nekateri zapleteni postopki v zvezi s sanitarnimi in fitosanitarnimi ukrepi za rastlinske proizvode, v Peruju pa je bil dosežen delni napredek pri odobritvi usklajenih potrdil za uvoz mesnih izdelkov; | ·In Colombia, some cumbersome SPS related procedures persist, in relation to plant products; in Peru, there is limited progress on the approval of harmonised certificates for the import of meat products. |
| ·nekatere partnerske države EU v okviru poglobljenih in celovitih prostotrgovinskih območij, na primer Gruzija, morajo še vedno okrepiti institucionalno zmogljivost glede nadzora nad varnostjo hrane, Moldavija pa mora nadgraditi svojo laboratorijsko diagnostično zmogljivost za spremljanje in nadzor živalskih bolezni. | ·For some of our DCFTA partners, as for example Georgia, the institutional capacity in terms of food safety control still needs to be enhanced; Moldova needs to upgrade its laboratory diagnostic capacity for monitoring and surveillance of animal diseases. |
| Tehnične in upravne ovire v trgovini | Technical and administrative barriers to trade |
| üMehika je odpravila ovire v zvezi z registracijo in odobritvijo zdravstvenih izdelkov in kmetijskih kemikalij; | üMexico lifted barriers regarding the registration and approval of health products and agri-chemicals. |
| üTurčija je odpravila omejitve izvoza odpadnega bakra in aluminija ter odstranila papirne izdelke iz obsega svoje sheme uvoznega nadzora; | üTurkey abolished export restrictions on copper and aluminium scrap and removed paper products from the scope of its import surveillance scheme. |
| üKolumbija je spremenila svojo zakonodajo, da bi ustvarila enake konkurenčne pogoje za uvoz in prodajo domačih in uvoženih žganih pijač ter napovedala vzpostavitev enakih konkurenčnih pogojev za uvožena tovorna vozila (čeprav se morajo te zaveze še izvesti). | üColombia modified its laws to create a level playing field for imports and sales of domestic and imported spirits and announced the creation of a level playing field for imported trucks (although these commitments are still to be implemented). |
| ·Ukrajina je ohranila prepoved izvoza lesnih hlodov in dosegel se je le majhen napredek glede zakonodaje o gozdovih, ki je v pripravi in s katero bi se morala odpraviti ta omejitev trgovine; | ·Ukraine continued banning the export of wood logs with little progress on pending forest legislation that was supposed to remove this trade restriction. |
| ·nekatere sredozemske države, vključno z Alžirijo, Egiptom, Marokom in Tunizijo, uporabljajo obremenjujoče registracijske sheme, postopke certificiranja, tehnične kontrole v pristaniščih in inšpekcijske preglede pred odpremo za industrijske izdelke ali zahteve glede lokalne vsebine za javne razpise; | ·Some Mediterranean countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, apply burdensome registration schemes, certification processes, technical controls in ports and pre-shipment inspections for industrial products, or local content requirments for public tenders. |
| ·v Turčiji so ukrepi omejevanja trgovine vključevali diskriminacijo izvoza traktorjev iz EU, omejitev izvoza usnjenih izdelkov in turško politiko lokalizacije v farmacevtskem sektorju. | ·In Turkey, trade restrictive measures included discrimination against EU exports of tractors, export restrictions on leather products as well as Turkey’s localisation policy in the pharmaceutical sector. |
| Geografske označbe | Geographical Indications (GIs) |
| üGeografska označba EU „Prosecco“ in ustrezna mednarodna blagovna znamka sta zdaj v Moldaviji zakonito zaščiteni. | üThe EU GI ‘Prosecco’and the corresponding international trademark are now legally protected in Moldova. |
| ·V primeru Južne Koreje so nastale težave pri dodajanju dodatnih geografskih označb EU na seznam, s katerim so te zaščitene na podlagi sporazuma o prosti trgovini. | ·In case of South Korea, there have been difficulties to add further EU GIs to the list protected under the FTA. |
| Javna naročila | Public procurement |
| üUkrajina je sprejela celovit načrt za javna naročila, kar bo dodatno prispevalo k preglednejšemu in bolj odprtemu sistemu javnih naročil. | üUkraine adopted a comprehensive roadmap on public procurement, a further step towards a more transparent and open public procurement system. |
| ·Konkurenti iz EU zaradi pomanjkanja preglednosti v nekaterih državah vzhodnega partnerstva še vedno ne morejo izkoristiti odprtja lokalnih trgov javnih naročil. | ·Due to lack of transparency EU competitors cannot yet benefit from the opening of local procurements markets in some countries of the Eastern Partnership. |
| Poslovno okolje, naložbe in dostop MSP do trgov | Business climate, investment, access to markets by SMEs |
| üMehika je izboljšala dostop do neposrednih tujih naložb z odpravo omejitev lastniškega deleža za pomembne sektorje, vključno s telekomunikacijami, energetiko in zavarovalnicami; | üMexico improved access to FDI by removing equity caps for important sectors, including telecom, energy and insurance institutions. |
| üštevilne države v evro-sredozemski regiji so spremenile svoje zakone, ki urejajo naložbe, da bi tako privabile več neposrednih tujih naložb: Egipt in Tunizija sta na primer sprejela nov zakon o naložbah, Alžirija je spremenila investicijski zakonik, Palestina je sprejela številne zakone, namenjene izboljšanju naložbenega okolja, Jordanija in Maroko pa sta ustanovila nove institucije za razvoj naložb. Za uspeh takih ukrepov bo ključno učinkovito izvajanje. | üSeveral countries in the Euro-Mediterranean region made changes to their laws regulating investments in an attempt to attract more FDIs: For example, Egypt and Tunisia enacted a new Investment Law, Algeria modified its Investment Code, Palestine adopted a number of legislations aiming at improving the investment climate and Jordan and Morocco established new institutions to develop investments. Effective implementation will be key for the success of such measures. |
| ·Korupcija in slabo upravljanje sta še naprej vplivala na podjetja iz EU v nekaterih državah Zahodnega Balkana in vzhodnega sosedstva. | ·Corruption and poor governance continued affecting EU businesses in some of the Western Balkan and Eastern Neighbourhood countries. |
| 3.Sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije: Južna Koreja, Kolumbija-Ekvador-Peru, Srednja Amerika in Kanada | 3.new generation FTAs: South Korea, Colombia-ecuador-peru, Central america, Canada |
| V tem poročilu so sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije tisti celoviti sporazumi o prosti trgovini, ki so bili z izbranimi tretjimi državami s pogajanji sklenjeni po letu 2006. Od sporazumov, ki se uporabljajo, v to kategorijo spadajo tisti z Južno Korejo, Kolumbijo, Perujem, Ekvadorjem, Srednjo Ameriko in Kanado. Ti sporazumi običajno presegajo znižanje tarif in trgovino z blagom, poleg tega obsegajo tudi storitve in javna naročila. Sporazuma z Južno Korejo in Kanado vsebujeta tudi določbe o povečani liberalizaciji naložb, sporazum CETA pa poleg tega zajema zaščito naložb (čeprav se začasno še ne uporablja) in regulativno sodelovanje. Ustrezne določbe o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju so ključni del vseh trgovinskih sporazumov nove generacije, sklenjenih od leta 2010. | For the purpose of this report "new generation" FTAs are comprehensive FTAs negotiated after 2006 with selected third countries. Of the applied agreements, the ones with South Korea, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Central America and Canada, belong to this category. These agreements typically go beyond tariff cuts and trade in goods and also cover services and public procurement. The agreement with South Korea and Canada also contain provisions on heightened investment liberalisation and CETA in addition covers investment protection (although not yet provisionally applied) and regulatory cooperation. Solid provisions on trade and sustainable development (TSD) are a core part of all "new generation" trade agreements concluded since 2010. |
| 3.1 SPORAZUM O PROSTI TRGOVINI MED EU IN JUŽNO KOREJO | 3.1 EU-SOUTH KOREA FTA |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Navedeni sporazum se uporablja sedem let. Leta 2017 se je trgovina EU z Južno Korejo povečala bolj (v zadnjih sedmih letih v povprečju za 5,7 % letno) kot celotna zunanja trgovina med EU in tretjimi državami (ta se je povečala za 3,8 %), steber tega razvoja pa je bil sporazum o prosti trgovini. Uvoz v EU se je zaradi oživitve gospodarstva EU in močnega domačega povpraševanja v EU bolj povečal kot izvoz iz EU. | The FTA has been applied for seven years. In 2017 EU trade with South Korea grew more robustely (5.7% per annum on average over the past 7 years) than overall external trade between the EU and third countries which grew at 3.8%, with the FTA as a pillar of this development. EU imports increased more strongly than EU exports, supported by the revival of the EU economy and strong domestic demand on the EU side. |
| Izvoz motornih vozil iz EU v Južno Korejo se je po zmanjšanju za 7,5 % leta 2016 spet povečal, in sicer za 7,3 %. | EU exports to South Korea in motor vehicles increased again by 7.3%, after decreasing by 7.5% in 2016. |
| Izvoz iz EU v Južno Korejo in uvoz iz Južne Koreje v kmetijsko-živilskem sektorju sta se povečala za 10 % oziroma 11 %, kar je več od stopnje rasti za izvoz in uvoz kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov EU v vseh partnerskih državah, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, skupaj (stopnja rasti je bila 4- oziroma 5-odstotna). Izvozniki iz EU so bolje kot v prejšnjih dveh letih izkoristili tudi tarifne kvote 18 za občutljive kmetijske proizvode. | EU exports to South Korea and imports from South Korea in the agri-food sector increased by 10% and 11% respectively, exceeding the growth rate observed for EU agri-food exports and imports across all FTA partners taken together (which corresponded to 4% and 5%, respectively). Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) 18 for sensitive agricultural products were also better used by EU exporters than in the previous two years. |
| Leta 2017 je EU v trgovini s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi z Južno Korejo dosegla presežek v višini 2,6 milijarde EUR. V obdobju 2010–2017 se je izvoz kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz EU v Južno Korejo povečal za 113 %, uvoz iz Južne Koreje pa za 212 % (čeprav se je zadnji povečal z zelo nizke vrednosti, s 65 na 203 milijone EUR). | In 2017, the EU registered a surplus of 2.6 billion EUR in agri-food trade with South Korea. Looking at the time period between 2010 and 2017, EU agri-food exports to South Korea have increased by 113%, imports from South Korea by 212% (albeit the latter from a very low value, from 65 to 203 million EUR). |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Južno Korejo je bila 74,3-odstotna in je najvišja doslej. Nekoliko se je zvišala tudi stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Južne Koreje, in sicer s 87 % leta 2016 na 88 % leta 2017. | The PUR on exports from the EU to South Korea was 74.3%, the highest rate ever. The PUR on imports into the EU from South Korea also slightly increased from 87% in 2016 to 88% in 2017. |
| Trgovina s storitvami med EU in Južno Korejo zajema približno 1 % trgovine s storitvami zunaj EU. V obdobju 2010–2016 se je izvoz storitev iz EU povečal za 70 %. Leta 2016 sta se izvoz iz EU in uvoz v EU v primerjavi z letom 2015 nekoliko zmanjšala, in sicer za 3,6 % oziroma za 3,3 %. Stanje vhodnih neposrednih tujih naložb EU se je v istem obdobju povečalo za 46 %, stanje izhodnih neposrednih tujih naložb EU (naložbe EU v Južni Koreji) pa za 34 %. | EU trade in services with South Korea represents approximately 1% of extra-EU trade in services. Between 2010 and 2016 EU exports of services increased by 70%. In 2016, EU exports slightly decreased by 3.6% and EU imports decreased by 3.3%, when compared to 2015. Over the same period, EU inward FDI stocks increased by 46% and EU outward FDI stocks (EU investments in South Korea) increased by 34%. |
| Južno Korejo žeja po italijanskem vinu | Korea's thirst for Italian wine |
| Vinska klet Col d'Orcia prideluje vino v Toskani že od leta 1890, znana pa je po svojem vinu Brunello di Montalcino, ki je značilno za regijo. Vino po vsem svetu izvaža že 45 let, pri čemer uporablja trgovinske sporazume EU. Posebno močan trg za družbo Col d'Orcia je Južna Koreja, saj je sporazum o prosti trgovini med EU in Južno Korejo odpravil carinske dajatve, ki družbi omogočajo, da svoje proizvode ponuja po precej bolj konkurenčnih cenah. Zdaj izvaža več kot 1 500 steklenic vina letno. | The Col d'Orcia winery estate has been producing wine in Tuscany since 1890, famous for its Brunello di Montalcino wine typical for the region. Col d'Orcia has been exporting its wine around the world for 45 years, using EU trade agreements. A particularly strong market for Col d'Orcia is South Korea, as the EU-Korea FTA has lifted customs duties enabling the company to offer its products at much more competitive prices. Col d'Orcia now exports more than 1500 bottles of wine each year. |
| Švedska nanotehnološka družba Insplorion je zavzela Južno Korejo | Swedish nanotech company Insplorion conquers Korea |
| Švedska družba Insplorion uporablja najsodobnejšo nanotehnologijo za proizvodnjo ultra zmogljivih senzorjev za baterije, senzorjev kakovosti zraka in raziskovalne opreme. Ponuja tehnologijo, ki se uporablja za merjenje in obravnavanje onesnaženosti zraka ter povečanje proizvodnje energije, zlasti z izboljšano hitrostjo polnjenja ob nižjih stroških. Njene rešitve se lahko uporabijo za številne namene, od povečanja dosega električnih vozil do cenejšega shranjevanja energije in varnejših baterij. Zaradi večje urbanizacije in onesnaževanja zraka v državah, kot je Južna Koreja, se je potreba po konkurenčnih senzorjih kakovosti zraka eksponentno povečala. Sporazum o prosti trgovini med EU in Južno Korejo je družbi Insplorion olajšal prodajo raziskovalnih instrumentov južnokorejskim proizvajalcem baterij. Sporazum podpira tudi strateško sodelovanje med družbo Insplorion in njenimi južnokorejskimi partnerji, kar je ključno za spodbujanje inovacij. | Swedish company Insplorion uses cutting edge nanotechnology to produce ultra-high performance battery sensors, air quality sensors and research equipment. Inslporion offers a technology used to measure and address air pollution and increasing energy output, in particular through an improved charge rate at lower costs. Its solutions can be used for a multitude of purposes, from increasing the range of electric vehicles to cheaper energy storage and safer batteries. In view of increasing urbanisation and air pollution in countries such as South Korea the need for competitive air quality sensors has grown exponentially. The EU-Korea FTA has made it much easier for Insplorion to sell its based research instruments to Korean battery makers. The agreement also supports the strategic cooperation between Insplorion and its Korean partners, which is crucial to foster innovation. |
| Trgovinski sporazum EU zagotovil delovna mesta v nemškem sektorju strojništva | EU trade deal secures jobs in German engineering sector |
| Kolbus, nemška družba iz Severnega Porenja - Vestfalije, ki je bila ustanovljena leta 1775, se je specializirala za stroje za vezavo in obdelavo papirja. Zaradi sporazuma o prosti trgovini med EU in Južno Korejo je nemški proizvajalec v Južni Koreji našel donosne trge. Družba Kolbus je od leta 2015 podvojila izvoz svojih proizvodov v Južno Korejo. Dejavnik, ki je odločilno prispeval k uspehu družbe, je zmanjšanje carinskih dajatev na podlagi sporazuma z 8 % na nič, kar bi lahko vodilo v prihranek vsaj 25 000 EUR na stroj. Stroji so drugi najpomembnejši nemški izvozni izdelek v skupni vrednosti približno 3,14 milijarde EUR, prekašajo jih le motorna vozila (izvozna vrednost je 6 milijard EUR letno). | Kolbus, founded in 1775, is a German company from North Rhine-Westphalia specialising in book binding and paper processing machines. Thanks to the EU-Korea FTA a German manufacturer has found profitable markets in South Korea. Since 2015, Kolbus has doubled its export output to South Korea. A decisive factor in Kolbus' success is that customs duties have fallen from 8% to nill under the agreement, leading to potential savings of at least 25. 000 EUR/machine. Machinery are the second most important German export article at a total value of around 3.14 billion EUR, only trumped by motor vehicles (export value of 6 billion EUR annually). |
| Pravice delavcev | Labour Rights |
| Komisija je še naprej izražala resne pomisleke in okrepila svoja sporočila novi južnokorejski vladi glede zavez na področju dela iz sporazuma o prosti trgovini. | The Commission continued to express its serious concerns and stepped-up its messages vis-à-vis the new South Korean government regarding labour commitments under the FTA. |
| Vprašanja, na katera je opozorila, so vključevala nezadosten napredek pri reformah dela, potrebnih za zagotovitev spoštovanja načela o sindikalni svobodi in pravice do kolektivnih pogajanj, ki izhaja iz članstva Južne Koreje v Mednarodni organizaciji dela (MOD), ter ratifikacijo štirih preostalih temeljnih konvencij MOD 19 . Komisija je opozorila tudi na poročilo Evropskega parlamenta 20 in pozive civilne družbe k začetku formalnega postopka za reševanje sporov na podlagi poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju iz sporazuma o prosti trgovini. | The issues raised included insufficient progress on labour reforms necessary to ensure respect for the principle of freedom of association and right of collective bargaining stemming from Korea’s membership in the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and on the ratification of four outstanding fundamental ILO conventions 19 . The Commission recalled also the European Parliament's report 20 and civil society calls for initiating a formal dispute settlement procedure under the TSD chapter of the FTA. |
| Južna Koreja je EU po njenem posredovanju pred kratkim sporočila ukrepe, ki jih namerava vlada doma izvesti za ratifikacijo štirih preostalih temeljnih konvencij MOD (glej: Povzetek razprave na 6. Odboru za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj ) . Južna Koreja bo pred pristopom h konvencijam MOD najprej izvedla potrebne zakonske spremembe. Poleg tega je sprejela nekatere ukrepe, o katerih je seznanila EU. Komisija še naprej skrbno spremlja ta postopek in se bo na spremembe v Južni Koreji ustrezno odzvala. | Following EU interventions South Korea has recently communicated to the EU the steps the government intends to take domestically towards ratification of four outstanding fundamental ILO conventions (see: Summary of Discussions at the 6th TSD Committee ) . South Korea's approach is to carry out the necessary legal changes before adhering to the ILO conventions. South Korea has taken some steps communicated to the EU. The Commission continues to closely monitor this process and will respond accordingly to developments in South Korea. |
| Naknadno vrednotenje sporazuma o prosti trgovini med EU in Južno Korejo | Ex post evaluation of the EU-South Korea FTA |
| Komisija v skladu s sporočilom Trgovina za vse trenutno pripravlja objavo svoje prve naknadne poglobljene analize uspešnosti sporazuma o prosti trgovini med EU in Južno Korejo. Pridobljene izkušnje bodo pripomogle k izboljšanju priprave drugih sporazumov o prosti trgovini, o katerih trenutno potekajo pogajanja, in izvajanja nedavno sklenjenih sporazumov o prosti trgovini. | In accordance with its Communication "Trade for All" the Commission is currently preparing the release of its first ex post in-depth analysis of the performance of the EU-South Korea FTA. The lessons learnt will help improve the design of other FTAs currently negotiated as well as the implementation of FTAs recently concluded. |
| 3.2 TRGOVINSKI SPORAZUMI MED EU TER KOLUMBIJO, EKVADORJEM IN PERUJEM | 3.2 EU TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, PERU |
| Trgovinski sporazum s Kolumbijo in Perujem, ki se izvaja pet let, dobro deluje. Imel je stabilizacijski učinek v zvezi s padanjem cen primarnih proizvodov, kar je v obdobju 2015–2016 vplivalo na gospodarstvo držav Andske skupnosti. Sporazum je ustvaril pomembne poslovne priložnosti, ki jih podjetja na obeh straneh čedalje bolj izkoriščajo. Januarja 2017 se je sporazumu s Kolumbijo in Perujem pridružil Ekvador. | The Trade Agreement with Colombia and Peru in its fifth year of implementation is functioning well. It had a stabilising effect in the context of declining commodity prices which affected the economy of Andean Community countries in 2015-2016. The Agreement has created important business opportunities, which are being increasingly seized by businesses from both sides. In January 2017, Ecuador joined the Agreement with Colombia and Peru. |
| Sporazum je imel zelo pozitiven učinek na MSP. Glede na kolumbijske statistične podatke, tudi ob neupoštevanju rudarskega sektorja, je na primer leta 2017 v EU izvažalo skupno 1 155 kolumbijskih družb, od tega 328 MSP in 582 mikropodjetij. | The Agreement showed a very positive impact on SMEs. For example, according to Colombian statistics, even when leaving the mining sector aside, a total of 1,155 Colombian companies were exporting to the EU in 2017, among them 328 SMEs and 582 microenterprises. |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Leta 2017 se je trend, ugotovljen v letih 2015 in 2016, obrnil in vse tri partnerske države so poročale o povečanju dvostranske trgovine z EU, ta se je za Kolumbijo povečala za 7 %, za Peru za 16 %, za Ekvador pa za izjemnih 20 % v prvem letu izvajanja. | In 2017, reversing the trend observed in 2015 and 2016, all three partners reported an increase in bilateral trade with the EU – 7% for Colombia, 16% for Peru, and an impressive 20% in the first year of implementation with Ecuador. |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Kolumbije in Peruja je ostala stabilna pri 97 % oziroma 96 %, Ekvador pa je preferenciale uporabil 97-odstotno. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Kolumbijo v letu 2017 je bila 68-odstotna, kar pomeni rahlo znižanje z 71 % leta 2016, za Peru je bila 52-odstotna, za Ekvador pa 42-odstotna. | The PUR on imports into the EU from Colombia and Peru remained stable at a rate of 97% and 96% respectively, and Ecuador used preferences at 97%. The PUR on exports from the EU to Colombia for 2017 was 68%, a slight decrease from 71% in 2016; 52% for Peru and 42% for Ecuador. |
| Izvoz kmetijskih proizvodov iz EU v njene tri andske partnerske države se je še povečeval, še bolj pa naj bi se povečal po popolnem izvajanju poglavja o sanitarnih in fitosanitarnih ukrepih. Kolumbija in Peru sta leta 2017 izboljšala uporabo svojih tarifnih kvot, kar velja tudi za izvoznike iz EU. Za Ekvador, ki se je sporazumu šele pridružil, je uporaba na obeh straneh še vedno majhna. Leta 2017 se je stabilizacijski mehanizem za banane razširil na Ekvador. Poleg kmetijskega sektorja je imelo od boljšega dostopa na trg korist tudi več industrijskih sektorjev, vključno s farmacevtskim sektorjem ter sektorjema strojev in motornih vozil. | EU exports of agricultural products continued to increase with its three Andean partners and are expected to further expand after a full implementation of the SPS chapter. Colombia and Peru have improved the use of their TRQs in 2017 and the same is true for EU exporters. For Ecuador, which just joined the Agreement, the usage on both sides is still low. In 2017, the stabilisation mechanism for bananas was extended to include Ecuador. In addition to the agricultural sector, several industrial sectors, including pharmaceuticals, machinery and motor vehicles, have also benefitted from improved market access. |
| Trgovina s storitvami je ostala precej stabilna, EU pa je dosegla precejšen presežek pri vseh partnerjih. EU je še vedno največji tuji vlagatelj v Kolumbiji in Peruju. Stopnja neposrednih tujih naložb EU v Ekvadorju je še vedno nizka zaradi zapletenih predpisov in pravnih postopkov ter pomanjkljivosti pri sodnem izvrševanju pogodb. | Services trade remained rather stable, with the EU registering a substantial surplus with all partners. The EU remains the largest foreign investor in Colombia and Peru. EU FDI stocks in Ecuador remain at lower levels, due to complex regulations and legal procedures and shortcomings in judicial enforcement of contracts. |
| Perujsko in kolumbijsko sadje je glavna sestavina za rast luksemburškega podjetja | Peruvian & Colombian fruit an essential ingredient in Luxembourg firm’s growth |
| Družba TUKI, ki jo je ustanovil Harald-Sven Sontag in ima sedež v Luxembourgu, proizvaja in prodaja sokove iz eksotičnega sadja v Luksemburgu, Belgiji, Franciji in Nemčiji. Da bi ponudili visoko kakovostne naravne izdelke, Sontag uporablja plodove bodeče anone, pomaranče quito in vrsto robid, uvožene iz Kolumbije. Prodaja zunaj Luksemburga zajema 20 % prometa, Harald-Sven pa bi prodajo rad podvojil. | Zaradi evropskega trgovinskega sporazuma in čedalje večje priljubljenosti tega sadja, zaradi česar so potrebne večje količine tega sadja, pri družbi TUKI zdaj načrtujejo, da bodo sadje kupovali neposredno od kolumbijskih kmetov. To bo Harald-Svenu pomagalo, da še razširi svoje poslovanje. | Harald-Sven Sontag’s company TUKI headquartered in Luxembourg produces and sells exotic fruit juices in Luxembourg, Belgium, France and Germany. To offer high quality natural products Sontag uses guanabana lulo and mora fruits, imported from Colombia. Sales outside of Luxembourg account for 20% of turnover and Harald-Sven is now aiming to double sales. | Helped by the EU’s trade deal and with its rising popularity requiring ever larger quantities of fruit, TUKI is now planning to source fruit directly from Colombian producers. Buying directly will help Harald-Sven to further expand his business. |
| Kabinska žičnica, izdelana v Avstriji, se bo uporabljala v Bogoti | Družba Doppelmayr s sedežem v Vorarlbergu v Avstriji, ki je začela kot majhna delavnica, je postala vodilna svetovna proizvajalca kabinskih žičnic. Sporazum o prosti trgovini med EU in Kolumbijo je družbi Doppelmayr omogočil, da poslovanje razširi v Južno Ameriko. Zaradi navedenega sporazuma je zgradila kabinsko žičnico, ki prevaža 2 600 ljudi na uro in naj bi bila leta 2018 v Bogoti vključena v sistem javnega prevoza. Uspeh družbe Doppelmayr koristi lokalnim avstrijskim dobaviteljem: pogodbe, sklenjene z družbami iz Wolfurta in okolice, so skupaj vredne več kot 50 milijonov EUR. Prispevek družbe Doppelmayr h gospodarstvu Vorarlberga zajema približno 158 milijonov EUR na leto, letna naročila avstrijskih podjetij pa obsegajo 325 milijonov EUR. | A cable car for Bogotá, made in Austria | Having started out as a small workshop, Doppelmayr, based in Vorarlberg/ Austria, has become a world-leading cable car maker. The EU-Colombia FTA helped Doppelmayr to expand in South America. Thanks to the EU-Colombia agreement, Doppelmayr has built a cable car carrying 2600 people an hour which is scheduled to be added to Bogota's public transport system in 2018. Doppelmayr's success benefits local Austrian suppliers: contracts with companies based around Wolfurt are worth over 50 million EUR. Doppelmayr's contribution to Vorarlberg's economy stands at around 158 million EUR a year, while annual orders from Austrian businesses are worth 325 EUR million. |
| Sporazum o prosti trgovini med EU in Kolumbijo je dal krila družbi Kaeser Kompressoren | KAESER Kompressoren, srednje velika družba v družinski lasti z Bavarskega v Nemčiji, je bila ustanovljena pred sto leti in v svojih obratih v Coburgu (na Bavarskem) in Geri (v Turingiji) proizvaja sisteme stisnjenega zraka. Danes po vsem svetu zaposluje 6 000 ljudi in 90 % svoje proizvodnje izvaža v države po vsem svetu. Trgovinski sporazum med EU in Kolumbijo je družbi Kaeser omogočil, da razširi svojo kolumbijsko podružnico Kaeser Compresores, zlasti zaradi postopnega zniževanja uvoznih tarif, ki bodo leta 2019 popolnoma odpravljene. Družba Compresores de Colombia zaposluje 200 ljudi. | „Trgovinski sporazum med EU in Kolumbijo je družbi zaradi znižanja uvoznih tarif omogočil precejšnje izboljšanje prodaje na naraščajočem kolumbijskem trgu,“ pravi Nelson Lopez, generalni direktor družbe KAESER Compresores de Colombia. | EU-Colombia FTA gives wings to Kaeser Kompressoren | KAESER Kompressoren, a medium-sized family owned firm from Bavaria/Germany, was founded a 100 years ago, manufacturing compressed air systems produced in its plants in Coburg (Bavaria) and Gera (Thuringia). Today it employs 6000 people worldwide and exports 90% of its production to countries around the world. The EU Trade Agreement with Colombia enabled Kaeser to grow its Colombian affiliate, Kaeser Compresores, in particular as result of the gradual reduction of the import tariffs, which will completely disappear in 2019. Compresores de Colombia employs 200 people. | "The EU Trade Agreement with Colombia enabled the company to significantly improve sales in the growing Colombian market, as result of reduction of the import tariffs" says Nelson Lopez, General Manager of KAESER Compresores de Colombia. |
| Napredek pri izvajanju in odprta vprašanja | Progress in implementation and outstanding issues |
| Leta 2017 je bilo mogoče zaznati več pozitivnih ukrepov. Kolumbija je po ugovoru, ki ga je EU vložila pri STO, odpravila omejitve za uvožene žgane pijače, za kar je spremenila svoj zakon o žganih pijačah. Sočasno je napovedala tudi vzpostavitev enakih konkurenčnih pogojev za uvožena tovorna vozila, te zaveze pa se morajo še izvesti. Poleg tega je pojasnila svoje zaveze v okviru priloge o vladnih naročilih k sporazumu, s čimer bi se moral izboljšati dostop družb iz EU do javnih naročil na lokalni ravni. Peru je odobril skoraj popoln dostop na trg za mlečne izdelke. | Several positive steps could be noted in 2017. Colombia, following a challenge brought by the EU at the WTO, ended the restrictions on imported spirits by amending its spirits law. In parallel Colombia also announced the creation of a level playing field for imported trucks, although these commitments are still to be implemented. Furthermore, Colombia clarified its commitments under the government procurement annex of the Agreement, which should improve access for EU companies for tenders at the local level. Peru granted nearly full market access for dairy products. |
| Odprta vprašanja, ki jih Komisija s svojimi partnerji obravnava v Odboru za trgovino, vključujejo tehnične ovire v trgovini v Kolumbiji in davčno diskriminacijo v Peruju, ki uporablja ugodnejšo davčno obravnavo za žgano pijačo Pisco in s tem diskriminira uvožene žgane pijače. Za izvoz kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz EU še vedno veljajo omejitve zaradi zapletenega pridobivanja obveznih uvoznih dovoljenj in tarifnih kvot, ki jih Ekvador samovoljno omejuje. Poleg tega si EU še vedno prizadeva doseči, da bi njene tri andske partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, sprejele delitev pošiljk za izdelke s poreklom, ki prečkajo tretjo državo. | Outstanding issues that the Commission is tackling with its partners in the Trade Committee include technical barriers to trade in Colombia and tax discrimination in Peru, which applies a preferential tax treatment for "Pisco", discriminating against imported spirits. EU agri-food exports still face restrictions through cumbersome obligatory import licenses and arbitrary limits on TRQs applied by Ecuador. Furthermore, the EU is still seeking to obtain acceptance by its three Andean FTA partners of splitting of consignments for originating products transiting a third country. |
| Pravice delavcev in varovanje okolja | Labour and environmental rights |
| Andske partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini z EU, so vse bolj odprte za razpravo o izvajanju delovnopravnih in okoljskih določb na podlagi poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju. EU je vzpostavila dejavnosti sodelovanja z vsemi tremi partnerskimi državami, vključno z dejavnostmi v zvezi z delovnimi inšpekcijami in formalizacijo delovnih razmerij s Perujem ter v zvezi z izvajanjem Konvencije o mednarodni trgovini z ogroženimi prosto živečimi živalskimi in rastlinskimi vrstami (CITES), krožnim gospodarstvom in družbeno odgovornostjo podjetij s Kolumbijo. Z Ekvadorjem so se vse leto izvajali ukrepi za ozaveščanje in krepitev zmogljivosti za pomoč v začetni fazi izvajanja poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju. | There has been increasing openness by the EU's Andean FTA partners to discuss the implementation of labour and environmental provisions under the TSD chapter. The EU engaged in cooperation activities with all three partner countries, including on labour inspection and labour formalisation with Peru, and on the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the circular economy and corporate social responsibility with Colombia. With Ecuador actions were put in place throughout the year to raise awareness and build capacity to assist the initial stage of implementation of the TSD chapter. |
| Vse tri andske partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, se še naprej spopadajo s pomembnimi izzivi. Peru mora močno izboljšati svoje notranje posvetovalne mehanizme in okrepiti prizadevanja za izvajanje svojih bistvenih obveznosti. Kolumbija se je z ustanovitvijo notranje svetovalne skupine, ki bo dopolnila njene obstoječe posvetovalne mehanizme, odzvala na ponavljajoče se zahteve civilne družbe. Ekvador je v prvem letu izvajanja poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju konstruktivno sodeloval z EU, delo pa se bo zdaj osredotočilo na konkretne točke ukrepanja. | Important challenges remain for all three Andean FTA partners. Peru needs to significantly improve its domestic consultative mechanisms and to step up efforts to implement its substantive obligations. The creation of a domestic advisory group (DAG) in Colombia to complement its existing consultative mechanisms responded to repeated demands by civil society. With Ecuador, there has been constructive engagement in the first year of the implementation of the TSD chapter and work will now focus on concrete points of action. |
| 3.3 SPORAZUM O PRIDRUŽITVI MED EU IN SREDNJO AMERIKO | 3.3 EU ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT WITH CENTRAL AMERICA |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Sporazum o prosti trgovini, ki je del sporazuma o pridružitvi med EU in šestimi srednjeameriškimi državami (s Panamo, Kostariko, Hondurasom, Gvatemalo, Nikaragvo in Salvadorjem), je pet let po začetku veljavnosti dobil nov zagon, saj so se trgovinski tokovi EU s Srednjo Ameriko leta 2017 povečali za 7,2 %. | Five years after its entry into force, the FTA part of the Association Agreement between the EU and six Central American countries (Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador) has seen a new vitality as EU trade flows with Central America grew by 7.2% in 2017. |
| Sporazum in njegov institucionalni okvir sta poleg trgovinskih tokov v višini 11 milijard EUR med državami Srednje Amerike in EU skupaj s programi EU v tej regiji okrepila regionalno gospodarsko povezovanje v Srednji Ameriki. Uvoz v EU iz zadevne regije se je močno povečal v petih od šestih držav v regiji. Izvoz iz EU v Srednjo Ameriko se je na splošno povečal, čeprav zmerneje. | Besides trade flows amounting to 11 billion EUR between Central American countries and the EU, the Agreement and its institutional setting, together with EU programs in the region, have been furthering regional economic integration in Central America. EU imports from the region experienced a solid upward trend in five of the six countries in the region. EU exports to Central America rose overall, albeit more modestly. |
| Uporaba tarifnih kvot se je leta 2017 izboljšala za obe regiji, osredotočena pa je bila na določene izdelke. Srednja Amerika je v celoti izkoristila svojo kvoto za sladkor in neustekleničeni rum, izvozniki iz EU pa so izboljšali svojo uporabo tarifnih kvot, zlasti za mleko v prahu (ta je bila 91-odstotna). | The use of TRQs improved in 2017 for both regions while focussing on specific products. Central America fully used its sugar and bulk rum quota, while EU exporters improved their use of TRQs, particularly in the case of powdered milk (at 91%). |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Srednje Amerike je bila znova visoka, in sicer je bila v povprečju 95-odstotna. Podatki za izračun stopnje uporabe preferenciala za izvoz iz EU v Srednjo Ameriko niso bili na voljo. | The PUR on imports into the EU from Central America was again high with an average of 95%. Data to calculate the PUR on EU exports to Central America were not available. |
| Trgovina s storitvami med regijama se je še naprej povečevala v absolutnem in relativnem smislu, leta 2016 pa je zajemala skoraj 40 % vrednosti celotne trgovine. Panama je namembni kraj za približno 60 % izvoza iz EU v zadevno regijo in za več kot 60 % celotne trgovine s storitvami. | Trade in services between the two regions continued to increase in absolute and relative terms and in 2016 represented almost 40% of the value of total trade. Panama is the destination for around 60% of EU exports to the region and over 60% of total trade in services. |
| EU je v regiji še vedno razmeroma veliko vlagala. Stopnja neposrednih tujih naložb EU v Srednji Ameriki je bila na primer leta 2016 dvakrat ali več kot dvakrat večja od tiste v Kolumbiji ali Peruju s podobnimi ali nižjimi tržnimi vrednostmi in je bila bolj podobna tisti z Argentino, ki je imela leta 2016 za 50 % večji trgovinski tok z EU. | EU investment in the region remained relatively strong. For example, in 2016 EU FDI stocks in Central America were double or more those in Colombia or Peru, with similar or lower trade values and were closer to those with Argentina, which in 2016 had a 50% higher trade flow with the EU. |
| Pravice delavcev in varovanje okolja | Labour and environmental rights |
| Po ustanovitvi domačih svetovalnih skupin v vseh državah Srednje Amerike je bil dosežen mejnik pri izvajanju poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju. EU je znova financirala različne dejavnosti med drugim skupaj z MOD, OECD in lokalno civilno družbo, ki delujejo v zadevni regiji, s poudarkom na pomembnih temah, kot so družbena odgovornost podjetij in odgovorno poslovno ravnanje, vključno s strokovnimi srečanji. EU je zagotovila tudi sredstva regionalnemu uradu MOD za podporo učinkovitemu izvajanju temeljnih konvencij MOD v Salvadorju in Gvatemali. | A milestone was reached in implementing the TSD chapter, following the establishment of DAGs in all Central American countries. The EU again funded various activities in conjunction with the ILO, the OECD and local civil society amongst others covering the region, with a focus on important topics such as corporate social responsibility and responsible business conduct, including expert meetings. The EU also provided funding to the ILO Regional Office to support the effective implementation of ILO fundamental conventions in El Salvador and Guatemala. |
| Napredek pri izvajanju in odprta vprašanja | Progress in implementation and outstanding issues |
| Po dolgem in napornem procesu se je pridružitveni odbor leta 2018 dogovoril o obojestransko zadovoljivi rešitvi načela, ki bi morala utreti pot popolni vključitvi Hrvaške v sporazum, kar se bo, da bo lahko začelo veljati, izvedlo v skladu s potrebnimi zakonskimi zahtevami. | Following a long and arduous process, the Association Committee in 2018 agreed on a mutually satisfactory solution of principle that should pave the way for the full incorporation of Croatia into the Agreement, which will follow the necessary legal requirements to become effective. |
| Pridružitveni odbor je pred kratkim obravnaval tudi vprašanje v zvezi s pomanjkanjem podatkov, ki jih morajo severnoameriške partnerske države predložiti za izračun stopenj uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Srednjo Ameriko. Pododbor za dostop na trg je bil odgovoren za opredelitev razlogov in morebitnih rešitev, da bi se pomanjkljivosti odpravile. | The Association Committee recently also considered the issue related to the lack of data required from Central American partners to calculate PURs on exports from the EU to Central America. The Market Access Sub-committee was tasked with identifying the reasons and potential solutions to remedy the shortcomings. |
| Uspeh španske družbe za predelavo rib zaradi sporazuma o prosti trgovini med EU in Srednjo Ameriko | Grupo Calvo, španska skupina družb, ki se ukvarjajo z ribolovom, predelavo in distribucijo živil v pločevinkah, je sčasoma iz majhne tovarne za konzerviranje v galicijskem mestu Carballo zrasla v mednarodno skupino živilskih družb. Danes deluje v več kot 70 državah in zaposluje več kot 5 000 ljudi. Eden od osrednjih trgov družbe je Srednja Amerika, kjer ima največji obseg prodaje v Kostariki, sledita pa ji Panama in Salvador. | Skupina Grupo Calvo je leta 2013, po začetku veljavnosti trgovinskega sporazuma med EU in šestimi srednjeameriškimi državami, lahko uporabila kvoto, dodeljeno srednjeameriškim partnerjem, za izvoz približno 160 ton tuna. Od takrat njeno poslovanje v Srednji Ameriki v zadnjih nekaj letih vztrajno in stalno raste. Od podpisa pridružitvenega sporazuma je stalno poudarjala pravno varnost in naložbene priložnosti, ki jih bo sporazum omogočil regiji. To je skupini olajšalo vzpostavitev strateških povezav z nacionalnimi subjekti, ki lokalnim proizvajalcem in MSP omogočajo uporabo dobrih praks. Skupina Grupo Calvo je postala vodilna na področju inovativnih poslovnih modelov v Kostariki. | Spanish fish processing company rides on the wave of EU-Central America FTA | Grupo Calvo is a Spanish group of companies dedicated to fishing, processing and distribution of canned goods, that has grown over time from a small canning factory located in the Galician town of Carballo to become an international food group. Today it operates in more than 70 countries and employs over 5,000 people. One of the company's central markets is Central America, where it has its highest sales volume in Costa Rica, followed by Panama and El Salvador. | In 2013, following the entry into force of the trade agreement between the EU and six Central American countries, Grupo Calvo was able to use the quota assigned to Central American partners to export around 160 metric tons of tuna. Since then, continued and steady growth has been witnessed for the Grupo Calvo in Central America over the last couple of years. Since the signing of the Association Agreement, Grupo Calvo has continuously stressed the legal certainty and investment opportunities that the Agreement would bring to the region. This made it easier for the group to enter strategic alliances with national entities that allow local producers and SMEs to make use of best practices. Grupo Calvo has become a leader for innovative business models in Costa Rica. |
| 3.4. Celoviti gospodarski in trgovinski sporazum med EU in Kanado (CETA) | 3.4. EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement- CETA |
| Prve izkušnje | First experiences |
| Začasno se je začel uporabljati 21 šele 21. septembra 2017, sklepne ugotovitve o vplivu na trgovinske tokove še niso mogoče, vendar so koristi že vidne. | Provisional application 21 only began on 21 September 2017 and conclusions on the impact on trade flows are not yet possible, but benefits have started showing. |
| üV prvih devetih mesecih uporabe sporazuma (od oktobra 2017 do junija 2018) se je izvoz blaga iz EU v Kanado povečal za 7 %, in sicer najbolj kmetijski izvoz v segmentu sadja in oreškov (29 %) ter segmentu penečega vina (11 %); | üIn the first 9 months of the application of the agreement (October 2017 to June 2018) EU exports of goods to Canada increased by 7%, with peaks in agricultural exports: fruit and nuts (29%) and sparkling wine (11%). |
| üza 8 % se je povečal tudi izvoz strojev in aparatov (ena petina izvoza iz EU v Kanado). Izvoz zdravil (ena desetina izvoza iz EU v Kanado) se je povečal za 10 %. Povečal se je tudi izvoz iz EU v drugih segmentih, na primer pohištva (10 %), parfumov/kozmetičnih izdelkov (11 %), obutve (8 %) in oblačil (11 %); | üExports in machinery and mechanical appliances (one fifth of EU exports to Canada) also increased by 8%. Exports in pharmaceuticals (10% of EU exports to Canada) increased by 10%. Other important EU exports were also on the rise, as for example furniture (10%), perfumes/cosmetics (11%), footwear (8%) and clothing (11%). |
| üKomisija skrbno spremlja uporabo in zbira informacije o dodeljevanju in prenosu tarifnih kvot za sir. | üThe Commission is carefully monitoring the uptake of and gathering information on allocation and transfers of the cheese tariff rate quotas (TRQs). |
| Ukrepi, sprejeti za spodbujanje izvajanja | Steps taken to advance implementation |
| Hitro se je nadaljevalo delo v zvezi z vzpostavitvijo celovitega institucionalnega okvira, sestavljenega iz 13 odborov in šestih posebnih dialogov, v okviru katerih se poroča skupnemu odboru CETA. V prvi polovici leta 2018 se je sestalo več odborov, vključno s tistimi, ki so namenjeni geografskim označbam, sanitarnim in fitosanitarnim ukrepom, carinam in javnim naročilom, e-trgovanju, vinu in žganim pijačam, izvedla pa sta se tudi dialoga, namenjena gozdarskim proizvodom in dostopu na trg biotehnoloških proizvodov. Več informacij je na voljo na tej povezavi . | Work progressed speedily on building the comprehensive institutional framework consisting of 13 committees and 6 specialised dialogues, reporting to the CETA Joint Committee. Several committees met in the first half of 2018, including those dedicated to geographical indications (GIs), SPS, customs and public procurement, e-commerce, wines and spirits, as well as the Dialogues dedicated to "Forest Products" and "Biotech Market Access." More information can be found here . |
| Odbor za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj se je prvič sestal 13. septembra 2018, skupno poročilo pa je na voljo na tej povezavi . EU in Kanada sta med drugim proučili skupne ukrepe za izvajanje Pariškega sporazuma in načine za olajšanje vključevanja zadevnih predstavnikov civilne družbe. Komisija in Kanada sta razpravljali tudi o zgodnjem pregledu določb o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju, kar je v skladu z zavezo Komisije iz skupnega interpretativnega instrumenta o sporazumu CETA. | The first TSD Committee took place on 13 September 2018, the joint report can be accessed here. The EU and Canada explored, among other issues, joint actions for implementing the Paris Agreement and ways for facilitating involvement of the respective civil society representatives. The Commission and Canada also discussed the early review of the TSD provisions, reflecting the Commission's commitment in the CETA "Joint Interpretative Instrument" (JII) . |
| Poleg tega je Komisija za zainteresirane strani v sodelovanju z državami članicami in Kanado pripravila smernice o pravilih o poreklu v sporazumu CETA , ki se stalno izpopolnjujejo. | Furthermore, the Commission, in collaboration with Member States and Canada, prepared Guidance on rules of origin in CETA for stakeholders, which are being continuously enriched. |
| Komisija je s sporazumom CETA še korak bližje večji preglednosti, in sicer s pravočasnim objavljanjem informacij o dejavnostih institucionalnih organov na spletni strani Meetings and documents (Srečanja in dokumenti), namenjeni sporazumu CETA. | With CETA the Commission took another step towards increasing transparency, publishing timely information on the activities of the institutional bodies on a CETA specific 'Meetings and documents' webpage . |
| Nova navodila po korakih v zvezi s sporazumom CETA za podjetja in namenski prostor za sporazum CETA v podatkovni zbirki o dostopu na trge so se izkazali za zelo uspešne, ta instrumenta pa sta lahko navdih za prihodnje sporazume. | The new CETA step-by-step guide for businesses and a dedicated CETA space within the Market Access Database proved highly successful and these instruments can provide inspiration for future agreements. |
| Za spremljanje in nadaljnje izboljšanje izvajanja sporazuma CETA je skupina strokovnjakov o trgovinskih sporazumih EU 11. julija 2018 razpravljala o trenutnem stanju. | To monitor and further improve implementation of CETA the state of play was discussed by the Expert Group on EU Trade Agreements on 11 July 2018. |
| Poljska jabolka: pripravljeni na sadove sporazuma CETA | Polish apples: Ready to reap the fruits of CETA |
| Družba Ewa-Bis s sedežem v Varšavi dobavlja konvencionalno in ekološko pridelane proizvode v več kot 25 držav. Njen lastnik Marek Marzec je skupaj s sredstvi EU, prejetimi leta 2014, vzpostavil informacijski sistem med podjetji, s katerim pripravlja zbirko podatkov o dobaviteljih in kupcih po vsem svetu. Družba Ewa-Bis je v Torontu vzpostavila povezave v pričakovanju širitve poslovnih dejavnosti, da bi izkoristila sporazum CETA, zlasti ničelno stopnjo carinskih dajatev za izvoz sadja in zelenjave v Kanado. Korist bo imela tudi od poenostavljenih in hitrejših odobritev za izvoz rastlin, sadja in zelenjave iz EU v Kanado. | Warsaw based Ewa-Bis supplies both conventionally-grown and organic produce to over 25 countries. Its owner, Marek Marzec, with the help of EU funding received in 2014, was able to built a business-to-business IT system developing a database of suppliers and customers worldwide. Ewa-Bis has established a foothold in Toronto in expectation of expanding its business to make use of CETA, in particular zero customs duties on its fruit and vegetable exports to Canada. Ewa-Bis will also benefit from simplified and more speedy approvals for exporting plants, fruit and vegetables from the EU to Canada. |
| Najboljši francoski siri na kanadskih mizah | Top French cheeses set for Canada’s tables |
| Maison Mons je francosko družinsko podjetje, ki je bilo ustanovljeno leta 1964 ter je specializirano za zorenje in prodajo tradicionalno proizvedenih visokokakovostnih sirov. Družba nabavlja 190 vrst sira s 130 kmetij in jih izvaža v več kot 25 držav, tudi v Kanado. Upa, da bo, zdaj ko je vzpostavljen sporazum CETA, povečala izvoz, saj se bo s sporazumom CETA več kot podvojila dajatev prosta kvota za izvoz sira iz EU v Kanado, in sicer z 8 000 na 18 500 ton. Družba Maison Mons bo s svojimi proizvodi lahko izkoristila tudi prednosti zaščite 140 značilnih evropskih regionalnih prehranskih proizvodov in pijač na kanadskem trgu. | Maison Mons is a French family firm founded in 1964, specialised in refining and selling exceptional cheeses produced in the traditional way. The company sources 190 cheeses from 130 different farms and exports to over 25 countries, including Canada. With CETA now in place, the company is looking forward to increasing its exports, as CETA doubles the current duty-free quota for EU cheese exports to Canada, from 8,000 to 18,500 tons. Maison Mons and its products will also benefit from protection of 140 distinctive European regional food and drink products on the Canadian market. |
| Izvršni direktor Hervé Mons: „Sporazum CETA spodbuja nove posle. Od začetka veljavnosti sporazuma že imamo številna naročila kanadskih trgovcev na drobno za naše sire.“ Laure Dubouloz, direktor prodaje za Severno Ameriko, pravi: „Od začetka veljavnosti sporazuma CETA prejemamo poizvedbe trgovcev na drobno iz Kanade o naših sirih. Zanje podvojitev dajatev proste kvote pomeni, da lahko ponujajo večje število visokokakovostnih vrst sirov. Navdušeni smo nad to novo priložnostjo na trgu.“ | CEO Herve Mon: "CETA is driving new business. We already have numerous orders for our cheeses from Canadian retailers since the agreement entered into force." Says Laure Dubouloz, Sales director North America: "Since CETA, we have started receiving enquiries from retailers in Canada about our cheeses. For them, the doubling of the duty free quota means they can offer a wider range of high end cheeses. We are excited about this new market opportunity". |
| Stari irski viski bodo pili tudi v Kanadi | Družba Chapel Gate Irish Whiskey Company s sedežem v grofiji Clare je edina družba na Irskem, ki viski proizvaja pod carinskim nadzorom. Ustanoviteljica Louise McGuane viski pridobiva iz več destilarn z vse Irske in ga zori v lastnem skladišču. Ko je pripravljen, se z mešanjem ustvarijo edinstvene pijače. Ta družba je globalno MSP, zato je približno 70 % njenega izvoza namenjenega na trge zunaj EU in pričakuje se, da se bodo prihodki naslednje leto potrojili. Trgovinski sporazumi, kot je CETA, manjšim družbam, kot je Chapel Gate, omogočajo rast in uspešno konkuriranje na teh trgih. Sporazum CETA zlasti zagotavlja učinkovitejše izvrševanje pravil, ki ščitijo njeno blagovno znamko pred posnemanjem. Zmanjšuje tudi upravne postopke, zlasti na provincialni ravni, kar olajša izvoz. | Izvršna direktorica Louise McGuane: „Sporazum odpira pot malim podjetjem, kot je moje, ki mora izvažati, da preživi in raste. Z zmanjšanjem davčnega bremena lahko postanemo precej bolj konkurenčni na svetovnem trgu. Alkohol je na splošno močno zaščiten sektor po vsem svetu, zato je odprava trgovinskih ovir za nas ključna, saj nam omogoča dostop do trgov, do katerih drugače ne bi mogli dostopati.“ | Old Irish whiskey goes local in Canada | The Chapel Gate Irish Whiskey Company is Ireland’s only Whiskey Bonder, based in County Clare. Founder Louise McGuane sources whiskey from multiple distilleries all over Ireland and matures it in a rack-house on site. When it is ready it is blended to create unique styles. Being a global SME, around 70% of its exports go to markets outside the EU, and revenues are expected to triple next year. Trade agreements like CETA make it easier for smaller companies like Chapel Gate to grow and compete successfully in these markets. In particular, CETA ensures more effective enforcement of the rules protecting is brand from imitation. CETA also reduces red tape, particularly at the provincial level, making facilitating exports. | CEO Louise MaGaune: “The agreement opens the way for small businesses like mine who must export to survive and grow. By lessening the tax burden we can become much more competitive in the global marketplace. Alcohol is generally a heavily protected sector around the world, so breaking down trade barriers is essential for us to access markets we otherwise would not be able to." |
| 4.POGLOBLJENA IN CELOVITA PROSTOTRGOVINSKA OBMOČJA 22 | 4.DEEP AND COMPREHENSIVE FREE TRADE AREAS (DCFTAs) 22 |
| Trenutno stanje | State of play |
| Pridružitveni sporazumi EU z Gruzijo, Republiko Moldavijo (Moldavijo) in Ukrajino so namenjeni poglobitvi političnega pridruževanja in pripravi na postopno gospodarsko povezovanje med EU in njenimi tremi vzhodnimi partnerskimi državami v okviru vzhodnega partnerstva kot dela evropske sosedske politike. | The EU's Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova (Moldova) and Ukraine aim to deepen political association and prepare for gradual economic integration between the EU and its three Eastern partners in the framework of the Eastern Partnership as part of the European Neighbourhood Policy. |
| Poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja imajo dva glavna sestavna dela: | The DCFTAs have two main components: |
| ·vzajemno odpiranje trga za blago z majhno asimetrijo v korist vzhodnih partneric in | ·reciprocal market opening for goods with some asymmetry benefitting the Eastern partners; and |
| ·obsežno približevanje zakonodaje pravu EU, zlasti na področjih, povezanih s trgovino. | ·far-reaching regulatory approximation to the EU law, notably in trade-related areas. |
| Po več kot dveh letih uporabe z Ukrajino ter več štirih letih z Moldavijo in Gruzijo so dobri rezultati že vidni in trgovina se povečuje. Približevanje zakonodaje postopoma napreduje. Njen vpliv na dinamiko trgovanja in njeno trajnost je treba obravnavati srednje- do dolgoročno. | After more than two years of application with Ukraine and more than four years with Moldova and Georgia good results are becoming visible and trade has been increasing. Legislative approximation is advancing gradually. Its impact in terms of trade dynamics and their sustainability needs to be seen mid- to long-term. |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| EU je največja trgovinska partnerica vseh treh držav, pri čemer je leta 2017 trgovina z EU obsegala 56 % celotne trgovine Moldavije, 42 % celotne trgovine Ukrajine in 27 % celotne trgovine Gruzije. EU ima pozitivno trgovinsko bilanco z vsemi tremi državami. | The EU is the largest trading partner of all three countries, in 2017 accounting for 56% of total trade in case of Moldova, 42% for Ukraine and 27% for Georgia. The EU has a positive trade balance with all three countries. |
| üTrgovina med EU in Ukrajino se močno povečuje. Izvoz iz EU v Ukrajino in uvoz v EU iz Ukrajine sta se povečala za 22 % oziroma 27 %, zlasti zaradi stabilizacije gospodarskega položaja po gospodarski krizi v letih 2014 in 2015; | üTrade between EU and Ukraine has been growing strongly. EU exports to and imports from Ukraine grew by 22% and 27%, respectively, due to a great extent to the stabilization of the economic situation after the economic crisis of 2014-2015. |
| ütudi trgovina z Moldavijo se je leta 2017 povečala, pri čemer se je uvoz v EU povečal za 23 %, in sicer nekoliko več od izvoza iz EU, ki se je povečal za 19 %. Moldavsko gospodarstvo raste in moldavske družbe so izboljšale svojo učinkovitost kot dobavitelji strojev, živil ter nekaterih kmetijskih proizvodov in tekstilnih izdelkov; | üTrade with Moldova also increased, with EU imports growing by 23%, slightly more than exports, which grew by 19% in 2017. The Moldovan economy is growing and Moldovan companies improved their performance as suppliers of machinery, foodstuffs, certain agricultural and textiles' products. |
| ütrgovina med EU in Gruzijo se je povečala za 6 %, pri čemer se je izvoz iz EU povečal le za 1,4 %, uvoz v EU pa za 23 % in je zajemal zlasti mineralne proizvode, kot so rude, žlindre in pepeli. | üEU- Georgia trade increased by 6%, with exports growing by 1.4% only, while EU imports increased by 23%, mainly consisting of mineral products, such ores, slag and ash. |
| Stopnje uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz vseh treh partnerskih držav v okviru poglobljenih in celovitih prostotrgovinskih območij so kljub rahlemu znižanju v primerjavi z letom 2016 ostale razmeroma visoke, tj. 77 % za Gruzijo, 85 % za Moldavijo in 87 % za Ukrajino. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Gruzijo se je močno zvišala, in sicer z 71 % leta 2016 na 77 % leta 2017. Podatki za Ukrajino in Moldavijo niso bili na voljo. | The PURs on imports into the EU from the three DCFTA partners, despite a slight decrease when compared to 2016, remained relatively high with 77% for Georgia, 85% for Moldova and 87% for Ukraine. The PUR on exports from the EU to Georgia strongly increased from 71% in 2016 to 77% in 2017. Data from Ukraine and Moldova was not available. |
| Ukrajina, Moldavija in Gruzija niso popolnoma izkoristile preferencialnih tarifnih kvot za kmetijske proizvode, ki jih je dodelila EU, saj še ne izpolnjujejo vseh zahtev glede sanitarnih in fitosanitarnih ukrepov, poleg tega se spopadajo z nekaterimi težavami v zvezi z uveljavitvijo njihovih izdelkov na trgu. | Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia fell short of fully using the preferential TRQs for agricultural products granted by the EU, as they do not yet meet all SPS requirements and are facing some problems in positioning their products on the market. |
| V obdobju 2015–2016 se je izvoz storitev iz EU v zadevne tri partnerske države povečal za 6 %, uvoz v EU pa za 3 %. Izvoz iz EU v Ukrajino se je povečal za 9 %, uvoz pa se je zmanjšal za 2 %. Uvoz v EU iz Gruzije je ostal stabilen, izvoz iz EU pa se je zmanjšal za 33 %. Izvoz storitev iz EU v Moldavijo se je zmanjšal za 16 %, uvoz v EU pa za 35 %. | In 2015-2016, EU exports in services to the three partners increased by 6% and imports by 3%, respectively. EU exports to Ukraine increased by 9% while imports decreased by 2%. EU imports from Georgia remained stable while EU exports declined by 33%. EU exports of services to Moldova decreased by 16% while imports increased by 35%. |
| Leta 2016 so se tokovi neposrednih tujih naložb iz EU v Moldavijo povečali za 183 % (čeprav z zelo nizke ravni), naložbeni tokovi iz Moldavije v EU pa so se zmanjšali za 145 %. Naložbeni tokovi iz Gruzije so ostali stabilni, tokovi iz EU v Gruzijo pa so se v primerjavi z letom 2015 zmanjšali. Neposredne tuje naložbe EU v Ukrajini so leta 2016 ostale na nizki ravni. | In 2016, EU FDI flows to Moldova increased by 183% (albeit from a very low level) while Moldovan investment flows into the EU decreased by 145%. Investment flows from Georgia remained stable while flows from the EU to Georgia decreased compared to 2015. EU FDI in Ukraine remained at a low level in 2016. |
| Napredek pri izvajanju poglobljenih in celovitih prostotrgovinskih območij in odprta vprašanja | Progress in DCFTA implementation and outstanding issues |
| Ukrajina ni uporabila višjih izvoznih dajatev za izvoz odpadne kovine v EU, prepoved izvoza neobdelanega lesa, uvedena leta 2015, pa še vedno velja kljub močnim prizadevanjem EU, da bi z Ukrajino rešila ta vprašanja. Komisija ob svojem konstruktivnem pristopu in odporu Ukrajine do napredka zdaj razmišlja o obravnavanju te trgovinske ovire prek mehanizma za reševanje sporov, predvidenega v okviru poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja. | The higher export duties on metal scrap exports to the EU were not applied by Ukraine, while the export ban on raw wood imposed in 2015 remained, despite strong efforts by the EU to get Ukraine to resolve the issues. The constructive approach by the Commission and Ukraine’s reluctance to progress means that the Commission is now considering addressing this trade irritant through the dispute settlement mechanism provided for under the DCFTA. |
| Moldavija je po sodbi vrhovnega sodišča odpravila pomanjkljivosti pri zaščiti geografske označbe EU „Prosecco“. Ob tem mora še vedno odpraviti pomisleke glede pomanjkanja preglednosti pri distribuciji električne energije in diskriminacije, prisotne v zvezi z zakonom o lokalnih virih za trgovce na drobno. O teh vprašanjih razpravljajo organi izvajanja, poleg tega te razprave potekajo tudi na politični ravni. | Moldova resolved shortcomings with the protection of the EU GI Prosecco, following a ruling by the Supreme Court. Moldova still needs to address concerns related to the lack of transparency in electricity distribution and the ongoing discrimination in respect to a law on local sourcing for retailers. These issues are being discussed in the implementation bodies and at political level. |
| Kar zadeva sanitarne in fitosanitarne ukrepe, je Moldavija dosegla dober napredek, saj je sprejela in decembra 2017 začela izvajati svojo sanitarno in fitosanitarno strategijo, Gruzija pa je sprejela zakonodajni načrt. Ukrajina bi jima morala slediti leta 2018. Število družb, ki prejmejo dovoljenja EU za izvoz kmetijskih proizvodov v Ukrajino, se povečuje. | On SPS measures, good progress was made by Moldova, which adopted and started to implement its SPS strategy in December 2017, while Georgia adopted a legislative roadmap. Ukraine should follow suit in 2018. The number of companies receiving EU authorisations to export agricultural products to Ukraine has been growing. |
| Ukrajina in Moldavija sta pokazali zanimanje za začetek pogajanj o sporazumih o ugotavljanju skladnosti in priznavanju industrijskih izdelkov. | Ukraine and Moldova have shown interest in starting negotiations on Agreements on Conformity Assessment and Recognition of Industrial Products (ACAAs). |
| Vse tri države so sprejele spodbudne ukrepe za izboljšanje svojih sistemov javnih naročil in so izvedle obsežne strategije reform. To vključuje sistem za e-javno naročanje v Ukrajini in Moldaviji, s katerim bi se morala okrepiti učinkovitost in zmanjšati korupcija. | All three countries took encouraging steps in improving their public procurement regimes, and were implementing comprehensive reform strategies. This includes an e-procurement system in Ukraine and Moldova, which should enhance efficiency and reduce corruption. |
| Podpora EU reformam | EU support to reforms |
| EU zagotavlja finančno in tehnično pomoč v vseh treh partnerskih državah, da bi podprla domače reforme, ki izhajajo iz poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja, in spodbudila upravno zmogljivost institucij, ki bodo te reforme oblikovale in izvajale. Podpora EU zajema raznovrstna področja, kot so varnost hrane, tehnični predpisi in standardi, javna naročila, intelektualna lastnina, konkurenca in druga. Podpora EU se izvaja na več načinov (kot so tesno medinstitucionalno sodelovanje, izmenjava informacij in tehnična pomoč (TAIEX) ali pogodbe EU o izvedbi sektorskih reform, ki vključujejo podporo proračuna za izvajanje političnih ukrepov). | The EU provides financial and technical assistance in all three partner countries to support domestic reforms deriving from the DCFTA and to foster the administrative capacity of institutions that will design and implement these reforms. The EU support covers a wide range of areas such as food safety, technical regulations and standards, public procurment, intellectual property, competition, etc. EU assistance is being delivered using a whole set of modalities (such as Twinning, TAIEX or the EU Sector Reform Performance Contracts, involving budet support against implementation of policy measures). |
| Podpora EU, namenjena MSP | EU support for SMEs |
| MSP v državah, ki so podpisale sporazum o pridružitvi, vključno s poglobljenim in celovitim prostotrgovinskim območjem z EU, dobijo dodatno podporo iz instrumenta poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja za MSP. Ta instrument bo prejel približno 200 milijonov EUR nepovratnih sredstev iz proračuna EU, da bi se omogočile nove naložbe MSP v vrednosti vsaj 2 milijard EUR. Ta sredstva podjetjem v Gruziji, Moldaviji in Ukrajini pomagajo pri prilagajanju na nove tržne zahteve z racionalizacijo postopkov in vlaganjem v novo opremo, da bi se upoštevala pravila EU na področjih, kot so kakovost in varnost, energijska učinkovitost in okoljska skladnost. | SMEs in countries that have signed an Association Agreement, including a DCFTA with the EU, get additional support from the DCFTA Facility for SMEs. This facility will receive approximately 200 million EUR of grants from the EU budget to unlock at least 2 billion EUR of new investments by SMEs. These funds help businesses in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine to adapt to new market requirements, by streamlining processes and investing in new equipment to comply with EU rules in areas such as quality and safety, energy efficiency and environmental compliance. |
| Romunska programska oprema za banke v Moldaviji | Romunska družba Allevo s sedežem v Bukarešti ima 50 zaposlenih in zagotavlja programske rešitve, ki finančnim institucijam pomagajo pri poslovanju, obdelavi plačil ter izpolnjevanju evropskih in lokalnih standardov in predpisov. Kot je predvideno v okviru poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja, Moldavija sprejema predpise EU, ki moldavskim bankam omogočajo boljši položaj na širšem trgu finančnih storitev. S tem se odpirajo poslovne priložnosti za družbo Allevo, ki zagotavlja rešitve, prilagojene potrebam bank. Poleg tega se podjetja iz EU, kot je Allevo, ki poslujejo v Moldaviji, v okviru poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja zdaj obravnavajo kot moldavska podjetja, kar jim olajša poslovanje. Zaradi poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja večina finančne ureditve v Moldaviji temelji na modelu EU, kar poenostavlja prodajo storitev EU. | Romanian software solutions for banks in Moldova | The Romanian company Allevo headquartered in Bucharest employs 50 staff and provides software solutions that help financial institutions operate, process payments and comply with European and local standards and regulations. As foreseen under the DCFTA Moldova is adopting EU regulations allowing Moldovan banks to better position themselves in the wider financial services market. This opens up business opportunities for Allevo, who is offering solutions tailored to fit the banks' needs. Furthermore, under the DCFTA, EU companies like Allevo, operating in Moldova are now treated like Moldovan companies, making it easier for them to operate. Thanks to the DCFTA, Moldova now bases most of its financial regulation on the EU model, simplifying the sale of EU services. |
| Poljska družba za opremo, ki se uporablja na prostem, se vzpenja v nove višave v Ukrajini | Poljska družba Fjord Nansen s sedežem v vasi Chwaszczyno v bližini mesta Gdynia je specializirana za opremo, ki se uporablja na prostem, kot so šotori, nahrbtniki, spalne vreče, termovke in oblačila za uporabo na prostem. Kot je potrdil njen lastnik Dariusz Staniszewski, je izvoz za družbo Fjord Nansen čedalje pomembnejši. Glavni trg je Ukrajina. Družba je leta 2011 izvozila rekordnih 23 % svoje proizvodnje v Ukrajini. Prostotrgovinsko območje med EU in Ukrajino, ki se uporablja od januarja 2016, spodbuja rast podjetja in sprostitev njegovega celotnega potenciala. | Polish outdoor equipment company climbs to new heights in Ukraine | Polish company Fjord Nansen based in the village of Chwaszczyno near Gdynia specialises in outdoor equipment such as tents, backpacks, sleeping bags, vacuum flasks and outdoor clothing. As confirmed by its owner, Dariusz Staniszewski, exports are increasingly important to Fjord Nansen. A key market is Ukraine. In 2011 the company exported a record 23% of its production there. The EU-Ukraine trade free trade area, in application since January 2016, facilitates growing the business and unleashing its full potential. |
| Ukrajinska modna družba uporablja sporazum o prosti trgovini kot odskočno desko za dobavo vodilnih evropskih blagovnih znamk | Ključni cilj vzpostavitve poglobljenih in celovitih prostotrgovinskih območij je podpiranje razvoja podjetij in s tem večja gospodarska stabilnost v partnerskih državah. Družba Uzhgorod clothing factory izvaja naročila znanih evropskih strank, kot sta modni hiši Gerry Weber in Marc O’Polo ter sodeluje z modnima hišama Hugo Boss in Dolce & Gabanna. Direktor družbe kot zelo pomemben trenutek poudarja 1. januar 2016, ko so ukrajinski carinski uradi zaradi začetka uporabe poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja začeli izdajati potrdila o poreklu za blago, zaradi česar so se zagotovile preferencialne carinske dajatve pri uvozu blaga v EU. Družba Uzhgorod clothing factory v Evropo letno dobavlja 400–450 tisoč kosov oblačil in ima 300 zaposlenih. | Ukraine fashion company uses FTA as stepping stone to supply leading European brands | Supporting business development and hence greater economic stability in partner countries is a key objective pursued with DCFTAs."Uzhgorod clothing factory" has been performing to the orders of famous European customers such as Gerry Weber and Marc O'Polo and collaborating with Hugo Boss and Dolce & Gabbana. The Director of the factory underlines as very important the moment when on 1 January 2016 as a result of start of application of the DCFTA the Ukrainian custom authorities started issuing certificates of origin for goods, which ensured the preferential customs duties when imported into the EU. Uzhgorod supplies 400-450 thousand pieces of clothing each year to Europe and has 300 employees. |
| Pravice delavcev in varovanje okolja | Labour and environmental rights |
| Izvajanje poglavij o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju je napredovalo. V Moldaviji in Gruziji že nekaj let delujejo svetovalni mehanizmi civilne družbe. Naslednji korak za Moldavijo je vzpostavitev delovnega načrta za izvajanje poglavij o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju. Gruzija je delovni načrt za poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju sprejela leta 2018, ob tem so se izvedli konstruktivni dialogi o delovnih standardih, zlasti delovnih inšpektoratih kot ključni instituciji za njihovo učinkovito izvajanje, ter o zadevah v zvezi z okoljskimi in podnebnimi spremembami, pri teh dialogih so sodelovali tudi organi civilne družbe. V Ukrajini se je začel dialog med pogodbenicama s poudarkom na trajnostnem gospodarjenju z gozdovi, pododbor za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj pa mora še razpravljati o delovnopravnih določbah. Ustanoviti je treba še ukrajinsko svetovalno skupino za civilno družbo. | The implementation of the TSD chapters has progressed. In Moldova and Georgia civil society advisory mechanisms have been operating for a few years now. The next step for Moldova is to set up a TSD implementation work plan. Georgia adopted a TSD workplan in 2018 and constructive dialogues involving civil society bodies were led on labour standards, in particular labour inspectorates as a key institution for their effective implementation, as well as on environmental and climate change related issues. In Ukraine, the dialogue between the Parties has started, with a focus on sustainable forest management; labour provisions still have to be discussed by the TSD Sub-Committee. The Ukrainian civil society advisory group remains to be established. |
| 5.SPORAZUMI O PROSTI TRGOVINI PRVE GENERACIJE | 5.FIRST GENERATION FTAs |
| Uvod | Introduction |
| V tem poročilu so sporazumi o prosti trgovini prve generacije tisti sporazumi o prosti trgovini, ki so bili s pogajanji sklenjeni pred objavo sporočila o globalni Evropi leta 2006, in stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazumi, ki so bili z državami Zahodnega Balkana sklenjeni med letoma 2009 in 2016. Od sporazumov, ki se uporabljajo, so v poročilu zajeti naslednji 23 : | For the purpose of this report, "first generation" FTAs are agreements negotiated before the 2006 "Global Europe" Communication" and Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs) with Western Balkan countries concluded between 2009 and 2016. Of the applied agreements, the report covers the following 23 : |
| ·sporazuma o prosti trgovini s Švico in Norveško 24 iz 70. let prejšnjega stoletja, | ·FTAs with Switzerland and Norway 24 , dating from the 1970s |
| ·sporazumi o prosti trgovini s sredozemskimi partnerskimi državami EU 25 kot del pridružitvenih sporazumov, sklenjenih v 90. letih 20. stoletja, | ·FTAs with the EU's Mediterranean partners 25 as part of Association Agreements concluded in the 1990's |
| ·sporazuma o prosti trgovini z Mehiko in Čilom (iz let 2000 oziroma 2003), | ·FTAs with Mexico and Chile (dating from 2000 and 2003) |
| ·carinska unija s Turčijo (1995), | ·Customs Union with Turkey (1995), |
| ·stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazumi s petimi državami Zahodnega Balkana (sklenjeni v obdobju 2001–2016). | ·SAAs with five Western Balkan countries (concluded between 2001 and 2016). |
| Med uporabo sporazumov o prosti trgovini se je dvosmerna trgovina povečala v vseh primerih. Stopnje uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz partnerskih držav so bile med 97 % (uvoz iz Alžirije in Egipta) in 69 % (uvoz iz Norveške), povprečna stopnja pa je bila 87-odstotna. Statistični podatki, potrebni za izračun stopenj uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v partnerske države, niso bili na voljo od vseh partnerskih držav. Kjer so bili podatki na voljo, so bile stopnje uporabe preferencialov med 86 % (izvoz iz EU v Izrael) in 44 % (izvoz iz EU v Egipt) 26 . V sporazumih o prosti trgovini prve generacije storitve niso zajete, razen v primeru Mehike in Čila. | Two way trade increased in all cases during the application of the FTAs. PURs on imports into the EU from partner countries varied between 97% (imports from Algeria and Egypt) and 69% (imports from Norway) with an average of 87%. Statistical information needed to calculate the PURs on exports from the EU to partner countries was not available from all partners. Where data was available, PURs varied between 86% (exports from the EU to Israel) and 44% (exports from the EU to Egypt) 26 . Services are not covered by the "first generation" FTAs, except in the cases of Mexico and Chile. |
| EU in Mehika sta aprila 2018 dosegli načelni dogovor o trgovinskem delu posodobljenega splošnega sporazuma med EU in Mehiko. Pogajanja za nadgradnjo veljavnega sporazuma o prosti trgovini s Čilom in Tunizijo še potekajo, začela pa so se tudi z Marokom. Komisija je dobila zeleno luč za začetek pogajanj z Jordanijo in Egiptom, ko bosta ti državi pripravljeni. Predlagala je tudi začetek pogajanj za posodobitev carinske unije s Turčijo. | The EU and Mexico reached an ‘agreement in principle’ on the trade part of a modernised EU-Mexico Global Agreement in April 2018. Negotiations to upgrade existing FTAs are ongoing with Chile and Tunisia, and have started with Morocco. The Commission has received the green light to start negotiations with Jordan and Egypt, when these countries are ready. The Commission also proposed starting negotiations to modernise the Customs Union with Turkey. |
| 5.1 Švica | 5.1 Switzerland |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Švica je največja trgovinska partnerica EU, s katero je sklenjen sporazum o prosti trgovini, in njena tretja največja trgovinska partnerica na splošno. Izvoz iz EU se je v letih 2016 in 2017 povečal za 6 %, nekoliko bolj kot v zadnjem desetletju (5 %), uvoz v EU pa se je zmanjšal za 9 %. Trend nižanja stopnje uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Švice se je leta 2017 obrnil, saj je bila stopnja uporabe preferencialov znova 85-odstotna. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Švico je v zadnjih štirih letih stabilna in je bila leta 2017 78-odstotna. | Switzerland is the EU's largest FTA trade partner and its third largest trade partner overall. EU exports between 2016 and 2017 grew by 6%, slightly more strongly than over the past decade (5%), while EU imports decreased by 9%. The downward trend of the PUR on imports into the EU from Switzerland was reverted in 2017 when the PUR was back to 85%. The PUR on exports from the EU to Switzerland has remained stable over the past four years and amounted to 78% in 2017. |
| Švica je druga največja partnerica EU na področju storitev. Vrednost storitev, ki jih zagotavljajo družbe iz EU v Švici in obratno, hitro narašča. Med letoma 2016 in 2017 se je izvoz storitev iz EU povečal za 12 %, uvoz v EU pa se je zmanjšal za 26 %, s čimer se je več kot podvojil trgovinski presežek EU, ki je leta 2017 znašal 58 milijard EUR 27 . EU in Švica nista sklenili celovitega sporazuma o storitvah, ampak so storitve le delno zajete v okviru sporazumov o kopenskem in zračnem prometu in sporazumu o prostem gibanju oseb, s čimer se kaže potencial za nadaljnji razvoj trgovine. | Switzerland is the EU's second largest partner in services. The value of services provided by EU companies in Switzerland, and vice versa, is growing fast. Between 2016 and 2017 EU exports of services increased by 12% while EU imports decreased by 26%, more than doubling the EU trade surplus, which amounted to 58 billion EUR in 2017. 27 There is no comprehensive services agreement between the EU and Switzerland, only a partial coverage through the Land and Air agreements and the Free Movement of Persons agreement, showing the potential for further trade development. |
| Izboljšanje institucionalnega okvira za trgovino med EU in Švico | Improving the institutional setting for EU-Swiss trade |
| O izboljšanju institucionalnega okvira za trgovinske odnose med EU in Švico, ki jih ureja sporazum o prosti trgovini iz leta 1972 in več sektorskih sporazumov, se razpravlja tudi v širšem okviru pogajanj o okvirnem institucionalnem sporazumu med EU in Švico. | The improvement of the institutional setting for EU-Swiss trade relations, which today are governed by the FTA of 1972 and several sectoral agreements, is also discussed in the broader context of the negotiations on an Institutional Framework Agreement between the EU and Switzerland. |
| 5.2 Norveška | 5.2 Norway |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Norveška je tretja največja trgovinska partnerica EU, s katero je sklenjen sporazum o prosti trgovini, in njena sedma največja partnerica za trgovino z blagom na splošno. Trgovina z blagom med Norveško in EU je zelo dinamična. Uvoz iz Norveške se je med letoma 2016 in 2017 povečal za 22 %. Povečal se je tudi izvoz na Norveško, čeprav počasneje (za 4,9 %). | Norway is the EU's third largest FTA trade partner and its seventh largest partner for trade in goods overall. Trade in goods is very dynamic between Norway and the EU. Between 2016 and 2017, imports from Norway grew by 22%. Exports to Norway grew also, albeit at a slower pace (by 4.9%). |
| Izvozniki iz EU od leta 2012 v celoti ali skoraj v celoti izkoristijo tarifne kvote, ki jih je Norveška dodelila za kmetijske proizvode (za govedino, svinjino in sir). Norveška je uporabila le štiri tarifne kvote, ki jih je dodelila EU. | TRQs granted by Norway for key agricultural products (beef, pork, cheese) have been fully or almost completely utilised by EU exporters since 2012. Norway only used four TRQs granted by the EU. |
| Leto 2017 je bilo prvo leto od leta 2013, ko se je stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Norveške (70 %) znova zvišala. | 2017 was the first year since 2013 that the PUR on imports into the EU from Norway (70%) increased again. |
| Novi sporazum o kmetijstvu | New Agreement on agriculture |
| EU je leta 2017 na Norveško izvozila kmetijske proizvode v vrednosti 4,5 milijarde EUR in ta trend se še povečuje. Ko se bo začel sporazum o kmetijstvu, ki je bil podpisan decembra 2017, začasno uporabljati, bo izvoznikom iz EU in Norveške omogočil nove trgovinske priložnosti s 36 v celoti liberaliziranimi tarifnimi postavkami in tarifnimi kvotami, ki jih bosta odprli obe strani. | In 2017, the EU exported agricultural products worth 4.5 billion EUR to Norway and the trend is increasing. The agreement on agriculture signed in December 2017, once provisionally applied, will offer new trade opportunities for EU and Norwegian exporters, with 36 fully liberalised tariff lines and TRQs to be opened by both sides. |
| 5.3 Sredozemske države | 5.3 Mediterranean countries |
| Dodelitev dostopa do trga EU je ključni instrument, ki podpira evropsko sosedsko politiko s svojim ciljem spodbujanja blaginje v partnerskih državah. V zvezi s tem sporazumi o prosti trgovini z Alžirijo, Egiptom, Izraelom, Jordanijo, Libanonom, Marokom, Palestino in Tunizijo zagotavljajo vzajemno liberalizacijo celotne trgovine z industrijskim blagom ter različne stopnje liberalizacije trgovine s kmetijskimi, predelanimi kmetijskimi in ribiškimi proizvodi. Vključujejo elemente asimetrije v korist večine sredozemskih partnerskih držav za spodbujanje gospodarskega razvoja v regiji in njihovo boljše vključevanje na notranji trg EU. | Granting access to the EU market is a key instrument supporting the European Neighbourhood Policy in its objective to promote prosperity in the partner counties. In this context, the FTAs with Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine and Tunisia provide for reciprocal liberalisation of all trade in industrial goods and, to different degrees, of trade in agricultural, processed agricultural and fisheries products. They include elements of asymmetry in favour of most Mediterranean countries to promote economic development in the region and its closer integration into the EU internal market. |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| EU je glavna trgovinska partnerica večine teh držav in glavni vir uvoza. EU je tudi glavni namembni kraj za izdelke iz petih največjih gospodarstev v regiji (iz Alžirije, Egipta, Izraela, Maroka in Tunizije). Trgovina se je povečala na obeh straneh, vendar se je izvoz iz EU v njene partnerske države, razen v Tunizijo in Izrael, od začetka veljavnosti sporazumov povečal hitreje kot uvoz, čeprav se je glede na obdobje 2016–2017 izvoz iz EU v večini primerov povečeval počasneje kot uvoz (z izjemo Jordanije, Palestine in Tunizije). Izvoz iz EU v Alžirijo in Egipt se je v enakem obdobju zmanjšal, saj zanj veljajo pomembne trgovinske ovire. | For most of these countries, the EU is the leading trade partner and the main source of imports. The EU is also the main destination for products from the five biggest economies in the region (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia). While trade has grown on both sides, EU exports to its partners, except for Tunisia and Israel, have grown faster than imports since the agreements came into force, although looking at the period 2016-2017 EU exports grew slower that imports in most cases (with the exception of Jordan, Palestine and Tunisia). EU exports to Algeria and Egypt decreased over the same period, as they face significant trade barriers. |
| Države, ki so sorazmerno bolj napredovale na področju diverzifikacije, kot so Maroko, Tunizija in Izrael, imajo sorazmerno manjše in stalnejše trgovinske primanjkljaje z EU. Leta 2017 si je Alžirija skoraj opomogla od trgovinskega primanjkljaja z EU in bo verjetno imela trgovinski presežek z EU, tako kot v letih pred letom 2015. Zdi se, da je to posledica zvišanja cen nafte in trgovinskih omejitev, ki jih Alžirija uporablja za izvoz iz EU. | Countries that have progressed relatively more in diversification, such as Morocco, Tunisia and Israel have relatively smaller and steadier trade deficits with the EU. In 2017 Algeria has practically recovered from its trade deficit with the EU and will probably be back to a trade surplus with the EU, as was the case in the years preceding 2015. This appears to be driven by the increase in oil prices but also trade restrictions applied by Algeria affecting EU exports. |
| Sredozemske partnerske države EU so leta 2017 dobro izkoristile trgovinske preferenciale, saj je povprečna stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz zadevnih osmih držav 87-odstotna. Podatki o stopnji uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU so bili na voljo le za Izrael (86 %), Libanon (58 %) in Egipt (44 %) 28 . Večina partnerskih držav, razen Izraela in Maroka, je premalo izkoristila tarifne kvote za kmetijstvo, ki jih je dodelila EU, delno zaradi težav pri izpolnjevanju pravil EU o sanitarnih in fitosanitarnih ukrepih. Tudi izkoriščanje kvot, dodeljenih EU, v tej fazi ni povsem zadovoljivo. | Our Mediterranean partners made good use of trade preferences in 2017, the average PUR on imports into the EU from the eight countries is 87%. Data on the PUR on EU exports were only available for Israel (86%), Lebanon (58%) and Egypt (44%) 28 . Agricultural TRQs granted by the EU are underutilised by most partners, except for Israel and Morocco, partly due to difficulties in complying with EU SPS rules. The utilisation of quotas granted to the EU is also not entirely satisfactory at this stage. |
| Kar zadeva trgovino s storitvami in neposredne tuje naložbe, je EU največja ali ena izmed najpomembnejših partneric pri trgovini s storitvami in glavna ponudnica neposrednih tujih naložb v vseh zadevnih državah. | As for trade in services and FDI the EU is either the largest or one of the top partners in services trade and the main provider of FDI in all countries concerned. |
| Španska družba najde trg za govedino na Bližnjem vzhodu | Špansko družinsko podjetje Cecinas Nieto je specializirano za gurmanske mesne izdelke. Nagrajena družba, ustanovljena leta 1965, svoje izdelke izvaža v številne države po svetu, od nedavnega pa je osredotočena na Bližnji vzhod. | Trgovinski sporazum med EU in Libanonom evropskim družbam, kot je Cecinas Nieto, pomaga pri izvozu izdelkov v Libanon brez omejitev, korist pa imajo tudi od postopne odprave tarif, ki bodo leta 2018 popolnoma odpravljene. To evropskim izvoznikom govejega mesa omogoča, da so v koraku z močno konkurenco iz držav, kot sta Indija in Brazilija. | Libanon ni edina država, v kateri je družba Cecinas Nieto dosegla rast poslovanja. Njeno mednarodno poslovanje ji je omogočilo, da ohrani stopnje zaposlenosti in poveča gospodarsko dejavnost v regiji. | Spanish company finds beef market in the Middle East | The Spanish family firm Cecinas Nieto specialises in gourmet meat products. The award winning company, founded in 1965, exports its products to many countries around the world with a recent focus on the Middle East. | The EU-Lebanon trade agreement helps European companies such as Cecinas Nieto to export their products there without restriction, benefitting also from progressive tariffs elimination, which will disappear completely in 2018. This enables European beef exporters to keep pace with stiff competition from the likes of India and Brazil. | Lebanon is not the only country where Cecinas Nieto has experienced growth. Its international business has enabled Cecinas Nieto to maintain employment levels and boost economic activity in the region. |
| Kofeinska spodbuda za svetovno trgovino: avstrijska kava poživlja trge v Sredozemlju in drugod | Dunaj že stoletja slovi po svojih kavarnah. Družba Coffeeshop Company, ki je na Dunaju svojo prvo trgovino odprla leta 1999, pod eno streho praži kavo, razvija kavne aparate in ustvarja pristno vzdušje. | Pri širjenju na trge zunaj EU je ključ do uspeha podjetja razumevanje lokalnih kavnih kultur in lokalnih tradicij. Poleg tega je družba izkoristila trgovinske posle EU z Marokom leta 2000 in Egiptom leta 2004: ustanavljanje franšiz je postalo lažje in cenejše, pocenili pa so se tudi izdelki. Danes ima družba Coffeeshop Company več kot 300 franšiz, ki zaposlujejo 4 500 ljudi, od teh je 36 franšiz v Egiptu, kjer naj bi jih odprla še 54. Podjetje je ustanovila družina Schärf in ostaja del skupine Schärf Group, ki je bila ustanovljena v petdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja in je pomemben delodajalec v mestu Neusiedl am See, kjer ima sedež. | A caffeine boost for global trade: Austrian coffee energises markets in the Mediterranean and beyond | For centuries, Vienna has been famous for its coffee houses. Coffeeshop Company, opened its first shop there in 1999, roasting coffee, developing coffee machines and creating an authentic atmosphere under one roof. | When expanding into markets outside the EU, understanding local coffee cultures and local traditions has been a key to the company's success. In addition, the company benefitted from the EU trade deals with Morocco in 2000 and Egypt in 2004: Establishing franchises became easier and less costly and products cheaper. Today Coffeeshop Company has over 300 franchises employing 4 500 people, including 36 in Egypt with 54 more set to open there. The business was founded by the Schärf family and remains part of the Schärf Group, which was established in the 1950s and is an important employer in Neusiedl am See where it is based. |
| Za nekatere od teh sporazumov o prosti trgovini se načrtuje nadgradnja v poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja, ki bodo bolje ustrezala kompleksnejšim gospodarskim izmenjavam, ki zdaj potekajo med EU in njenimi sredozemskimi partnerskimi državami. Pogajanja za nadgradnjo sporazumov o prosti trgovini še potekajo s Tunizijo in so se začela z Marokom, Komisija pa je dobila zeleno luč za začetek pogajanj z Jordanijo in Egiptom, ko bosta ti državi pripravljeni. | There are plans to upgrade some of these FTAs to DCFTAs that correspond better to the more complex economic exchanges that take place today between the EU and its Mediterranean partners. Negotiations to upgrade the FTAs are ongoing with Tunisia and have started with Morocco and the Commission received the green light to start the negotiations with Jordan and Egypt, when these countries are ready. |
| Regionalna nestabilnost še naprej vpliva na gospodarstvo v sredozemskih partnerskih državah EU, zaradi česar je težje privabiti tuje vlagatelje. Učinki krize v Siriji so negativno vplivali zlasti na gospodarstvo Jordanije in Libanona. Ukrepi za spodbujanje trgovine, povezani s sprostitvijo pravil o poreklu, ki so bili sprejeti v podporo Jordaniji za povečanje naložb, izvoza in zaposlitvenih priložnosti za jordanske in sirske begunce, so dosegli skromne rezultate. EU proučuje načine za okrepitev gospodarskega sodelovanja in pomoči, povezane s trgovino, s katerima bi se lahko sredozemskim državam zagotovila večja korist od liberalizacije trgovine z EU. | Regional instability continues to affect the economy in our Mediterranean partner countries, making it more difficult to attract foreign investors. In particular the economies of Jordan and Lebanon have been negatively impacted by the effects of the Syrian crisis. The trade facilitation measures linked to relaxation of rules of origin adopted in support of Jordan to enhance investments, export and job opportunities, both for Jordanian and Syrian refugees, have produced modest results. The EU is exploring ways to reinforce economic cooperation and trade-related assistance aimed at ensuring that Mediterranean countries benefit more from trade liberalisation with the EU. |
| 5.4 Mehika | 5.4 Mexico |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Leta 2017 se je dvostranska trgovina z blagom v primerjavi z letom 2016 povečala za 15 %, na 61,7 milijarde EUR. Povečal se je tudi trgovinski presežek EU z Mehiko, čeprav je uvoz v EU rasel hitreje kot izvoz iz EU. | In 2017, bilateral trade in goods increased by 15% compared to 2016, totalling 61.7 billion EUR. The EU trade surplus with Mexico also increased, although EU imports grew faster than EU exports. |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Mehike je bila približno 71-odstotna, kar je močno zvišanje z 58 % leta 2016. Nasprotno pa se je stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Mehiko 29 znižala, in sicer s 85 % na 75 % 30 . | The PUR on imports into the EU from Mexico was around 71%, a solid increase from 58% in 2016. The PUR on exports from the EU to Mexico 29 , by contrast, decreased from 85% to 75%. 30 |
| Trgovina s storitvami se je skromneje povečala za 2,1 %, presežek EU pa se v primerjavi z letom 2015 ni spremenil. EU je bila s 27 % (6,5 milijarde EUR) skupnih tujih neposrednih naložb drugi največji vlagatelj za ZDA. | Trade in services grew more modestly by 2.1%, with no change in the EU surplus as compared to 2015. With 27% (6.5 billion EUR) of the total FDI the EU was the second largest investor after the US. |
| Španski chorizo gre v Mehiko | Špansko družinsko podjetje Tello je bilo ustanovljeno pred več kot 50 leti v Toledu v osrednji Španiji, ko se je Eusebio Tello odločil, da odpre malo podjetje za prodajo lokalno proizvedene svinjine, kuhane ali prekajene šunke, paštet in drugih izdelkov iz svinjine. Danes skupina Tello Group izvaža v več kot 40 držav. | Posodobljeni trgovinski sporazum med EU in Mehiko bo družbam, kot je Tello, z odpravo dajatev, ki trenutno znašajo 20 % na uvoz evropske svinjine, pomagal pri širitvi in dostopu do mehiškega trga s 125 milijoni potrošnikov. Zaradi sporazuma bo uvoz svinjine iz klavnic v državah EU postal lažji. Ko bo Mehika na primer odobrila izvoz iz države EU, kot je Španija, bo samodejno odobrila vse druge podobne obrate v tej državi. | Spanish chorizo heading to Mexico | The Spanish family company Tello started over 50 years ago in Toledo, central Spain, when Eusebio Tello decided to open a small business to sell locally-produced pork, cooked or cured hams, pâtés and other pork products. The Tello Group today exports to more than 40 countries. | The modernised EU- Mexico trade agreement will help companies like Tello to expand and access the Mexican market of 125 million consumers, by elminating duties of currently 20% on imports of European pork. Thanks to the agreement, imports of pork from slaughterhouses in each EU country will become easier. For example, once Mexico has approved exports from an EU country such as Spain, it will automatically approve all other similar sites in that country. |
| Napredek, odprta vprašanja in obeti | Progress, outstanding issues and outlook |
| Po razpravah v okviru sporazuma o prosti trgovini so bile rešene nekatere težave, s katerimi se izvozniki iz EU spopadajo pri registraciji in odobritvi zdravstvenih izdelkov in kmetijskih kemikalij v Mehiki. Mehika je odpravila tudi omejitve neposrednih tujih naložb z odpravo omejitev lastniškega deleža v različnih sektorjih. Posodobljeni sporazum med EU in Mehiko bo pripomogel k pomembnemu izboljšanju razmer v zvezi z zaščito pravic intelektualne lastnine, sanitarnimi in fitosanitarnimi omejitvami in javnimi naročili. Zajemal bo tudi poglavja o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju. | After discussions in the FTA framework, some difficulties faced by EU exporters in the registration and approval of health products and agri-chemical products in Mexico were solved. Mexico also removed FDI restrictions by lifting equity caps in various sectors. The modernised agreement between the EU and Mexico will help to significantly improve the situation as to IPR protection, SPS restrictions and government procurement. It will also include a TSD chapter. |
| 5.5 Čile | 5.5 Chile |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Čeprav je sporazum o prosti trgovini pomagal ublažiti ta učinek, je EU postopoma izgubila tržni delež v Čilu v korist drugih trgovinskih partneric, kot sta Kitajska in ZDA, in je med trgovinskimi partnericami Čila trenutno na tretjem mestu. Leta 2017 se je dvostranska trgovina med EU in Čilom v primerjavi z letom 2016 povečala za skoraj 7 %, pri čemer se je uvoz v EU primerljivo bolj povečeval, delno zaradi zvišanja cen bakra. | Although the FTA helped mitigate this effect, the EU has progressively lost market share in Chile to other trading partners, such as China and the US, and is currently Chile’s third trading partner. In 2017 EU-Chile bilateral trade in goods grew by almost 7% when compared to 2016, with EU imports growing comparatively stronger, due in part to the recovery of copper prices. |
| Izvoz iz EU je precej presegel tarifne kvote, ki jih je Čile dodelil za sir, čeprav se kvota vsako leto poveča za 75 ton. Čile svoje kvote uporablja le delno. | EU exports by far exceeded the TRQs granted by Chile on cheese, although the quota increases by 75 tonnes each year. Chile only partly uses its quotas. |
| Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Čila je v zadnjih treh letih stabilna, približno 95- do 96-odstotna. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Čile se je zvišala, in sicer s 74 % leta 2016 na 76 % leta 2017. Med letoma 2010 in 2016 se je izvoz storitev iz EU v Čile povečal za 25 %, uvoz v EU pa za 18 %. EU je v Čilu še vedno največji ponudnik tujih neposrednih naložb. Vzrok za nenehno zmanjševanje tokov neposrednih tujih naložb EU je upad sorazmernega pomena rudarske industrije v čilskem gospodarstvu, kjer je zajemalo več kot 45 % vseh neposrednih tujih naložb v državi. | The PUR on imports into the EU from Chile has been stable around 95-96% over the past three years. The PUR on exports from the EU to Chile increased from 74% in 2016 to 76% in 2017. EU exports of services to Chile increased by 25% between 2010 and 2016, while EU imports increased by 18%. The EU remains Chile’s first provider of FDI. The continuing decrease in EU FDI flows is caused by the decline in the relative importance of the mining industry in the Chilean economy, where it used to represent over 45% of total FDI in the country. |
| Italijansko oblikovanje pušča pečat v Čilu z uporabo trgovinskih sporazumov EU | Družba Moving je bila ustanovljena leta 1980, proizvaja stole, sedež pa ima v italijanski Benečiji. Družba zaposluje 45 ljudi, impresivnih 85–90 % prihodkov pa ustvari z izvozom. S trgovinskim sporazumom EU s Čilom, ki je začel veljati leta 2003, so bile odpravljene vse carinske dajatve na pohištvo, zaradi česar se je povečalo povpraševanje po proizvodih družbe Moving. Izvoz italijanskih stolov v Čile se je od začetka veljavnosti trgovinskega sporazuma med EU in Čilom leta 2003 več kot podvojil, pri čemer se je njegova vrednost povečala za 103 %, količina pa za 121,4 %. To je močno prispevalo k skupni rasti prihodkov družbe. Trgovinski sporazum EU s Čilom je družbi Moving omogočil, da je nadomestila padec povpraševanja na drugih mednarodnih trgih in ohranila stabilno število zaposlenih. Poleg tega je družba Moving lahko vložila 300 000 EUR v nove stroje in usmerila sredstva v raziskave za razvoj izdelkov posebej za čilski trg. | Italian design makes its presence felt in Chile using EU trade agreements | Moving is a chair manufacturer from Italy's Veneto region established in 1980. The company employs 45 people and generates an impressive 85-90% of its turnover from exports. The EU trade agreement with Chile which entered into force in 2003 eliminated all customs duties on furniture, leading to a rise in demand for Moving's products. Exports of Italian chairs to Chile have more than doubled since the EU-Chile trade agreement came into force in 2003, with increases of 103% in terms of value and 121.4% in terms of quantity. This contributed substantially to the company's overall growth in turnover. The EU trade agreement with Chile enabled Moving to compensate for a drop in demand from other international markets and maintain a stable workforce.In addition, Moving was able to invest €300 000 in new machinery and to channel funds into research for development of products specifically for the Chilean market. |
| Napredek, odprta vprašanja in obeti | Progress, outstanding issues and outlook |
| Čile je marca 2017 odprl svoj trg govejemu mesu iz EU. Trenutno ocenjuje posodobitve, potrebne za sporazuma o vinu in žganih pijačah iz leta 2002. Čile bo moral sprejeti nadaljnje ukrepe za polno izvajanje svojih obveznosti v zvezi z javnimi naročili. Kot v primeru Mehike sta se EU in Čile odločila nadgraditi in nadomestiti obstoječi trgovinski sporazum z novim in ambicioznim okvirom za dvostransko trgovino in naložbe. | In March 2017 Chile opened its market for EU beef. It is currently assessing updates needed to the 2002 Wine and Spirits agreements. Chile will need to take further steps to fully implement its obligations on government procurement. As is the case for Mexico, the EU and Chile decided to upgrade and replace the existing trade agreement with a new and ambitious framework for bilateral trade and investment. |
| 5.6 Carinska unija s Turčijo | 5.6 Customs Union with Turkey |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Turčija je druga največja trgovinska partnerica EU, s katero je sklenjen sporazum o prosti trgovini, in njena peta največja trgovinska partnerica na splošno. Leta 2017 sta se izvoz iz EU v Turčijo in uvoz v EU iz Turčije v primerjavi z letom 2016 povečala za 8,4 % oziroma 4,5 %. V istem časovnem okviru se je trgovinski primanjkljaj EU v kmetijstvu možno zmanjšal z 1,4 milijarde EUR leta 2016 na 0,8 milijarde EUR leta 2017. Uporaba preferencialov je ostala velika na obeh straneh: stopnja uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz Turčije je ostala stabilna pri približno 92 %, stopnja uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Turčijo pa se je malce znižala, s 95 % na 94 %. | Turkey is the EU's second largest FTA trade partner, and the EU’s fifth largest overall. In 2017, both EU exports to and imports from Turkey increased by 8.4% and 4.5%, respectively, when compared to 2016. Over the same time frame, the EU's trade deficit in agriculture significantly decreased from 1.4 billion EUR in 2016 to 0.8 billion EUR in 2017. Use of preferences remained high on both sides: The PUR on imports into the EU from Turkey remained stable around 92%, while the PUR on exports from the EU to Turkey slightly decreased from 95% to 94%. |
| Posodobitev carinske unije | Modernisation of the Customs Union |
| Komisija je leta 2016 sprejela predlog za posodobitev carinske unije, da bi se izboljšalo njeno delovanje in razširilo področje uporabe ter bi izražala njene novejše trgovinske sporazume. Predlog mora odobriti še Svet. Vendar je Svet za splošne zadeve 26. junija 2018 sklenil, da nadaljnje delo za posodobitev carinske unije med EU in Turčijo ni predvideno. | In 2016 the Commission adopted a proposal to modernise the Customs Union to improve its functioning and extend the scope to reflect its more recent trade agreements. The proposal is pending authorisation in the Council. However, the General Affairs Council on 26 June 2018 concluded that no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union would be foreseen. |
| 5.7 Stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazumi z Zahodnim Balkanom | 5.7 Stabilisation and Association Agreements with the Western Balkans |
| Pregled – trenutno stanje | Overview- state of play |
| Stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazumi, sklenjeni med letoma 2001 in 2016 s partnerskimi državami EU z Zahodnega Balkana, vključno z Albanijo, nekdanjo jugoslovansko republiko Makedonijo, Črno goro, Srbijo, Bosno in Hercegovino ter Kosovom 31 , podpirajo gospodarski razvoj in politično stabilizacijo regije. So pravni instrument za uskladitev zakonodaje teh držav s pravnim redom EU, da se pripravijo na postopno vključitev na trg EU. Razen za Kosovo (kjer je stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazum začel veljati neposredno in je zajemal tudi trgovino) so pred začetkom veljavnosti stabilizacijsko-pridružitvenih sporazumov začeli veljati začasni sporazumi, ki so zajemali trgovinske zadeve. S temi začasnimi sporazumi so se vzpostavila posamezna prostotrgovinska območja med EU in posamezno partnersko državo Zahodnega Balkana ter odpravile dajatve in količinske omejitve za dvostransko trgovino z blagom, z nekaj izjemami, ki se nanašajo zlasti na kmetijske in ribiške proizvode. Stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazumi vključujejo tudi dodatne določbe, ki se nanašajo na konkurenco, varstvo pravic intelektualne lastnine in carinsko sodelovanje, zaveze glede storitev in ustanavljanja ter približevanje pravnemu redu EU o javnih naročilih in standardizaciji. | ‘Stabilisation and Association Agreements’ (SAAs) concluded between 2001 and 2016 with our Western Balkan partners, including Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo 31*, support the economic development and political stabilisation of the region. The SAAs are the legal instrument for aligning the laws of these countries to the EU acquis to prepare for their progressive integration into the EU market. Except for Kosovo (where the SAA entered into force directly, also covering the trade part) the entry into force of the SAAs was preceded by the entry into force of Interim Agreements covering trade matters. These interim Agreements have established individual free-trade areas between the EU and each Western Balkan partner, eliminating duties and quantitative restrictions on bilateral trade for goods, with a few exceptions concerning mostly agricultural and fishery products. The SAAs also include additional provisions relevant to competition, protection of intellectual property rights and customs' cooperation, commitments on services and establishment, and approximation to the EU acquis on government procurement and standardisation. |
| Vse partnerske države Zahodnega Balkana so kandidatke ali potencialne kandidatke za članstvo v EU. Srbija in Črna gora se trenutno pogajata o pristopu. | All of the Western Balkan partners are either candidates or potential candidates to become EU Members. Serbia and Montenegro are currently negotiating their accessions. |
| EU podpira partnerske države Zahodnega Balkana, ki si od leta 2017 na podlagi prostotrgovinskega območja, vzpostavljenega leta 2006 s Srednjeevropskim sporazumom o prosti trgovini , prizadevajo za razvoj regionalnega gospodarskega prostora. Z regionalnim gospodarskim prostorom Zahodnega Balkana se bo oblikovalo območje prostega pretoka blaga, storitev in naložb ter prostega gibanja usposobljenih delavcev. | The EU supports the Western Balkan partners’ efforts, since 2017, to develop a Regional Economic Area, building upon the free trade area established by the Central European Free Trade Agreement in 2006. The Western Balkans Regional Economic Area aims at developing an area where goods, services, investments and skilled workers can move without obstacles. |
| Razvoj trgovine in uporaba preferencialov | Evolution of trade and preference utilisation |
| Trgovina z regijo Zahodnega Balkana se je od leta 2007 več kot podvojila, širitev trgovine pa je državam Zahodnega Balkana na splošno koristila: v desetih letih je regija povečala svoj izvoz v EU za 142 % v primerjavi s skromnejšim povečanjem izvoza iz EU v regijo za 84 %. Leta 2017 so stopnje uporabe preferencialov za uvoz v EU iz vseh držav Zahodnega Balkana ostale visoke in so bile v povprečju 91-odstotne. Za države, za katere so bili podatki na voljo, so bile sorazmerno visoke tudi stopnje uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU (78 % za Albanijo, 89 % za nekdanjo jugoslovansko republiko Makedonijo, 86 % za Črno goro in 91 % za Srbijo). | Trade with the Western Balkan region has more than doubled since 2007 and trade expansion has generally benefitted the Western Balkan countries: in 10 years, the region increased its exports to the EU by 142% against a more modest increase of EU exports to the region of 84%. In 2017 PURs on imports into the EU from all Western Balkan countries, remained high, averaging 91%. Where data was available, PURs on EU exports were also relatively high (78% for Albania; 89% for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; 86% for Montenegro and 91% for Serbia). |
| Glavni izzivi pri izvajanju | Main challenges in implementation |
| Izzivi, ki so skupni vsem partnerskim državam Zahodnega Balkana, vključujejo pomanjkljivo preglednost, zlasti v postopku javnega naročanja, velik neformalni sektor ter pomanjkanje sistematičnega, učinkovitega in preglednega kazenskega pregona, tudi pri inšpekcijskih pregledih in reševanju trgovinskih sporov. Zato bo nujno treba izboljšati poslovno okolje, da bodo lahko družbe v celoti izkoristile priložnosti na podlagi stabilizacijsko-pridružitvenih sporazumov. | Challenges common to all Western Balkan partners include a lack of transparency, especially in the public procurement process, a large informal sector and a lack of systematic, efficient and transparent law enforcement, including in inspections and commercial dispute settlement. Improving the business climate will thus be crucial for companies to make full use of the opportunities under the SAAs. |
| 6.Sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu z afriškimi, karibskimi in pacifiškimi državami | 6.Economic Partnership Agreements (Epas) With African, Caribbean and Pacific (acp) Countries |
| Leta 2017 se je skupno izvajalo sedem sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu z 29 afriškimi, karibskimi in pacifiškimi državami. Te vključujejo 14 karibskih držav, 13 afriških držav in dve pacifiški državi. | In 2017 a total of seven Economic Partnership Agreements were being implemented with 29 ACP countries. These include 14 Caribbean countries, 13 African countries and two Pacific countries. |
| EU na podlagi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu od prvega dne za vse izdelke dodeli dostop brez carin in kvot v korist afriških, karibskih in pacifiških držav, te pa se zavežejo, da bodo v 15–20 letih liberalizirale približno 80 % trgovine. Pravila o poreklu in posebni zaščitni ukrepi so namenjeni podpori gospodarskega razvoja, diverzifikacije izvoza in regionalnega povezovanja v partnerskih državah. Izvoz partnerskih držav, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu, še ni dovolj raznolik, nihanja cen primarnih proizvodov pa močno vplivajo na vrednost medletnih trgovinskih tokov. | Under EPAs, the EU grants duty- free, quota-free access for all products from day one favouring ACPs, while the latter commit to liberalise around 80% of trade over a period of 15 to 20 years. Rules of origin and special safeguards are designed to support economic development, export diversification and regional integration in partner countries. Exports of EPA partners are not yet sufficiently diversified, with fluctuations in commodity prices heavily impacting the value of year-on-year trade flows. |
| Cilj podpore EU izvajanju sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu so podpora razvoju zasebnega sektorja in ustvarjanju delovnih mest ter povečanje trgovine in privabljanje naložb, tudi v specifičnih sektorjih, kot je kmetijstvo. Razvojna pomoč v zvezi s trgovino se zagotovi v zvezi z vsemi sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu, sredstva pa se dodelijo v okviru Evropskega razvojnega sklada (ERS). To podporo dopolnjujejo države članice EU, ki prav tako zagotavljajo financiranje, zlasti na podlagi strategije pomoči za trgovino 32 , in programi znotraj afriških, karibskih in pacifiških držav. V prihodnosti bo pametna kombinacija pomoči za trgovino, podpore za izvajanje sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu in evropskega načrta za zunanje naložbe 33 partnerskim državam omogočila nadaljnje izkoriščanje priložnosti na podlagi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu. | EU support to EPA implementation aims at supporting private sector development and job creation, at increasing trade and attracting investment, including in specific sectors, such as agriculture. Trade-related development assistance is provided in relation to all EPAs and funds are assigned within the framework of the European Development Fund (EDF). This support is complemented by EU Member States, who also provide funding, particularly under the Aid for Trade (AfT) strategy 32 , as well as by intra-ACP programmes. In the future, a smart combination of Aid for Trade, EPA implementation support and the European External Investment Plan 33 will allow the partners to further seize the opportunities the EPAs offer. |
| Povečanje trgovinske zmogljivosti – primeri podpore EU za izvajanje na podlagi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu | Podpora izvajanju sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu je namenjena spodbujanju zmogljivosti trgovinske politike, izboljšanju poslovnega okolja in krepitvi ponudbene zmogljivosti zasebnega sektorja v partnerskih državah. V regiji, v kateri države Vzhodne in Južne Afrike izvajajo sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu, Mauritius na primer ob podpori EU izvaja projekt za večjo poenostavitev poslovanja in naložbenega regulativnega okvira. Platforma elektronske izdaje dovoljenj je bila razvita kot enotna vstopna točka za poslovne licence in dovoljenja, s čimer se je skrajšal in poenostavil postopek prijave. V regiji, v kateri države Južnoafriške razvojne skupnosti izvajajo sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu, so nacionalne uprave prejele podporo na področju carine, upravljanja sanitarnih in fitosanitarnih ukrepov in olajšanja trgovine, s čimer se spodbujata regionalna trgovina in izvoz v EU. | EU je julija 2017 prispevala dodatnih 5 milijonov EUR v program za trgovino Hub and Spokes. V okviru tega programa z zvezdasto strukturo svetovalci za trgovino – spokes (kraki) – krepijo in povečujejo zmogljivost vladnih ministrstev, svetovalci za regionalno trgovino – hubs (središča) – pa zagotavljajo pomoč glavnim regionalnim organizacijam. Cilj je povečati zmogljivost ključnih zainteresiranih strani v javnem in zasebnem sektorju v afriških, karibskih in pacifiških državah, da bi prispevali k oblikovanju in izvajanju trgovinskih politik in sporazumov ter pogajanjem o njih, kot so sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu. | Pomemben del razvojnega sodelovanja (v okviru vseh razpoložljivih instrumentov zunanje pomoči EU, vključno s kombiniranjem) v zadevnih partnerskih državah in regijah zagotavlja podporo političnim področjem, povezanim s sporazumom o gospodarskem sodelovanju, vključno z razvojem MSP, industrializacijo, poklicnim izobraževanjem, razvojem kmetijstva in povezljivostjo (prometno in energetsko infrastrukturo). | Building capacity to trade – examples for EU implementation support under the EPAs | Support to EPA implementation aims to foster trade policy capacity, improve the business climate and strengthen supply side capacity of the private sector in partner countries. For example, in the ESA EPA region, Mauritius is implementing a project to improve the ease-of-doing-business and investment regulatory framework, with support from the EU. An e-licensing platform has been developed as a single point of entry for business licenses and permits, shortening and simplifying the application procedure. In the SADC EPA region, national administrations have received support in the area of customs, SPS management and trade facilitation, fostering both regional trade and exports to the EU. | In July 2017 the EU made an additional contribution of 5 million euro to the Hub and Spokes Trade Programme. Under the programme, trade advisers – the ‘spokes’ – strengthen and enhance the capacity of government ministries, while regional trade advisers – the ‘hubs’ – provide assistance to major regional organisations. The objective is to enhance the capacity of key stakeholders in the public and private sectors in ACP countries to contribute to the formulation, negotiation and implementation of trade policies and agreements, such as the EPAs. | A significant part of development cooperation (under the range of all EU external aid instruments available, including blending) provides support to EPA-related policy fields in the respective partner countries and regions, including SME development, industrialisation, vocational education, agricultural development and connectivity (transport and energy infrastructure). |
| 6.4.Sporazum o gospodarskem sodelovanju z Južnoafriško razvojno skupnostjo (SADC) | 6.4.Southern African Development Community (SADC) EPA |
| V prvem celotnem letu izvajanja sporazuma o gospodarskem sodelovanju sta Južna Afrika in EU v celoti izkoristili na novo liberalizirane tarifne postavke. Za Bocvano, Lesoto, Namibijo in Esvatini se je povečal izvoz koncentratov brezalkoholnih pijač ter tropskega sadja in oreškov v EU. Izvoz sladkorja nekaterih afriških partnerskih držav, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu – zlasti Mozambika, Esvatinija in Zimbabveja (ki izvaja sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Vzhodno in Južno Afriko) –, v EU se je zmanjšal zaradi povečane svetovne konkurence drugih proizvajalcev in konca režima kvot za sladkor v EU. Prvi forum civilne družbe je bil v Južni Afriki organiziran oktobra 2017. Na forumu se je razpravljalo o vlogi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu v trajnostnem razvoju, vključno z njegovimi okoljskimi in delovnimi vidiki. | During the first full year of implementation of the Economic Partnership Agreement South Africa and the EU made ample use of newly liberalised tariff lines. For Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland, exports to the EU of soft drink concentrates, as well as tropical fruits and nuts increased. Some African EPA partners – particularly Mozambique, Swaziland and Zimbabwe (which implements the ESA EPA) – saw their sugar exports to the EU drop, due to increased global competition from other producers, as well as the end of the EU sugar quota regime. The first Civil Society Forum was organised in South Africa in October 2017. The Forum discussed the role of EPAs in sustainable development, including its environmental and labour aspects. |
| EU je leta 2017 še naprej ovirala trgovino v sektorjih perutnine in tekstila z državami SADC, ki izvajajo sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu, zlasti Južno Afriko. | In 2017, the EU continued to raise trade irritants in poultry and textile sectors with SADC EPA States, especially South Africa. |
| 6.5.Začasni sporazum o gospodarskem sodelovanju z državami Vzhodne in Južne Afrike | 6.5.Eastern and Southern African (ESA) Interim EPA |
| Štiri partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni začasni sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu z državami Vzhodne in Južne Afrike, so leta 2017 znova povečale izvoz v EU, in sicer za 15,3 %. Partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu, so predlagale poglobitev zadevnega sporazuma v popolni sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu, ki bi poleg trgovine z blagom zajemal tudi druge teme. | The four partner countries of the ESA interim EPA saw their exports to the EU increase again by 15.3% in 2017. The EPA partners proposed to deepen the agreement towards a full EPA, covering topics beyond trade in goods. |
| Mauricijski užitni cvetovi iz vafljev na mizah v EU | Leta 2017 je bila skoraj polovica izvoza z Mauritiusa usmerjena na trg EU. Ena od družb, ki ima korist od sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu, je Creasim Ltd, mauricijska družba, ki proizvaja užitne okraske za torte v obliki cvetov, sadja in listov iz vafljev za pecivo in pekovske izdelke. Na trge EU letno izvozi več kot 180 ton okraskov za slaščice, kar zajema 60 % njenih prihodkov. Družba ima 230 zaposlenih, od tega jih je 30 % zaposlila od začetka veljavnosti sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu. Vaflji so čedalje bolj priljubljeni v EU zaradi nizke cene in majhne vsebnosti kalorij. Registrirani vzorci in modeli so ročne izdelave in so predmet strogega nadzora kakovosti v skladu s standardi EU. | Mauritian edible flower wafers make their way to EU tables | In 2017, almost half of the Mauritius’ exports found their way to the EU market. One of the companies benefitting from the EPA is Creasim Ltd, a Mauritian company that produces edible cake decorations of wafer-made flowers, fruits and leaves for pastry and bakery products. More than 180 tonnes of cake decorations per year are exported to EU markets, representing 60% of their turnover. Creasim has 230 workers, of which 30% have been employed since the EPA entered into force. Wafer is becoming more and more popular in the EU because of its low cost and calorie content. Registered patterns and models are hand-made productions and are subject to a strict quality control conforming to EU standards. |
| 6.6.Sporazum o gospodarskem sodelovanju s Karibskim forumom afriških, karibskih in pacifiških držav (Cariforum) | 6.6.Forum of the Caribbean Group of ACP States (CARIFORUM) EPA |
| Karibski izvoz v EU se je leta 2017 kljub zmanjšanju izvoza banan, kakava in riža zaradi ciklonov povečal za 12 %. Karibske države še niso imele velike koristi od liberalizacije trgovine s storitvami. S tem je povezanih več dejavnikov, vključno s pomanjkanjem izvajanja v nekaterih partnerskih državah, pomanjkanjem ponudbene zmogljivosti ter vizumskimi ureditvami držav članic EU in pomanjkanjem podatkov o storitvah. Da bi se te težave odpravile, so se partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu, dogovorile, da ustanovijo namenski odbor za trgovino s storitvami. Predstavniki civilne družbe (posvetovalni odbor za sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu) so se leta 2017 sestali tretjič. Civilna družba je v priporočilih pozvala k pravočasnemu sprejetju mehanizma spremljanja in poudarila, da je treba pri izvajanju sporazuma o gospodarskem sodelovanju upoštevati socialne vidike in temeljne delovne standarde. | Caribbean exports to the EU increased by 12% in 2017 despite decreases in banana, cocoa and rice exports due to cyclones. Caribbean countries are yet to see major benefits accrue from trade in services liberalisation. Multiple factors play a role here, including lack of implementation for some partners, lack of supply capacity, but also EU Member States' visa regimes and a lack of data on Services. To tackle these issues, EPA partners agreed to establish a dedicated Committee on Trade in Services. Representatives of the civil society (the EPA’s Consultative Committee) met for the third time in 2017. In its recommendations, civil society called for a timely adoption of a monitoring mechanism and stressed the need to observe social aspects and core labour standards in the implementation of the EPA. |
| 6.7.Sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu s pacifiškimi državami ter sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Gano, Slonokoščeno obalo in Kamerunom | 6.7.Pacific EPA and EPAs with Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon |
| Papua Nova Gvineja v Pacifiku še naprej krepi izvoz pripravljenih in konzerviranih ribjih proizvodov (večinoma konzerviranih tunov). Izvoz se je leta 2017 povečal za 48,7 %. Zahodna in Centralna Afrika, Gana, Slonokoščena obala in Kamerun so na podlagi svojih sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu še naprej povečevali izvoz predelanih proizvodov iz kakava. | In the Pacific, Papua New Guinea continues to boost its exports of prepared and preserved fish products (mostly canned tuna). Exports increased by 48.7% in 2017. West and Central Africa, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon continued to increase exports of processed cocoa products under their respective EPAs. |
| Več banan iz Slonokoščene obale | Uvoz banan iz Slonokoščene obale v EU se je v zadnjem desetletju (2007–2017) povečal za 80 %, čeprav se je skupni uvoz banan v EU povečal za le 50 %. Glede na količine se je izvoz leta 2017 povečal na 316 000 ton (leta 2017 je bil vreden 235 milijonov EUR). K trendu naraščanja je prispeval zagotovljeni dolgoročni dostop brez carin in kvot do evropskega trga na podlagi sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu. Pridelava banan za izvoz zajema približno 10 % kmetijskega BDP v Slonokoščeni obali. Pridelava banan je delovno intenzivna, delež zaposlovanja v tem sektorju pa je večji kot v drugih kmetijskih sektorjih v državi. Ta sektor neposredno zaposluje približno 10 000 delavcev, 3 300 delavcev pa se ukvarja s podpornimi dejavnostmi. Ob upoštevanju družinskih članov je od sektorja banan odvisno preživetje 60 000 ljudi. | More Bananas from Côte d’Ivoire | EU imports of banana from Côte d’Ivoire expanded by 80% over the last decade (2007-2017), even as overall banana imports in the EU only increased by 50%. Exports in quantity increased to 316 000 tonnes in 2017 (amounting to 235 million EUR in value in 2017). The upward trend was aided by having secured long-term duty free and quota free access to the European market through the EPA. The production of bananas for exports accounts for about 10% of agricultural GDP in Côte d’Ivoire. Banana production is labour intensive, with a ratio of employment higher than other agricultural sectors in the country. The sector employs around 10 000 workers directly and another 3 300 workers are engaged in supporting activities. Taking into account family members, 60 000 people rely on the banana sector for their livelihood. |
| Predelani kakav iz Gane z lokalno dodano vrednostjo | Ključna zgodba o uspehu za Gano je njena sposobnost povečanja izvoza izdelkov iz predelanega kakava v EU zaradi dostopa na trg brez carin in kvot na podlagi sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu. Gana je v zadnjih desetih letih izvoz kakavovega masla, kakavove paste in kakavovega prahu v EU povečala za 237 %. Za primerjavo, izvoz predelanega kakava v EU iz Nigerije, za katero se še naprej uporablja trgovinski režim splošne sheme preferencialov, je stagniral. | Ker se Gana preusmerja z izvoza surovih kakavovih zrn na lokalno predelane na izdelke iz kakava, se lažje prilagaja nihanju svetovnih tržnih cen surovin. Nizke cene za kakavova zrna leta 2017 so povzročile zmanjšanje izvoza kakavovih zrn iz Gane v EU za 400 milijonov EUR. Nasprotno pa je izvoz predelanega kakava še naprej naraščal. | Processed cocoa from Ghana adds value locally | A key success story for Ghana has been its ability to increase exports of processed cocoa products to the EU thanks to duty-free quota-free market access under the EPA. Over the past 10 years, Ghana has increased its exports of cocoa butter, cocoa paste and cocoa powder to the EU by 237%. By comparison, Nigeria, which remained under the GSP trade regime saw its processed cocoa exports to the EU stagnating. | Moving beyond the export of raw cocoa beans towards locally processed cocoa products makes Ghana more resilient to fluctuating world market prices for raw materials. Low prices for Cocoa beans in 2017 lead to a 400 million EUR drop in cocoa beans exports from Ghana to the EU. By contrast, exports of processed cocoa continued on an upward trend. |
| 7.Trgovina in trajnostni razvoj: najnovejše informacije o nedavnih dejavnostih | 7.Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD): update on recent activities |
| Vsi sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije ter poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja, ki jih je EU sklenila od leta 2010, vključujejo poglavje o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju s pravno zavezujočimi zavezami, katerih izvajanje nadzorujejo odbori za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj, ki se sestanejo enkrat letno. | All "new generation" FTAs and DCFTAs the EU concluded since 2010 include a TSD chapter with legally binding commitments, the enforcement of which is overseen by TSD committees that meet once a year. |
| Leta 2017 je potekala obsežna politična razprava med institucijami EU, državami članicami EU in civilno družbo o tem, kako povečati učinkovitost izvajanja poglavij o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju ter izboljšati njihovo uveljavljanje ter hkrati znova potrditi temeljne mednarodne zaveze, vključno s Pariškim sporazumom o podnebnih spremembah. Zato so službe Komisije 26. februarja 2018 objavile neuradni dokument , v katerem so predstavile prenovljeno strategijo, ki je temeljila na akcijskem načrtu s 15 konkretnimi točkami za ukrepanje. Te so razvrščene v štiri širša poglavja v skladu z dogovorom, ki se je dosegel med razpravo o področjih, na katerih so potrebne izboljšave: | 2017 saw a profound political debate involving EU institutions, EU Member States and the civil society on how to make the implementation of TSD chapters more effective and improve their enforcement, while also reaffirming core international commitments, including the Paris Agreement on climate change. With this in mind on 26 February 2018 the Commission services published a non-paper presenting a revamped strategy built around an Action Plan with 15 concrete points for action. These are grouped under four broad headings, reflecting the consensus that emerged from the debate regarding the areas where improvements are needed: |
| (1) sodelovanje (z državami članicami EU, Evropskim parlamentom in mednarodnimi organizacijami); | (1) working together (with EU Member States, the European Parliament and international organisations); |
| (2) omogočanje civilni družbi, vključno s socialnimi partnerji, da prevzame svojo vlogo pri izvajanju; | (2) enabling civil society, including the social partners, to play their role in implementation; |
| (3) doseganje rezultatov (vključno z določitvijo prednostnih nalog za posamezne partnerje, odločnejšim uveljavljanjem in krepitvijo tematske pokritosti v zvezi z določbami o delu in podnebnih spremembah ter povečanjem razpoložljivih sredstev v okviru strategije pomoči za trgovino in drugače) ter | (3) delivering (including by setting partner-specific priorities, more assertive enforcement and enhancing the thematic coverage in regard to labour and climate change provisions as well as increasing available resources under the Aid for Trade (AfT) strategy and beyond); and |
| (4) okrepljena obveščanje in preglednost. | (4) enhanced communication and transparency. |
| Poudarek je zdaj na popolnem izvajanju akcijskega načrta v 15 točkah, ob upoštevanju, da je po petih letih predviden pregled. | The focus is now on the full-fledged implementation of the 15-Point Action Plan, bearing in mind that a review is foreseen after five years. |
| Komisija pri izvajanju poglavij o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju zagotavlja tesno usklajevanje z državami članicami EU v okviru posebne skupine strokovnjakov za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj, ki se sestane štirikrat letno. Na podlagi trgovinskih sporazumov so bile ustanovljene notranje svetovalne skupine civilne družbe, ki se ob podpori Evropskega ekonomsko-socialnega odbora redno sestajajo. | In implementing TSD chapters the Commission ensures close coordination with EU Member States through a dedicated TSD Experts Group that meets four times per year. Civil society DAGs have been established under the trade agreements and meet regularly, with the support of the European Economic and Social Committee. |
| EU svoje partnerje še naprej spodbuja, naj vzpostavijo mehanizme za uravnotežene in pregledne dialoge o vprašanjih, povezanih s trgovino in trajnostnim razvojem, ter krepi finančna sredstva za spodbujanje udeležbe zainteresiranih strani. Kot pomembno spremembo v zvezi s tem je mogoče poudariti ustanovitev notranje svetovalne skupine v Kolumbiji. | The EU continues to push its partners to put in place mechanisms for balanced and transparent dialogues on TSD-related issues and is stepping up financial resources to promote the participation of stakeholders. The setting up of a DAG in Colombia can be highlighted as an important development in this regard. |
| Napredek pri izvajanju vsebinskih zavez o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju poteka različno hitro glede na naravo izzivov, s katerimi se srečuje posamezni partner. Kljub temu močnejša angažiranost EU začenja prinašati rezultate. Spodbudni signali so na primer prišli iz Južne Koreje, saj so organi javnosti EU sporočili časovni okvir za začetek tristranskih razprav za pregled delovnega zakonika in druge zakonodaje, da bi se Južni Koreji omogočila ratifikacija štirih preostalih temeljnih konvencij MOD (glej: Povzetek razprave na 6. Odboru za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj ). Službe Komisije skrbno spremljajo ta proces in bodo po potrebi sprejele dodatne ukrepe. V Srednji Ameriki si EU z nacionalnimi vladami in notranjimi svetovalnimi skupinami prizadeva za spodbujanje zavez o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju v zahtevnih razmerah, skupaj z MOD in drugimi mednarodnimi organi. Kar zadeva Peru, si EU prizadeva zagotoviti, da se pospeši delo v zvezi z izvajanjem. V stališču, ki ga je skupina organizacij civilne družbe vložila pri Komisiji, je bila še dodatno poudarjena potreba po tem, da perujski organi civilno družbo v svoji državi formalno vključijo v zadeve, povezane s trgovino in trajnostnim razvojem. | Progress in implementing substantive TSD commitments proceeds at different speeds reflecting the nature of the challenges faced by each partner. Nonetheless, the stronger EU engagement is starting to deliver results. For example, there have been encouraging signals from South Korea as the authorities have communicated to the EU public a timeline for the tripartite discussions on reviewing the labour code and other laws to pave the way for South Korea's ratification of four outstanding fundamental ILO Conventions (see: Summary of Discussions at the 6th TSD Committee ). The Commission services are monitoring this process closely and will take further actions as needed. In Central America, the EU has engaged with national governments and DAGs to push forward TSD commitments in challenging circumstances, in collaboration with the ILO and other international bodies. With Peru, the EU is stepping up efforts to ensure that implementation work is accelerated. The submission that a group of civil society organisations filed with the Commission further exposed the need for the Peruvian authorities to formally engage its domestic civil society on TSD matters. |
| Dejavnosti, povezane s trgovino in trajnostnim razvojem, niso vključene le v sporazume o prosti trgovini nove generacije ter poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja, ampak so povezane tudi z drugimi vrstami trgovinskih sporazumov, kot so sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu (glej na primer srečanje prvega foruma civilne družbe na podlagi sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Južnoafriško razvojno skupnostjo, opisano v oddelku 6.1). | TSD-relevant activities are not exlusive to "new generation" FTAs and DCFTAs but are also related to other types of trade agreements, such as the EPAs (see for example the meeting of the first Civil Society Forum under the SADC, described in section 6.1). |
| Številni programi in projekti, ki jih financira EU, prispevajo tudi k uresničevanju ciljev v zvezi s trgovino in trajnostnim razvojem v državah, ki jih zajemajo trgovinski sporazumi EU, in drugih državah 34 . | A number of EU funded programmes and projects also contribute to the implementation of TSD objectives in the countries covered by EU trade agreements and beyond. 34 |
| Poleg tega je cilj evropskega načrta za zunanje naložbe in Uredbe (EU) 2017/1601 z dne 26. septembra 2017 35 podpreti ukrepe, ki bodo prispevali k ciljem v zvezi s trgovino in trajnostnim razvojem. | In addition, the European External Investment Plan and EU Regulation 2017/1601 of 26 September 2017 35 aim to support actions that will contribute to TSD objectives. |
| 8.Pod drobnogledom: trgovina s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini | 8.In Focus: agri- food trade under ftas |
| Kako sporazumi EU o prosti trgovini prispevajo k trgovini s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi: stanje leta 2017 | How EU FTAs contribute to agri-food trade: state of play in 2017 |
| Trgovina s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi na podlagi sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini se povečuje in močno prispeva k uspehu izvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz EU. Leta 2017 je trgovina EU s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi s partnerskimi državami, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, zajemala tretjino skupnega izvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz EU in več kot 40 % uvoza v EU. Trgovina na podlagi sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini prve generacije (zlasti s Švico, Norveško in Alžirijo) je leta 2017 močno prispevala k presežku EU v vrednosti 20 milijard EUR v celotni trgovini s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi. Na podlagi sporazuma o prosti trgovini nove generacije z Južno Korejo, petim največjim izvoznim namembnim krajem EU za trgovino s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini, se je izvoz iz EU v zadevnem sektorju v zadnjih osmih letih povečal za 113 %. Med letoma 2016 in 2017 se je izvoz iz EU v Južno Korejo povečal za 10 %, z 2,6 na 2,9 milijarde EUR. Pričakuje se, da bo sporazum s Kanado (CETA) prinesel velike koristi pri nadaljnjem izvajanju. Cilj sporazuma CETA je postopna odprava dajatev na 91 % vseh kmetijskih tarifnih postavk. | Agri-food trade under the EU’s FTAs is growing and contributes considerably to the success of EU agri-food exports. In 2017, EU agri-food trade with FTA partner countries made up for a third of total EU agri-food exports and more than 40% of imports. Trade under the EU's "first generation" FTAs (in particular with Switzerland, Norway and Algeria) made a substantial contribution to the EU’s 20 billion EUR surplus in total agri-food trade in 2017. Under the "new generation" FTA with South Korea, the EU’s fifth largest export destination in agri-food trade under FTAs, EU exports in the sector have increased by 113% over the past 8 years. Between 2016 and 2017, EU exports to South Korea increased by 10%, from 2.6 to 2.9 billion EUR. The agreement with Canada, CETA, is expected to bring major benefits as its implementation progresses. CETA aims at the gradual elimination of duties on 91% of all agricultural tariff lines. |
| Izvoz EU na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini je precej enakomerno razdeljen med primarne kmetijske proizvode ter predelana živila in pijače. Leta 2017 so bili glavni namembni kraji izvoza Švica, Norveška, Turčija, Kanada, Južna Koreja in Alžirija, ki so zajemale 55 % izvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov v partnerske države, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, in 19 % celotnega izvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz EU. Ukrajina je zdaj glavni vir uvoza kmetijskih proizvodov v EU na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini (zlasti za žita, rastlinska olja in oljna semena). Leta 2017 se je uvoz iz te države povečal za tretjino. Ukrajina, Švica, Turčija, Slonokoščena obala, Južna Afrika, Kolumbija in Čile so leta 2017 zajemale 51 % celotnega uvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov na podlagi sporazumov o prosti trgovini ter 22 % celotnega uvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov v EU. V EU se večinoma uvažajo primarni kmetijski proizvodi, kot so tropsko sadje, kakav, zelenjava in kava (72 %), predelana živila in pijače pa obsegajo 22 % uvoza. | EU exports under FTAs are fairly evenly split between primary agricultural products and processed food and beverages. In 2017, main export destinations were Switzerland, Norway, Turkey, Canada, South Korea and Algeria, accounting for 55% of agri-food exports to FTA countries and 19% of total EU agri-food exports. Ukraine is now the EU’s first source of agricultural imports under FTAs (mainly for cereals, vegetable oils and oil seeds). In 2017, imports from this country increased by a third. Ukraine, Switzerland, Turkey, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Colombia and Chile accounted for 51% of all FTA agri-food imports and 22% of all EU agri-food imports in 2017. Most EU imports are primary agricultural products such as tropical fruits, cacao, vegetables and coffee (72%), processed food and beverages make up 22%. |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini odprejo trge za kmetijske proizvode, živila in pijače ter tako dodajajo vrednost in ustvarjajo delovna mesta v primarnem kmetijstvu in sektorju živilske predelave, kot je razvidno iz študije o vplivu trgovinskih sporazumov EU na kmetijski sektor iz leta 2016, ki jo je družba Copenhagen Economics izvedla za Komisijo. Komisija si je leta 2017 znova prizadevala za spodbujanje trgovine s kmetijskimi proizvodi, tudi v okviru obiska na visoki ravni v Kanadi in promocije prehranskih izdelkov in pijač iz EU na večjih mednarodnih sejmih (npr. v Torontu in Abu Dabiju). Komisija je poleg več kot 100 posameznih promocijskih programov, ki so se že izvajali leta 2017, izbrala 33 dodatnih predlogov za promocijo kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz EU v tretjih državah, ki se bodo izvajali med letoma 2018 in 2020. Nekatere od teh kampanj, ki jih sofinancira EU, vključujejo na primer promocijo jabolk z geografsko označbo v Egiptu ali povečanje izvoza šunke in sirov iz EU v Mehiko. | FTAs open markets for agricultural products, food and beverages, thus adding value and creating jobs in primary agriculture as well as food processing as shown by a study on the impact of EU trade agreements on the agricultural sector by Copenhagen Economics for the Commission, completed in 2016. In 2017, the Commission again reached out to promote agricultural trade, including through a high level visit to Canada and promoting EU food and beverage products at major international trade fairs (e.g. in Toronto and Abu Dhabi). On top of over 100 individual promotion programmes already running in 2017, the Commission selected 33 additional proposals to promote EU agri-food products in third countries, which will be implemented between 2018 and 2020. Some of these EU co-financed campaigns include for example the promotion of GI apples in Egypt or boosting exports of EU hams and cheeses to Mexico. |
| Izvozniki iz EU lahko izkoristijo več kot 600 preferencialnih tarifnih kvot, ki so jih dodelile partnerske države, s katerimi je EU sklenila sporazume o prosti trgovini. Izkoriščenost tarifnih kvot se iz različnih razlogov razlikuje po državah in proizvodih, Komisija pa si prizadeva, da bi izboljšala njihovo uporabo. Leta 2017 ji je uspelo zagotoviti boljše pogoje za dostop na trg za izvoz govejega mesa iz EU v Turčijo. | EU exporters can benefit from more than 600 preferential TRQs granted by our FTA partners. The utilisation of TRQs varies between countries and products, for various reasons, and the Commission is seeking to improve their uptake. In 2017, it succeeded in obtaining improved market access conditions for EU beef exports to Turkey. |
| Določbe sporazumov o prosti trgovini, ki se nanašajo na vidike v zvezi s sanitarnimi in fitosanitarnimi ukrepi, se uporabljajo za odpravo trgovinskih ovir, povezanih s sanitarnimi in fitosanitarnimi ukrepi v partnerskih državah. Komisija je leta 2017 na primer več državam članicam EU zagotovila večji dostop na trg za svinjino v Mehiki in mlečne izdelke iz EU v Peruju. Ukrajina je odpravila začasno prepoved uvoza perutnine zaradi aviarne influence, Japonska pa je za še dve državi članici odpravila prepoved uvoza govejega mesa zaradi BSE (bovine spongiformne encefalopatije). Sporazumi o prosti trgovini vsebujejo tudi določbe, ki spodbujajo visoko raven varovanja zdravja rastlin in živali s trgovinskimi partnerji EU, tudi v državah vzhodnega partnerstva in na Zahodnem Balkanu. Nedavni dosežek je bil tudi to, da sta ustrezna pododbora, ustanovljena v okviru poglobljenega in celovitega prostotrgovinskega območja, sprejela sanitarne in fitosanitarne strategije za Moldavijo in Gruzijo. Tudi Ukrajina v zvezi s tem končuje razprave s Komisijo. | FTA provisions on SPS aspects are used to address trade barriers related to SPS measures in partner countries. In 2017, for example, the Commission achieved increased market access for several EU Member States for pork in Mexico and EU dairy products in Peru. Ukraine lifted its temporary ban related to avian influenza on poultry and Japan removed the BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) beef import ban for two additional Member States. FTAs also contain provisions promoting a high level of protection of plant and animal health with EU trade partners, including in the Eastern Partnership countries and the Western Balkans. A recent success was the adoption by the relevant DCFTA subcommittees of SPS strategies for Moldova and Georgia. Ukraine is also finalising discussions with the Commission on that matter. |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini zagotavljajo zaščito vodilnih proizvodov EU, kot so Aceto Balsamico di Modena, Feta, Reblochon, Prosciutto di Parma ali Queso Manchego, ter vin in žganih pijač, ki so zaščiteni z geografsko označbo 36 . Novejši sporazumi EU o prosti trgovini zagotavljajo visoko raven in precejšen obseg zaščite geografskih označb v državah, kjer pred tem v večini primerov ni bilo nobene zaščite. Ekvador bo na primer zaščitil 116 geografskih označb EU. Od septembra 2017 je poleg geografskih označb za vino in žgane pijače, ki so v Kanadi zaščitene od leta 2003, na podlagi sporazuma CETA zaščitenih 143 kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov EU z geografsko označbo. Zaščita Prosecca v Moldaviji je zagotovljena, s čimer se končuje dolgotrajna zadeva na sodišču. | FTAs provide for the protection of EU flagship products such as AcetoBalsamico di Modena, Feta, Reblochon, Prosciutto di Parma or Queso Manchego, as well as wines and spirits, protected as geographical indications (GIs). 36 The more recent EU FTAs ensure high level and considerable scope of GIs protection in countries where, in most cases, no protection was offered before. For example, Ecuador will protect 116 EU GIs. Since September 2017, 143 EU agri-food GIs enjoy protection under CETA, in addition to the GIs for wine and spirits protected in Canada since 2003. The protection of Prosecco in Moldova has been secured, ending a long standing court case. |
| V sporazumih o prosti trgovini je predvidena zaščita proizvajalcev občutljivih proizvodov v EU, kot je goveje meso, perutnina ali sladkor. Ti so v celoti izključeni iz preferencialne trgovine, če so izključeni delno, pa so zajeti v skupno približno 360 tarifnih kvotah EU. Za občutljivo sadje in zelenjavo se v višku obiralne sezone v EU uporablja sistem vhodnih cen. | FTAs foresee protection of EU producers of sensitive products, such as beef, poultry or sugar. These are either fully excluded from preferential trade or, if they are partially excluded, they are covered by altogether around 360 EU TRQs. For sensitive fruit and vegetables an entry price system is applied during the peak harvest season in the EU. |
| Poleg tega je cilj sporazumov o prosti trgovini podpreti lokalni kmetijski sektor v državah v razvoju, kot so afriške, karibske in pacifiške države ali nekatere partnerske države iz Srednje in Latinske Amerike. Sporazumi EU o gospodarskem partnerstvu se osredotočajo na razvojne cilje in dosegajo rezultate pri podpiranju zmogljivosti kmetijskega sektorja v številnih afriških, karibskih in pacifiških državah: med letoma 2007 in 2017 se je vrednost uvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov iz držav podpisnic sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu, zlasti kmetijskih primarnih proizvodov, kot je tropsko sadje, kakav ali kava, ki se ne gojijo v EU, povečala za 71 %. Izvoz iz EU v Srednjo Ameriko in Kolumbijo, Ekvador in Peru narašča, vendar imajo te države presežek v trgovini s kmetijskimi in živilskimi proizvodi zaradi uvoza svežega tropskega sadja, kot so banane, v EU. | In addition, FTAs aim to support the local agricultural sector in developing countries like the ACP countries or some Central and Latin American partners. EU EPAs focus on development goals and have delivered results in supporting agricultural sector capacity in many ACP countries: Between 2007 and 2017 imports of agri-food products from EPA countries have increased by 71% in value, mostly in agricultural commodities, such as tropical fruit, cocoa or coffee, which are not grown in the EU. Furthermore, while EU exports to Central America and Colombia, Ecuador and Peru have been increasing, the latter run a surplus in agri-food trade based on EU imports of fresh tropical fruits, like bananas. |
| Komisija s svojimi partnerskimi državami, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini, sodeluje pri raznovrstnih pomembnih vprašanjih, povezanih s trgovino s kmetijskimi proizvodi, ki zajemajo vse od tehnične pomoči EU v sektorju kmetijstva in razvoja podeželja do izboljšanja sistemov nadzora varnosti hrane. | The Commission cooperates with its FTA partners on a broad spectrum of important issues related to agricultural trade, ranging from EU technical assistance in the sector of agriculture and rural development to improving food safety control systems. |
| Izvajanje sporazumov o prosti trgovini v kmetijsko-živilskem sektorju: sedanje in prihodnje dejavnosti | Implementing FTAs in the agri-food sector: current and future activities |
| Komisija si na več področjih prizadeva zagotoviti, da sporazumi o prosti trgovini kmetijskemu sektorju prinesejo koristi, med drugim: | The Commission is working on several fronts to ensure FTAs deliver benefits to the agricultural sector, among these the following: |
| üreševanje odprtih vprašanj v zvezi z dostopom na trg, kot sta izvoz govejega mesa iz EU v Južno Korejo in priznavanje regionalizacije EU, zlasti za izvoz perutnine in svinjine v Južno Korejo, na Japonsko in v Južno Afriko; | üResolution of pending market access issues, such as exports of EU beef to South Korea and the recognition of EU regionalisation, especially for EU poultry and pork exports to South Korea, Japan and South Africa; |
| üučinkovito izvajanje sporazuma CETA (npr. spremljanje uporabe in zbiranje informacij o dodeljevanju in prenosu tarifnih kvot za sir) in priprava za sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu z Japonsko (ko se bo v celoti izvajal, bo liberaliziranih 87 % sedanjega izvoza kmetijskih in živilskih proizvodov); | üEffective implementation of CETA (e.g. monitoring the uptake of and gathering information on allocation and transfers of the cheese TRQs) and preparation for the EPA with Japan (once fully implemented, it will liberalise 87% of current agri-food exports); |
| üspremljanje in izboljšanje uporabe tarifnih kvot; | üMonitoring and improving the utilisation of TRQs; |
| üzagotavljanje zaščite geografskih označb (npr. sporazum CETA, Čile in Kolumbija, Ekvador in Peru) in pospešitev postopka za uvrstitev dodatnih geografskih označb EU na seznam, zaščiten na podlagi sporazuma o prosti trgovini (Južna Koreja); | üEnforcing the protection of GIs (e.g. CETA, Chile and Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and advancing the process to add further EU GIs to the list protected under the FTA (South Korea); |
| üspremljanje stabilizacijskega mehanizma za banane iz Kolumbije, Ekvadorja, Peruja in Srednje Amerike; | üMonitoring the stabilisation mechanism for bananas from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Central America; |
| ükrepitev sodelovanja s partnerskimi državami, s katerimi so sklenjeni sporazumi o prosti trgovini (kot je Kanada ali Japonska), pri pomembnih vprašanjih skupnega interesa, kot sta dobrobit živali in protimikrobna odpornost; | üEnhancing cooperation with FTA partners (such as Canada or Japan) on important issues of common interest, such as animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance; |
| ümobilizacija uporabe sredstev EU za zagotavljanje tehnične pomoči, na primer v regiji vzhodnega partnerstva (za nadaljnje usklajevanje zakonodaje s pravnim redom EU v Gruziji, Moldaviji in Ukrajini), na Zahodnem Balkanu ali v afriških, karibskih in pacifiških državah. | üMobilising the use of EU funds to provide technical assistance, e.g. in the Eastern Partnership region (to further regulatory alignment with the EU acquis in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine), in the Western Balkans or the ACP countries. |
| 9.Najnovejše informacije o tekočih in prihodnjih dejavnostih | 9.update on pending and future activities |
| Komisija je začela odprto razpravo z Evropskim parlamentom o izvajanju sporazumov o prosti trgovini, vključno z resolucijo Evropskega parlamenta o poročilu Komisije o izvajanju skupne trgovinske politike . Komisija bo o izvajanju sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini še naprej poročala Evropskemu parlamentu, Svetu, Evropskemu ekonomsko-socialnemu odboru in Odboru regij. | The Commission has been engaging in an open discussion with the European Parliament on FTA implementation, including on the European Parliament's Resolution on the Commission's report on the implementation of the Common Commercial Policy . The Commission will continue to report annually on the implementation of EU FTAs to the European Parlimament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. |
| Komisija izvaja številne dejavnosti, da bi ljudem in podjetjem pomagala čim bolje izkoristiti sporazume o prosti trgovini, pri čemer uporablja obstoječa orodja in prakse ter razvija nove: | The Commission is engaged in numerous activities to help people and business to get the most out of FTAs, building on existing tools and practices as well as developing new ones: |
| üda bi Komisija MSP olajšala uporabo sporazumov o prosti trgovini, razvija spletni portal za uvoz iz EU in izvoz v EU, ki bo vključeval informacije iz njene podatkovne zbirke o dostopu na trge in službe za pomoč uporabnikom EU v zvezi s trgovino. Portal bo med drugim ponujal informacije, specifične za proizvode, in smernice o postopkih carinjenja, podprt pa bo s sistemom opozarjanja, prilagojenim posameznim uporabnikom. Najnovejše informacije o preferencialnih tarifah so na voljo tudi v podatkovni zbirki EU TARIC , podrobne informacije o preferencialnih pravilih o poreklu in s tem povezanih postopkih pa so na voljo na spletnih straneh Komisije, namenjenih carini; | üTo facilitate the use of FTAs by SMEs the Commission is developing an online portal for EU import and export, integrating the information on its Market Access Database and EU Trade Helpdesk. Among others, the portal will be offering product-specific information and guidance on customs clearance processes, backed up by an alert system customised for individual users. Up-to-date information on preferential tariffs can also be found in the EU TARIC database and detailed information on preferential rules of origin and related procedures can be found on the customs-dedicated webpages of the Commission. |
| üKomisija si prizadeva, da bi od partnerjev pridobila zanesljive podatke, ki ji omogočajo izračun stopenj uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU, pri tem pa partnerje opozarja na težave in po potrebi zagotovi pomoč. Novi sporazumi bodo od sporazuma CETA naprej vsebovali zavezujočo določbo o redni izmenjavi podatkov. Komisija si prizadeva pridobiti tudi dodatne informacije, ki morda izhajajo iz proučitve drugih približkov, kot so stopnje prihrankov pri dajatvah, ki merijo, v kolikšnem obsegu se pri dajatvah prihrani glede na skupni potencialni prihranek pri dajatvah 37 ; | üThe Commission is seeking to obtain reliable data from partners enabling it to establish the PURs on exports from the EU, raising the issues with partners and providing assistance, where appropriate. From CETA onwards, new agreements will contain a binding provision on periodic data exchange. The Commission is also seeking additional information that may result from looking at other proxies, like duty savings rates, which measure the extent to which duties are saved out of the total potential duty savings 37 . |
| ünova skupina strokovnjakov o trgovinskih sporazumih EU Komisiji svetuje o izvajanju sporazumov o prosti trgovini. Civilna družba med drugim prispeva prek rednih sestankov v okviru dialoga s civilno družbo; | üThe new Expert Group on EU Trade Agreements provides advice to the Commission on FTA implementation. Civil society provides input through, among other things, regular Civil Society Dialogue meetings. |
| üKomisija je pred kratkim okrepila sodelovanje z državami članicami EU pri medsektorskih vprašanjih, povezanih z izvajanjem sporazuma o prosti trgovini, v okviru namenske mreže koordinatorjev sporazumov o prosti trgovini; | üThe Commission recently intensified collaboration with EU Member States on crosscutting issues related to FTA implementation through a dedicated FTA Coordinators Network. |
| ünamenska skupina strokovnjakov držav članic za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj se za razpravo o izvajanju poglavij o trgovini in trajnostnem razvoju, zlasti praktičnih vidikih 15 točk akcijskega načrta za trgovino in trajnostni razvoj, zdaj sestaja štirikrat letno. Poleg tega so pristojne službe Komisije naročile raziskave za leti 2018 in 2019 o uporabi temeljnih delovnih standardov in pogojih dela v 29 državah, za katere veljajo zaveze iz režima GSP+ in sporazumov o prosti trgovini; | üTo discuss the implementation of TSD chapters, in particular the practical aspects of the 15 points TSD action plan, a dedicated TSD Member States' experts group now meets four times per year. In addition, the competent Commission services commissioned surveys in 2018 and 2019 on the application of core labour standards and on working conditions in 29 countries covered by commitments in GSP+ and in FTAs. |
| üda bi se povečala preglednost pri izvajanju, bo Komisija na svoji spletni strani Transparency in Action javno objavila informacije o dialogih v okviru sporazumov o prosti trgovini in sestankih odborov, začela pa bo s sporazumom CETA. Komisija si bo za povečanje preglednosti v zvezi z veljavnimi sporazumi o prosti trgovini prizadevala v sodelovanju s partnerji; | üTo increase transparency on implementation, the Commission, starting with CETA, will make information publicly available on FTA dialogues and committee meetings at its “ Transparency in Action " webpage. The Commission will be striving to increase transparency for existing FTAs in liaising with its partners. |
| üda bi se zagotovilo čim hitrejše delovanje sporazumov o prosti trgovini, Komisija pred njihovo uporabo na svojem spletnem mestu objavlja izčrpne informacije. Komisija bo poleg besedila začasnih sporazumov o prosti trgovini od sporazuma CETA naprej objavljala informativne preglede, navodila po korakih za podjetja, zgodbe izvoznikov in infografiko. Da bi bila Komisija bolje pripravljena na izvajanje novih sporazumov o prosti trgovini, je po potrebi vlagala v študije o notranjem pravnem okviru več partnerskih držav; | üTo ensure FTAs become operational as quickly as possible, the Commission provides comprehensive information on its website in the run up to their application. In addition to the provisional FTA text the Commission, from CETA onwards,will publish factsheets, step-by-step guides for businesses, exporter stories and infographics. To be better prepared for the implementation of new FTAs the Commission, where appropriate, has been investing in studies on the domestic legal framework of several partner countries. |
| üKomisija izvajanje sporazumov o prosti trgovini spodbuja tudi na dogodkih Market Access Day z državami članicami EU, pri čemer uporablja izkušnje, pridobljene v okviru partnerstva za dostop na trg. Evropska podjetniška mreža in agencije držav članic EU za pospeševanje trgovine skupaj s poslovnimi in trgovinskimi združenji, kot je mreža European Business Organisations worldwide network (EBO WWN), v Evropi in v tujini obveščajo o posebnih priložnostih, ki jih omogočajo sporazumi o prosti trgovini, in jih spodbujajo; | üThe Commission is also promoting FTA implementation through its 'Market Access Day' events with EU Member States, using experience gathered through its Market Access Partnership. The Enterprise Europe Network (EEN) and Trade Promotion Agencies of the EU Member States, both in Europe and abroad, together with business and trade associations such as the European Business Organisations worldwide network (EBO WWN) are informing about and promoting specific opportunities offered by FTAs. |
| üskupine za dostop na trg v delegacijah EU v tretjih državah za podporo izvajanju sporazumov o prosti trgovini si prizadevajo, da bi uporabile sredstva EU, kot na primer instrument partnerstva ali druge ustrezne instrumente. Strategija pomoči za trgovino , ki jo izvaja EU, in načrt EU za zunanje naložbe podpirata male družbe iz držav v razvoju pri izkoriščanju priložnosti, ki izhajajo iz sporazumov o prosti trgovini. Vseobsegajoča pobuda evropske gospodarske diplomacije, ki je bila uvedena leta 2017, zagotavlja, da se različne politike EU medsebojno krepijo pri podpiranju ključnih gospodarskih prednostnih nalog, med katerimi je tudi izvajanje sporazuma o prosti trgovini; | üMarket Access teams at EU delegations in third countries are seeking to use EU funds to support FTA implementation, such as the Partnerhip Instument or other relevant instruments. The EU aid for trade strategy and the EU external investment plan support small companies from developing countries to seize the opportunities stemming from the FTAs. The overarching European Economic Diplomacy initiative introduced in 2017 ensures that different EU policies reinforce each other in supporting key economic priorities, one of them being FTA implementation. |
| üKomisija bo leta 2018 objavila vmesno vrednotenje sporazuma o prosti trgovini z Južno Korejo in bo kmalu začela vmesno vrednotenje sporazuma s Kolumbijo in Perujem. Naknadno vrednotenje sporazumov EU o prosti trgovini s šestimi sredozemskimi partnerskimi državami še poteka, končano pa naj bi bilo konec leta 2019. | üThe Commission will be releasing in 2018 its interim evaluation of the FTA with South Korea and will shortly launch an interim evaluation of the Agreement with Colombia and Peru. An ex post evaluation of the EU’s FTAs with six Mediterranean partner countries is ongoing and expected for end 2019. |
| 10.IZVRŠEVANJE ZAKONODAJE | 10.LEGAL ENFORCEMENT |
| Sporazumi EU o prosti trgovini zagotavljajo dosledno uveljavljanje vsebinskih zavez, vključenih v vsak sporazum, da bi se zagotovilo učinkovito in pravočasno reševanje sporov, ki bi lahko nastali v zvezi s tem. Leta 2017 se postopek za reševanje sporov v okviru sporazumov o prosti trgovini ni uporabil, vendar Komisija še naprej temeljito in skrbno spremlja izvajanje sporazumov o prosti trgovini. To Komisiji omogoča, da primernost uporabe izvrševanja zakonodaje prouči za vsak primer posebej. | The EU’s FTAs provide for robust enforcement of the substantive commitments included in each Agreement with a view to ensuring an efficient and timely resolution of disputes that might arise in that regard. In 2017 the FTA dispute settlement was not used but the Commission continues to thoroughly and diligently monitor the implementation of FTAs. This allows the Commission to assess the appropriateness of using legal enforcement on a case by case basis. |
| Priloga 1 – Uporaba preferencialov za uvoz v EU | Annex 1 – Preference Use on Imports into the EU |
| Država izvoznica | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Exporting country | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije | "New generation" Free Trade Agreements |
| Kolumbija | 97 % | 97 % | 97 % | Colombia | 97% | 97% | 97% |
| Kostarika | 96 % | 97 % | 96 % | Costa Rica | 96% | 97% | 96% |
| Ekvador | 89 % | 88 % | 97 % | Ecuador | 89% | 88% | 97% |
| Salvador | 82 % | 74 % | 90 % | El Salvador | 82% | 74% | 90% |
| Gvatemala | 95 % | 95 % | 93 % | Guatemala | 95% | 95% | 93% |
| Honduras | 91 % | 92 % | 92 % | Honduras | 91% | 92% | 92% |
| Nikaragva | 94 % | 94 % | 93 % | Nicaragua | 94% | 94% | 93% |
| Panama | 70 % | 61 % | 82 % | Panama | 70% | 61% | 82% |
| Peru | 98 % | 97 % | 96 % | Peru | 98% | 97% | 96% |
| Južna Koreja | 85 % | 87 % | 88 % | South Korea | 85% | 87% | 88% |
| Poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja | DCFTAs |
| Gruzija | 83 % | 80 % | 77 % | Georgia | 83% | 80% | 77% |
| Moldavija | 91 % | 88 % | 85 % | Moldova | 91% | 88% | 85% |
| Ukrajina | 87 % | 89 % | 87 % | Ukraine | 87% | 89% | 87% |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini prve generacije | "First generation" Free Trade Agreements |
| Sredozemske partnerske države | Mediterranean Partners |
| Alžirija | 97 % | 95 % | 97 % | Algeria | 97% | 95% | 97% |
| Egipt | 95 % | 96 % | 97 % | Egypt | 95% | 96% | 97% |
| Izrael | 89 % | 90 % | 91 % | Israel | 89% | 90% | 91% |
| Jordanija | 68 % | 79 % | 75 % | Jordan | 68% | 79% | 75% |
| Libanon | 76 % | 71 % | 70 % | Lebanon | 76% | 71% | 70% |
| Maroko | 97 % | 97 % | 97 % | Morocco | 97% | 97% | 97% |
| Ozemlje zasedene Palestine | 78 % | 81 % | 77 % | Occupied Palestinian Territory | 78% | 81% | 77% |
| Tunizija | 95 % | 96 % | 94 % | Tunisia | 95% | 96% | 94% |
| Zahodni Balkan | Western Balkans |
| Albanija | 87 % | 86 % | 86 % | Albania | 87% | 86% | 86% |
| Bosna in Hercegovina | 93 % | 94 % | 94 % | Bosnia-Herzegovina | 93% | 94% | 94% |
| nekdanja jugoslovanska republika Makedonija | 97 % | 95 % | 94 % | the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 97% | 95% | 94% |
| Kosovo | 85 % | 89 % | 92 % | Kosovo | 85% | 89% | 92% |
| Črna gora | 81 % | 83 % | 90 % | Montenegro | 81% | 83% | 90% |
| Srbija | 93 % | 90 % | 92 % | Serbia | 93% | 90% | 92% |
| Latinskoameriške partnerske države | Latin American Partners |
| Čile | 95 % | 95 % | 96 % | Chile | 95% | 95% | 96% |
| Mehika | 52 % | 58 % | 70 % | Mexico | 52% | 58% | 70% |
| Države Efte | EFTA States |
| Norveška | 71 % | 66 % | 69 % | Norway | 71% | 66% | 69% |
| Švica | 86 % | 83 % | 85 % | Switzerland | 86% | 83% | 85% |
| Sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu | Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) |
| Cariforum (povprečje) | 91 % | 92 % | 91 % | CARIFORUM (average) | 91% | 92% | 91% |
| SADC (povprečje) | 87 % | 80 % | 83 % | SADC (average) | 87% | 80% | 83% |
| Vzhodna in Južna Afrika (povprečje) | 97 % | 97 % | 96 % | ESA (average) | 97% | 97% | 96% |
| Slonokoščena obala | 99 % | 98 % | 98 % | Cote d’Ivoire | 99% | 98% | 98% |
| Gana | 98 % | 98 % | 96 % | Ghana | 98% | 98% | 96% |
| Centralna Afrika (Kamerun) | 91 % | 97 % | 99 % | Central Africa (Cameroon) | 91% | 97% | 99% |
| Pacifiške države (povprečje) | 92 % | 99 % | 81 % | Pacific (average) | 92% | 99% | 81% |
| Priloga 2 – UPORABA PREFERENCIALOV ZA IZVOZ IZ EU | Annex 2 – PREFERENCE USE ON EXPORTS FROM THE EU |
| Država uvoznica | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Importing country | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini nove generacije | "New generation" Free Trade Agreements |
| Kolumbija | 63 % | 71 % | 68 % | Colombia | 63% | 71% | 68% |
| Peru | 28 % | 47 % | 52 % | Peru | 28% | 47% | 52% |
| Kostarika | 38 % | Costa Rica | 38% |
| Ekvador | 42 % | Ecuador | 42% |
| Južna Koreja | 68 % | 71 % | 74 % | South Korea | 68% | 71% | 74% |
| Poglobljena in celovita prostotrgovinska območja | DCFTAs |
| Gruzija | 72 % | 71 % | 77 % | Georgia | 72% | 71% | 77% |
| Sporazumi o prosti trgovini prve generacije | "First generation" Free Trade Agreements |
| Sredozemske partnerske države | Mediterranean Partners |
| Egipt | 36 % | 62 % | 44 % | Egypt | 36% | 62% | 44% |
| Izrael | 89 % | 86 % | Israel | 89% | 86% |
| Libanon | 74 % | 58 % | Lebanon | 74% | 58% |
| Maroko | 52 % | Morocco | 52% |
| Zahodni Balkan | Western Balkans |
| Albanija | 76 % | 80 % | 78 % | Albania | 76% | 80% | 78% |
| nekdanja jugoslovanska republika Makedonija | 90 % | 89 % | the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 90% | 89% |
| Kosovo | 44 % | Kosovo | 44% |
| Črna gora | 85 % | 85 % | 86 % | Montenegro | 85% | 85% | 86% |
| Srbija | 89 % | 90 % | 91 % | Serbia | 89% | 90% | 91% |
| Latinskoameriške partnerske države | Latin American Partners |
| Čile | 76 % | 75 % | 76 % | Chile | 76% | 75% | 76% |
| Mehika | 76 % | 85 % | 75 % | Mexico | 76% | 85% | 75% |
| Države Efte | EFTA States |
| Švica | 79 % | 79 % | 78 % | Switzerland | 79% | 79% | 78% |
| Priloga 3 – SEZNAM KRATIC | Annex 3 – LIST OF ACRONYMS |
| | ACP African, Carribean and Pacific countries |
| Cariforum Karibski forum afriških, karibskih in pacifiških držav | Cariforum Forum of the Caribbean Group of ACP States |
| CETA Celoviti gospodarski in trgovinski sporazum med EU in Kanado | CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agremeent EU- Canada |
| MOD Mednarodna organizacija dela | CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora |
| MSP Mala in srednja podjetja | DAG Domestic Advisory Group |
| SADC Južnoafriška razvojna skupnost | DCFTA Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area |
| SPS Stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazum | EBO WWN European Business Organisations worldwide network |
| (1) To poimenovanje ne pomeni priznanja države Palestine in ne posega v stališča posameznih držav članic glede tega vprašanja. | EEA European Economic Area |
| (2) Stabilizacijsko-pridružitveni sporazum | EEN Enterprise Europe Network |
| (3) To poimenovanje ne posega v stališča glede statusa ter je v skladu z RVSZN 1244 (1999) in mnenjem Meddržavnega sodišča o razglasitvi neodvisnosti Kosova. | EPA Economic Partnership Agreement |
| (4) Pregled vseh trgovinskih sporazumov, ki jih je EU sklenila in glede katerih se pogaja, je na voljo na povezavi: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_118238.pdf. | ESA Eastern and Southern Africa |
| (5) Evropska komisija, sporočilo Trgovina za vse: Za odgovornejšo trgovinsko in naložbeno politiko, COM(2015) 497. | FDI Foreign Direct Investment |
| (6) Poročilo Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu, Svetu, Evropskemu ekonomsko-socialnemu odboru in Odboru regij z dne 17. novembra 2017, Bruselj, 9.11.2017, COM(2017) 654 final. | FTA Free Trade Agreement |
| (7) Splošni statistični podatki o trgovinskih tokovih blaga in storitev za vsako partnersko državo, s katero je sklenjen sporazum o prosti trgovini, so na voljo v delovnem dokumentu služb Komisije. | GIs Geographical Indications |
| (8) Kar zadeva sporazum o pridružitvi s Srednjo Ameriko, so precejšnje razlike med statističnimi podatki Eurostata in Srednje Amerike, zaradi doslednosti so uporabljeni le podatki Eurostata. | IPRs Intellectual Property Rights |
| (9) Informacije o stopnjah uporabe preferencialov po posameznih partnerskih državah so na voljo v prilogah 1 in 2. | ILO International Labour Organisation |
| (10) Pri tem je neka stopnja napak še vedno mogoča, saj podatki ne zajamejo nekaterih sprememb preferencialnega statusa uvoza, kot so zahtevki za preferenciale, ki jih uvozniki vložijo po tem, ko je bilo blago deklarirano za carino, in zavrnitev preferencialov, glede katere se carina odloči po preverjanju po sprostitvi blaga. | MFN Most Favoured Nation |
| (11) Glej članek Joséja M. Rueda-Cantucheja in Nuna Sousa iz februarja 2016: EU Exports to the World: Overview of Effects on Employment and Income (Izvoz EU v svet: pregled učinkov na zaposlovanje in dohodek), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/february/tradoc_154244.pdf . | PUR Preference Utilisation Rate |
| (12) Vir: Eurostat. | SAA Stabilisation and Association Agreement |
| (13) Na trgovinske tokove lahko vpliva posebni politični in geopolitični kontekst ter kak drug dejavnik, ki ni nujno povezan z izvajanjem sporazumov o prosti trgovini. | SADC Southern African Development Community |
| (14) Glej študijo Larsa Nilssona in Nicolasa Preillona iz leta 2018, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/june/tradoc_156931.pdf . | SME Small and medium-sized enterprise |
| (15) Temeljni koncept je dodatno pojasnjen v zgornjem oddelku 1.3. Stopnje uporabe preferencialov po posameznih partnerskih državah so navedene v prilogah 1 in 2. | SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary |
| (16) Sporočeni preferencialni uvoz se na primer včasih nanaša na tarifne postavke, ki ne spadajo pod noben preferencial. Včasih so velike razlike med sporočenim skupnim uvozom in izvozom ter tistima, ki ju navede Eurostat. Komisija ta odstopanja popravi z odstranitvijo trgovine v tarifnih postavkah, za katere v skladu s podatkovno zbirko o dostopu na trge, ki jo ureja GD za trgovino, preferenciali ne obstajajo (npr. kadar velja, da je največja tarifna ugodnost enaka 0). | TBT Technical Barriers to Trade |
| (17) Glej tudi poročilo Komisije o trgovinskih ovirah in ovirah za naložbe iz leta 2018: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/june/tradoc_157003.pdf. | TRQ Tariff Rate Quota |
| (18) Tarifne kvote določajo količinski prag za določeno obdobje za uvoz zaščitenega domačega proizvoda. Za uvoz nad pragom velja višja tarifa. | TSD Trade and Sustainable Development |
| (19) Konvencija št. 87 o sindikalni svobodi, Konvencija št. 98 o uporabi načel o pravicah organiziranja in kolektivnega dogovarjanja, Konvencija št. 29 o prisilnem ali obveznem delu in Konvencija št. 105 o odpravi prisilnega dela. | (1) This designation shall not be construed as recognition of a State of Palestine and is without prejudice to the individual positions of Member States on this issue. |
| (20) Resolucija Evropskega parlamenta z dne 18. maja 2017 o izvajanju prostotrgovinskega sporazuma med Evropsko unijo in Republiko Korejo (2015/2059(INI)). | (2) Stabilisation and Association Agreement |
| (21) V skladu s členom 218(5) lahko EU po odobritvi Sveta v obdobju med podpisom in začetkom veljavnosti v celoti ali delno začasno uporablja trgovinski sporazum ali kateri koli drug mednarodni sporazum. Začasna uporaba sporazumov je v skladu z dolgotrajno mednarodno prakso v zvezi s sporazumi. | (3) This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of independence. |
| (22) Poglobljeno in celovito prostotrgovinsko območje med EU in Ukrajino se je začelo začasno uporabljati 1. januarja 2016. Poglobljeni in celoviti prostotrgovinski območji z Gruzijo in Moldavijo pa sta se začeli začasno uporabljati 1. septembra 2014. | (4) An overview of all trade agreement concluded and negotiated by the EU can be found at : http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_118238.pdf |
| (23) Sporazuma z Islandijo in Ferskimi otoki v tem poročilu nista zajeta. Sporazum o prosti trgovini z Južno Afriko je bil nadomeščen s sporazumom o gospodarskem partnerstvu z državami Južnoafriške razvojne skupnosti (SADC, glej oddelek 6.1). | (5) European Commission, Communication “Trade for All: Towards a more responsible trade and investment policy”, COM (2015) 497. |
| (24) Sporazum o Evropskem gospodarskem prostoru (EGP) iz leta 1992 z Islandijo, Lihtenštajnom in Norveško je okrepil prosti pretok blaga, storitev, naložb in oseb na tem območju. Ta sporazum v tem poročilu ni obravnavan. | (6) Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 17 November 2017; Brussels, 9.11.2017 COM(2017) 654 final |
| (25) Alžirija, Egipt, Izrael, Jordanija, Libanon, Maroko, Palestina in Tunizija. | (7) General statistics on trade flows in goods and services for each FTA partner country can be found in the SWD. |
| (26) Komisija proučuje morebitne razloge za nizko stopnjo uporabe preferencialov za izvoz iz EU v Egipt. Med morebitnimi razlogi bi lahko bile nizke tarife za večino proizvodov ali obremenjujoči postopki lokalnih organov, ki se uporabljajo za določitev porekla. | (8) As regards the Association Agreement with Central America, there are significant differences between EUROSTAT and Central American statistics; for reasons of consistency, only Eurostat data are used. |
| (27) Podatki o storitvah za leto 2017 za Švico so bili že na voljo. | (9) Information on PURs per partner country can be consulted in Annexes 1 and 2. |
| (28) Glej opombo 26 zgoraj. | (10) However, some margin of error is still possible since the data does not capture certain changes in the preferential status of imports, such as claims for preferences made by importers after the goods have been declared to customs and denial of preferences decided by customs after verification post-release of the goods. |
| (29) Zadevno obdobje: od 1. julija 2016 do 30. junija 2017. | (11) See Article by José M. Rueda-Cantuche and Nuno Sousa of February 2016: "EU Exports to the World: Overview of Effects on Employment and Income"; http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/february/tradoc_154244.pdf |
| (30) Leta 2017 so imele nižje stopnje uporabe preferencialov za izvoz v Mehiko v primerjavi z letom 2016 vse države članice EU razen štirih. Stopnja uporabe preferencialov za Nemčijo, ki je zajemala skoraj tretjino vsega izvoza iz EU v Mehiko, upravičenega do preferencialov, se je z 82 % leta 2016 znižala na 66 % leta 2017. To je povezano zlasti s tem, da je Nemčija uporabila manj preferencialov v poglavjih HS 87 (motorna vozila) in 85 (električni stroji). | (12) Source: Eurostat |
| (31) To poimenovanje ne posega v stališča glede statusa ter je v skladu z RVSZN 1244 (1999) in mnenjem Meddržavnega sodišča o razglasitvi neodvisnosti Kosova. | (13) The specific political and geopolitical context can have an impact on trade flows as can other factor, not necessarily related to the implementation of the FTAs. |
| (32) Strategija pomoči za trgovino, ki jo izvaja EU, temelji na sklepih Sveta z dne 12. decembra 2005 (dokument št. 15791/05), z dne 16. oktobra 2006 (dokument št. 14018/06) in z dne 15. maja 2007 (dokument št. 9555/07). | (14) See study by Nilsson and Preillon (2018), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/june/tradoc_156931.pdf |
| (33) Glej Sporočilo Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu, Svetu, Evropski centralni banki, Evropskemu ekonomsko-socialnemu odboru, Odboru regij in Evropski investicijski banki z dne 14. septembra 2016, COM(2016) 581 final. | (15) The underlying concept is further explained in Section 1.3 above. PURs per partner country are provided in Annex 1 and 2. |
| (34) Glej na primer program Switch Africa Green, ki države v Afriki podpira pri doseganju trajnostnega razvoja s sodelovanjem pri prehodu na vključujoče zeleno gospodarstvo, https://www.switchafricagreen.org/index.php?lang=en. | (16) For example, the reported preferential imports sometimes concern tariff lines not falling under any preference. Sometimes there is a wide difference between reported total imports and exports as given by Eurostat. The Commission corrects these discrepancies by elimination of trade in tariff lines for which no preference exists according to DG Trade's Market Access Database (e.g. where MFN=0). |
| (35) Glej Uredbo (EU) 2017/1601 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. septembra 2017 o vzpostavitvi Evropskega sklada za trajnostni razvoj (EFSD), jamstva EFSD ter jamstvenega sklada EFSD. | (17) See also the 2018 Commission's Trade and Investment Barriers Report: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/june/tradoc_156978.pdf |
| (36) Geografska označba (GI) je razlikovalni znak, ki se uporablja za identifikacijo proizvoda kot proizvoda s poreklom z ozemlja določene države, regije ali kraja, pri čemer je kakovost, sloves ali druga značilnost proizvoda povezana z njegovim geografskim poreklom. | (18) TRQs set a quantitative threshold for a designated time period for imports of a protected domestic product. Imports above the threshold are subject to a higher tariff. |
| (37) Ta kazalnik bi lahko pripomogel k opredelitvi sektorjev, v katerih so temeljna vrednost izvoza in potencialni prihranki pri dajatvah visoki ter kjer je treba izboljšati učinkovitost (glej tudi študijo Larsa Nilssona in Nicolasa Preillona iz leta 2018, na voljo na povezavi http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/june/tradoc_156931.pdf . | (19) Convention 87 on freedom of association; Convention 98 on the right to organize and collective bargaining; Convention 29 on forced labour; and Convention 105 on abolition of forced labour |
| | (20) European Parliament resolution of 18 May 2017 on the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Korea (2015/2059(INI)) |
| | (21) In accordance with Article 218(5), following authorisation by the Council, the EU may provisionally apply a trade agreement or any other international agreement, in whole or in part, between the signature and the entry into force. Provisional application of treaties reflects a longstanding international treaty practice. |
| | (22) EU-Ukraine DCFTA was provisionally applied since 1 January 2016. DCFTAs with Georgia and Moldova were provisionally applied since 1 September 2014. |
| | (23) The agreements with Iceland and the Faroe Islands are not covered by this report. The FTA with South Africa has been superseded by the EPA with Southern African Development Community (SADC; see section 6.1). |
| | (24) The European Economic Area (EEA) agreement of 1992 with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway enhanced the free movement of goods, services, investment and people across that area. It is not subject to this Report. |
| | (25) Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine and Tunisia. |
| | (26) The Commission is looking into the possible reasons for the low PUR on EU exports to Egypt. Among the possible reasons could be low tariffs for most items or onerous procedures applied by the local authorities to establish the origin. |
| | (27) For Switzerland, data on services for 2017 was already available. |
| | (28) See footnote 26 above. |
| | (29) Period covered: 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017 |
| | (30) All but four EU Member States display lower PURs for their exports to Mexico in 2017 compared to 2016. Germany, accounting for close to a third of all preference eligible EU exports to Mexico, experienced a drop in its PUR from 82% in 2016 to 66% in 2017. This is primarily related to lower German use of preferences in HS Chapters 87 (Motor vehicles) and 85 (Electrical machinery). |
| | (31) This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of independence. |
| | (32) The EU Strategy on AfT is based on Council Conclusions of 12 December 2005 (doc. 15791/05), of 16 October 2006 (doc. 14018/06) and of 15 May 2007 (doc. 9555/07). |
| | (33) See Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank of 14 September 2016; COM(2016) 581 final. |
| | (34) See for example the "Switch Africa Green Programme", supporting countries in Africa to achieve sustainable development by engaging in transition towards an inclusive green economy; https://www.switchafricagreen.org/index.php?lang=en |
| | (35) See Regulation (EU) 2017/1601 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 September 2017 establishing the European Fund for Sustainable Development (EFSD), the EFSD Guarantee and the EFSD Guarantee Fund. |
| | (36) A geographical indication (GI) is a distinctive sign used to identify a product as originating in the territory of a particular country, region or locality where its quality, reputation or other characteristic is linked to its geographical origin |
| | (37) This indicator could help to identify sectors in which the underlying value of exports and potentially duty savings are high and where it is important to improve performance (see also 2018 study by Nilsson and Preillon available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/june/tradoc_156931.pdf |
