52004DC0078

COMUNICAÇÃO DA COMISSÃO AO CONSELHO E AO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU - Implementação da estratégia comunitária para reduzir as emissões de CO2 dos automóveis: quarto relatório anual sobre a eficácia da estratégia - (relatório relativo a 2002) [SEC(2004) 140]

1. Introdução

A estratégia comunitária para reduzir as emissões de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros e melhorar a economia de combustível [1], [2] baseia-se nos seguintes três pilares:

[1] COM (95) 689 final.

[2] Conclusões do Conselho Ambiente de 25.06.1996.

(1) Compromissos assumidos pela indústria automóvel para melhorar a economia de combustível com vista a atingir emissões específicas [3] médias de CO2 para os automóveis de passageiros novos de 140 g de CO2/km até 2008/9.

[3] O termo "específicas" é retirado do título da Decisão 1753/2000/CE e é utilizado para indicar que as emissões de CO2 são expressas em gramas por quilómetro.

(2) Atribuição de etiquetas relativas à economia de combustível aos automóveis [4] com vista a assegurar a informação dos consumidores sobre a economia de combustível e as emissões de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros novos, introduzidos no mercado para venda ou locação financeira na Comunidade e permitir uma escolha esclarecida por parte dos consumidores.

[4] Directiva 1999/94/CE relativa às informações sobre a economia de combustível e as emissões de CO2 disponíveis para o consumidor na comercialização de automóveis novos de passageiros.

(3) Promoção da eficiência dos combustíveis para automóveis através da criação de medidas fiscais.

O Programa-Quadro Comunitário de Investigação apoia as actividades de investigação pré-competitiva com o objectivo de contribuir para a redução de CO2 através do desenvolvimento de tecnologias avançadas para os componentes, o trem motor e os veículos.

De acordo com o artigo 9º da Decisão 1753/2000/CE [5], a Comissão tem de apresentar um relatório anual sobre a eficácia da estratégia [6].

[5] Decisão 1753/2000/CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de (monitorização) das emissões específicas médias de CO2 de automóveis novos de passageiros.

[6] As informações relativas à estratégia comunitária podem também ser consultadas no sítio Internet: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/co2/ co2_home.htm

2. Breve apreciação global

No total, e considerando todas as medidas a níveis da UE e nacionais, a emissão específica média de CO2 pelos automóveis de passageiros na UE diminuiu, no período de 1995 a 2002, de 186 g de CO2/km para 166 g de CO2/km [7], [8], o que corresponde a uma redução de 10,8 %. A estratégia comunitária para reduzir as emissões de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros e melhorar a economia de combustível tem em vista um valor médio de emissões específicas de CO2 para os automóveis de passageiros novos matriculados na Comunidade de 120 g de CO2/km até 2005 ou, o mais tardar, 2010, o que corresponde a uma redução de 35 %. Conforme já mencionado no último relatório, é pouco provável que o objectivo comunitário de 120 g de CO2/km seja alcançado em 2005.

[7] Pela primeira vez, utilizam-se na presente comunicação dados oficiais da UE. Os dados são fornecidos pelos Estados-Membros ao abrigo da Decisão 1753/2000/CE. Antes de 2002, a (vigilância) baseava-se em dados fornecidos pelas associações. Conforme mencionado na última comunicação, há ligeiras diferenças entre esses conjuntos de dados. As emissões médias específicas de CO2 baseadas em dados das associações são de 165 g CO2/km.

[8] Convém salientar que os valores de CO2 apresentados no presente relatório acusam o efeito de todas as medidas adoptadas na Comunidade em relação ao CO2. O artigo 10º da Decisão 1753/2000/CE obriga a Comissão a apresentar ao Conselho e ao Parlamento Europeu, em 2003/4 e 2008/9, um relatório sobre as reduções obtidas através de medidas técnicas e outras. Em 2002, a Comissão abriu concurso para a celebração de um contrato de prestação de serviços com vista à realização de um estudo mais detalhado da questão. Os resultados deste trabalho constituirão parte da comunicação do próximo ano.

Atingir o objectivo comunitário de 120 g de CO2/km em 2010 exigiria atingir uma redução média anual de 3,5 % a nível da UE, o que é significativamente mais elevado do que o que foi conseguido em média entre 1995 e 2002 (cerca de 1,5%). Esperava-se que a redução aumentasse com o tempo, mas é claro que têm de ser feitos novos esforços para melhorar o objectivo até 2010. Todavia, no que diz respeito aos compromissos, o objectivo intermédio foi atingido cedo pela ACEA e a JAMA e portanto achamos que estas associações estão no bom caminho para satisfazer os seus objectivos a longo prazo.

3. Progressos alcançados no que se refere aos compromissos assumidos pela indústria automóvel

Foram concluídos compromissos com as associações automóveis europeia (Associação dos Construtores Europeus de Automóveis - ACEA [9]) [10], japonesa (Associação dos Construtores Japoneses de Automóveis - JAMA [11]) e coreana (Associação dos Construtores Coreanos de Automóveis - KAMA [12]) [13]. No quadro 1 figura uma lista completa dos mais importantes fabricantes/empresas subsidiárias/marcas, agrupados segundo as respectivas associações, para efeitos de apuramento dos valores de vigilância (monitorização) do presente relatório.

[9] Fabricantes europeus de automóveis que pertencem à ACEA: BMW AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Fiat S.p.A., Ford of Europe Inc., General Motors Europe AG, Dr. Ing. H.c.F. Porsche AG, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault SA, Volkswagen AG.

[10] COM (98) 495 final.

[11] Fabricantes japoneses de automóveis que pertencem à JAMA: Daihatsu, Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru), Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, Toyota.

[12] Fabricantes coreanos de automóveis que pertencem à KAMA: GM Daewoo Auto and Technology Company, Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, Renault Samsung Motor Company, and Ssangyong Motor Company.

[13] COM (99) 446 final.

ACEA [14] // ALFA ROMEO, ALPINA, ASTON MARTIN, AUDI, BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE , BENTLEY, CADILLAC, CHEVROLET, CHRYSLER, CITROEN, DAIMLER, FERRARI., FIAT, FORD, GENERAL MOTORS, JAGUAR, JEEP, LAMBORGHINI, LANCIA-AUTOBIANCHI, LAND-ROVER, MASERATI, MATRA, MCC (SMART), MERCEDES-BENZ, MINI, OPEL, PEUGEOT, PORSCHE, RENAULT, ROLLS-ROYCE, SAAB, SEAT, SKODA, VAUXHALL, VOLKSWAGEN, VOLVO

[14] Deve-se notar que embora a Rover, incluindo a MG, já não seja membro formal da ACEA, foi acordado entre a Rover, a ACEA e a Comissão que os valores relativos à Rover/MG sejam incorporados nos valores da ACEA.

JAMA // DAIHATSU, HONDA, ISUZU, LEXUS, MAZDA, MITSUBISHI, NISSAN, SUBARU, SUZUKI, TOYOTA

KAMA // DAEWOO, HYUNDAI, KIA, SSANGYONG

Quadro 1: Lista dos mais importantes fabricantes/empresas subsidiárias/marcas, agrupados segundo as respectivas associações para efeitos de apuramento dos valores de vigilância (monitorização) constantes do presente relatório.

Os três compromissos constituem esforços equivalentes e apresentam as seguintes características principais:

(1) Objectivo relativo às emissões de CO2: todos os compromissos incluem o mesmo objectivo quantificado para as emissões específicas médias de CO2 no que diz respeito aos automóveis de passageiros novos comercializados na União Europeia, ou seja, 140 g de CO2/km (a atingir até 2008 pela ACEA e até 2009 pela JAMA e pela KAMA).

(2) Meios para alcançar este objectivo: a ACEA, a JAMA e a KAMA comprometem-se a atingir o objectivo de redução das emissões de CO2, sobretudo mediante progressos tecnológicos e alterações de mercado conexas.

Além disso, são criadas "gamas estimadas de objectivos" para o período 2003/2004 [15]. Finalmente, todas as associações se comprometeram a analisar em 2003 (ACEA e JAMA) ou 2004 (KAMA) o potencial de uma redução adicional de CO2, "...com vista a avançar para o objectivo comunitário de 120 g de CO2/km até 2012".

[15] Para a ACEA, 165 - 170 g de CO2/km em 2003; para a JAMA, 165 - 175 g de CO2/km em 2003; para a KAMA, 16 -5 170 g de CO2/km em 2004.

Os compromissos são sujeitos a um regime de vigilância (monitorização) completo e transparente. Para este fim, é redigido um "Relatório Conjunto" anual, acordado pelas partes, um com cada uma das associações. São publicados em paralelo à presente comunicação como documentos SEC.

Pela primeira vez, são utilizados dados de vigilância (monitorização) de CO2 da UE para o cálculo dos valores de 2002 [16]. No passado, as associações forneceriam os dados necessários.

[16] O artigo 8º da Decisão 1753/2000/CE estabelece que, a partir de 2003, o sistema de vigilância servirá de base às obrigações voluntárias acordadas entre a Comissão e a indústria automóvel.

As principais conclusões relativamente ao período de referência compreendido entre 1995 e 2002 são as seguintes:

- Tomando os dados oficiais dos Estados-Membros para 2002, as emissões específicas médias de CO2 das frotas são 165 g/km para a ACEA, 174 g/km para a JAMA e 183 g/km para a KAMA [17]. Se se tomassem os dados da ACEA, as emissões específicas médias de CO2 desta associação seriam 163 g/km (ver quadro 2).

[17] A questão de saber em que medida o progresso técnico e as alterações de mercado relacionadas, ou outros aspectos como alterações do comportamento dos consumidores, p. ex. devidas a medidas de tributação ou à existência de etiquetas para os automóveis, contribuíram para as reduções observadas, será estudada em 2004.

- Em relação a 1995, as emissões específicas médias de CO2 foram reduzidas em 10,8% para a ACEA (12,1% se se utilizarem os dados da ACEA), 11,2 % para a JAMA e 7,1 % para a KAMA.

- Em relação a 2001, as três associações reduziram as emissões específicas médias de CO2 dos seus automóveis matriculados pela primeira vez no mercado da UE (a ACEA em cerca de 1,2 % [18], a JAMA em cerca de 2,5 % e a KAMA em cerca de 1,8 % [19]). Desde 1995, os melhoramentos da eficiência de combustível dos automóveis de passageiros com motores diesel são claramente melhores do que os realizados com os veículos a gasolina.

[18] Este valor de redução baseia-se nos dados da ACEA para 2001 e 2002. Se fossem tomados os dados da ACEA para 2001 e os dados oficiais da UE para 2002, não haveria redução. Todavia, pode-se assumir que tal facto é principalmente causado pela alteração da base de dados. Se se compararem os dados oficiais de 2002 da UE e os dados não-oficiais de 2001 da UE, a percentagem da redução é praticamente a mesma que a identificada ao utilizar os dados da ACEA.

[19] Todos os dados relativos a 2001 e 2002 são corrigidos em 0,7 % para ter em conta a alteração do ciclo de ensaios.

- A JAMA e a ACEA revelam bons progressos, embora o resultado de 2002 da ACEA seja inferior ao do ano anterior. Todavia, a ACEA alcançou, ainda em 2000, o escalão intermédio previsto como objectivo para 2003, encontrando-se agora no extremo inferior do referido escalão. A JAMA atingiu em 2002 o extremo superior do escalão intermédio. Pode-se considerar que ambas as associações estão na boa via.

- O progresso da KAMA é ainda insatisfatório, embora tenha estado a recuperar ligeiramente nos últimos dois anos. Existe o risco real de que a KAMA não satisfaça o seu escalão intermédio do objectivo para 2004 de 165 a 170 g/km, uma vez que apenas faltam dois anos para eliminar a diferença de 13 g/km, o que poderia afectar toda a abordagem relativa ao CO2 [20]. Todavia, a KAMA reconfirmou o seu compromisso em conseguir esses objectivos.

[20] Convém recordar que o Conselho convidou a Comissão "...a submeter-lhe propostas de imediato, incluindo propostas legislativas, no caso de se tornar evidente, com base na fiscalização (monitorização) e depois de consultadas as associações, que uma ou mais de entre elas não está a cumprir os compromissos assumidos" (Conclusões do Conselho Ambiente de Outubro de 1999)

- Para alcançar o objectivo final de 140 g/km, são necessários esforços complementares, devendo ser aumentada a taxa de redução anual das três associações. Em média, a taxa de redução deve rondar os 2%, ou cerca de 3,5 g/km por ano de 1995 a 2008/9. Nos anos que faltam até 2008/9, as taxas de redução devem ser em média 2,5 % para a ACEA, 2,8% para a JAMA e 3,4 % para a KAMA. Contudo, estava previsto desde o início do processo um incremento das taxas médias de redução após os primeiros anos (ver Quadro 3).

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

(1) Veículos com motores a gasolina e com motores diesel exclusivamente. Os outros combustíveis e os veículos não identificados estatisticamente não devem afectar estas médias de forma significativa.

(2) Em relação a 2002, tomaram-se os dados dos Estados-Membros. Para a 'mudança 95/02', tomaram-se os dados de 95 das associações e os dados de 2002 dos Estados-Membros. Os automóveis de passageiros novos colocados no mercado da UE pelos fabricantes e não abrangidos pelo compromisso não devem afectar a média da UE de forma significativa.

(3) Os dados para 2001 e 2002 são corrigidos em 0,7 % devido à alteração do ciclo de condução.

(4) As percentagens são calculadas a partir de valores não arredondados de CO2; em relação a 2002, tomaram-se os dados dos Estados-Membros.

(5) O primeiro valor baseia-se em dados dos Estados-Membros; o segundo valor baseia-se em dados da ACEA.

(6) O primeiro valor baseia-se em dados de 2002 dos Estados-Membros e em dados de 1995 da ACEA; o segundo valor baseia-se unicamente em dados da ACEA.

Quadro 2: Emissões específicas médias de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros novos por tipo de combustível, por associação e na União Europeia

As emissões médias globais de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros novos matriculados em 2002 em todos os Estados-Membros foram inferiores às de 1995 e aos anos posteriores (ver figura 1). Todavia, deve-se mencionar que as taxas de redução diferem ligeiramente de país para país. [21].

[21] Não há valores para a Grécia e a Finlândia em relação a 1995, uma vez que não há dados disponíveis.

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

* O primeiro valor baseia-se em dados dos Estados-Membros; o segundo valor baseia-se em dados da ACEA

**Baseados em dados dos Estados-Membros

Quadro 3: Satisfação do objectivo de 140g/km em 2008/2009

>REFERÊNCIA A UM GRÁFICO>

Dados de 1995 fornecidos pelas associações; para 2002, os dados indicados são oficiais da UE

Os dados de 2002 são corrigidos em 0,7 % devido ao ajustamento pela alteração do ciclo de ensaios

Figura 1: Emissões específicas médias de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros novos na UE e nos Estados-Membros, em 1995 e 2002 (médias ponderadas baseadas nos dados referentes aos veículos com motores diesel e a gasolina) [22]

[22] Os dados relativos à UE em 1995 não incluem os relativos à Grécia nem à Finlândia devido à insuficiência de dados disponíveis. No que diz respeito a 2002, esses dois Estados-Membros estão incluídos.

Todas as associações aumentaram a percentagem de veículos com motores diesel nas suas vendas dentro do período de referência (ver Quadro 4), o que estava previsto para o curto prazo. No que diz respeito ao objectivo para 2008/9, sabia-se que as associações não o atingiriam através apenas de um simples aumento da parte dos veículos com motores diesel mas através de desenvolvimentos tecnológicos e de alterações de mercado ligadas a esses desenvolvimentos [23]. A este respeito, é importante notar que o Conselho convidou a Comissão ...a desenvolver esforços continuados para reduzir significativamente as emissões de nano-partículas, e em especial desenvolver um novo método de medida para os automóveis privados, os veículos ligeiros e os veículos pesados tendo em conta os resultados de estudos recentes sobre os efeitos na saúde das emissões de nano-partículas... [24]. Recentemente, a Comissão deu início a trabalhos sobre os valores-limite das emissões EURO 5 a aplicar por volta de 2010. Pode-se esperar, inter alia, que os limites para as emissões de partículas e outros poluentes gasosos sejam reforçados. Em paralelo, um número crescente de fabricantes tem declarado que pretendem equipar os seus automóveis de passageiros com motores diesel com um filtro de partículas. Além disso, a ACEA revelou no passado incertezas associadas à introdução da tecnologia da injecção directa de gasolina, que se supunha vir a quebrar a forte tendência para os automóveis de passageiros com motores diesel. Estes desenvolvimentos devem ser considerados ao olhar para uma nova "dieselização" da frota de automóveis de passageiros da UE.

[23] Os três "relatórios conjuntos" não se referem mais a esta questão complexa das alterações de mercado.

[24] Conclusões do Conselho de 18/19.12.2000, texto não existente em português.

Os valores da ACEA dados na presente comunicação incluem a Rover/MG. Todavia, uma vez que a Rover/MG - que estava inicialmente abrangida pelo compromisso como parte da BMW - já não é membro da ACEA, esta afirmou que a associação não pode assumir qualquer responsabilidade pelo que a Rover consiga obter em termos de CO2 até 2008.

Trata-se da primeira vez que ocorreu uma alteração da lista de membros da associação. A Comissão envidará todos os esforços para garantir que as mudanças na composição das associações não afectem negativamente a integridade dos compromissos nem a igualdade das condições de concorrência.

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

(1) Os automóveis de passageiros novos colocados no mercado da UE pelos fabricantes e não abrangidos pelos compromissos não influenciam os valores de forma significativa.

(2) A variação registada no período de 1995 a 2002 relativamente aos veículos com motores a gasolina e motores diesel representa a variação da percentagem absoluta de cada tipo de combustível no total das matrículas. A variação do total de veículos corresponde ao aumento ou diminuição do número absoluto de novas matrículas. A variação do total de veículos representa o aumento de novas matrículas na UE-15 no período considerado.

(3) Os totais incluem veículos estatisticamente não identificados e veículos que consomem outros tipos de combustíveis.

(4) Em relação a 2002, tomaram-se os dados dos Estados-Membros.

(5) O número total de matrículas indicado no quadro para 200s baseia-se em dados dos Estados-membros e exclui alguns veículos, p. ex.os que não têm nada a ver com CO2. O número total de matrículas indicado pelas aa aaassociações é maior em 500 000 veículo, o que não tem impacto significativo nas percentagens gasolina/gasóleo indicadas.

Quadro 4: tendências relativamente à composição da frota de veículos novos colocados no mercado, para cada uma das associações e para a UE

Conforme já referido, todas as associações declararam, nos respectivos compromissos, que alcançariam o objectivo final, fundamentalmente, através dos progressos tecnológicos e das alterações de mercado que lhe estão inerentes. Estes progressos têm, de facto, vindo a contribuir para as reduções conseguidas até à data (nomeadamente a introdução de motores a gasóleo de injecção directa (HDI) e, em menor grau, de motores a gasolina de injecção directa (GDI), da transmissão continuamente variável (CVT), do sistema de comando e elevação de válvulas variável (VVL) e de outros melhoramentos técnicos, de veículos alimentados com combustíveis alternativos (AFV) e de veículos alimentados com dois tipos de combustíveis (DFV). Desde o ano de 2000 que a ACEA e, em menor medida, a JAMA colocaram no mercado veículos de passageiros com emissões iguais ou inferiores a 120 g de CO2/km (cumprindo um dos compromissos). Em 2002, a ACEA atingiu as 580 000 matrículas e a JAMA aproximou-se das 44 000 matrículas deste tipo de veículos. A KAMA ainda não lançou esses modelos no mercado.

No que se refere às previsões subjacentes aos compromissos assumidos, as associações continuam a chamar a atenção para um conjunto de questões que consideram negativas para a adopção de medidas de redução das emissões de CO2 (ver relatórios conjuntos). Entre outras questões já levantadas no passado, a ACEA chama a atenção para a difícil situação económica da indústria automóvel. A Comissão partilha a opinião da ACEA de que situação económica europeia tem sido difícil nos últimos tempos, o que poderá ter impactos na capacidade financeira do sector automóvel e dos consumidores. Esta conjuntura, a prolongar-se por um período de tempo mais longo, poderá afectar a capacidade do sector para lançar tecnologias novas no mercado. A ACEA confirmou, contudo, que a actual situação económica não prejudicará o compromisso assumido de que alcançaria o seu objectivo em matéria de CO2 em 2008.

Independentemente do trabalho desenvolvido no campo das medidas fiscais (ver capítulo VI), a reavaliação de 2003 (2004 no caso da KAMA) será da maior importância para o desenvolvimento futuro da estratégia comunitária. Actualmente, não existe qualquer imposição legal que obrigue o sector a atingir os 120 g de emissões de CO2/km até 2012, ou qualquer outra data, mas, de acordo com o texto dos compromissos e com as recomendações da Comissão, em 2003, a ACEA e a JAMA deverão analisar "... o potencial de uma redução adicional de CO2, com vista a avançar para o objectivo comunitário de 120 g de CO2/km em 2012". As consultas informais entre a ACEA e a Comissão e a JAMA e a Comissão tiveram início em Setembro de 2003. Quer a ACEA quer a JAMA manifestaram a sua intenção de apresentar o resultado das suas reavaliações em Dezembro de 2003, o mais tardar. Independentemente do resultado da referida análise, no ano de referência de 2003 (2004 para a KAMA) será efectuado um estudo comparativo entre os resultados actuais e as "escalas de objectivos estimados" [25], no quadro da "grande avaliação". Essa "grande avaliação" incidirá ainda nas questões ligadas ao cumprimento dos compromissos. Além disso, conforme o disposto no artigo 10.º da Decisão n.º 1753/2000, os relatórios sobre os anos de referência intermédios (ano de referência de 2003 para a ACEA e a JAMA e de 2004 para a KAMA) estudarão as questões que se prendem com as razões que explicam as reduções registadas. Deverá ser devidamente avaliado se as reduções verificadas se devem a medidas técnicas adoptadas pelos construtores ou a mudanças de comportamento dos consumidores.

[25] Para a ACEA, 165 a 170 g de CO2/km em 2003; para a JAMA 165 a 175 g de CO2/km em 2003; para a KAMA 165 a 170 g de CO2/km em 2004.

4. Aplicação da Decisão n.º 1753/2000/CE

A decisão relativa à "monitorização" entrou em vigor em 30 de Agosto de 2000. Os dados recolhidos em aplicação dessa decisão foram utilizados pela primeira vez, em 2002, como dados oficiais relativos à monitorização dos compromissos voluntários assumidos pela indústria automóvel em matéria de redução das emissões de CO2 dos automóveis de passageiros. Apesar dos atrasos verificados, todos os Estados-Membros forneceram dados para 2002.

Em 2001, dando cumprimento ao disposto nos seus artigos 3.º e 6.º, a Comissão criou um grupo de peritos para identificar e resolver os potenciais problemas decorrentes da aplicação da decisão. Para apoiar os trabalhos do grupo, a Comissão lançou um estudo com o objectivo de melhorar a transferência de dados e identificar eventuais inconsistências. O grupo já reuniu quatro vezes, tendo realizado progressos no tocante a várias questões de ordem metodológica e relacionadas com a transferência de dados.

Os dados fornecidos pelos Estados-Membros referentes aos dois primeiros períodos (2000 e 2001) foram essencialmente utilizados para comparar os dados constantes dos relatórios de monitorização conjuntos apresentados pelas associações de construtores de automóveis. Importa ter presente que, nos seus relatórios, as associações utilizaram as estatísticas sobre as emissões de CO2 fornecidas pela AAA - Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile (caso da ACEA e da KAMA) ou pela Marketing Systems (caso da JAMA).

Atendendo, contudo, a que a UE já começa a dispor de dados oficiais, coloca-se o problema da falta de continuidade com as antigas séries de dados e, atendendo às diferenças de base (ver abaixo), não seria correcto simplemente juntar os dados oficiais relativos aos anos mais recentes aos dados históricos das associações.

Os principais factores de descontinuidade são os seguintes:

Cobertura geográfica: os dados da UE relativos ao ano de 2002 abrangem os 15 Estados-Membros. Enquanto que os dados relativos às emissões de CO2 fornecidos pela ACEA (à excepção do ano de 2001) e pela KAMA nunca incluíram a Grécia e só recentemente passaram a incluir a Finlândia, os dados fornecidos pela JAMA abrangem o conjunto dos Estados-Membros.

Diferenças de metodologia: a AAA e a Marketing Systems relacionam os dados de matrícula com os dados constantes da sua própria base de dados altamente pormenorizada de especificações de veículos, que passa a ser utilizada para todas as matrículas dos Estados-Membros. No que se refere aos dados da UE, cada Estado-Membro dispõe do seu próprio conjunto de especificações de veículos, com o qual relaciona as matrículas nacionais - existem variações nas especificações dos veículos a nível nacional. Esta situação poderá na origem de pequenas diferenças ao nível dos resultados globais, bem como de alguns dados mais pormenorizados de análise de tendências.

Diferenças ao nível dos dados de matrícula: os dados oficiais da UE parecem omitir uma percentagem bastante elevada de vendas de automóveis novos. Em 2002, essa diferença era de cerca de 500 000 veículos (o equivalente a 4% do total das matrículas) [26]. De salientar ainda que os dados da UE não compreendem as matrículas de veículos relativamente aos quais se não dispõe de dados de emissões de CO2 enquanto que, no caso das associações, sempre que não existam dados disponíveis sobre as emissões de CO2 e as fontes se revelem incapazes de suprir essas lacunas com a ajuda das suas próprias bases de dados, esses veículos são integrados na categoria "dados não disponíveis".

[26] De salientar que esta diferença não conduz automaticamente a variações nas médias de emissões de CO2. Tal só ocorreria no caso de se verificar um desvio sistemático entre as características dos dados em falta e as características da frota total.

Problema da zona cinzenta: a ACEA acredita que alguns Estados-Membros matriculam os veículos de acordo com o regime fiscal (veículo comercial ou particular) e não com as definições de categoria M1/N1. Esta questão carece de uma análise mais aprofundada.

Alcance dos dados: os dados oficiais da UE abrangem, conforme estabelecido nos compromissos, as emissões de CO2 dos veículos, independentemente do tipo de combustível consumido, incluindo os veículos de propulsão alternativa. Os dados fornecidos pelas associações relativos às emissões de CO2 têm, de uma forma consistente, sido baseados nos veículos com motores a gasolina e diesel [27].

[27] De salientar que, no passado, o número de veículos alimentados com combustíveis alternativos era tão reduzido - tendência essa que se mantém - que esses veículos não têm expressão ao nível da média de emissões de CO2.

Actualmente, a variação existente entre os dados da UE e os dados das associações em termos de média global de emissões de CO2 é ligeiramente superior a 1% no caso da ACEA e de cerca de 0,1% no caso da JAMA [28]. A Comissão convidou as associações de construtores de automóveis a clarificar algumas dessas questões mediante o contacto directo com os seus fornecedores de dados e com as organizações nacionais responsáveis. No período de 2002-2003, foi realizado algum trabalho sobre a comparabilidade dos dados mas, por motivos de custos e de sigilo comercial apresentados pelos fornecedores de dados, apenas foi possível realizar alguns pequenos progressos. O trabalho sobre a qualidade dos dados deverá prosseguir, esperando-se que, a longo prazo, as discrepâncias possam vir a diminuir.

[28] A KAMA não procedeu à recolha dos seus próprios dados para a monitorização em 2002.

5. Aplicação da Directiva 1999/94/CE

A Directiva relativa às informações sobre a economia de combustível e as emissões de CO2 disponíveis para o consumidor foi adoptada em 13 de Dezembro de 1999 e a sua aplicação pelos Estados-Membros tornada obrigatória a partir de 18 de Janeiro de 2001. Em finais de Outubro de 2003, todos os Estados-Membros, à excepção da Alemanha, haviam implementado a directiva. Nos termos do artigo 226.º do Tratado CE, a Comissão apresentou o caso perante o Tribunal de Justiça, que proferiu a sua decisão em 24 de Setembro de 2003 [29].

[29] C-74/02.

Em 2003, foi alterado o Anexo III da Directiva [30] e publicada a Recomendação da Comissão relativa à aplicação a outros meios das disposições da Directiva 1999/94/CE respeitantes à literatura promocional [31].

[30] JO L 186 de 25.07.2003, p. 34.

[31] JO L 82 de 29.03.2003, p. 33.

Neste momento, a Comissão aguarda os relatórios dos Estados-Membros que, conforme o disposto no artigo 9.º, devem ser apresentados até 31 de Dezembro de 2003 [32], para poder avaliar a necessidade de tomar medidas adicionais, nomeadamente quanto à melhor forma de abordar as restantes questões ainda por resolver.

[32] O artigo 9.º da Directiva 1999/94/CE estabelece o seguinte: "As alterações necessárias para proceder à adaptação dos anexos da presente directiva serão adoptadas pela Comissão nos termos do artigo 10.º, após consulta das organizações de consumidores e das outras partes interessadas. Em apoio deste processo de adaptação, cada Estado-Membro apresentará à Comissão, até 31 de Dezembro de 2003, um relatório sobre a eficácia das medidas previstas na presente directiva, que abranja o período compreendido entre 18 de Janeiro de 2001 e 31 de Dezembro de 2002. O modelo desse relatório será estabelecido nos termos do artigo 10.º, o mais tardar em 18 de Janeiro de 2001. Além disso, a Comissão, nos termos do artigo 10.º, tomará medidas destinadas a: a) Especificar melhor o formato da etiqueta prevista no artigo 3.º, através de uma alteração do anexo I; b) Especificar melhor os requisitos relativos ao guia previsto no artigo 4.º, a fim de classificar os novos modelos de veículos, permitindo assim uma listagem dos modelos de acordo com as emissões de CO2 e com o consumo de combustível em classes especificadas, nomeadamente numa classe em que sejam incluídos os novos modelos mais eficientes em termos de combustível; c) Formular recomendações destinadas a permitir a aplicação dos princípios das disposições sobre literatura promocional a que se refere o primeiro parágrafo do artigo 6.º a outros materiais e meios de comunicação social". As propostas de alteração da directiva, quando aplicável, não poderão ser apresentadas antes de 2005, nem entrar em vigor antes de 2006/2007.

6. Trabalho no domínio das medidas fiscais

6.1. Trabalho no domínio dos veículos

Em 2002, a Comissão publicou os resultados do seu trabalho no domínio das medidas-quadro de natureza fiscal [33]. No que se refere ao imposto automóvel (IA) e ao imposto anual de circulação (IAC), a Comissão concluiu o seguinte:

[33] COM(2002) 431 final.

* as medidas fiscais constituem um importante instrumento complementar de apoio à concretização do objectivo da UE de redução das emissões produzidas pelos veículos novos para 120 g de CO2/km até 2005 e o mais tardar em 2010, bem como um contributo para o cumprimento dos compromissos assumidos pela UE ao abrigo do Protocolo de Quioto;

* os impostos nacionais sobre veículos deverão estabelecer uma relação mais directa entre o nível de imposições e o nível de emissões de CO2 de cada automóvel de passageiros novo. A diferenciação dos impostos sobre veículos foi identificada como um parâmetro essencial para melhorar o consumo médio de combustível dos automóveis novos. Os actuais impostos sobre veículos deveriam ser substituídos por impostos totalmente baseados nas emissões de CO2; alternativamente, o IA e o IAC existentes deveriam passar a integrar um elemento relacionado com as emissões de CO2. Estas alterações deveriam ainda permitir a tomada em consideração de outros objectivos nacionais em matéraia ambiental, designadamente a rápida introdução das normas EURO IV.

O Parlamento Europeu emitiu um parecer favorável sobre a comunicação [34]. O Conselho começou a debater esta questão em Maio de 2003; as discussões prosseguem.

[34] Relatório A5-0265/2003, adoptado pelo Parlamento Europeu em 6 de Novembro de 2003.

6.2. Trabalhos no domínio dos combustíveis

Embora, actualmente, não esteja directamente relacionada com a estratégia comunitária em matéria de redução das emissões de CO2 dos veículos, talvez seja interessante tomar nota da Directiva 2003/96/CE, adoptada pelo Conselho em Outubro de 2003. Esta directiva procede à reestruturação do quadro comunitário para a tributação dos produtos energéticos e da electricidade. Eleva os níveis de tributação e introduz níveis mínimos para um conjunto de produtos energéticos, além de conceder incentivos à promoção da utilização de produtos energéticos mais respeitadores do ambiente. A longo prazo, este trabalho poderá vir a adquirir maior importância para a estratégia em matéria de emissões de CO2 dos veículos, por exemplo, com o aumento do número de veículos que utilizam a electricidade ou o hidrogénio como fonte de energia.

7. Outras medidas pertinentes

Nas suas conclusões de 10 de Outubro de 2000, o Conselho Ambiente convidou a Comissão a estudar medidas para reduzir as emissões dos veículos comerciais ligeiros (VCL, em termos técnicos, o equivalente aos veículos da categoria N1 [35]) e dos sistemas de ar condicionado utilizados nos automóveis de passageiros [36]. Ver o ponto da situação dos trabalhos abaixo.

[35] Por veículos N1 entende-se os veículos de transporte de mercadorias com uma massa inferior a 3,5 toneladas.

[36] O Conselho Ambiente de 10 de Outubro de 2000 concluiu o seguinte: "No domínio da política de transportes, o Conselho solicita à Comissão que estude e conceba medidas nos seguintes domínios, atendendo para o efeito à taxa de aumento das emissões no sector dos transportes, bem como à necessidade de reflectir os custos sociais e ambientais de cada modo de transporte, também realçadas no relatório ao Conselho Europeu de Helsínquia: - redução das emissões de CO2 provenientes de veículos, em especial medidas destinadas a reduzir as emissões de CO2 de veículos utilitários ligeiros. - redução de todas as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE) provenientes de aparelhos de climatização instalados em veículos".

7.1. Veículos comerciais ligeiros

Os veículos comerciais ligeiros constituem a terceira maior categoria de emissores de CO2, logo a seguir aos veículos ligeiros de passageiros (LP) e aos veículos pesados (VP). Em 2000, os veículos comerciais ligeiros detinham uma quota de 13% das emissões totais de CO2, com cerca de 90 Mt. As actuais tendências apontam para um aumento das emissões na próxima década, quer em termos relativos quer absolutos [37].

[37] Dados relativos ao ano de 2000. Os veículos ligeiros contribuem com cerca de 420 Mt e os veículos pesados, incluindo os pesados de passageiros, com cerca de 200 Mt. Para mais informações, consultar o Relatório Técnico n.º 74 da Agência Europeia do Ambiente - Estimativas nacionais e centrais relativas às emissões para a atmosfera provenientes do transporte rodoviário.

O estabelecimento de regras e de procedimentos harmonizados para a medição das emissões de CO2 constitui um pré-requisito da análise, desenvolvimento e tomada de medidas políticas visando a redução das emissões produzidas pelos veículos comerciais ligeiros. Por esta razão, a Comissão adoptou, em 2001, uma proposta relativa à medição das emissões de dióxido de carbono e o consumo de combustível dos veículos comerciais ligeiros [38]. De acordo com esta proposta, o consumo de combustível e as emissões de CO2 desses veículos seriam determinados mais ou menos de acordo com as modalidades definidas para os veículos M1 (automóveis de passageiros), para efeitos de homologação. Em Setembro de 2002, a proposta foi adoptada em primeira leitura no Parlamento Europeu, a Posição Comum do Conselho tendo sido adoptada em Setembro de 2003. É previsível que o Parlamento Europeu venha a aprovar uma posição comum em Dezembro de 2003; nesse caso o acto seria considerado como tendo sido adoptado em conformidade com a posição comum.

[38] Proposta de directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera as Directivas 70/156/CEE e 80/1268/CEE do Conselho no que respeita a medição das emissões de dióxido de carbono e o consumo de combustível dos veículos N1 (COM(2001) 543 final).

As alterações à proposta da Comissão introduzidas pelas duas instituições são significativas na medida em que propõem a fixação de uma data ulterior para realização das medições obrigatórias das emissões de CO2 e do consumo de combustível, 2009 em vez de 2007, conforme constava da proposta da Comissão. A partir de 1 de Janeiro de 2007 serão exigidas informações completas sobre os veículos da classe I, incluindo os veículos para fins múltiplos. A partir de 1 de Janeiro de 2009 serão exigidas informações completas sobre os veículos da classe II e III, incluindo os veículos para fins múltiplos. As informações relativas ao consumo medido e os dados relativos às emissões de CO2 dos veículos matriculados como N1 passariam a estar disponíveis um ano mais tarde, ou seja, em 2008 no caso dos veículos da classe I e em 2010 no caso dos veículos das classes II e III.

O Conselho e o Parlamento Europeu também introduziram a possibilidade de agrupar os veículos por famílias. Este agrupamento - conjugado com a regra da "extensão de 6%" [39] - assume consequências pouco claras ao nível da exactidão dos valores que acabam por ser comunicados em relação a determinado modelo ou a determinada versão ou variante de veículo, relativos às emissões de CO2 e ao consumo de combustível. Assim, numa das alterações, a Comissão é convidada a analisar as repercussões do conceito de "agrupamento", além de algumas das restantes alterações introduzidas, e a propor, no prazo de dois anos a contar da data de entrada em vigor da directiva, medidas para adaptação da directiva ao progresso técnico, quando aplicável.

[39] De acordo com o ponto 11.1 do Anexo I do projecto de alteração, a homologação pode ser alargada aos veículos do mesmo modelo ou de um modelo diferente, cujas diferenças residam nas características da massa de referência, na massa máxima autorizada, na relação final de transmissão e no equipamento do motor e acessórios, caso as emissões de CO2 medidas pelo serviço técnico não excedam 6% do valor estabelecido para a homologação dos veículos da categoria N1.

A Comissão realizou recentemente um estudo inicial sobre as opções em matéria de redução das emissões de CO2 e de desenvolvimento de uma política aplicável aos veículos utilitários ligeiros - que abrange o período de 2005 a 2015 - em estreita colaboração com as partes interessadas. Os resultados deste estudo já se encontram disponíveis [40]. As principais conclusões desta avaliação são as seguintes:

[40] "Preparation of measures to reduce CO2 emissions from N1 vehicles" ("Preparação de medidas destinadas a reduzir as emissões de CO2 provenientes dos veículos N1"), estudo levado a cabo por RAND Europe, Institut für das Kraftfahrtwesen - Aachen, Tansport & Mobility - Lovaina.

* Mercado de N1: estima-se que existem cerca de 20 milhões de veículos comerciais ligeiros N1 no mercado. Assistiu-se a um forte crescimento do número de novas matrículas de N1, que aumentaram de pouco mais de 1 milhão em 1995, para mais de 1,5 milhões em 2000. A ACEA detém uma quota de mercado de cerca de 90% dos veículos N1, a JAMA cerca de 6 a 8% e a KAMA a quase totalidade dos 2 a 4% restantes. Os veículos com motores diesel concentram a maior fatia de mercado de veículos N1, com uma taxa de penetração correspondente a cerca de 95% das vendas de veículos novos.

* Perspectivas em termos de tendências de mercado: as perspectivas de aumento das vendas de veículos N1 na UE apontam para um crescimento de 2% por ano. As futuras quotas de mercado das suas subclasses permanecem uma incógnita. A manter-se a tendência verificada entre 1995 e 2000, assistiremos ao aumento da quota de mercado das classes II e III.

* Evolução das emissões de CO2: como as emissões de CO2 produzidas pelos veículos N1 ainda não estão abrangidas pelos procedimentos de ensaio da UE, não existem bases de dados fiáveis. Assim, de acordo com o estudo, apenas se encontram disponíveis algumas estimativas provenientes de um grande número de fontes. Essas estimativas sugerem que as emissões específicas de CO2 produzidas pelos veículos N1 novos têm vindo a baixar nos últimos anos. Neste contexto, saliente-se que os cenários definidos no âmbito do programa AUTO OIL II [41] apontam para uma redução anual das emissões específicas de CO2 dos veículos N1 de cerca de 1,2%. Este valor foi oportunamente confirmado pelo sector automóvel pelo que, nesta fase, poderá ser considerado o melhor indicador em termos de previsões sobre os progressos tecnológicos futuros. Comparativamente, o valor da redução anual das emissões de CO2 exigida aos veículos de passageiros nos termos dos compromissos relativos às emissões de CO2 é de cerca de 1,9%. No que se refere às emissões de CO2 a produzir no futuro, as estimativas mostram que, num cenário de normal exercício da actividade e mantendo constantes as quotas de mercado das três subclasses, o crescimento das emissões dos veículos N1 novos passará de cerca de 9 500 Kt em 2005 para 11 500 Kt em 2015.

[41] COM(2002) 626 final.

* Forças motrizes no mercado: de acordo com os construtores, as prioridades dos consumidores no momento da aquisição de um veículo N1 surgem, pela ordem seguinte: o custo de aquisição, a funcionalidade, a robustez, a segurança e a dinâmica. Atendendo a que a poupança suplementar decorrente do aumento da eficiência dos combustíveis constitui uma parte relativamente reduzida do custo total de aquisição, não se prevê que possa vir a influenciar significativamente a tomada de decisão, nem no caso dos consumidores nem dos fabricantes.

* Opções tecnológicas: muitas das tecnologias actualmente disponíveis foram identificadas como sendo susceptíveis de poder reduzir o consumo de combustível e as emissões de CO2 dos veículos N1 - ver quadro 5. Enquanto que os valores relativos à redução das emissões de CO2 são tidos como bastante fiáveis, as estimativas relativas aos custos são menos seguras; baseiam-se numa análise bibliográfica dos custos para o consumidor final. Ora, parece razoável assumir que os custos efectivos para os construtores serão significativamente mais baixos. Por princípio, estima-se que os custos de produção são, por factor, 2 a 3 vezes inferiores aos preços para o consumidor. Os custos reais para o consumidor final dependem, em última análise, de factores ligados à concorrência e à estratégia comercial, o que constitui um importante elemento para os fabricantes.

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

Quadro 5: possíveis reduções das emissões de CO2 em 2010 e custos tecnológicos estimados, expressos em preços no consumidor

Cenários construídos para os cálculos: partindo das opções tecnológicas e dos custos identificados, o estudo baseou-se em dois cenários, um cenário realista e um cenário ideal, para poder avaliar a evolução futura das emissões de CO2 e dos custos específicos que lhe estão associados [42]. O quadro 6 apresenta os resultados dessa investigação. Se fossem tomadas opções tecnológicas realistas em relação a todos os automóveis vendidos em 2005, as emissões de CO2 apresentariam uma redução de 6,7%, passando de 9 550 Kt para 8 910 Kt. Se fossem tomadas as opções tecnológicas ideais, essa redução seria de 13,3%. Em 2010, a percentagem é de, respectivamente, 11,3% e 23,1% para as duas opções. Em 2015, as percentagens são de 22,8% e 28,5%. Estas reduções estão relacionadas com um cenário de normal exercício da actividade. Saliente-se que as reduções anuais previstas para o cenário "realista" se aproximam bastante da percentagem de redução das emissões incorporada no programa AUTO OIL II. O que significa que estes valores estão de acordo com as previsões efectuadas pelos grupos de peritos no âmbito do programa AUTO OIL II relativamente à tecnologia futura.

[42] O grupo de estudo estimou o valor de base das emissões de CO2 para os anos de 2005, 2010 e 2015 a partir do modelo TREMOVE. Em primeiro lugar, fez uma estimativa da frota de veículos N1 novos e, em seguida, das emissões de CO2 dos veículos novos, por classe. Partindo destes dados de base, procedeu a uma avaliação das opções tecnológicas. O cenário de base para as emissões de CO2 assenta numa extrapolação baseada na actual frota de veículos e nas tecnologias actuais. De acordo com as estimativas, a média de quilómetros percorridos apenas virá a sofrer um ligeiro aumento, de 19,738 em 2000 para 20,016 km em 2015. Finalmente, calculou-se a redução das emissões de CO2 de acordo com os vários cenários.

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

*Os custos da redução incluem os custos de investimento (ver quadro 5) e a poupança de combustível, tendo em conta as estimativas de preços do combustível

** NB: o crescimento das emissões entre 2010 e 2015 deve-se ao aumento do número de veículos N1 novos verificado durante esse período

Quadro 6: emissões de CO2 e custos da redução específica anual em 2005, 2010 e 2015 no tocante aos dois cenários, tendo em conta os custos de investimento e a poupança de combustível

Considerações sobre a relação custo-eficácia: de acordo com este estudo, uma análise das duas opções tecnológicas revela que os números relativos à relação custo-eficácia oscilam entre uma poupança de 18 euros por tonelada reduzida e um custo de aproximadamente 54 euros por tonelada reduzida, dependendo do cenário. O quadro 6 revela mais pormenores, baseados nos custos para os consumidores apresentados no quadro 5. Para efeitos de comparação, o Programa Europeu para as Alterações Climáticas aponta os valores de referência, entre 20 e 50 euros/tonelada, como um indicador de eficiência de custo [43], [44].

[43] Uma das características comuns aos vários grupos de trabalho ECCP consiste na identificação de um critério: "inferior a 20EUR/t equivalente CO2" e "inferior a 50EUR/t equivalente CO2", como critério de avaliação da relação custo/eficácia de cada medida potencial. De salientar que o critério de custo ECCP apenas é utilizado para as medidas integradas no primeiro período de vigência do compromisso. No que se refere à tecnologia a introduzir em 2015, as futuras avaliações poderão apontar para conclusões diferentes.

[44] Relatório ECCP de Março de 2003. Este indicador (20 a 50 euros/tonelada) não deveria ser considerado um critério-limite mas, tendo em conta as incertezas decorrentes da aplicação prática, presta uma informação geral sobre a relação custo-eficácia de determinada medida, embora seja igualmente necessário ter em conta outro tipo de considerações (por exemplo, os benefícios decorrentes da segurança do aprovisionamento e das outras questões ambientais ou a mais longo prazo). Os restantes critérios comuns para efeitos da avaliação intersectorial e da comparação das medidas consistem no calendário de aplicação e no impacto nas outras áreas políticas, ver Segundo Relatório de Progresso ECCP: "Será possível atingir os objectivos de Quioto?"

Os custos específicos dependem, entre outras coisas, da classe do veículo. As medidas mais eficazes do ponto de vista dos custos são as medidas aplicadas aos veículos da classe I, seguindo-se a combinação de tecnologias aplicada às classes I e II. No que se refere a alguns dos cenários - em especial às medidas mais rigorosas a aplicar às subclasses II e III, previstas para 2010 e 2015 - os custos ficariam situados ligeiramente acima dos 50 euros por tonelada.

O trabalho sobre os veículos N1 é inconclusivo e ainda não está concluído. Ainda é, por conseguinte, prematuro apresentar opções políticas finais.

No entanto, à luz das conclusões já tiradas, a Comissão tem vindo a equacionar as medidas seguintes:

- a introdução de requisitos de rotulagem semelhantes aos que foram introduzidos para os veículos M1 (ver Directiva 1999/94/CE),

- a monitorização das tendências no que se refere às emissões dos veículos N1 (ver Decisão n.º 1753/2000/CE),

- a adopção de medidas visando a redução das emissões de CO2 dos veículos N1.

O calendário de aplicação dessas medidas irá depender dos resultados dos debates realizados no Conselho e no Parlamento Europeu sobre as alterações propostas à Directiva 80/1268/CEE e dos estudos adicionais a levar a cabo nos próximos anos.

As medidas em matéria de redução das emissões de CO2 dos veículos comerciais ligeiros só poderão ser equacionadas quando se dispuser de dados pormenorizados e fiáveis sobre essas mesmas emissões, calculados em conformidade com a proposta relativa à medição das emissões de CO2 do consumo de combustível dos veículos comerciais ligeiros.

Para poder dispor de informações complementares sobre as questões suscitadas acima, a Comissão decidiu lançar um estudo de acompanhamento, que incide no seguinte:

i) a medição do consumo de combustível e das emissões de CO2 de um conjunto representativo de veículos comerciais ligeiros, nos termos da Directiva 80/1268/CEE conforme alterada,

ii) a abordagem das questões levantadas pelo Conselho e pelo Parlamento Europeu no artigo 3.º da Directiva 80/1268/CEE [45] conforme alterada, tal como se aplicam aos veículos da categoria N1, e

[45] Este projecto de novo artigo obriga a Comissão a tomar as seguintes medidas, o mais tardar dois anos a contar da data de entrada em vigor da directiva: "a) Apresentar um estudo sobre as possibilidades de obter dados representativos sobre a emissão de CO2 e o consumo de combustível dos veículos completos construídos em várias fases e dos veículos cujas emissões são medidas de acordo com a Directiva 88/77/CEE para ter em conta os aspectos "custo-eficácia" destas medições; b) Apresentar uma avaliação do conceito de família de veículo introduzido na presente directiva; c) Se necessário, propor ao Comité instituído pelo artigo 13.º da Directiva 70/156/CEE medidas relativas à adaptação da presente directiva ao progresso técnico".

iii) o reforço da avaliação das opções políticas visando a redução das emissões desta categoria de veículos ou das suas subclasses, incluindo nos países candidatos.

Os resultados deste estudo estarão disponíveis no final de 2004.

7.2. Sistemas de ar condicionado

A Comissão começou a estudar a problemática dos sistemas de ar condicionado concentrando os seus esforços nas opções possíveis para, em primeiro lugar, medir e, quando aplicável, reduzir o consumo adicional de combustível e as correspondentes emissões de CO2 e, em segundo lugar, reduzir as emissões de fluido de refrigeração (HFC-134a). Estas iniciativas constam do Programa Europeu para as Alterações Climáticas [46]. Os resultados dos trabalhos sobre o fluido de refrigeração são apresentados num documento à parte [47].

[46] COM(2001) 580 final.

[47] COM(2003) 492 final.

No que se refere ao consumo de combustível, existem cada vez mais provas de que a utilização de sistemas de ar condicionado nos automóveis de passageiros poderá contribuir para um significativo aumento das emissões de CO2. Dado tratar-se de uma fonte de emissões não coberta pela legislação existente relativa à medição do consumo de combustível e das emissões de CO2, não está abrangida pelos compromissos assumidos pelo sector automóvel [48]. As estimativas mostram que as emissões adicionais se situam entre 3 e 8% [49]. Além disso, parecer existir um potencial de redução de cerca de 50% do impacto da utilização desse equipamento no consumo de combustível.

[48] Os compromissos especificam que as emissões de CO2 produzidas pelos automóveis novos serão medidas nos termos da Directiva 93/116/CE, que serviu de base para a fixação dos objectivos. Este ensaio não inclui a utilização de equipamentos de ar condicionado De qualquer forma, aquando da monitorização dos compromissos relativos às emissões de CO2, devem ser tidas em conta quaisquer alterações ao procedimento de ensaio, conforme se verificou com a Directiva 99/100/CE, introduzindo factores de correcção das emissões de CO2 medidas, tendo em vista a sua harmonização com o procedimento instituído na Directiva 93/116/CE. A última correcção efectuada consistiu no ajustamento de 0,7 % a que se refere a nota de rodapé do quadro 2.

[49] "Options to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile Air Conditioning" Síntese dos debates da 'Cimeira MAC' realizada em Bruxelas em 10 e 11 de Fevereiro de 2003 (Para mais informações, consultar: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/ mac2003/pdf/macsummitdiscussion.pdf).

De novo, a existência de procedimentos de ensaio fiáveis constitui um pré-requisito do estudo do impacto da utilização de sistemas de ar condicionado. É por esta razão que a Comissão pretende concluir este trabalho tão rapidamente quanto possível, enquanto procura definir procedimentos de ensaio harmonizados à escala internacional, quando aplicável.

7. Conclusões

A estratégia comunitária para reduzir as emissões de CO2 dos veículos de passageiros e melhorar a economia de combustível tem por objectivo, no que respeita aos veículos de passageiros novos matriculados na Comunidade, um valor médio de emissões de 120 g de CO2/km até 2005 ou, o mais tardar, em 2010. No ano civil de 2001, esse valor era de 166 g de CO2/km [50], contra 186 g de CO2/km em 1995, ano de referência para a estratégia comunitária. Embora se afigure pouco provável que o objectivo de 120 g de CO2/km possa vir a ser atingido antes de 2005, continua a ser possível alcançar esse objectivo até 2010, desde que sejam adoptadas as medidas necessárias e envidados todos os esforços nesse sentido. É importante que a ACEA e a JAMA tenham conseguido atingir o seu objectivo intermédio para 2003 antes da data prevista.

[50] Valor calculado com base nos dados oficiais da UE.

Parece evidente que, para concretizar o objectivo global, será necessário aplicar os três pilares da estratégia. A comunicação sobre a tributação de veículos de passageiros na União Europeia, recentemente publicada pela Comissão, apresenta alternativas, nomeadamente aos sistemas de tributação, susceptíveis de apoiar a estratégia comunitária de redução das emissões de CO2. Os resultados da análise de 2003 [51] do potencial de reduções adicionais de CO2 a realizar pelas associações de fabricantes para se aproximarem do objectivo comunitário de 120 g de CO2/km até 2012, também assumirão especial importância.

[51] O ano de 2003 para a ACEA e a JAMA e de 2004 para a KAMA.

A execução dos compromissos assumidos pela indústria automóvel processa-se a bom ritmo. No entanto, para alcançar o objectivo final dos compromissos (140 g de CO2/km) as três associações deverão, em maior ou menor medida, envidar esforços acrescidos. A avaliar pelos relatórios conjuntos, a Comissão não tem qualquer razão para acreditar que a ACEA e a JAMA não cumprirão o compromisso assumido. No que se refere à KAMA existem motivos válidos para preocupação. Para atingir o seu objectivo para 2004, a KAMA terá de desenvolver esforços adicionais significativos. Este o desafio lançado à KAMA, que reiterou a sua determinação de alcançar os objectivos a que se propôs.

A implementação da Directiva 1999/94 e da Decisão n.º 1753/2000 registou grandes progressos e está quase concluída.

A Comissão continua a desenvolver esforços no que se refere às emissões de CO2 dos veículos comerciais ligeiros e começou a estudar a questão das emissões de CO2 provenientes dos sistemas de ar condicionado.

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER Monitoring of ACEA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002) Monitoring of JAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002) Monitoring of KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002) - Final Reports 5 September 2003 {COM(2004) 78 final}

Monitoring of ACEA's Commitment on CO2 Emission

Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002)

Final Report 5 September 2003

Joint Report of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission Services

Monitoring of ACEA Commitment [1] on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars

[1] As recognized by the European Commission in the Recommendation of 5 February 1999 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (1999/125/EC). Hereafter referred to as "The Commitment".

JOINT REPORT OF ACEA AND THE COMMISSION SERVICES [2]: YEAR 2002 REPORT

[2] Hereafter often referred to as "The Commission".

ES SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN DELIVERING THE COMMITMENT

E1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)

In 2002 - taking official EU data [3] - the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 165 g/km. For petrol-fuelled cars, specific emissions were 172 g/km; for diesel-fuelled cars, the corresponding value was 155 g/km and for alternative fuelled [4] passenger cars the value was 177 g/km.

[3] According to the Joint Monitoring System prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by ACEA which are broadly similar to those specified in Annex I of Decision 1753/2000/EC. In 2002 for the first time, official EU data is used in the joint monitoring based on data delivered by Member States under Decision 1753/2000/EC. Annex 2 contains comparisons of data from EU and ACEA sources, whenever appropriate.

[4] These are all vehicles not using diesel or petrol, e.g. LPG, CNG or electric power.

Compared to ACEA's 2001 data, ACEA reduced the average specific CO2 emissions of its new car fleet registered within the EU by about 2 g/km; a reduction of 1.2 % [5], [6]. This is about the same reduction rate identified when official 2002 EU data are compared with unofficial 2001 EU data [7]. Since 1995, ACEA has maintained an unbroken trend of CO2 emission reduction (see Figure 1 [8]).

[5] In the 2002 report ACEA data continues to be used in certain places, in particular where consistent longer-term trends contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments (and official EU data is not available to fulfil this role).

[6] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers.

[7] See COM(2002)693 final. Please note that the official EU data cover alternative fuels, ACEA data does not. However, in the light of the small number of alternative fuel vehicles registered this has no impact on the reported EU averages.

[8] Figure 1 shows in particular ACEA time-series data for 1995 to 2002. In the 2001 joint Monitoring Report, ACEA's 2001 CO2 figure was shown as 164 g/km. This figure included a cycle change correction factor (see Section 2.11) of 1 %; the Commission and ACEA have now agreed that the correction factor should be 0.7 %. This means that, using exact figures, ACEA's CO2 figure in 2001 was 164.5 g/km, or using the rounded figures normally quoted in this report 165 g/km (see Annex 2).

With official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series exists, because of underlying differences (see Section 2.10). It is therefore not correct to simply adjoin official data for the most recent year, onto ACEA's historical data.

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Figure : EU Trends of ACEA members' fleet in average specific emissions of CO2; based on ACEA data [9]. For 2002 the official EU data are added. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment.

[9] Please note, ACEA figures do not include alternative fuels. The official EU data cover alternative fuels, e.g. they are included under "all" in Figure 1.

Using ACEA's 1995 time-series between 1995 and 2002, ACEA achieved an overall reduction in new car CO2 emissions of 12.1 %; petrol cars were down by 9.0 %, and diesel cars were down by 13.6 %.

E2 Trends in specific fuel consumption by fuel type (litres/100km)

Fuel consumption in terms of litres per 100 km (l/100km) has followed a similar downward profile to that of CO2 emissions. Over the 1995 to 2002 period, using ACEA's time-series data, average fuel consumption fell for new petrol and diesel cars combined from 7.6 l/100km to 6.5 l/100km [10]. The corresponding consumption reductions for new petrol cars and new diesel cars decreased from 7.9 l/100km to 7.2 l/100km and from 6.6 l/100km to 5.7 l/100km, respectively (see Figure 2).

[10] The following conversion factors were used for the calculation of specific fuel consumption (l/100km) from specific CO2 emissions (g/km): petrol 23.7, diesel 26.6.

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Figure : Trends of ACEA members' fleet in average specific fuel consumption (l/100km) by fuel; based on ACEA data. For 2002 official EU data are added. 2001 and 2002 basis CO2 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment

E3 Trends in physical fleet characteristics

ACEA has achieved these sizeable improvements in new car CO2 performance whilst increases in physical fleet characteristics have occurred. Overall figures for average car mass, engine capacity and power increased in 2002, compared to 2001 (see Annex 2). However, based on ACEA's time-series data, some car characteristics decreased in 2002 compared to earlier periods; for example, petrol car mass (down on 1999) and diesel engine capacity (down on 1996).

E4 Technical developments introduced to reduce CO2 emissions

Technical developments introduced by ACEA manufacturers in 2002 included: fully variable valve lift & timing technology combined with GDI; variable intake control system on small gasoline engines; fast warm-up cooling systems; torque converter lock-up from 1st gear on automatic transmissions; application of low-viscosity/friction oil (engine and rear axle) across model-ranges; friction optimised rear axle differential; and engine covering/underbody panelling. 2002 also saw the increased application of: GDI, alternative-fuelled vehicles, VVT, 6-speed & automated manual gearboxes, electric power steering, lightweight materials, refined aerodynamics, rolling resistance improvements, and turbo-charged engines.

These advances reflect significant and continued efforts by ACEA manufacturers to introduce a wide range of technical and product developments to reduce CO2 emissions. According to ACEA the large-scale commercialisation of CO2 efficient technologies has brought to market new cars with attractive product attributes that have then induced market changes (such as diesel share growth following the launch of DI diesels etc.).

E5 Brief overall assessment on progress in relation to the target

In 2002, ACEA reduced the average CO2 emissions of its new car fleet. Taking the official EU data, the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 165 g/km. ACEA's CO2 performance is consistent with achieving the 2003 estimated intermediate target range of 165 -170 g/km specified in its Commitment. ACEA has already met the first of its CO2 commitments ("some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market, not later than 2000, models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less"). In fact, 2002 saw new registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less rise sharply (even though car registrations in total fell by over 4 % [11]). The share of cars emitting 140 gCO2/km or less also rose in 2002, further evidencing ACEA's determination to meet its commitments.

[11] Based on ACEA data.

To meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to about 4 g/km or 2.5 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment. Based on ACEA's time-series data, to meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to 2.3 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment, from about 3 g/km or 1.7 % average annual decrease achieved since 1995. However, it should be noted that using ACEA's 1995-2002 data set, CO2 emissions have been cut from 185 g/km in 1995 to 163 g/km in 2002. Over recent years CO2 reduction rates have been higher than expected -- with diesel technology especially, being extremely well accepted in the EU market. The overall outcome is that in 2002 ACEA was almost half the way towards achieving its 2008 target.

ACEA stresses that compliance with the 2008 target remains extremely ambitious, both technically and economically.

In summary, the Commission Services and ACEA have no reason to believe that ACEA will not live up to its Commitment.

1. MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE COMMITMENT

1.1. Commitment initiatives

1.1.1. Brief description of current R&D programmes

1.1.2. Other

The ACEA Commitment continues to ensure that right across the European automotive industry, CO2 reduction remains a high priority in R&D expenditures, as well as in product and process planning and development. The vast majority of this R&D effort is being undertaken independently, by each of the ACEA manufacturers freely pursuing their own policies and initiatives in this highly competitive area. It is not possible, for competitive reasons, to review individual manufacturer R&D programmes as part of the monitoring report.

In addition, however, ACEA and its sister body EUCAR are undertaking a collaborative, pre-competitive automotive R&D programme on medium and long-term technologies for CO2 reduction (as detailed in previous Joint Monitoring Reports). It seeks to use "Framework Programme" (FP) funding to launch collaborative projects between manufacturers, suppliers, research institutes and universities. The programme reflects the research interests of the participating companies, and serves to illustrate key areas of R&D activity. For the upcoming FP6, EUCAR has arranged its research into three areas: Fuels & Powertrain; Manufacturing & Materials; and Integrated Safety - and the first two cover CO2 reduction topics:

Fuels & Powertrain: integrated project proposals are being prepared on renewable (biomass) fuels, improved conventional powertrains, fuel cell powertrains and auxiliary power units, hydrogen storage.

Manufacturing & Material: integrated project proposals are being prepared for low weight vehicles using a mixed material approach, as well as methods and concepts on how vehicles are to be manufactured efficiently and environmentally sound in the future.

Section 4.5 provides a fuller summary of EUCAR's research activities.

1.2. Technological developments

1.2.1. Description of fuel efficiency characteristics of new technologies, alternative concepts

1.2.2. Availability of new technologies in the EU

1.2.3. Availability of alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU

1.2.4. Availability of low emission passenger cars (e.g. emitting 120 g/km or less) in the EU

Technical developments introduced by one or more ACEA manufacturers in 2002 included:

* fully variable valve lift & timing technology combined with GDI;

* variable intake control system on small gasoline engines (this employs a variable intake manifold in combination with a high rate of exhaust gas recirculation);

* fast warm-up cooling systems to reduce internal engine friction in warm-up;

* torque converter lock-up from 1st gear on automatic transmissions;

* application of low-viscosity/friction oil (engine and rear axle) across model-ranges;

* friction optimised rear axle differential;

* engine covering/underbody panelling; and 2002 also saw the increased application of: GDI, VVT, 6-speed & automated manual gearboxes, electric power steering, lightweight materials; refined aerodynamics; rolling resistance improvements (through better tyres &brakes), and turbo-charged engines.

In addition ACEA manufacturers continued their on-going development of alternative-fuelled vehicle technologies (CNG/LPG/bioethanol/biogas/electric/etc.), and 2002 saw a growth in sales of alternative-fuelled vehicles (AFVs).

These advances reflect significant and continued efforts by ACEA manufacturers to introduce a wide range of technical and product developments to reduce CO2 emissions. According to ACEA the large-scale commercialisation of CO2 efficient technologies has brought to market new cars with attractive product attributes that have then induced market changes (such as diesel share growth following the launch of DI diesels etc.).

Technical advances by ACEA manufacturers resulted in a continued upward trend in the market share taken by the most fuel-efficient cars. In 2002, based on ACEA data, ACEA first registrations of (petrol + diesel) cars with CO2 levels of 140 g or less, rose to 23.7 % of total registrations --up from a 23.0 % share in 2001 and a 2.6 % share in 1995. Further, ACEA continued to build on its Year 2000 achievement of the first of its CO2 commitments: "some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less". 2002 saw first registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less rise by over 90 % on the prior year (even though car registrations in total dropped by over 4 %); first registrations of such cars totalled over 580 000 units, and they achieved an impressive 5 % share of new registrations, compared to only 0.7 % as recently as 1999. This technology driven trend to fuel-efficient cars directly connects to the provision in the ACEA Commitment on achieving the target mainly "by technological developments -- and market changes linked to these developments".

1.3. Description of market trends in physical fleet characteristics

Through its technical developments (see Section 1.2), ACEA has achieved sizeable improvements in new car CO2 performance whilst increases in other physical fleet characteristics have occurred. Overall figures for average car mass, engine capacity and power increased in 2002, compared to 2001. However, based on ACEA's time-series data, some car characteristics decreased in 2002 compared to earlier periods; for example, petrol car mass (down on 1999) and diesel engine capacity (down on 1996). Reduction of diesel engine capacities can mainly be attributed to direct injection technology, which has allowed lowering engine capacities.

ACEA provided some indication that new automotive regulations, introduced since 1995, have added to car mass, and therefore damaged fuel efficiency (see Section 4.2 of 2001 Joint Monitoring Report, for ACEA's estimate of adverse CO2 effects). However an in-depth analysis of the impact of new regulations needs still to be undertaken.

The Commission believes that the increases in vehicle weight that might have been as an effect of new legislation are, if at all, potentially small and would therefore be negligible for the average specific CO2 emissions

2. STATISTICAL MONITORING (1995-2002)

2.1. Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)

In 2002, taking the official EU data, the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 165 g/km.

Compared to ACEA's 2001 data, ACEA reduced the average specific CO2 emissions of its new car fleet registered within the EU by about 2 g/km; a reduction of 1.2 % [12], [13]. This is about the same reduction rate when official 2002 EU data are compared with unofficial 2001 EU data [14].

[12] ACEA data used for 1995 since no official EU data exists for the period since 1995. The EU data is the official basis for the monitoring process. However, since EU and ACEA data are not fully consistent and comparable in all details, for trend analysis ACEA's 1995-2002 data are used. For this reason no percentage calculations using ACEA's 1995 data and EU 2002 data are shown in this report.

[13] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers.

[14] See COM(2002)693 final. Please note that the official EU data cover alternative fuels, ACEA data does not. However, in the light of the small number of alternative fuel vehicles registered this has no impact on the reported EU averages.

Since 1995, ACEA has maintained an unbroken trend of CO2 emission reduction. Using ACEA's 1995 time-series between 1995 and 2002, ACEA achieved an overall reduction in new car CO2 emissions of 12.1 %; petrol cars were down by 9.0 %, and diesel cars were down by 13.6 % (see Figure 3).

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Figure 3: ACEA's CO2 Reduction Index (1995=100); based on ACEA data. For 2002 official EU data are added. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment

2.2. Number of newly registered passenger cars

In 2002, ACEA new car registrations in the EU amounted to 12 044 461 units, using ACEA data, down over 4 % on the previous year [15]. ACEA's market share of total EU passenger cars was 86 % (including Rover [16]). Over the period 1995-2002 new registrations increased by 17.6 %.

[15] All figures given in this chapter are based on ACEA data.

[16] See Section 2.12

Petrol car registrations totalled 6 481 940 units in 2002, an 11.3 % decrease on the previous year. In 2002, such vehicles represented 53.8 % of total new car registrations by ACEA members. The number of diesel cars registered totalled 5 252 613 in 2002, which represented 43.6 % of total car registrations by ACEA members (see Figure 4). The number of cars equipped with other fuel types (AFVs) increased in 2002 (see Section 2.5).

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Figure 4: New Car Registrations by ACEA (million units)

2.3. Fleet composition

Figure 5 shows ACEA's fleet composition by CO2 categories for the year 2002, and the reference year 1995 (using ACEA data).

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Figure 5: ACEA's Fleet Composition by CO2 Categories (% share of total registrations) in 1995 and 2002

In 2002, ACEA's CO2-related fleet composition continued to show a strong move towards more fuel-efficient cars, with 140 g or below cars achieving a 23.7 % share of total (petrol + diesel) registrations in 2002 -- up from 6.8 % in 1998, and only 2.6 % in 1995 (see Figure 6). Over the 1995 to 2002 period new registrations of such cars has been multiplied by almost 10. By contrast, in 2002, there were sizeable falls in both the registrations and market share of cars with CO2 emissions of more than 160 g/km. Registrations of these cars fell by almost 8 % in 2002 on the prior year, and by over 40 % compared to 1995; as a proportion of total ACEA registrations, such cars decreased from 80.8 % in 1995, to 64.9 % in 1998 to reach 40.9 % in 2002.

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Figure 6: Change in ACEA's Fleet Composition by "aggregated CO2 Categories"

Figure 7 shows how ACEA shares of registrations have developed by CO2 category over the 1995-2002 period. As can be seen, ACEA achieved a clearly identifiable "wave-effect" towards enhanced new car fuel efficiency.

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Figure 7: ACEA's "wave-effect" of CO2 categories towards enhanced fuel efficiency (g/km)

2.4. EU trends in physical fleet characteristics

Trends in physical characteristics of ACEA's new car fleet are shown in Figure 8 below (see also Section 1.3).

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Figures 8: Physical ACEA Fleet Characteristics (1995=100)

Using ACEA time-series data, average car mass (petrol + diesel) rose in 2002, and since 1995 a 10.2 % increase in mass has occurred. For petrol cars, there was virtually no growth in mass, and compared to 1999, petrol car mass was down by 1 %. In 2002, diesel car mass maintained its recent upward trend.

Engine capacity for petrol and diesel combined increased very slightly in 2002; and over the 1995 to 2002 period has only shown a growth of 5.7 %. In 2002, petrol capacity rose marginally, and since 1995 has risen by only 1.6 %. Diesel capacity fell in 2002; this 2002 level is below that in 1996.

Engine power (petrol + diesel) rose in 2002, and since 1995, quite a strong increase has occurred, driven particularly by increased diesel power.

Through its technical developments (see Section 1.2), ACEA has achieved sizeable improvements in new car CO2 performance whilst increases in other physical fleet characteristics have occurred.

2.5. Trends in new technologies in the EU

As noted in Sections 1.2, 2002 saw the introduction or increased application by ACEA manufacturers of a wide range of technical developments to reduce CO2 emissions. Within these reduction efforts, ACEA manufacturers continued their on-going development of alternative-fuelled vehicle technologies (CNG/LPG/bioethanol/biogas/electric/etc.), and 2002 saw a growth in sales of alternative-fuelled vehicles (AFVs). See Figure 9 for AFV sales developments since 1995, based on ACEA data.

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Figure 9: ACEA sales of Alternative-Fuelled Vehicles (units)

2.6. Trends in low emission passenger cars in the EU

In 2002 ACEA built further on its Year 2000 achievement of the first of its CO2 commitments ("some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less"). Using ACEA time-series data, in 2002 ACEA first registrations of 120 gCO2/km or less cars rose by over 90 % on the prior year (even though car registrations in total dropped by over 4 %). In 2000, ACEA manufacturers achieved this commitment, by bringing to market more than 20 models that achieved 120 gCO2/km or less - with registrations of almost 160 000 units. This major effort was augmented in 2001 with ACEA manufacturer first registrations of such cars totalling over 306 500 units -- which represented over 2.5 % of total ACEA (petrol + diesel) registrations. In 2002, first registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less again almost doubled to reach over 580 000 units (see Figure 10 for longer-term developments), and achieved an impressive 5 % share of total new registrations.

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Figure 10: ACEA Registrations of Cars with CO2 emissions of 120 gCO2/km or less

2.7. Trends in alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU

Nothing new to report.

2.8. Trends in innovative concepts passenger cars in the EU

In 2002 the car manufacturers' associations and the Commission agreed guidelines for the acceptance of innovative concepts within the monitoring of the commitments (see Annex 3).

2.9. Brief description of the degree of occurrence of grey areas between M1 and N1 vehicles

Nothing to report (see Section 2.10).

2.10. Data sources, data methods and data confidence levels

For the first time since the inception of the Joint CO2 Monitoring Reports, this 2002 report utilises data from the official EU scheme (1753/2000/EC), that is based on Member State submissions (see Annex 1). The data submitted by Member States are now the official basis for the monitoring process. The data have been slightly processed by the Commission [17]. Until now, ACEA purchased data from the French-based association AAA (Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile), so as to enable the annual monitoring exercises to be undertaken.

[17] The cycle change correction of 0.7 % has been applied, and potentially erroneous allocations of vehicles to CO2 classes, involving a few hundred vehicles, have been suppressed (see Annex 1)

However, with official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series exists, because of underlying differences (see below). It is not correct to simply adjoin official data for the most recent year, onto ACEA's historical data.

The main dimensions of this discontinuity are:

Country Coverage: The EU data for 2002 covers all 15 Member States. Whereas, ACEA's CO2 data has never included Greece, and has not until recently included Finland (due to data unavailability).

Methodology Differences: ACEA data links registrations to one, highly analysed, vehicle specification information bank, which is used for all Member State registrations. For EU data, each Member State has its own vehicle specification set, to which it links its national registrations; national variations in these vehicle specifications exist. A number of more specific methodological issues have been identified in relation to CO2 categories and the treatment of unknown cars (see next item on Registration Differences), e.g. ACEA's data provider closes gaps in incomplete data sets with the help of its databank while Member States count only cars with complete data sets. In order to improve the data a more in-depth analysis would be needed. Moreover there seems to be a systematic difference in the reporting of the mass of vehicles between ACEA data (report mass of empty vehicle) and Member States data (report in accordance with the definition given in Decision 1753/2000/EC).

Registration Data Differences: The official EU data seems to miss a sizeable percentage of new car registrations. In 2002, the difference is about 400 000 vehicles (equal to about 3 % of total registrations) [18]. The largest difference was in Spain. The official EU data only record registrations (and CO2 figures) for which CO2 data is provided whereas in the case of ACEA data, if no CO2 information was available, or cannot be provided by the vehicle specification data bank, any such vehicles would be included under an "unknown" category. In past Monitoring Reports the size of "unknown versions" has been an important parameter in the evaluation of data quality. The EU data cannot provide this information.

[18] It should be noted that the Commission believes that such a difference does not automatically lead to differences in the calculated CO2 averages. This would be only the case if the characteristics of the missing data deviate systematically from the characteristics of the total fleet. The issue will be further discussed within the Expert Group dealing with the implementation of Decision 1753/2000/EC.

Grey Area Problem: ACEA believes that some Member States might register vehicles in accordance with the fiscal regime (commercial or private vehicle), not in accordance with M1 & N1 category definitions. This is a likely source of difference, which needs more thorough investigation -- particularly the number of M1 vehicles potentially registered as N1. As shown in an earlier report, for ACEA data, the grey area issue is small; for EU data it is an unknown volume.

Data Scope: The official EU data covers - as laid down in the Commitment - the CO2 emissions of cars using all fuels, including AFVs. Whereas ACEA's CO2 data has consistently been on the basis of petrol + diesel cars [19].

[19] It should be mentioned that the number of AFV was so small in the past, and still is, and that the Commission therefore believes that these vehicles are negligible for the calculated CO2 average.

ACEA is closely monitoring data quality of this newly available EU data source. Currently the variance between EU & ACEA data in terms of the overall average CO2 figure is only a little more than 1%; although differences in some details exist, over the long-term data differences should narrow. ACEA explained that for the future it will continue to make data comparisons between EU/Member State and industry data sources, and if over the next years systematic deviations become apparent, ACEA will assume that systematic deviations also existed in the baseline assumption for year 1995.

Since actual and underlying methodological differences exist between the EU data and ACEA's data (see above and Annex 2) the new EU data cannot be simply adjoined onto ACEA's historical CO2 time-series built-up from 1995. As a result, the new data does not provide a means to undertake longer-term "trend" evaluations of key CO2 developments that can contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments. For this reason this Joint Report uses ACEA's consistent historical data through to 2002 for such evaluations.

2.11. Description of measurement issues for CO2 emission factors

The ACEA Commitment specifies that new car CO2 emissions will be measured according to Directive 93/116/EC. Since the establishment of the ACEA Commitment, the mandatory type approval method of measuring CO2 emissions has been revised by Directive 99/100/EC. One of the principle changes (introduced over the period 2000 to 2002 for M1 vehicles) relates to the drive cycle - the deletion of the initial 40 seconds of unmeasured engine idling prior to the commencement of the test. As a rule, such a change of test procedure increases the measured value of CO2 emissions.

Since January 2001 almost all new M1 vehicles have had their CO2 emissions measured according to the "new" directive/cycle (99/100/EC). A correction factor needs to be applied to the measured CO2 emissions of such vehicles to broadly bring them into line with the 93/116/EC procedure, which is the basis on which ACEA's future targets were established and the basis of historical monitoring data in this report. In 2002 ACEA & the Commission reached a consensus on this correction factor adjustment; it was agreed that a 0.7 % reduction should be applied to "measured" emissions to align them with the Commitment's basis. In this report, this adjustment has been applied to 2001 and 2002 data. For future years it was also agreed that this 0.7 % adjustment should be maintained unless new data is provided by ACEA, that proves its inappropriateness.

2.12. Other issues

As stated in the 2001 Monitoring Report, Rover is no longer a member of ACEA. Although Rover terminated its ACEA membership from 2001, to maintain consistency with prior years, when Rover was a member, figures on ACEA, contained in this report, continue to include Rover. The procedure is acceptable to ACEA and Rover. ACEA explained that this does not imply, however, that ACEA now takes any responsibility for Rover's CO2 performance; historical data consistency is the sole reason for the continued inclusion of Rover data in ACEA's figures.

According to ACEA's data in 2002 Rover car registrations only accounted for 1.2 % of the ACEA total. ACEA's total CO2 figure for 2002 would have been about 0.1 g/km lower if Rover were excluded from the ACEA total. The impact on the 1995 data has not been assessed yet.

The Commission is continuing to examine Rover's exit from ACEA, in relation to the CO2 Commitment.

3. KEY ASSUMPTIONS TO THE COMMITMENT

3.1. Availability of enabling fuels

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

3.2. Nothing new to report.Distortion of competition

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing new to report.

3.3. Promotion of CO2 efficient technologies

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

In prior monitoring reports ACEA raised concerns over UK diesel policies that have restricted CO2 reduction potential over a period through to 2001. In October 2002 ACEA provided the Commission with additional information on UK diesel disincentive policies and diesel's weak performance in the UK market compared to the rest of the EU market. In its reply in May 2003 concerning the taxation of diesel passenger cars in the United Kingdom, the Commission provided results of an independent study that shows that the recent changes in UK's taxation policy favour the purchase of diesel vehicles. This has been confirmed by the UK Government, which drew attention to the increasing trend in diesel share between 2000 and 2002. The Commission and ACEA agree that this issue will again be addressed in the "2003 Review" of the ACEA Commitment.

3.4. Acceptance of innovation

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing new to report.

4. OTHER ISSUES

4.1. New measures affecting CO2

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing new to report.

4.2. New regulatory measures

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

ACEA continues to consider that the End of Life (ELV) Directive has adverse implications for fuel efficiency. ACEA disagrees with the Commission's assessment (see 2001 Joint Report) that this Directive "will not have any adverse effect on fuel efficiency given it does not limit the use of any material". As expressed in previous reports the Commission sees no evidence for adverse effects.

4.3. Fiscal measures

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing further to report (see Section 3.3).

4.4. Breakthrough technologies

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing further to report (see Sections 1.1, 1.2 & 4.5).

4.5. Research Programmes: Description and future potential

Comment on impact of the issue and implications for the Commitment

In 2002 the final phase of FP5 was being reached, along with preparations for the start-up of the next EU Framework Programme -- FP6. This meant that during 2002 there were no submission of proposals for new research projects, as FP5 have had no calls (of EUCAR relevance) in the later period.

Instead efforts were placed on launching proposals accepted during the 2001 calls -- such as FUEVA (fuel cell technologies validation), and FPEC (piston movement to electric conversion), as reported in the 2001 report. Also, for those proposals accepted in the earlier phase of FP5, and expected to be completed during 2003, efforts were being placed on delivering what has been agreed. Further, initial ideas on how to evaluate the results of the FP5 powertrain related projects were elaborated. The Commission funded Thematic Network on Powertrain, PREMTECH, will play an important role in this evaluation which is expected to start in 2003.

The European industry has always indicated that CO2 research issues need to be addressed by a long-term programme, and consequently has stressed the need to have CO2 emission reduction research issues sufficiently covered and funded in both FP5 and FP6. During 2002, FP6 has therefore been of great interest and concern to EUCAR and its members. The initial proposal on FP6, to a too great extent, neglected road transport and CO2 emission reduction research; however, this was corrected for the final version, and FP6 now offers a level of CO2 research possibilities comparable to that in FP5.

During 2002 initial ideas on FP6 projects were matured into draft Integrated Project (IP) proposals which are to be submitted to the first calls of FP6, deadline March - April 2003. The Integrated Project form of running research projects, as FP6 offers, allows larger and more system oriented research, (budget range 10 - 30 M Euro, duration 4 - 6 years).

For FP6, EUCAR has arranged its research into three programmes; Fuels & Powertrain, Manufacturing & Materials and Integrated Safety. Each will be mentored by one or two research directors coming from the EUCAR Council members; the idea behind forming these three programmes is to direct the research towards the relevant issues and to harmonise industrial and research strategies.

Clearly the first two groups cover topics dealing with CO2 reduction. In the Fuels & Powertrain program, IP proposals are being prepared on renewable (biomass) fuels, improved conventional powertrains, fuel cell powertrains and auxiliary power units, hydrogen storage. In the second program, Manufacturing & Material, IP proposals are being prepared for low weight vehicles using a mixed material approach, as well as methods and concepts on how the future vehicles are to be manufactured efficiently and environmentally sound. In mid-2003 indications are expected on which of these IP proposals will be accepted for FP6 funding.

4.6. Other measures - telematics, infrastructure, education

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing new to report.

4.7. Economic situation of the car industry

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

ACEA is of the opinion that the EU economic growth in 2002 was very disappointing and well below potential. A range of global and EU-level uncertainties had a negative impact on domestic demand and consumer & investor confidence. ACEA explained that against this poor macro-economic environment car sales deteriorated in 2002, despite the provision of sales incentives by manufacturers. ACEA new car registrations in the EU fell by over 4 % in 2002 on 2001 (based on ACEA data) (see Section 2.2).

ACEA believes that the tough economic and financial environment has slowed the uptake of more advanced (and typically more expensive) technologies into the marketplace.

The Commitment requires that "...any detrimental impacts on the financial performance, competitiveness and employment with the European industry associated with the Commitment will be reviewed". Nevertheless, the Commission agrees that the general economic growth in the EU in 2002 was depressed. A fragile economy especially in some of Europe's larger economies, and political instability following September 11 has contributed to a more cautious outlook among consumers overall. Even a short-term reduction in demand, as in 2002, can be a cause for concern in the auto industry. The cost for launching a new model is high and as it will only have a relatively short life span each model is dependent on a certain uptake. This coupled with a certain over capacity in the sector can give industry concerns. It is worth noting, however, that the slowdown in 2002 comes after a number of years with historically high sales figures.

It was agreed that the issue will be re-addressed within the "Review in 2003" mentioned in the Technical Annex to the Commitment

5. CONCLUSIONS

5.1. Progress statement on delivering the Commitment

Since 1995, ACEA has maintained an unbroken trend of CO2 emission reduction. In 2002 - taking the official EU data [20] - the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU is 165 g/km. ACEA's CO2 performance is well ahead of what is needed to achieve the 2003 estimated intermediate target range of 165 -170 g/km specified in its Commitment, and ACEA has already met the first of its CO2 commitments ("some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market, not later than 2000, models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less"). In fact, 2002 saw registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less rise sharply (even though car registrations in total fell). The share of cars emitting 140 gCO2/km or less also rose in 2002, further evidencing ACEA's determination to meet its commitments.

[20] For the first time, official EU data is used in this Joint Monitoring Report. According to the Joint Monitoring System the monitoring has to be based on the data delivered under Decision 1753/2000/EC. According to this scheme prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by ACEA. The Annex contains comparisons of data from EU and ACEA sources, whenever appropriate.

5.2. Statement on expected future progress of the Commitment

Further in 2002, ACEA was almost half the way towards achieving its 2008 target and CO2 reduction rates have been higher than expected. To meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to about 4 g/km or 2.5 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment. Based on ACEA's time-series data, to meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to 2.3 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment, from about 3 g/km or 1.7 % average annual decrease achieved since 1995. Over recent years diesel technology, especially, has been extremely well accepted in the EU market.

ACEA stresses that the 2008 target remains extremely ambitious, both technically and economically.

In summary, the Commission Services and ACEA have no reason to believe that ACEA will not live up to its Commitment.

DATA ANNEXES (2002)

ANNEX 1:

A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE, FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE

A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE, FOR THE EU

A3: THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE

ANNEX 2: KEY DAT COMPARISON

ANNEX 3: MONITORING RULES FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

ANNEX 1: 2002 Monitoring Data

A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) [21] AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE [22]

[21] The emission-values of CO2 are corrected by 0.7%

[22] The total number of vehicles based on the data from Member States is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their database.

ACEA MEMBERS - 2002

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A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS [23] (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET [24] FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE [25]

[23] It is generally not possible to adjust the official EU CO2 category distribution data for the 0.7 % cycle change. If such an adjustment were feasible, the effect would be for volumes to move into lower categories (e.g. 140 g & less cars would increase in volume as a % of total). However, on request of ACEA it was taken into account that each of two ACEA members respectively is producing one variant of a model which is emitting 81 gCO2/km. After adjusting this value to the new test cycle (-0.7 %) the value will be 80.4 gCO2/km. This adjustment is done in this table only for these two variants. All other vehicles, car makes and CO2 emission categories are not adjusted.

[24] The following vehicles were suppressed due to possible data implausibility: 290 petrol cars with 14 gCO2/km as an average from the category <60 gCO2/km, 16 diesel cars with 16 gCO2/km as an average from the category <60 gCO2/km, 144 petrol cars with 79 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 50 diesel cars with 79 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 502 diesel vehicles emitting 414 gCO2/km as an average from the category 351-450 gCO2/km, 7 vehicles emitting 775 gCO2/km as an average from the category >450 gCO2/km

[25] The total number of vehicles based on the data from Member States is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their data base.

ACEA MEMBERS - 2002

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

A3 THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE [26]

[26] Mass data not shown due to possible inconstancies in Member States' deliveries

ACEA MEMBERS - 2002

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

ANNEX 2: Key Data Comparison

EU 2002 & ACEA 2001 and 2002 key data

(All data in CO2 emissions section corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change)

>POSIÇÃO NUMA TABELA>

ANNEX 3: Monitoring Rules for Innovative Concepts

JOINT AGREEMENT ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS WITHIN THE MONITORING OF THE COMMITMENTS OF ACEA, JAMA AND KAMA ON CO2 REDUCTION FROM PASSENGER CARS

A General aspects:

a) The basis of the assessment is the text of the Commitments [27] and the Recommendations [28], and any decision must be closely linked to monitoring-related questions of the Commitment, and must be relevant for the quality of the monitoring.

[27] "The acceptance by the Commission of innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars in short-haul traffic as contributing factors to comply with the Commitment."

[28] Innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars will be counted towards the achievement of this CO2 emission target even if they are not included in the category M1 or are not currently covered by Directive 93/166/EC

b) Political aspects should also be taken into account, e.g., possible reactions of Council, EP, NGO and the general public, and all sides should avoid undermining the credibility of the Commitments.

c) Innovations in general should not be hampered, and technical passenger car innovations, e.g. lightweight vehicles, should be promoted. However, as a replacement it should be a "bona fide" and in principle a one-for-one replacement of a conventional vehicle.

d) Any definition or criteria of "innovative concept" set out in this document is exclusively for the purpose of the monitoring of the Commitment on CO2 emission from passenger cars. They are not intended to be used in any other context or be seen by the auto industry as an indication by the Commission to establish any additional category of cars for the present or the future.

e) The "innovative concept" vehicles must meet a number of technical and environmental criteria.

B Specific criteria:

a) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the general criteria of M-class vehicles (Motor vehicles with at least four wheels [29] used for the carriage of passengers).

[29] In exceptional cases three wheel vehicles might be included, subject to a case-by-case decision

b) The CO2 emissions should be measurable in accordance with Directive 80/1268/EC and a CO2 figure should be provided by the manufacturers (even if these vehicles are currently not covered by this Directive)

c) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the emissions limit values for regulated pollutants applicable to M1 vehicles

d) The "innovative concept" vehicle should demonstrate passive and active safety appropriate to its intended use

e) The "innovative concept" should have a minimum top speed that allows its usage on all types of public roads [30]

[30] E.g., the usage of some roads require minima speeds

f) The "innovative concept" should comply with the ELV Directive.

C. Monitoring rule

(1) Vehicles - or natural developments of such vehicles - which were on the market before 1995 are not considered as "innovative concepts".

(2) The associations shall show clear evidence that the innovative concept it proposes is marketed and promoted to end users as a replacement to a conventional car in short haul traffic.

(3) Innovative concepts have to replace conventional cars. The car industry has to provide evidence of replacement numbers. If such evidence cannot be provided on at least 50% of the registrations, a maximum of 100 000 units on the total EU market will be taken into account.

In the Monitoring Report "innovative concepts" will be treated in a separate chapter.

Monitoring of JAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission

Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002)

Final Report 5 September 2003

Joint Report of the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission Services

Monitoring of JAMA Commitment [31] on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars

[31] As recognized by the European Commission in the Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (2000/304/EC). Hereafter referred to as "The Commitment"

JOINT REPORT OF JAMA AND THE COMMISSION SERVICES [32]: YEAR 2002 REPORT

[32] Hereafter often referred to as "The Commission"

ES SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN DELIVERING THE COMMITMENT

E1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)

In 2002 JAMA members decreased the averaged specific CO2 emissions of passenger cars registered within the EU by about 4 g/km to 174 g/km [33]. This is a 2.5 % [34] drop from 2001. Consequently JAMA accomplished the intermediate target set for the year 2003 in 2002.

[33] For the first time, official EU data is used in this Joint Monitoring Report. According to the Joint Monitoring System the monitoring has to be based on the data delivered under Decision 1753/2000/EC. According to this scheme prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by JAMA. The Annex contains comparisons of data from EU and JAMA sources, whenever appropriate. In the 2002 report JAMA data continues to be used in certain places, in particular where consistent longer-term trends contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments (and EU data is not available to fulfil this role). Official EU data about CO2 emissions include AFV. However, it should be noted that the number of AFV was so small in the past, and still is, that these vehicles are negligible for the calculated CO2 average.

[34] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers and include decimals.

For petrol-fuelled cars, specific emissions dropped to 172 g/km in 2002 - a 1.0 % reduction compared to 2001. For diesel-fuelled cars, the value is 180 g/km - a 9.5 % reduction compared to 2001.

Over the full reporting period 1995 to 2002, specific average emissions showed a consistent downward trend. On average specific CO2 emission (g/km) levels of Japanese cars registered in the EU have decreased by an average of 1.5 % [35] a year and fell from 196 g/km in 1995 to 174 g/km in 2002, achieving an 11.4 % reduction from 1995 (see Figure 1).

[35] This value is a simple arithmetic average, and throughout the text simple arithmetic averages are used.

The average CO2 emission levels of gasoline-fuelled cars recorded a decrease from 191 g/km in 1995 to 172 g/km in 2002 - a 10 % reduction as compared with 1995. The average CO2 emission levels of diesel cars recorded a decrease from 239 g/km in 1995 to 180 g/km - a 24.9 % reduction as compared with 1995.

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Figure 1: EU Trends [36] of JAMA members' fleet in average specific emissions of CO2 (Based until 2001 on JAMA data; for 2002 the official EU data are used [37]. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle adjustment.)

[36] Figure 1 shows in particular JAMA time-series data for 1995 to 2002. In the 2001 Joint Monitoring Report, JAMA's 2001 CO2 figure was shown as 179 g/km. This figure did not include a cycle change correction factor (see Section 2.11); the Commission and JAMA have now agreed that the correction factor should be 0.7 %. This means that, using exact figures, JAMA's CO2 figure in 2001 was 178 g/km.

[37] JAMA data and Commission data for the EU are nearly identical.

E2 Trends in specific fuel consumption by fuel type (l/100 km)

Fuel efficiency in 2002 improved on 2001 for both petrol and diesel cars. 2001 values were 7.3 l/100km for petrol, 7.5 l/100km for diesel and 7.3 l/100km for all JAMA members' new registrations [38]. In 2002 comparable values were 7.3 l/100km, 6.8 l/100km and 7.1 l/100km. Gasoline passenger cars, which counted for the majority of JAMA member's passenger cars registered within the EU over the full 1995 to 2002 reporting period, consumed about 8.0 l/100 km in 1995. Their average fuel consumption decreased to 7.2 l/100 km in 2002. Diesel cars consumed an average of 8.9 l/100 km in 1995, and achieved an average fuel consumption of 6.8 l/100 km in 2002 (see Figure 2).

[38] The following conversion factors were used for the calculation of specific fuel consumption (l/100km) from specific CO2 emissions (g/km): petrol 23.7, diesel 26.6.

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Figure 2: Trends of JAMA member's fleet in average specific fuel consumption by fuel (l/100km) (Based until 2001 on JAMA data; for 2002 the official EU data are used. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle adjustment.)

E3 Trends in physical fleet characteristics

The average mass [39] of new petrol cars increased slightly from 2001 to 2002 - from 1 136 kg to 1 146 kg; for diesel the values decreased from 1538 kg to 1468 kg. When all new registrations are combined the average mass was 1 207 kg in 2001 and 1 220 kg in 2002. Average engine power of new registrations increased slightly, from 76 kW in 2001 to 77 kW in 2002. Average engine capacity decreased slightly, from 1 668 cm3 in 2001 to 1 666 cm3 in 2002.

[39] JAMA's data are based on the kerb weight of the vehicle.

The general trends in physical characteristics over the whole reporting period 1995 to 2002 show an increase, notably in mass (+ 12 %). This is mainly due to increasing gasoline car weight (+ 11 %) and increased diesel passenger car registrations (+ 209 %) over the reporting period. Average engine capacity increased by 2.7 % over the period from 1995 to 2002. The engine power increased by 10.5 % over the same period.

E4 Technical developments introduced to reduce CO2 emissions

The main new technologies introduced since 1995 include the gasoline and diesel direct injection engines. The Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) has already been introduced and continues to be used on cars sold on the market. JAMA members have also introduced hybrid cars and idle stop mechanism in 2000.

E5 Brief overall assessment on progress in relation to the target

In 2002 JAMA Members decreased the averaged specific CO2 emissions of passenger cars registered within the EU by about 4 g/km to 174 g/km [40]. This is a 2.5 % drop compared to 2001. JAMA already accomplished already in 2002 the 2003 intermediate target (165 to 175 g/km).

[40] For the first time, official EU data is used in this joint monitoring report In the 2002 report JAMA data continues to be used in certain places, in particular where longer-term trends contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments (and EU data is not available to fulfil this role)

Over the whole reporting period, 1995 to 2002, JAMA members fleet's average specific CO2 emissions fell from 196 g/km in 1995 to 174 g/km in 2002. Japanese automobile manufacturers have produced passenger cars achieving lower specific CO2 emission levels since 1995, achieving in that period a 11.4 % decrease in average CO2 specific emissions

The share of diesel cars in JAMA members' fleets has increased over the reporting period. While in 1995 gasoline cars accounted for 89.6 % of the fleet and diesel cars for 10.4 % in 1995, in 2002 the shares were 76.8 % and 23.2 % respectively.

An important achievement before the 2003 review is the launch on the EU market of gasoline cars emitting 120 g/km or less. Although sales remain small (43 743 vehicles in 2002), this shows a positive effort made by JAMA.

JAMA accomplished already in 2002 the 2003 intermediate target. Further CO2 emissions reductions are required to meet the final target (140 g/km in 2009). Emissions reductions will have to fall faster (around 2.8 %) for the 2009 target (140 g/km) to be met, see Figure 3. It should be mentioned that JAMA expected from the beginning that the reduction profile would be relatively slow initially and gather pace later.

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Figure 3 - The current and required annual rates of CO2 reduction

To achieve the CO2 emission targets agreed upon in the commitment by 2009, Japan automobile manufacturers will further explore various technologies namely Direct Injection (DI), hybrid vehicles and Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) etc. JAMA emphasizes the difficulty of planning and managing of CO2 reduction due to unknown factors such as changes of consumer demands.

In summary, the Commission and JAMA currently have no reason to believe that JAMA would not live up to its Commitment.

1. MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE COMMITMENT

1.1 Commitment initiatives

Brief description of current R&D programs

Sections 1.2 and 2.5 cover JAMA technological developments and research activities.

1.2 Technological developments

1.2.1 Description of fuel efficiency characteristics of new technologies, alternative concepts

1.2.2 Availability of new technologies in the EU and Member States

1.2.3 Availability of alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU

1.2.4 Availability of low emission passenger cars (e.g. emitting 120g/km or less) in the EU

JAMA has committed itself to achieving a 140 g/km emission target by 2009 and JAMA's members are continuing CO2 emission reduction R&D toward this goal. Ongoing efforts are made to make technological improvements successively available to the market. Technological developments achieved by JAMA's members within the reporting period include Direct Gasoline and Diesel Injection engines and Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT). JAMA has also launched hybrid cars and the Idle Stop Mechanism on the EU market during 2000.

The CO2 emission reduction technologies made available by JAMA to the market are shown in Figure 6 in Section 2.5. A direct injection gasoline model has been on the market since 1997. A direct injection diesel car debuted on the market in 1998 and has seen a very quick uptake by the markets in 2002 (approximately 19 % of JAMA member's first registrations in 2002). Efforts are also made to diffuse the Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) available on the market prior to 1995.

Several low-emission passenger cars have been put on the EU market in recent years, achieving 120 g/km or less. In 2000, JAMA member companies have put a 80 g/km gasoline-hybrid car and another 119 g/km car with Idle stop mechanism on the market. A new 120 g/km gasoline-hybrid model was launched in the autumn of 2000.

1.3 Description of market trends in physical fleet characteristics

For Japanese cars as a whole, based on JAMA's figures, the average mass of vehicles increased by around 12 % in 2002 as compared with 1995. The main factor is the increase in the weight of gasoline-fuelled cars (mass increased by around 11 %). Engine capacity of Japanese cars showed a shift towards an increase by approximately 2.8 % and their engine power presented an increase by approximately 10.0 % in 2002 as compared with 1995. CO2 emission levels, however, showed a decrease of approximately 11.4 % for Japanese cars as a whole in 2002 as compared with 1995, a sign that the cars available on the market have benefited from CO2 reduction technologies (see Section 2.4 for further details and linkage to CO2). Data from Member States are presented in Annex 1 and 2.

2. STATISTICAL MONITORING (1995-2002)

2.1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)

From 2001 to 2002 the average specific emissions from JAMA new car registration in the EU dropped by 2.5 % to 174 g/km. For gasoline-fuelled cars the corresponding reduction was 1.0 %, and for diesel fuelled cars average specific emissions were 9.5 % lower in 2002 than in 2001.

The average specific CO2 emission levels of Japanese cars over the entire reporting period showed a downward trend (see Figure 4). Their average specific CO2 emission levels decreased by an average of roughly 1.5 % each year and fell from 196 g/km in 1995 to 174 g/km in 2002 (marking an 11.4 % reduction as compared with 1995).

The averaged specific CO2 emission levels of gasoline-fuelled cars recorded a decrease from 191 g/km in 1995 to 172 g/km in 2002 -a 10.0 % reduction as compared with 1995. This gives an average annual reduction of around 1.4 %.

The averaged specific CO2 emission levels of diesel cars recorded a decrease from 239 g/km in 1995 to 180 g/km in 2002 - a 24.9 % reduction. This amounts to a 3.6 % average reduction over the period.

Total average fuel consumption decreased within the reporting period 1995 to 2002: the diesel fuel consumption decreased from about 9.0 l/100 km to 6.8 l/100km, and the gasoline fuel consumption from 8.0 l/100 km to 7.3 l/100km. For all vehicles, the average fuel consumption was 7.1 l/100km.

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Figure 4: JAMA members' CO2 reduction index (1995=100) (Based on JAMA data until 2001; for 2002 official EU data is used. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle adjustment)

2.2 Number of newly registered passenger cars

The number of registered gasoline passenger cars increased from 1 013 138 vehicles in 1995 to 1 202 578 vehicles in 2002 (+18,7 %). Petrol cars represent about 76.8 % of total first registrations of petrol and diesel cars produced by JAMA members.

The number of registered diesel passenger cars increased from 117 577 in 1995 to 362 891 in 2002 (+208.6 %), - showing the much bigger increment than gasoline cars (see Figure 5). Corresponding values for 2001 were: 1 203 433 petrol cars, 265 328 diesel cars, and 1 520 643 [41] for all car registrations in 2001 [42].

[41] For 2001, petrol and diesel cars together amount to 1 468 761 cars. "Unknown vehicles" make up the difference with the total vehicles (1 520 643). For 2002, petrol and diesel cars together amount to 1 565 469 cars; total vehicles were 1 621 469.

[42] First registration numbers are taken from JAMA

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Figure 5. Number of newly registered passenger cars by JAMA members (unit registrations) (Based on JAMA data)

2.3 Fleet composition

The share of cars emitting categories 160 g/km and less has increased from 16.2 % in 1995 to 41.0 % in 2002, while the share of the car emitting more than 161 g/km decreased from 83.8 % to 59.0 %.

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Figure 6 : JAMA's fleet composition per CO2 category in shares of total (petrol + diesel) in 1995 and 2002

Furthermore, as Figure 6 shows, a significant increase in registrations can be seen in the category "121 to 140 g/km"; there were 203 012 new registrations for this category in 2002, up from 22 055 in 1995 [43]. Figure 6b shows the rapid growth in the 140 g/km or less and 141 g/km to 160 g/km ranges over the reporting period. Over the same period, there was a significant drop in the registration of vehicles in the 181g/km to 200 g/km range, as well as reduction in shares in all higher emissions ranges.

[43] JAMA data

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Figure 6b: Change in JAMA's fleet composition between 1995, 2001 and 2002 by "aggregated CO2 categories" (Based on JAMA data)

2.4 EU trends in physical fleet characteristics

Changes in physical characteristics [44] - engine power and cylinder capacity - showed an upward trend from 2001 to 2002, continuing the overall trend present from 1995 (see Figures 7a and 7b). The average mass of new car registrations rose slightly from 1 207 kg in 2001 to 1 220 kg in 2002; engine capacity decreased from 1 668 cm3 to 1 666 cm3; and power rose from 76 kW to 77 kW in 2002. Average diesel-fuelled car mass was over a third higher than that for petrol, and the capacity was 37 % higher for diesel-fuelled cars than for petrol cars.

[44] Trend analysis based on JAMA data

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//

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Figures 7a: Physical JAMA members' fleet characteristics for 2001 & 2002 (Based on JAMA data) // Figures 7b: Physical JAMA members' fleet characteristics 1995-2002 (percent of 1995 values based on JAMA data)

Average total automobile mass was 1 095 kg in 1995 and increased by 11.4 % over the reporting period (1 220 kg in 2002). Gasoline automobiles' average mass has increased by 8.5 % within the reporting period, from 1 056 kg in 1995 to 1 146 kg in 2002. Diesel automobiles' average mass reached the minimum of 1 447 kg in 1997 (against 1 461 kg in 1995) but increased up to 1 557 kg in 2001, then decreased again to 1 468kg in 2002; i.e. a 0.5 % increase over the reporting period 1995 to 2002.

Total engine capacity has increased by 2.8 % within the reporting period, from 1 621 cm3 in 1995 to 1 666 cm3 in 2002. Gasoline engine capacity reached a peak of 1 558 cm3 capacity in 1998 (against 1 543 cm3 in 1995) and decreased to 1 533 cm3 in 2002 (-0.6 % as compared with 1995). Diesel engine capacity reached its minimum 2 104 cm3 capacity in 2002 (against 2 298 cm3 in 1995). The overall trend shows only a marginal growth in average engine capacity over the reporting period.

While total engine power was 70 kW in 1995, and rose to 77 kW by 2002, a 10.0 % increase in EU average over this five years period. Gasoline engine power has increased from 70 kW in 1995 to 76 kW in 2002. Diesel engine power has steadily increased by 24.2 % within the reporting period, i.e. from 66 kW in 1995 to 82 kW in 2002.

The physical characteristics increased over the period, however, average specific CO2 emissions dropped by 11.4 % in the same time (see Figure 7b).

2.5 Trends in new technologies in the EU

JAMA's members have introduced several new technologies on the EU market over the monitoring period (see description in 1.2). Trends in sales vary across technologies, but overall, with the exception of direct injection diesel engines the shares of these technologies remain small. The shares of cars equipped with direct injection diesel engines have increased from 0 % to 19.2 % since their respective launch in 1998. Sales of cars equipped with Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) have shown some upward trends. It's also included the hybrid cars and Idle Stop Mechanism since 2000.

The trends for each technology, as well as the share of new passenger cars equipped with these technologies in total new passenger car sales by JAMA members, are shown in Figure 8.

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Qualitative Description // Quantitative (Optional)

Direct Injection for gasoline engines was first marketed in

1997, has shown definite growth until 2000 and is

receding since then. //

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Direct Injection for diesel engines was introduced to the

market in 1998 and shows rapid growth from 1999 to 2002. //

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CVT was first marketed in 1988. No significant trend

can be stated. //

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Alternative Concepts are studied by the manufacturers

but they were not introduced in the market yet. //

Figure 8: Trends in new technologies launched by JAMA members on the EU market

2.6 Trends in low emission passenger cars in the EU

JAMA released its first "120 g/km or less" car on the EU market in 1999. In 2000, JAMA has launched a 119 g/km car and an 80 g/km gasoline-hybrid car. Furthermore, JAMA released a 120 g/km gasoline-hybrid model in the autumn of 2000 (see Section 1.2.4).

In 2002, 43 804 JAMA cars with emissions of 120 g/km or less were registered in the EU, up from 5 544 cars in 1999. Previously there had been no registrations of vehicles in this emissions category.

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Figure 9: JAMA members' new registrations of vehicle with specific emission of 120 g/km or less

2.7 Trends in alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU

Nothing to report.

2.8 Trends in innovative concepts passenger cars in the EU

In 2002 the car manufacturers' associations and the Commission agreed guidelines for the acceptance of innovative concepts within the monitoring of the commitments (see Annex 3).

2.9 Brief description of the degree of occurrence of grey areas between M1 and N1 vehicles

Based on own data JAMA estimates the number of M1 vehicles with a type approval for M1 and N1which are potentially registered as N1 in the EU is equal to a total of 6 731 vehicles or 4.2 % of total registrations in 2002.

2.10 Data methods, data sources and data confidence levels

For the first time since the inception of the Joint CO2 Monitoring Reports, this 2002 report uses data from the official EU scheme (1753/2000/EC), that is based on Member State submissions (see Annex). Until now, JAMA purchased data from Marketing Systems Corporation, so as to enable the annual monitoring exercises to be undertaken. The data submitted by Member States are the official figures for the monitoring process.

However, with official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series might exist; because of some differences in data treatment and data collection it is not appropriate to simply adjoin official data for most recent years, onto JAMA's historical data.

The main dimensions of this discontinuity are:

Methodology Differences: JAMA data links registrations to Marketing Systems vehicle specification information, which is used for all Member State registrations. For EU data, each Member State has its own vehicle specification set, to which it links its national registrations; national variations in these vehicle specifications exist. JAMA's data provider tries to improve incomplete data sets with the help of their databanks while Member States count only cars with complete data sets. The methodologies used by the data provider for closing gaps in the data sets are not known.

Registration Data Differences: The official EU data misses a sizeable percentage of new car registrations (7.5 % compared to JAMA data about total number of new registrations) [45]. In 2002, the largest difference was in Spain. Official EU data do not include cars for which no CO2 data are available for the Member States. Whereas, in the case of JAMA data, if no CO2 information was available or could be provided by the vehicle specification database, any such vehicles would be included under an "unknown" category.

[45] In the JAMA database 55 996 vehicles did not have specific CO2 emissions values, and are hence excluded from the calculation of average specific CO2 emissions. This represents 3.5% of total new registrations. However, it should be noted that the difference between total registrations and identified versions does not automatically lead to differences in the calculated CO2 averages. This would be only the case if the characteristics of the missing data deviate systematically from the characteristics of the total fleet.

Grey Area Problem: According to JAMA this is a likely source of difference, which needs more thorough investigation -- particularly the number of M1 vehicles potentially registered as N1. For JAMA data, the grey area issue is small; for EU data it is an unknown volume.

Data Scope: The official EU data covers the CO2 emissions of cars using all fuels, including AFVs whereas JAMA's CO2 data has consistently been on the basis of petrol + diesel cars [46].

[46] It should be noted that the number of AFV was so small in the past, and still is, that these vehicles are negligible for the calculated CO2 average. Since all AFV vehicles are not originally produced by JAMA members but retrofitted, JAMA wanted them not to be shown in the annexed tables.

However, currently the variance between EU & JAMA data in terms of the overall average CO2 figure is very small. In fact all rounded numbers are identical.

Nevertheless, actual and underlying methodological differences exist between the EU data and JAMA's data so that the EU data cannot be simply adjoined onto JAMA's historical CO2 time-series built-up from 1995. As a result, the EU data does currently not provide a means to undertake longer-term "trend" evaluations of some key CO2 developments (e.g. developments in some Member States, trends in vehicle mass [47]) that can contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments. For this reason this Joint Report uses JAMA's consistent historical data through to 2002 for such trend evaluations.

[47] JAMA provides data of the empty vehicles while the data requested by decision 1753 are those of the empty vehicles plus all liquids and 75 kg for the driver.

2.11 Description of measurement issues for CO2 emission factors

The JAMA Commitment specified that new car CO2 emissions will be measured according to Directive 93/116/EC. Since the establishment of the JAMA Commitment, the mandatory type approval method of measuring CO2 emissions has been revised by Directive 99/100/EC. One of the principle changes (introduced over the period 2000 to 2002 for M1 vehicles) relates to the drive cycle - the deletion of the initial 40 seconds of unmeasured engine idling prior to the commencement of the test. As a rule, such a change of test procedure increases the measured value of CO2 emissions.

Since January 2001 almost all new M1 vehicles have had their CO2 emissions measured according to the "new" directive/cycle (99/100/EC). A correction factor needs to be applied to the measured CO2 emissions of such vehicles to broadly bring them into line with the 93/116/EC procedure, which is the basis on which JAMA's future targets were established and the basis of historical monitoring data in this report. In 2002 JAMA and the Commission reached a consensus on this correction factor adjustment; it was agreed that a 0.7 % reduction should be applied to "measured" emissions to align them with the Commitment's basis. In this report, this adjustment has been applied to 2001 and 2002 data. For future years it was also agreed that this 0.7 % adjustment should be maintained unless new data is provided by the associations, that proves its inappropriateness.

2.12 Other issues

Nothing to report.

3. KEY ASSUMPTIONS TO THE COMMITMENT

3.1 Availability of enabling fuels

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report

3.2 Distortion of competition

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report.

3.3 Promotion of CO2 efficient technologies

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report.

3.4 Acceptance of innovation

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report.

4. OTHER ISSUES

4.1 New measures affecting CO2

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

4.2 New regulatory measures

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

JAMA anticipates that the End of Life Vehicle (ELV) Directives will have adverse implications for the fuel efficiency of cars, as it may limit in its opinion the use of certain light materials and technologies, while burdening significantly the companies. The Commission does not expect negative repercussions of the ELV Directive on the commitment.

4.3 Fiscal measures

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

4.4 Breakthrough technologies

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

4.5 Research programmes: Description and future potential

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

4.6 Other measures - telematics, infrastructure, education

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

JAMA believes that measures such as the promotion of trade in purchase of new cars, presentations of correct and proper car maintenance methods, driver training, optimization of infrastructure, effective and efficient land use, and efforts to achieve a smoother traffic road will have a beneficial effect on CO2 reduction. JAMA thinks that such measures should therefore be embraced in a positive manner under government lead and with the co-operation of the industrial sectors involved.

4.7 Economic situation of the car industry

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

5. CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Progress statement on delivering the Commitment

Since 1995 JAMA maintains a consistent trend of CO2 emission reduction. In 2002 the average specific emissions of JAMA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 174 g/km. JAMA's performance is hereby ahead of the estimated intermediate target of 165 - 175 g/km, considered in JAMA's commitment for 2003. It is to note that JAMA also met in time its first commitment to introduce not later than 2000, models emitting 120 g/km CO2 or less. In 2002 the number of new registered cars emitting 120 g/km CO2 rose considerably. Also the share of cars emitting 140 g/km CO2 or less continued to rise consistently in 2002. This is further evidencing of JAMA's determination to meet its Commitment

5.2 Statement on expected future progress of the Commitment

JAMA achieved the intermediate target range of 165 - 175 g/km in 2002, one year earlier than estimated. The final target value of 140 g/km in 2009 requires further serious effort by the Japanese automobile manufacturers. Emissions reductions will have to fall faster for the 2009 target (140 g/km) to be met. For the 2009 target, annual emissions reductions will have to increase to an average of 2.8 % per year over the period until 2009.

Importantly, and as agreed upon, this target will mainly be achieved by technological developments affecting different car characteristics and market changes linked to these developments. Regarding technological developments, JAMA reiterated that its members would aim at a high share of new cars equipped with CO2 efficient technologies. Japanese automobile manufacturers have agreed to make every endeavor to contribute to the achievement of JAMA's goals.

In order to achieve the targets JAMA believes that the following would be desirable:

1. The full market availability of fuels with lower sulfur to enable the application of technologies needed for the industry to achieve its CO2 commitment.

2. Sound development of automobile industry and manufacturers' stable profitability.

3. Adopting measures to diffuse CO2 emission reduction technologies in consideration of a balanced approach with regard to other regulatory requirements.

The Commission Services and JAMA have presently no reason to believe that the target will not be reached.

DATA ANNEXES (2002)

ANNEX 1

A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE

A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE, FOR THE EU

A3: THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE

ANNEX 2: KEY DATA COMPARISON

ANNEX 3: MONITORING RULES FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) [48] AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE [49]

[48] The emission-values of CO2 are corrected by 0.7 % for test cycle adjustment.

[49] On request of JAMA AFV are excluded.

JAMA MEMBERS - 2002

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A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) [50] IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET [51] FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE [52], [53]

[50] It is not possible to adjust the official EU CO2 category distribution data for the 0.7 % cycle adjustment. If such an adjustment were feasible, the effect would be for volumes to move into lower categories (e.g. 140 g & less cars would increase in volume as a % of total).

[51] The following vehicles were suppressed due to possible data implausibility: 4 petrol cars with 79 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 12 diesel cars with 60 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 1 petrol cars with 942 gCO2/km as an average from the category >450 gCO2/km.

[52] The total number of vehicles based on the data from Member States is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their data base.

[53] On request of JAMA AFV are excluded.

JAMA MEMBERS - 2002

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A3 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED [54] POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE [55]

[54] EU data on mass is being re-checked by Commission and therefore not displayed in this report. A comparison between JAMA and official EU data is not possible.

[55] On request of JAMA AFV are excluded.

JAMA MEMBERS - 2002

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ANNEX 2: Key Data Comparison

EU 2002 & JAMA 2001 and 2002 key data

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Figure 10: Distribution of CO2 emissions by CO2 categories - official EU data and JAMA data

ANNEX 3: Monitoring Rules for Innovative Concepts

JOINT AGREEMENT ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS WITHIN THE MONITORING OF THE COMMITMENTS OF ACEA, JAMA AND KAMA ON CO2 REDUCTION FROM PASSENGER CARS

A. General aspects:

a) The basis of the assessment is the text of the Commitments [56] and the Recommendations [57] , and any decision must be closely linked to monitoring-related questions of the Commitment, and must be relevant for the quality of the monitoring.

[56] "The acceptance by the Commission of innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars in short-haul traffic as contributing factors to comply with the Commitment."

[57] Innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars will be counted towards the achievement of this CO2 emission target even if they are not included in the category M1 or are not currently covered by Directive 93/166/EC"

b) Political aspects should also be taken into account, e.g., possible reactions of Council, EP, NGO and the general public, and all sides should avoid undermining the credibility of the Commitments.

c) Innovations in general should not be hampered, and technical passenger car innovations, e.g. lightweight vehicles, should be promoted. However, as a replacement it should be a "bona fide" and in principle a one-for-one replacement of a conventional vehicle.

d) Any definition or criteria of "innovative concept" set out in this document is exclusively for the purpose of the monitoring of the Commitment on CO2 emission from passenger cars. They are not intended to be used in any other context or be seen by the auto industry as an indication by the Commission to establish any additional category of cars for the present or the future.

e) The "innovative concept" vehicles must meet a number of technical and environmental criteria.

B. Specific criteria:

a) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the general criteria of M-class vehicles (Motor vehicles with at least four wheels [58] used for the carriage of passengers)

[58] In exceptional cases three wheel vehicles might be included, subject to a case-by-case decision

b) The CO2 emissions should be measurable in accordance with Directive 80/1268/EC and a CO2 figure should be provided by the manufacturers (even if these vehicles are currently not covered by this Directive)

c) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the emissions limit values for regulated pollutants applicable to M1 vehicles

d) The "innovative concept" vehicle should demonstrate passive and active safety appropriate to its intended use

e) The "innovative concept" should have a minimum top speed that allows its usage on all types of public roads [59]

[59] E.g., the usage of some roads require minima speeds

f) The "innovative concept" should comply with the ELV Directive.

C. Monitoring rule

1. Vehicles - or natural developments of such vehicles - which were on the market before 1995 are not considered as "innovative concepts".

2. The associations shall show clear evidence that the innovative concept it proposes is marketed and promoted to end users as a replacement to a conventional car in short haul traffic.

3. Innovative concepts have to replace conventional cars. The car industry has to provide evidence of replacement numbers. If such evidence cannot be provided on at least 50% of the registrations, a maximum of 100 000 units on the total EU market will be taken into account.

4. In the monitoring report "innovative concepts" will be treated in a separate chapter.

Monitoring of KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission

Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002)

Final Report 5 September 2003

Joint Report of the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission Services

Monitoring of KAMA [60]'s Commitment [61] on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars

[60] KAMA represents the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association of Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Company, Renault Samsung Motor Company, and Ssangyong Motor Company.

[61] As recognized by the European Commission in the Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (2000/303/EC). Hereafter referred to as "The Commitment".

JOINT REPORT OF KAMA AND THE COMMISSION SERVICES [62]: YEAR 2002 REPORT

[62] Hereafter often referred to as "The Commission".

ES SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN DELIVERING THE COMMITMENT

E1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)

KAMA reduced the average CO2 emission of its new passengers car fleet registered (petrol and diesel) in the EU market to 183 g/km in 2002 [63], from 197 g/km in 1995 and 187 g/km in 2001 [64]. This represents a reduction of 6.9 % over the whole monitoring period of 1995 to 2002 and 1.8 % over the period 2001 to 2002 [65].

[63] All 2001 and 2002 CO2 performance figures for KAMA in JR 2002 have been corrected by 0.7 % under the consideration of new test cycle, as to bring them in line with the amended Directive 93/116/EC on which the Commitment is based (see Section 2.11).

[64] For the first time, official EU data is used in this Joint Monitoring Report. According to the Joint Monitoring System the monitoring has to be based on the data delivered under Decision 1753/2000/EC. According to this scheme prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by KAMA.

[65] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers.

Average specific CO2 emission from petrol-fuelled cars fell from 195 g/km in 1995 and 179 g/km in 2001 to 178 g/km in 2002 (an 8.0 % and a 0.8 % drop). Even though average specific CO2 emissions from diesel-fuelled cars fell from 309 g/km in 1995 and 234 g/km in 2001 to 203 g/km in 2002 (a significant 34.4 % and a 13.3 % drop), it should be reduced more by using fuel-efficient engines for meeting the targets of 2004 and 2009 (see Figure 1).

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Figure 1: EU Trends of KAMA's Fleet in Specific Average Emissions of CO2 (2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment)

E2 Trends in specific fuel consumption by fuel type (l/100km)

Specific fuel consumption (litres/100 km) of petrol engine and diesel engine is proportional to their CO2 emissions - the lower the fuel consumption, the lower the emissions.

Total fuel consumption for petrol and diesel fuelled cars combined decreased from 8.2 l/100 km in 1995 to 7.5 l/100km in 2001 and 7.5 l/100 km in 2002 [66].

[66] The following conversion factors were used for the calculation of specific fuel consumption (l/100km) from specific CO2 emissions (g/km): petrol 23.7, diesel 26.6.

Petrol passenger cars, which occupied most of KAMA's sales volumes over the reporting period, consumed about 8.1 l/100 km in 1995, which decreased afterwards to 7.5 l/100 km in 2001 and 7.5 l/100 km in 2002. Diesel cars consumed an average of 11.6 l/100 km in 1995, decreasing to 8.8 l/100 km in 2001 and 7.6 l/100 km in 2002 (see Figure 2).

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Figure 2: Trends in KAMA's fleet in specific average fuel consumption, by fuel type (2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment)

E3 Trends in physical fleet characteristics

The average power for newly registered cars has increased by 4.6 % between 2001 and 2002. As regards power increase, even though fuel-efficiency improvements were made, KAMA believes that customers also sought better vehicle driveability and performance that led to the overall power increase from 65 kW in 2001 to 68 kW in 2002.

Engine capacity of petrol cars has been decreased by 0.3 %, and diesel cars decreased by 8.4 % over the monitoring period 2001 to 2002. In the case of diesel engine capacity, the medium size HSDI (High Speed Direct Injection) diesel engine introduced in 2001 mainly contributed to the reduction of engine capacity.

A trend analysis of the mass of vehicles cannot be carried out this year due to inconsistencies between the data provided by KAMA for the period 1995 to 2001 and the official EU data [67]. Moreover, some of the 2002 official EU data are also inconsistent in themselves [68].

[67] The definition of mass used by KAMA in previous reports needs still to be checked.

[68] Some Member States delivered data based on the maximum weight of the vehicle. This is inconsistent with the definitions given in Decision 1753/2000/EC.

Although general trends in physical characteristics show an overall increase in engine power within the reporting period, total fuel consumption for petrol- and diesel-fuelled cars combined decreased with application of various technological developments.

E4 Technical developments introduced to reduce CO2 emissions

In addition to meeting emission regulations (EURO III & IV) and OBD (On Board Diagnostics) regulation in place in the EU, KAMA members tried to reduce CO2 emissions and improve fuel economy with various technical developments.

KAMA members tried to reduce CO2 emissions by applying new technologies such as advanced torque based actuator control, advanced knock control system, weight reduction, advanced petrol engine and HSDI diesel engine, reduction of engine friction, variable intake-manifold system, motor driven power steering, drag reduction, low friction tire, and 6-speed manual transmission within the reporting period.

KAMA members introduced these newly developed vehicles in the EU market from 2001. As a result, the share of diesel cars with CO2 level of 141 - 160 g/km category has increased by 994 % (from 1 455 units to 15 919 units) over the period of 2001 to 2002. HSDI diesel engines were introduced in 2001, increasing from a 0.4 % to a 5.0 % share of total KAMA sales volume in the period 2001 to 2002; the volume will steadily increase and contribute to the remarkable reduction of CO2 in the EU market.

In order to introduce low emission cars, KAMA members are currently developing diesel passenger cars of small displacement with common rail (2nd generation of HSDI engines) that will be launched in 2003 at the earliest.

E5 Brief overall assessment on progress in relation to the target

Mainly due to the application of new technologies such as advanced torque based actuator control, combustion improvement, variable intake manifold system, CVVT (Continuously Variable Valve Timing) system, advanced knock control, swirl control system, and HSDI diesel engine, etc. on the EU market, a reduction of average specific CO2 emissions was accomplished from 197 g/km to 183 g/km between 1995 and 2002.

To achieve the CO2 emission targets agreed upon in the Commitment by 2004 and 2009, KAMA members have begun to concentrate on developing fuel-efficient car technologies such as, inter alia, 2nd generation HSDI engine, GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engine, CVT, weight reduction, and reduction of drag force.

Even though the total sales volume in 2002 dropped nearly by 19.6 %, the sales volume of petrol cars dropped by nearly 26.5 % and diesel car registrations increased by nearly 27.1 % in the period 2001 to 2002. KAMA members launched a number of more fuel-efficient car models on the EU market in 2002.

As the fleet composition in the EU is mainly composed of fuel-efficient diesel and the sales volume of diesel has been constantly increased to over 40 % of total sales, KAMA members will introduce the 2nd generation HSDI engine for small size passenger cars to reduce the CO2 emission. To meet the targets in 2004 and 2009, it is necessary for KAMA members to increase the number of cars emitting less than 120 g/km and KAMA members have to increase their annual average reduction rate to around 3.4 % [69] during the remaining period of the Commitment. As the Commission and KAMA agree that only with significant and additional efforts will the targets be met, KAMA members will try to invest in development of the fuel-efficient car segments to meet the target in 2004 and 2009. It should be mentioned that KAMA expected from the beginning that the reduction profile would be relatively slow initially and gather pace later.

[69] This value is the simple arithmetic average value.

In summary, the Commission Services and KAMA have currently no reason to believe that KAMA will not live up to its Commitment. However, KAMA has to accelerate the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies for diesel and petrol engines for this purpose.

5. MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE COMMITMENT

5.1. Commitment initiatives

5.1.1. Brief description of current R&D programmes

5.1.2. Other

KAMA members consider investments into R&D as a key element for meeting the CO2 emissions targets of 2004 and 2009. They have already started new R&D projects aiming at reducing passenger car's CO2 emission as well as other emissions.

Recently, Korean government finalised plans to allow the domestic sale of diesel passenger cars from 2005. So far KAMA members launched diesel passenger cars on the EU market without the base of domestic market due to too much stringent emission regulation of diesel passenger car in Korea. Hereafter the R&D activities of KAMA members will be increased and low CO2 emitting diesel passenger cars will be expected to be of relative popularity, which will remarkably contribute to CO2 reduction.

5.2. Technological developments

5.2.1. Description of fuel efficiency characteristics of new technologies, alternative concepts

5.2.2. Availability of new technologies in the EU

5.2.3. Availability of alternative concepts passenger cars

5.2.4. Availability of low emission passenger cars (e.g. emitting 120 g/km or less) in the EU

5.2.5. Availability of innovative concept passenger cars

KAMA members have committed themselves to achieve the target and are running several R&D programmes. KAMA is convinced that these programmes will contribute to further reducing specific CO2 emission to meet the target.

The technological activities can be divided into 5 major categories; Engine Programme, Transmission Programme, After-Treatment Improvement Programme, Car Weight Reduction Programme, and Reduction of Resistances Programme.

Engine Programme

KAMA members are trying to develop higher performance and lower CO2 emission engines. KAMA members have introduced various kinds of technical developments to reduce CO2 emissions over the monitoring period as followings:

* Advanced torque based actuator control

* Combustion improvement

* Variable intake manifold system

* CVVT system

* Advanced knock control

* Swirl control system

* Reduction of friction

* HSDI diesel engine with cooled EGR and VGT (Variable Geometry Turbocharger)

The new technologies and products launched by KAMA members have resulted in recent CO2 reduction performance. KAMA members also have strategies of CO2 reduction with developing the fuel-efficient engines such as MPI engine, GDI engine, and HSDI engine, which have potentials of CO2 reduction in 5-25 %, 13-33 %, and 10-30 % compared to conventional engines respectively.

Furthermore, roller rocker arm, stop-go system, and 2-stage variable valve lift system will be applied for the increase of volumetric efficiency by the end of 2003. Small displacement passenger cars with 2nd generation HSDI engine will be launched by 2003 at the earliest.

Actually KAMA members started to launch HSDI diesel cars onto the EU market from the end of 2000 and will increase the portion of such diesel cars in taking the place of petrol cars.

Transmission Programme

Transmission is one of the major factors affecting CO2 emission. Its efficiency and speed are the main factors to be improved so as to reduce emissions. KAMA members are focusing on self-development of the CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) for the EU market. KAMA members launched passenger cars with applied technologies such as the line-up variable control system for the improvement of efficiency with 6-speed manual transmission onto the EU market in 2002. KAMA members are also trying to develop 5-speed automatic transmission and ASG (Automated Selected Gearbox) for the EU market during the monitoring period.

After-Treatment Improvement Programme

KAMA members are investigating several after-treatment systems for fuel-efficient diesel engines to be used in the near future, e.g. 4-way catalyst and photo catalyst systems. These will be applied to different car classes such as small and/or medium size cars and KAMA expects these cars will be launched onto the EU market in near future. Development of after-treatment system in parallel with CO2 reduction to meet the stringent emission regulation, along with European OBD system for diesel cars in the EU was accomplished at the end of 2001 and was launched in 2002.

Car Weight Reduction Programme

This programme is one of the major measures to contribute to CO2 emission reduction. KAMA members are developing aluminium bodies and chasses for lightweight vehicles. This activity will consist of extrusion, three-dimensional bending, casting as well as tube hydro-forming. In the case of chassis, the suspension system is a promising area where new technology can be applied. Vehicle weight will be continuously reduced as long as the regulation on safety permits.

Reduction of Resistances Programme

KAMA members are trying to develop new technologies such as reduction of engine friction and motor driven power steering for reducing CO2 emission (by 5-15 %) which will be launched into the EU market by 2003. Aerodynamic drag may be improved by reducing drag coefficient or modifying frontal area shape that have an effect on CO2 reduction. Drag coefficient has been decreased significantly in recent years through expanded use of vehicle wind tunnel during research and development. Tire rolling resistance has been also decreased by each KAMA member's special specification for CO2 reduction, along with low friction silica tire, preserve tire life, ride quality, brake distance, and handling under a variety of road conditions. KAMA members have already set to work for getting further gains of 5 - 10 % on this programme.

5.3. Description of market trends in physical fleet characteristics

There has been no significant market trend with regard to the physical fleet characteristics within the reporting period. KAMA members have achieved some improvements in new car CO2 reduction, even though most parameters have increased in general (see Section 2.4).

Averaged engine capacity decreased after 1996 to 1 507 cm3 in 2001 and increased to 1 546 cm3 in 2002.

Averaged engine power reached the peak 71 kW in 1997 and decreased to 65 kW in 2001 and then increased to 68 kW in 2002. The main contributor to CO2 decrease after 1997 is sales volume increase of petrol mini cars with engine capacities of less than 1 000 cm3. Hereafter small displacements passenger cars with 2nd generation HSDI engine will mainly contribute to CO2 decrease.

A trend analysis of the mass of vehicles cannot be carried this year due to inconsistencies between the data provided by KAMA for the period 1995 to 2001 and the official EU data. Moreover, some of the 2002 official EU data are inconsistent in themselves.

6. STATISTICAL MONITORING (1995-2002)

6.1. Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)

As shown in Figure 1, the average specific CO2 emissions of newly registered passenger cars from KAMA members in the EU increased from 197 g/km in 1995 to 203 g/km in 1997. After 1997 it decreased to 187 g/km in 2001 and 183 g/km in 2002. KAMA members in the EU market achieved an average reduction in specific CO2 emission of about 6.9 % over the period 1995 to 2002. Specific CO2 emission from petrol cars, which occupied most sales volumes, reached the highest (203 g/km) in 1997 and decreased afterwards due to the increase of petrol mini car (<1000 cm3) sales. But after 2001, number of diesel car sales increased to 27.7 %, which affected the reduction of CO2 emission.

Diesel cars with higher CO2 emissions due to its heavier weight showed a sharp decrease of CO2 emission within reporting period. Although the thermal efficiency of diesel engines is better than that of petrol engines, their fuel efficiency was lower for diesel than for petrol engines, due to the larger size of diesel vehicles. The overall trend in total fuel consumption shows a significant decrease from 1997 onward, mainly driven by the decrease of fuel consumption in petrol cars and by the increased sales of segment A/B diesel cars. KAMA expects that the reduction rate of CO2 emission will be definitely increased due to the increasing number of small diesel cars (see Figure 3).

The overall CO2 emission of KAMA shows a steady decrease since 1998 and the CO2 reduction rate of KAMA will be increased with increasing the number of diesel passenger cars by 2004 and 2009.

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Figure 3 : KAMA's CO2 Reduction Index (1995 = 100) (2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment)

6.2. Number of newly registered passenger cars

Total new car registration by KAMA was 325 206 units in 2002, down by 18 % from 2001 registrations (396 792 units). Petrol cars still represented the largest share of new registrations - 77.9 % in 2002 (compared to 85.2 % in 2001; see Figure 4).

The number of petrol cars with CO2 emitting less than 140 g/km that were not shown in the EU market before 2002 reached 5 855 units (1.8 % share).

The number of diesel passenger cars sold increased from 55 219 units in 2001 to 71 708 units in 2002 (up 29.9 %; see Figure 4). Even though the portion of diesel passenger cars sold increased to 22.1 %, the specific emission of KAMA diesel cars slightly affected the reduction of CO2 emission due to the small portion of CO2 emission categories less than 140 g/km. The portion of small passenger car with new diesel engine is only 5.0 %.

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Figure 4 : Number of newly registered passenger cars by KAMA

6.3. Fleet composition

KAMA's fleet composition has changed towards more fuel-efficient cars over the monitoring period. The fleet composition of KAMA has moved to the fuel-efficient categories with the exception of the 251-300 g/km categories. The share of this category grew by 1.3 % over the period 1995 to 2002 (from 3.1 % to 4.4 %), but decreased by 3.3 % from 7.7 % to 4.4 % over the period 2001 to 2002.

Though the number of petrol mini car sales decreased, the number of diesel passenger car in the low category of 141-160 g/km has increased from 1 455 units to 15 919 units (0.4 % to 4.9 % in total first registrations) over the period 2001 to 2002. Thus, the share of cars in the low category of 141-160 g/km has increased to 44.7 % in 2001 and 38.3 % in 2002 from 9.2 % in 1995, which mainly contributed to reducing CO2 emission (see Figure 5). Especially the number of cars in the low categories of 140 g/km or less has reached to 5 855 units (1.8 %).

In 2002, KAMA's CO2-related fleet composition continued to show a move towards more fuel-efficient cars, with 160 g/km or below car sales rising to 40.1 % in 2002 from 9.2 % in 1995. First registrations of vehicles of 160 g/km or below in 2002 are 130 495 units.

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Figure 5a : KAMA's fleet composition per CO2 category (% share of total registrations) in 1995 and 2002

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Figure 5b Change in KAMA's fleet composition by "aggregated CO2 categories"

6.4. EU trends in physical fleet characteristics

Total engine capacity has decreased from 1 589 cm3 in 1995 to 1 507 cm3 in 2001 and increased to 1 546 cm3 in 2002; i.e. decreased by 2.7 % over the period 1995-2002 but increased by 2.6 % over the period 2001-2002. Petrol engine capacity reached the maximum 1 583 cm3 in 1996 (against 1 568 cm3 in 1995) and decreased to 1 361 cm3 in 2001 and then 1 357 cm3 in 2002; i.e. decreased by 13.5 % over the period 1995-2002. Diesel engine capacity reached the minimum 2 316 cm3 in 1998 (against 2 735 cm3 in 1995) and increased to 2 396 cm3 in 2001 and decreased to 2 195 cm3 in 2002. The overall trend shows some reasonable variations in engine capacity over the reporting period of 1995-2002, mainly due to a drop (-13.5 %) in petrol engine capacity and a drop (-19.7 %) in diesel engine capacity (see Figure 6).

Total engine power reached the maximum 71 kW in 1997 (against 67 kW in 1995) and decreased to 65 kW in 2001 and then increased to 68 kW in 2002; i.e. increased by 1.5 % over the reporting period 1995-2002. Petrol engine reached the maximum 71 kW in 1997 (against 67 kW in 1995) and decreased to 62 kW in 2002, i.e. decreased by 7.5 % over the reporting period. Diesel engine power has substantially increased by

28.8 % within the reporting period, i.e. from 66 kW in 1995 to 85 kW in 2002 (see Figure 6).

A trend analysis of the mass of vehicles cannot be carried this year due to inconsistencies of the data provided by KAMA for the period 1995 to 2001 and the official EU data. Moreover, the 2002 official EU data are inconsistent in themselves [70].

[70] Some Member States delivered data based on the maximum weight of the vehicle. This is inconsistent with the definitions given in Decision 1753/2000/EC.

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Figures 6a: Physical KAMA fleet characteristics for 2001& 2002 // Figures 6b: Physical KAMA fleet characteristics 1995 to 2002 (percent of 1995 values)

6.5. Trends in new technologies in the EU

As noted in Section 1.2, KAMA members tried to apply several technologies to reduce CO2 emission such as torque based actuator control, advanced knock control, variable intake-manifold system HSDI diesel engine, engine & driving friction reduction and weight reduction within the reporting period. Trends in first registrations vary across the applied technologies.

The share of cars applied with advanced torque based actuator control that could increase the engine performance increased from 6.7 % in 1999, 8.4 % in 2000, 38.4 % in 2001, and 48.4 % [71] in 2002.

[71] The rates used in Section 2.5 are based on KAMA's estimation number of cars shipped to the EU region in the monitoring period.

The share of cars applied with knock control that also could increase engine performance increased from 7.4 % in 1996, 13.4 % in 2000, 38.1 % in 2001, and 47.7 % in 2002.

The shares of variable intake-manifold system first introduced in 2001 were 1.3 % of total KAMA first registrations in 2001 and the volume were increased to 9.1 % in 2002.

The shares of HSDI diesel engines first introduced in 2001 were 4.4 % of total KAMA first registrations in 2001 and the volume were increased to 21.3 % in 2002.

Several new kinds of technical developments introduced by KAMA to reduce CO2 emissions over the monitoring period are as followings:

* Combustion improvement : 7.6 %

* Variable geometry timing system : 2.4 %

* 2-stage variable intake manifold system : 9.1 %

* Cooled EGR : 3.0 %

* Variable geometry turbocharger : 2.4 %

* 6-speed manual transmission : 1.0 %

* Motor driven power steering : 3.0 %

* Engine friction reduction : 7.6 %

* Drag reduction : 9.1 %

* Low friction tire : 9.1 %

Hereafter the R&D activities of KAMA members will be increased and low CO2 emitting diesel passenger cars will be expected to be of relative popularity, which will contribute to CO2 reduction.

6.6. Trends in low emission passenger cars in the EU

KAMA members will launch the fuel-efficient cars emitting 120 g/km or less onto the EU market in 2003 at the earliest.

6.7. Trends in alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU

KAMA members are developing HEV and planning to launch it on the EU market in near future.

6.8. Trends in innovative concept passenger cars in the EU

In 2002 the car manufacturers' associations and the Commission agreed guidelines for the acceptance of innovative concepts within the monitoring of the Commitments (see Annex 2).

6.9. Brief description of the degree of occurrence of Grey Areas between M1 and N1 vehicles

Nothing to report.

6.10. Data sources, data methods and data confidence levels

6.10.1. Data sources

6.10.2. Data methods

6.10.3. Data confidence levels

For the first time since the inception of the Joint CO2 Monitoring Reports, this 2002 report utilises data from the official EU scheme (1753/2000/EC), that is based on Member State submissions (see Annex 1). The data submitted by Member States are the official figures for the monitoring process. Until now, KAMA utilised data from the French-based association AAA (Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile) partly supplemented by data delivered by Marketing Systems, so as to enable the annual monitoring exercises to be undertaken.

However, with official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series exists; because of underlying differences (see below) it is not correct to simply adjoin official data for most recent years, onto KAMA's historical data.

The main dimensions of this discontinuity are:

Country Coverage: The official EU data for 2002 covers 15 Member States. Whereas, KAMA's CO2 data has not until recently included Greece and Finland (due to data unavailability).

Methodology Differences: KAMA data links registrations to one, highly analysed, vehicle specification information bank, which is used for all Member State registrations. For official EU data, each Member State has its own vehicle specification set, to which it links its national registrations; national variations in these vehicle specifications exist. A number of more specific methodological issues have been identified in relation to CO2 categories and the treatment of unknown cars which need further investigation, e.g. KAMA's data provider try to improve incomplete data sets with the help of their databanks while Member States count only cars with complete data sets. The methodologies used by the data provider for closing gaps in the data sets are not known. Moreover there seems to be a systematic difference in the reporting of the mass of vehicles.

Registration Data Differences: Firstly, official EU data disregards car registrations with no CO2 data provided, whereas in the case of KAMA data, if no CO2 information was available or can not be provided by the vehicle specification databank, any such vehicles would be included under an "unknown" category. In past Monitoring Reports the size of "unknown versions" has been an important parameter in the evaluation of data quality. The official EU data cannot provide this information. Secondly, the registration number in Spain (19 336 units) reflected only part of the number of KAMA member's exports (57 538 units) [72] in 2002.

[72] This number was accumulated and estimated by KAMA. However, it should be mentioned that shipments to the EU region are not identical with the first registrations.

6.11. Description of measurement issues for CO2 emission factors

KAMA's CO2 emissions figures have been established according to Directive 93/116/EC [73], which amended Directive 80/1268/EC. Among other changes, the new cycle includes for the first time a cold start period - the deletion of the initial 40 seconds of unmeasured engine idling prior to the commencement of the test, and consequently values for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are higher under the new system. The implementation of this new measuring procedure has led to an artificial average increase of the CO2 emission figures, compared to the previously used Directive, whereas the CO2 emissions from cars in the real world have not changed.

[73] The Directive in force at the time of the KAMA Commitment

Since January 2001, almost all M1 vehicles up to 2 500 kg have had their CO2 emissions measured according to the new Directive/cycle (99/100/EC). A correction factor needs to be applied to the measured CO2 emissions of such vehicles to broadly bring them into line with the 93/116/EC procedure, which is the basis on which KAMA's future targets were established and the basis of historical monitoring data in this report. In 2002 KAMA and the Commission reached a consensus on this correction factor adjustment; it was agreed that a 0.7 % reduction should be applied to "measured" emissions to align them with the Commitment's basis. In this report, this adjustment has been applied to 2001 and 2002 data. For future years it was also agreed that this 0.7 % adjustment should be maintained unless new data is provided by KAMA, that proves its inappropriateness.

6.12. Other issues

Nothing to report.

7. KEY ASSUMPTIONS TO THE COMMITMENT

7.1. Availability of enabling fuels

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report.

7.2. Distortion of competition

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report.

7.3. Promotion of CO2 efficient technologies

Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Cars with low CO2 emission technology like lean burn engine and CVT could not be launched to the EU market although they were introduced in 1998 to the Korean market, due to the stringent emission regulations of EU. KAMA expects fuel-efficient lean burn cars (with de-NOx catalyst) to contribute to reducing CO2 emission in the near future. KAMA members have high expectations for certain technologies; in particular those associated with gasoline direct injection engines.

It is the Commission's opinion that KAMA was fully aware of the emission standards laid down in the amended Directive 70/220/EC when making its Commitment.

7.4. Acceptance of innovation

7.5. Statement on implication for the Commitment and justification

Nothing to report.

8. OTHER ISSUES

8.1. New measures affecting CO2

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

8.2. New regulatory measures

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

More stringent regulations of emissions, safety, and recycling can affect the effort to reduce CO2 emission. For example, such regulations may contain legal, technical or procedural requirements that in practice could create technical or other impediments to the objective of reducing CO2 emission. Compliance with such regulations may also increase costs for manufacturers, thereby affecting their financial situation and having an impact on the resources available for developing CO2 efficient technologies.

KAMA anticipates that the End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive [74] and possible implementation of regulations on Pedestrian Friendly Vehicle will have adverse implications for the fuel efficiency of cars, as it may limit the use of certain light materials and technologies, while imposing a significant financial burden on KAMA members.

[74] Directive 2000/53/EC

Other directives with major implications are the emissions Directive 70/220/EC and the fuel Directive 98/70/EC. It might well prove that the industry will be severely limited in its ability to offer widespread direct injection diesel and petrol engines simultaneously fulfilling the required NOx level and offering the fuel consumption improvements on the fuel qualities specified. The key point is that emissions, CO2 and fuels are intrinsically linked, and KAMA members needs 100 % availability of fuel with less than 10 ppm or "sulphur free", in order to meet both the stringent 2005 EURO-IV tailpipe emission standards and 140 g/km CO2 commitment. The CO2 effects will be assessed for fourteen regulations, which include measures on tailpipe emissions, noise, safety, security, and ELV, etc.

The Commission believes that the ELV Directive will not have any adverse effects on fuel efficiency given that it does not limit the use of any material. Experience shows that the recycling rates set by the Directive do not affect the possibility to use any material. In the Netherlands, a material recycling rate of 80 % (as requested by the Directive for 2006) has been reached in 2001 and the Dutch recycling scheme set itself the goal of exceeding the 85 % recycling target (set by the Directive for 2015) already by 2007. Similar experiences in other Member States further confirm this.

According to the Commission restrictions on heavy metals set by the Directive does not have any impact on the choice of materials and on the fuel reduction performances given that the restrictions only apply to components for which heavy-metals free substitutes are available (including electric vehicles).

The Commission draws attention to the fact that KAMA knew the EURO III and EURO IV limit values [75] at the time it signed the Commitment and that the introduction of 10 ppm fuels goes [76] beyond KAMA's expectation at that time, a fact that will have to be taken into account in the 2004 review.

[75] Directive 98/69/EC

[76] Directive 2003/17/EC

Finally, the Commission cannot accept that voluntary commitments made by car manufacturers with regard to pedestrian safety be taken into account within the monitoring of the CO2 Commitment.

8.3. Fiscal measures

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

8.4. Breakthrough technologies

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

Nothing to report.

8.5. Research programmes: Description and future potential

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

KAMA members have committed themselves to achieve a target (140 g/km of CO2 emission in 2009) and are running several R&D programmes to investigate methods to reduce CO2 emission with up to 20-30 % according to the car segments.

The activities can be divided into several major categories: The Engine Programme, the Transmission Programme, the After-Treatment Improvement Programme, the Car Weight Reduction Programme, and the Reduction of Resistances Programme (see Section 1.2), which will be combined for reducing CO2 emission and launched step by step to the EU market in near future.

In addition to the reduction of car weight, KAMA members are trying to develop new technologies such as CVVT, advanced reduction of engine friction, reduction of resistances (running and rolling) for reducing CO2 emission, motor driven power steering which were launched into the EU market in 2002 and small vehicle with 2nd HSDI engine, roller rocker arm and stop-go system for reducing CO2 emission which will be launched into the EU market by 2003 at the earliest.

8.6. Other measures - telematics, infrastructure, education

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

KAMA members will consider implementing the driver education activities for more environmentally friendly driving in the EU. KAMA believes that such initiatives will encourage customer acceptance of CO2 efficient technology and are one of the contributors to "market changes linked to technical development" as specified in the Commitment.

KAMA also believes that measures such as the promotion of trade-in purchase of new cars, presentation of correct and proper car maintenance methods, driver training, optimisation of infrastructure, effective and efficient land use, and efforts to achieve a smoother traffic flow by using ITS will have a beneficial effect on CO2 reduction. KAMA thinks that such measures should therefore be embraced in a positive manner under government lead and with the co-operation of the industrial sectors involved.

8.7. Economic situation of the car industry

Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the Commitment

The Commission is aware of the problematic economic situation of some Korean car makers. However, even though the economic situation in Korea has been getting recovered gradually, the effect of economic crisis at the end of 1997 shows the low rate of CO2 reduction of cars from KAMA members; actual investment for R&D for fuel-efficient car was very difficult during the monitoring period.

KAMA notes that the development costs for technologies will be higher for their members than other associations that have large sales volume in the EU market, which is a disproportionate burden of investment to KAMA members during past several years after economic crisis. In these circumstances, KAMA requests that such economic factors may have to be duly considered in the monitoring of CO2 emission reduction from passenger cars.

The Commission is aware of the difficult economic situation of some Korean car manufacturers. The Commission draws attention to the fact that one Korean manufacturer, contributing a significant market share of KAMA on the EU market, achieved high profits in 2002 and Koreas auto trade surplus remain at high level.

The Commission draws attention to the fact that the world market for passenger cars is fractionated in many respects, not just with regard to CO2 emission reduction requirements, and a large number of regional regulations apply. Furthermore, on the EU market all manufacturers require equivalent efforts, and in this respect the Commitments guarantee a level playing field. The situation described by KAMA is not new since the Commitment was made.

9. CONCLUSIONS

9.1. Progress statement on delivering the Commitment

KAMA members are encouraged to concentrate on CO2 emission reductions by developing fuel-efficient cars. KAMA reduced the average CO2 emission of its new passengers car fleet registered (petrol and diesel) in the EU market to 183 g/km in 2002, from 197 g/km in 1995 and 187 g/km in 2001. This represents a reduction of 6.9 % over the whole monitoring period of 1995-2002 and 1.8 % over the period 2001 to 2002.

When the fleet composition is considered (see Section 2.3), an outstanding feature is the sharp increase of the share of low CO2 cars emitting less than 160 g/km (40.2 %), which shows the endeavour and will of KAMA members to meet the Commitment.

9.2. Statement on expected future progress of the Commitment

It is encouraging to see that in 2002 KAMA's CO2-related fleet composition continued to show a move towards more fuel-efficient cars with 160 g/km or below car sales rising to 40.2 % from 9.2 % in 1995. However, the estimated intermediate target range of 165-170 g/km in 2004 and the final target value of 140 g/km in 2009 require further serious efforts by KAMA members. Importantly, and as agreed upon, the targets will mainly be achieved by technological developments affecting different car characteristics and market changes linked to these developments. Regarding technological developments, KAMA will aim at achieving a high share of new cars equipped with CO2 efficient technologies.

Although the current progress in fuel-efficient car technology development of KAMA members is relatively slower than that of European automobile manufacturers, they will increase the portion of fuel-efficient cars and introduce the 2nd generation HSDI engines for small size passenger cars by 2003. Hereafter the R&D activities of KAMA members will be accelerated and low CO2 emitting passenger cars, such as 2nd generation HSDI engines for small size passenger cars and HEV, will be expected to be of relative popularity, which will remarkably contribute to CO2 reduction.

KAMA members must increase their annual average reduction by about 6 g/km with developing cars emitting less than 120 g/km to meet the CO2 target of 2004 and 2009, and expect the reduction rates will be increased with the acceleration of technology development as time goes on.

In summary, the Commission Services and KAMA have currently no reason to believe that KAMA will not live up to its Commitment. However, KAMA has to accelerate the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies for diesel and petrol engines for this purpose.

DATA ANNEXES (2002)

ANNEX 1

A1 : SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE

A2 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE

A3 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE

ANNEX 2: Monitoring Rules for Innovative Concepts

ANNEX 2: MONITORING RULES FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

ANNEX 1: 2002 Monitoring data

A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) [77] AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE

[77] The emission-values of CO2 are corrected by 0.7% for test cycle change.

KAMA MEMBERS - 2002

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A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET [78] FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE [79]

[78] The following vehicles were suppressed due to possible data implausibility: 628 petrol cars with 119 gCO2/km as an average from the category 101-120 gCO2/km, 3 petrol cars emitting 845 gCO2/km as an average from the category >450 g CO2/km.

[79] The total number of vehicles based on official EU data is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their data base.

KAMA MEMBERS - 2002

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A3 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE [80]

[80] Mass data not shown due to possible inconstancies in Member States' deliveries

KAMA MEMBERS - 2002

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ANNEX 2: Monitoring Rules for Innovative Concepts

JOINT AGREEMENT ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS WITHIN THE MONITORING OF THE COMMITMENTS OF ACEA, JAMA AND KAMA ON CO2 REDUCTION FROM PASSENGER CARS

A. General aspects:

a) The basis of the assessment is the text of the commitments [81] and the Recommendations [82] , and any decision must be closely linked to monitoring-related questions of the Commitment, and must be relevant for the quality of the monitoring.

[81] "The acceptance by the Commission of innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars in short-haul traffic as contributing factors to comply with the Commitment."

[82] Innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars will be counted towards the achievement of this CO2 emission target even if they are not included in the category M1 or are not currently covered by Directive 93/166/EC

b) Political aspects should also be taken into account, e.g. possible reactions of Council, EP, NGO and the general public, and all sides should avoid undermining the credibility of the Commitments.

c) Innovations in general should not be hampered, and technical passenger car innovations, e.g. lightweight vehicles, should be promoted. However, as a replacement it should be a "bona fide" and in principle a one-for-one replacement of a conventional vehicle.

d) Any definition or criteria of "innovative concept" set out in this document is exclusively for the purpose of the monitoring of the Commitment on CO2 emission from passenger cars. They are not intended to be used in any other context or be seen by the auto industry as an indication by the Commission to establish any additional category of cars for the present or the future.

e) The "innovative concept" vehicles must meet a number of technical and environmental criteria.

B. Specific criteria:

i. The "innovative concept" should meet at least the general criteria of M-class vehicles (Motor vehicles with at least four wheels [83] used for the carriage of passengers)

[83] In exceptional cases three wheel vehicles might be included, subject to a case-by-case decision

ii. The CO2 emissions should be measurable in accordance with Directive 80/1268/EC and a CO2 figure should be provided by the manufacturers (even if these vehicles are currently not covered by this Directive)

iii. The "innovative concept" should meet at least the emissions limit values for regulated pollutants applicable to M1 vehicles

iv. The "innovative concept" vehicle should demonstrate passive and active safety appropriate to its intended use

v. The "innovative concept" should have a minimum top speed that allows its usage on all types of public roads [84]

[84] E.g., the usage of some roads require minima speeds

vi. The "innovative concept" should comply with the ELV Directive.

C. Monitoring rule

1. Vehicles - or natural developments of such vehicles - which were on the market before 1995 are not considered as "innovative concepts".

2. The associations shall show clear evidence that the innovative concept it proposes is marketed and promoted to end users as a replacement to a conventional car in short haul traffic.

3. Innovative concepts have to replace conventional cars. The car industry has to provide evidence of replacement numbers. If such evidence cannot be provided on at least 50 % of the registrations, a maximum of 100 000 units on the total EU market will be taken into account.

4. In the monitoring report "innovative concepts" will be treated in a separate chapter.