(1)

Must Article 2, Article 6(1) and (3), and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) of the Treaty on European Union (‘TEU’), read in conjunction with Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’) and Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (‘TFEU’), be interpreted as meaning that a court of last instance of a Member State (Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland)) whose composition includes persons appointed to the post of judge in breach of the fundamental rules of law of the Member State applicable to judicial appointments to the Supreme Court is not an independent, impartial tribunal previously established by law and providing effective legal protection to individuals in areas covered by EU law, where the aforementioned breach consists in:

(2)

Must Article 2, Article 6(1) and (3), and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, read in conjunction with Article 47 of the Charter and Article 267 TFEU, be interpreted as precluding the application of national laws such as Article 29(2) and (3), Article 26(3), and Article 72(1), (2) and (3) of the Ustawa z dnia 8 grudnia 2017 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym (Law of 8 December 2017 on the Supreme Court, consolidated text: Dz. U. of 2021, item 154) [‘the Law on the Supreme Court’], in so far as those laws prohibit judges of the Supreme Court, on pain of the disciplinary penalty of dismissal, from determining or assessing the lawfulness of a judge’s appointment or his or her resulting authority to perform judicial tasks as well as from assessing in substantive terms motions to exclude a judge based on those grounds, assuming that that prohibition were to be justified by the need for the Union to respect the constitutional identity of the Member States?

(3)

Must Article 2 and Article 4(2) and (3) TEU, read in conjunction with Article 19 TEU and Article 267 TFEU, be interpreted as meaning that a judgment of the constitutional court of a Member State (Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court, Poland) declaring a ruling of the national court of last instance (the Supreme Court) to be incompatible with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland cannot constitute an obstacle to assessing the independence of a court and determining whether a court is a tribunal established by law within the meaning of European Union law, given that, in addition, the ruling of the Supreme Court aimed to implement the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union to the effect that the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and applicable laws (national laws) do not confer upon the Constitutional Court the competence to review judicial rulings, including resolutions resolving discrepancies in the interpretation of laws adopted pursuant to Article 83 of the [Law on the Supreme Court] and, furthermore, the Constitutional Court, due to the manner in which it is currently constituted, is not a tribunal established by law within the meaning of Article 6(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Dz. U. of 1993, No 61, item 284, as amended)?