1.

First, should the concept of unforeseeable circumstances giving rise to losses under duty suspension arrangements, within the meaning of Article 7(4) of Directive 2008/118/EC, (1) be understood, in the same way as force majeure, as abnormal and unforeseeable circumstances extraneous to the authorised warehousekeeper, which, in spite of the exercise of all due care, were objectively outside the warehousekeeper’s control?

2.

Furthermore, to exclude liability in the event of unforeseeable circumstances, is the care exercised in taking the necessary precautions to avoid the harmful act relevant, and if so, to what extent?

3.

Subject to the first two questions, is a provision such as Article 4(1) of decreto legislativo 26 ottobre 1995 n. 504 (Legislative Decree No 504 of 26 October 1995), which equates ordinary negligence (by the same person or by third parties) with unforeseeable circumstances and force majeure, compatible with the provisions of Article 7(4) of Directive 2008/118/EC, which mentions no other conditions, particularly as regards the ‘fault’ of the perpetrator or active participant?

4.

Lastly, can the expression ‘or as a consequence of authorisation by the competent authorities of the Member State’, also contained in Article 7(4), be understood as the possibility for the Member State to identify another general category (slight negligence) that might have a bearing on the definition of release for consumption in the event of destruction or loss of the product, or does that expression preclude a clause of that type, it having to be understood, rather, as referring to specific cases that are individually authorised or otherwise identified by precedents in which the objective elements are defined?