This document is an excerpt from the EUR-Lex website
Use quotation marks to search for an "exact phrase". Append an asterisk (*) to a search term to find variations of it (transp*, 32019R*). Use a question mark (?) instead of a single character in your search term to find variations of it (ca?e finds case, cane, care).
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/716 of 28 May 2020 implementing Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/716 of 28 May 2020 implementing Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/716 of 28 May 2020 implementing Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria
ST/7637/2020/INIT
OJ L 168, 29.5.2020, p. 1–60
(BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV)
implementing Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
Having regard to Council Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011 (1), and in particular Article 32 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Whereas:
(1)
On 18 January 2012, the Council adopted Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria.
(2)
On the basis of a review of the measures, the entries in the list of natural and legal persons, entities or bodies set out in Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 should be updated and amended.
(3)
Five entries should be deleted from the list of natural and legal persons, entities or bodies set out in Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012.
(4)
Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 should therefore be amended accordingly,
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 is amended as set out in the Annex to this Regulation.
Article 2
This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 is amended as follows:
(1)
in Section A (Persons), the following entries are deleted:
26.
Major General Qasem Soleimani;
38.
Brigadier‐General Jamea Jamea;
272.
Hayan Kaddour;
273.
Maen Rizk Allah Haykal;
(2)
in Section B (Entities), the following entry is deleted:
76.
Developers Private Joint Stock Company;
(3)
Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 is replaced by the following:
‘ANNEX II
List of natural and legal persons, entities or bodies referred to in Articles 14, 15(1)(a) and 15(1a)
A. Persons
Name
Identifying information
Reasons
Date of listing
1.
Bashar (
) AL‐ASSAD (
)
Date of birth: 11.9.1965;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Diplomatic passport No D1903;
Gender: male
President of the Republic; person authorising and supervising the crackdown on demonstrators.
23.5.2011
2.
Maher (
) (a.k.a. Mahir) AL‐ASSAD (
)
Date of birth: 8.12.1967;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Diplomatic passport No 4138;
Position: Major General of the 42nd Brigade and former Brigadier Commander of the Army’s 4th Armoured Division
Gender: male
Member of the Syria Armed Forces of the rank of Colonel and the equivalent or higher in post after May 2011; Major General of the 42nd Brigade and former Brigadier Commander of the Army’s 4th Armoured Division. Member of the Assad family; brother of President Bashar al‐Assad.
9.5.2011
3.
Ali (
) MAMLUK (
) (a.k.a. Mamlouk)
Date of birth: 19.2.1946;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Diplomatic passport No 983;
Gender: male
Director of the National Security Bureau. Former Head of Syrian Intelligence Directorate involved in violence against demonstrators.
9.5.2011
4.
Atej (
) (a.k.a. Atef, Atif) NAJIB (
) (a.k.a. Najeeb)
Place of birth: Jablah, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Head of the Political Security Directorate in Dara’a. Involved in violence against demonstrators. Member of the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad.
9.5.2011
5.
Hafiz () MAKHLOUF ()
(a.k.a. Hafez Makhlouf)
Date of birth: 2.4.1971;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Diplomatic passport No 2246;
Gender: male
Former Colonel and Head of Unit in General Intelligence Directorate, Damascus Branch in post after May 2011. Member of the Makhlouf family; cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad.
9.5.2011
6.
Muhammad () Dib () ZAYTUN ()
(a.k.a. Mohammed Dib Zeitoun; a.k.a. Mohamed Dib Zeitun)
Date of birth: 20.5.1951;
Place of birth: Jubba, Damascus province, Syria;
Diplomatic passport No D000001300;
Gender: male
Director of the National Security Bureau since July 2019. Former Head of the General Security Directorate; involved in violence against demonstrators.
9.5.2011
7.
Amjad (
) ABBAS (
) (a.k.a. al‐Abbas)
Gender: male
Former head of Political Security in Banyas, involved in violence against demonstrators in Baida. Promoted to the rank of Colonel in 2018.
9.5.2011
8.
Rami (
) MAKHLOUF (
)
Date of birth: 10.7.1969;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Passport No 000098044;
Issue No 002‐03‐0015187;
Gender: male
Leading businessman operating in Syria with interests in the telecommunications, financial services, transport and property sectors. He has financial interests in and/or holds senior and executive positions in Syriatel (the leading mobile telephone operator in Syria) and in the investment funds Al Mashreq, Bena Properties and Cham Holding.
He furnishes financing and support to the Syrian regime, through his business interests.
He is an influential member of the Makhlouf family and closely connected to the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar Al‐Assad.
9.5.2011
9.
Abd al‐Fatah (
) QUDSIYAH (
)
Date of birth: 1953;
Place of birth: Hama, Syria;
Diplomatic passport No D0005788;
Gender: male
Officer of the rank of Major General in the Syrian Armed Forces in post after May 2011.
Deputy Director of the National Security Bureau of the Ba’ath Party. Former Head of the Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate. Involved in violent repression of the civilian population in Syria.
9.5.2011
10.
Jamil (
) (a.k.a. Jameel) HASSAN (
) (a.k.a. al‐Hassan)
Date of birth: 7.7.1953;
Place of birth: Qusayr, Homs province, Syria;
Former Head of Syrian Air Force Intelligence;
Gender: male
Officer of the rank of Major‐General in the Syrian Air Force in post after May 2011. Former head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence in post after May 2011 and until July 2019. Responsible for violent repression of the civilian population in Syria.
9.5.2011
11.
Mohammad Mouti' MOUAYYAD
(a.k.a. Mohammad Muti'a Moayyad)
Date of birth: 1968;
Place of birth: Ariha (Idlib), Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of State in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
12.
Ghazwan Kheir BEK
(a.k.a. Ghazqan Kheir Bek)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Latakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Transport in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). He was previously General Director of the Port of Tartous. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
13.
Munzir (
) (a.k.a. Mundhir, Monzer) Jamil (
) AL‐ASSAD (
)
Date of birth: 1.3.1961;
Place of birth: Kerdaha, Latakia Province, Syria;
Passports No 86449 and No 842781;
Gender: male
Involved in violence against the civilian population as part of the Shabiha militia.
9.5.2011
14.
Brigadier General Mohammed BILAL
(a.k.a. Lieutenant Colonel Muhammad Bilal)
Gender: male
As a senior officer in the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service, he supports the Syrian regime and is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population. He is also associated with the listed Scientific Studies Research Centre (SSRC).
Head of the Tartus police since December 2018.
21.10.2014
15.
Kamal CHEIKHA
(a.k.a. Kamal al‐Sheikha)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Water Resources in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
16.
Faruq (
) (a.k.a. Farouq, Farouk) AL SHAR' (
) (a.k.a. Al Char', Al Shara', Al Shara)
Date of birth: 10.12.1938;
Gender: male
Former Vice‐President of Syria; involved in violence against the civilian population.
23.5.2011
17.
Hassan NOURI
(a.k.a. Hassan al‐Nouri)
Date of birth: 9.2.1960;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Administrative Development in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
18.
Mohammed (
) HAMCHO (
)
Date of birth: 20.5.1966;
Passport No 002954347;
Gender: male
Leading businessman operating in Syria, with interests in the engineering and construction, media, hospitality and health sector. He has financial interests in and/or holds senior and executive positions within a number of companies in Syria, in particular Hamsho International, Hamsho Communication, Mhg International, Jupiter for Investment and Tourism project and Syria Metal Industries.
He plays an important role in the business community in Syria as general secretary of the Damascus Chamber of Commerce (appointed by the then Minister for economy Khodr Orfali in December 2014), chairman of the China‐Syria Bilateral Business Councils (since March 2014) and chairman of the Syrian Metal and Steel Council (since December 2015).
He has close business relationships with key figures of the Syrian regime, including Maher al‐Assad.
He benefits from and provides support to the Syrian regime through his business interests, and is associated with persons benefiting from and providing support to that regime.
27.1.2015
19.
Iyad (
) (a.k.a. Eyad) MAKHLOUF (
)
Date of birth: 21.1.1973;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Passport No N001820740;
Gender: male
Member of the Makhlouf family; son of Mohammed Makhlouf, brother of Hafez Makhlouf and Rami Makhlouf and brother of Ihab Makhlouf; cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad.
Member of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011.
As an officer in the General Intelligence Directorate, involved in violence against the civilian population in Syria.
23.5.2011
20.
Bassam (
) AL HASSAN (
) (a.k.a. Al Hasan)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Sheen, Homs, Syria;
Rank: Major General;
Gender: male
Presidential Advisor for Strategic Affairs; head of the General Secretariat of the National Defence. Involved in violence against the civilian population.
23.5.2011
22.
Ihab (
) (a.k.a. Ehab, Iehab) MAKHLOUF (
)
Date of birth: 21.1.1973;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Passport No N002848852;
Gender: male
Leading businessman operating in Syria. Vice President of, and shareholder in, Syriatel, the leading mobile telephone operator in Syria. He also has business interests in several other Syrian companies and entities, including Ramak Construction Co and Syrian International Private University for Science and Technology (SIUST).
As Vice President of Syriatel, which transfers a significant part of its profits to the Syrian government by way of its licensing contract, Ihab Makhlouf is also directly supporting the Syrian regime.
He is an influential member of the Makhlouf family and closely connected to the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad.
23.5.2011
23.
Zoulhima () (a.k.a. Zu al‐Himma) CHALICHE () (a.k.a. Shalish, Shaleesh)
(a.k.a. Dhu al‐Himma Shalish)
Date of birth: 1946 or 1951 or 1956;
Place of birth: Kerdaha, Syria;
Rank: Major General;
Gender: male
Officer of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011; former Head of Presidential Security.
Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011.
Involved in violence against demonstrators.
Member of the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad.
23.6.2011
24.
Riyad () CHALICHE () (a.k.a. Shalish, Shaleesh)
(a.k.a. Riyad Shalish)
Function: chairman of Riyad Isa Development Corporation;
Gender: male
Former Director of Military Housing Establishment; provides funding to the Syrian regime; first cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad.
23.6.2011
25.
Brigadier Commander Mohammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Ali (
) JAFARI (
) (a.k.a. Jaafari, Ja'fari, Aziz; a.k.a. Jafari, Ali; a.k.a. Jafari, Mohammad Ali; a.k.a. Ja'fari, Mohammad Ali; a.k.a. Jafari‐Naja‐fabadi, Mohammad Ali)
Date of birth: 1.9.1957;
Place of birth: Yazd, Iran;
Gender: male
Head of ‘Baqiayt Allah’, cultural organisation of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. General Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps until 21.4.2019, involved in providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria.
Director of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Intelligence Service. Former Deputy Commander for Intelligence of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, involved in providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria.
23.6.2011
28.
Khalid (
) (a.k.a. Khaled) QADDUR (
) (a.k.a. Qadour, Qaddour, Kaddour)
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in the telecommunications, oil and plastic industry sectors and close business relations with Maher al‐Assad.
He benefits from and provides support to the Syrian regime, through his business activities.
Associate of Maher al‐Assad, including through his business activities.
27.1.2015
29.
Ra'if () AL‐QUWATLY ()
(a.k.a. Ri'af al‐Quwatli a.k.a. Raeef al‐Kouatly)
Date of birth: 3.2.1967;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Business associate of Maher al‐Assad and responsible for managing some of his business interests; provides funding to the Syrian regime.
23.6.2011
30.
Mohammad (
) (a.k.a. Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammed) MUFLEH (
) (a.k.a. Muflih)
Gender: male
Head of Syrian Military Intelligence in the town of Hama; involved in the crackdown on demonstrators.
1.8.2011
31.
Major General Tawfiq (
) (a.k.a. Tawfik) YOUNES (
) (a.k.a. Yunes)
Gender: male
Former head of the Department for Internal Security of the General Intelligence Directorate; involved in violence against the civilian population.
1.8.2011
32.
Mohammed () MAKHLOUF ()
(a.k.a. Abu Rami)
Date of birth: 19.10.1932;
Place of birth: Latakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Influential member of the Makhlouf family; business associate and father of Rami, Ihab and Iyad Makhlouf. Closely associated with the Assad family and maternal uncle of Bashar and Maher al‐Assad. Also referred to as Abu Rami.
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy, including interests in and/or significant influence in the General Organisation of Tobacco and the oil and gas, arms and banking sectors.
Involved in business dealings for the Syrian regime in arms procurement and banking. Given the extent of his business and political ties to the Syrian regime, he provides support to and benefits from the regime.
1.8.2011
33.
Ayman () JABIR ()
(a.k.a. Aiman Jaber)
Place of birth: Latakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Leading businessman operating in Syria, involved in the steel, media, consumable goods and oil sectors, including in trading these goods. He has financial interests and/or holds senior executive positions in a number of companies and entities in Syria, in particular Al Jazira (a.k.a. Al Jazerra, El Jazireh), Dunia TV and Sama Satellite Channel.
Through his company Al Jazira, Ayman Jaber has facilitated the importation of oil from Overseas Petroleum Trading to Syria.
Ayman Jaber benefits from and provides support to the Syrian regime, through his business interests.
Provides direct support for and plays a leading role in activities of regime‐affiliated militias known as Shabiha and/or Suqur as‐Sahraa.
Associate of Rami Makhlouf through his business activities, and an associate of Maher al‐Assad through his role in regime‐affiliated militias.
27.1.2015
34.
Hayel () AL‐ASSAD ()
(a.k.a. Hael al‐Asad (هاىلالأسد))
Gender: male
Assistant to Maher al‐Assad; Head of the military police unit of the army’s 4th Division, involved in repression.
23.8.2011
35.
Ali (
) AL‐SALIM (
) (a.k.a. al‐Saleem)
Gender: male
Director of the supplies office of the Syrian Ministry of Defence, entry point for all arms acquisitions by the Syrian army.
23.8.2011
36.
Nizar (
) AL‐ASSAD (
) (a.k.a. al‐Asad; Assad; Asad)
Gender: male
Leading Syrian businessperson with close ties to the regime. Cousin of Bashar al‐Assad, and associated with the Assad and Makhlouf families.
As such, has been participating in, benefitting from or otherwise supporting the Syrian regime.
Leading oil investor and previously head of the ‘Nizar Oilfield Supplies’ company.
Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011. Former Head of Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) Branch 293 (Internal Affairs) in Damascus. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Damascus. Advisor to President Bashar al‐Assad for strategic questions and military intelligence.
23.8.2011
40.
Muhammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Said (
) (a.k.a. Sa'id, Sa'eed, Saeed) BUKHAYTAN (
)
Gender: male
Assistant Regional Secretary of the Ba’ath Arab Socialist Party since 2005; from 2000 to 2005 Director for the national security of the regional Ba’ath party. Former Governor of Hama (1998‐2000). Close associate of President Bashar al‐Assad and Maher al‐Assad. Senior decision‐maker in the regime on repression of civilian population.
23.8.2011
41.
Ali (
) DOUBA (
)
Date of birth: 1933;
Place of birth: Karfis, Syria;
Gender: male
Special Advisor to President Bashar al‐Assad.
As Special Advisor, participates in, benefits from and supports the Syrian regime. Has been involved in violently repressing the civilian population in Syria.
23.8.2011
42.
Brigadier‐General Nawful (
) (a.k.a. Nawfal, Nofal, Nawfel) AL‐HUSAYN (
) (a.k.a. al‐Hussain, al‐Hussein)
Gender: male
Idlib Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) Branch Chief. Directly involved in repression of and violence against the civilian population in Idlib province.
23.8.2011
43.
Brigadier Husam (
) SUKKAR (
)
Gender: male
Presidential Adviser on Security Affairs. Presidential Adviser for security agencies’ repression of and violence against the civilian population in Syria.
23.8.2011
44.
Brigadier‐General Muhammed (
) (a.k.a. Muhamad) ZAMRINI (
) (a.k.a. Zamreni)
Gender: male
Branch Chief for Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) in Homs. Directly involved in repression of and violence against the civilian population in Homs.
Position: Deputy Chief of General Staff, Operations and Training, Syrian Army;
Rank: Lieutenant‐General, Syrian Arab Army;
Gender: male
Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General and Deputy Chief of General Staff, Operations and Training for the Syrian Army in post after May 2011. In his position as Deputy Chief of General Staff he was directly involved in repression of and violence against the civilian population in Syria.
23.8.2011
46.
Brigadier‐General Ghassan (
) KHALIL (
) (a.k.a. Khaleel)
Gender: male
Head of General Intelligence Directorate’s Information Branch. Directly involved in repression of and violence against the civilian population in Syria.
23.8.2011
47.
Mohammed (
) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohamed) JABIR (
) (a.k.a. Jaber)
Place of birth: Latakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Shabiha militia. Associate of Maher al‐Assad for the Shabiha militia. Directly involved in repression of and violence against the civilian population, and in coordination of Shabiha militia groups.
23.8.2011
48.
Samir (
) HASSAN (
)
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy. He holds interests in and/or has significant influence in the Amir Group and Cham Holding, two conglomerates with interests in the real estate, tourism, transport and finance sectors. From March 2014 until September 2018, he held the position of Chairman for Russia of the Bilateral Business Councils following his appointment by Minister of Economy, Khodr Orfali.
Samir Hassan supports the Syrian regime’s war effort with cash donations.
Samir Hassan is associated with persons benefitting from or supporting the regime. In particular, he is associated with Rami Makhlouf and Issam Anbouba, who have been designated by the Council and benefit from the Syrian regime.
27.9.2014
49.
Fares () CHEHABI ()
(a.k.a. Fares Shihabi; Fares Chihabi)
Son of Ahmad Chehabi;
Date of birth: 7.5.1972;
Gender: male
President of Aleppo Chamber of Industry; Chairman of the Federation of Chambers of Industry since 16.12.2018. Vice‐Chairman of Cham Holding. Provides economic support to the Syrian regime. Member of Syrian Parliament since 2016.
2.9.2011
50.
Tarif (
) AKHRAS (
) (a.k.a. Al Akhras (
))
Date of birth: 2.6.1951;
Place of birth: Homs, Syria;
Syrian passport No 0000092405;
Gender: male
Prominent businessman benefiting from and supporting the Syrian regime. Founder of the Akhras Group (commodities, trading, processing and logistics) and former Chairman of the Homs Chamber of Commerce. Close business relations with President Bashar al‐Assad’s family. Member of the Board of the Federation of Syrian Chambers of Commerce. Provided logistical support for the regime (buses and tank loaders).
2.9.2011
51.
Issam (
) ANBOUBA (
)
President of Anbouba for Agricultural Industries Co.;
Date of birth: 1952;
Place of birth: Homs, Syria;
Gender: male
Providing financial support for the repressive apparatus and the paramilitary groups exerting violence against the civil population in Syria. Providing property (premises, warehouses) for improvised detention centres. Financial relations with high‐ranking Syrian officials. Co‐founder and member of the board of Cham Holding.
2.9.2011
53.
Adib () MAYALEH ()
(a.k.a. André Mayard)
Date of birth: 15.5.1955;
Place of birth: Bassir, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Governor and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Syria.
Adib Mayaleh controlled the Syrian banking sector and managed the Syrian money supply through the issue and withdrawal of bank notes and control of the foreign exchange rate value of the Syrian Pound. Through his role at the Central Bank of Syria, Adib Mayaleh provided economic and financial support to the Syrian regime.
Former Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade in power after May 2011.
15.5.2012
54.
Major General Jumah (
) AL‐AHMAD (
) (a.k.a. al‐Ahmed)
Gender: male
Commander Special Forces. Responsible for the use of violence against protestors across Syria.
14.11.2011
55.
Colonel Lu'ai (
) (a.k.a. Louay, Loai) AL‐ALI (
)
Place of birth: Jablah, Latakia Province, Syria;
Gender: male
Head of Syrian Military Intelligence, Dara’a Branch. Responsible for violence against protesters in Dara’a.
14.11.2011
56.
Ali (
) Abdullah (
) (a.k.a. Abdallah) AYYUB (
) (a.k.a. Ayyoub, Ayub, Ayoub, Ayob)
Date of birth: 1952
Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Defence. Appointed in January 2018. Officer of the rank of General in the Syrian Army, in post after May 2011. Former Chief of General Staff of the Syrian Armed Forces. Person supporting the Syrian regime and responsible for repression of and violence against the civilian population in Syria.
14.11.2011
57.
Fahd (
) (a.k.a. Fahid, Fahed) Jasim (
) (a.k.a. Jasem, Jassim, Jassem) AL‐FURAYJ (
) (a.k.a. al‐Freij)
Date of birth: 1.1.1950;
Place of birth: Hama, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Defence. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population in Syria.
14.11.2011
58.
Major General Aous (
) (a.k.a. Aws, Aus) ‘Ali’ ASLAN (
)
Date of birth: 1958;
Gender: male
High‐ranking officer. Close to Maher al‐Assad and President Bashar al‐Assad. Former positions: Commander of the 40th Brigade (4th Division) between 2011 and 2014; deputy Commander of the 4th Division in 2015; Commander of the 2nd Corps in 2016. Involved in the crackdown on the civilian population across Syria, including arbitrary arrests, mass killings and forced displacements of civilian population.
14.11.2011
59.
General Ghassan (
) BELAL (
) (a.k.a. Bilal)
Gender: male
Head of the 4th Division security bureau, head of the 555th paratrooper regiment. Adviser to Maher al‐Assad and coordinator of security operations. Responsible for the crackdown on the civilian population across Syria and involved in several breaches of cessation of hostilities in the Ghouta.
14.11.2011
60.
Abdullah (
) (a.k.a. Abdallah) BERRI (
)
Gender: male
Head of the Berri family militia. In charge of pro‐government militia involved in the crackdown on the civilian population in Aleppo.
14.11.2011
61.
George (
) CHAOUI (
)
Gender: male
Member of the Syrian electronic army (territorial army intelligence service).. Involved in the violent crackdown and call for violence against the civilian population across Syria.
14.11.2011
62.
Zuhair (
) (a.k.a. Zouheir, Zuheir, Zouhair) HAMAD (
)
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Rank: Major General;
Position: Deputy Head of General Intelligence Directorate (a.k.a. General Security Directorate) since July 2012;
Gender: male
Officer of the rank of Major General in the Syrian Armed Forces in post after May 2011. Deputy Head of General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for repression, human rights abuses and violence against the civilian population in Syria.
14.11.2011
63.
Amar (
) (a.k.a. Ammar) ISMAEL (
) (a.k.a. Ismail)
Date of birth on or around 3.4.1973;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Civilian ‐ Head of Syrian electronic army (territorial army intelligence service). Involved in the violent crackdown and call for violence against the civilian population across Syria.
14.11.2011
64.
Mujahed (
) ISMAIL (
) (a.k.a. Ismael)
Gender: male
Member of Syrian electronic army (territorial army intelligence service). Involved in the violent crackdown and call for violence against the civilian population across Syria.
14.11.2011
65.
Major General Nazih (
)
Gender: male
Deputy Director of General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for the use of violence across Syria and intimidation and torture of protestors.
14.11.2011
66.
Major General Kifah (
) MOULHEM (
) (a.k.a. Moulhim, Mulhem, Mulhim, Milhem)
Place of birth: Junaynat Ruslan, Tartous province, Syria;
Gender: male
Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate since March 2019. Former Head of the Security Committee in the Southern region and former deputy head of the Military Intelligence directorate, leading the regime’s operation in Homs and Aleppo regions. Responsible for the crackdown on the civilian population in Deir ez‐Zor and the main individual responsible for the violent repression committed by the Military Intelligence Directorate (Branch 248) throughout 2011 and 2012 as well as torture and severe violations on detainees.
14.11.2011
67.
Major General Wajih (
) (a.k.a. Wajeeh) MAHMUD (
)
Gender: male
Commander 18th Armoured Division. Responsible for the violence against protestors in Homs.
14.11.2011
69.
Lt. General Talal (
) Mustafa (
) TLASS (
)
Gender: male
Deputy Chief of General Staff (Logistics and supplies). Responsible for the use of violence against protestors across Syria.
14.11.2011
70.
Major General Fu'ad (
) TAWIL (
)
Gender: male
Deputy head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence. Responsible for the use of violence across Syria and intimidation and torture of protestors.
14.11.2011
71.
Bushra () AL‐ASSAD ()
(a.k.a. Bushra Shawkat, Bouchra Al Assad)
Date of birth: 24.10.1960;
Gender: female
Member of the Assad family; sister of President Bashar al‐Assad. Given the close personal relationship and intrinsic financial relationship to President Bashar al‐Assad, she benefits from and is associated with the Syrian regime.
23.3.2012
72.
Asma () AL‐ASSAD ()
(a.k.a. Asma Fawaz Al Akhras)
Date of birth: 11.8.1975;
Place of birth: London, UK;
Passport No 707512830, expires 22.9.2020;
Maiden name: Al Akhras;
Gender: female
Member of the Assad family and closely connected to key regime figures; wife of President Bashar al‐Assad. Given the close personal relationship and intrinsic financial relationship to President Bashar al‐Assad, she benefits from and is associated with the Syrian regime.
23.3.2012
73.
Manal () AL‐ASSAD ()
(a.k.a. Manal Al Ahmad)
Date of birth: 2.2.1970;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Passport No (Syrian) 0000000914;
Maiden name: Al Jadaan;
Gender: female
Wife of Maher al‐Assad, and as such benefits from and is closely associated with the Syrian regime.
23.3.2012
74.
Mohammad Walid GHAZAL
Date of birth: 1951;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Housing and Urban Development (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
76.
Major General Ibrahim (
) AL‐HASSAN (
) (a.k.a. al‐Hasan)
Gender: male
Deputy Chief of Staff. Military official involved in the violence in Homs.
14th Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs.
1.12.2011
78.
Major General Ali (
) BARAKAT (
)
Gender: male
103rd Brigade of the Republican Guard Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. Promoted to Major General in 2017.
1.12.2011
79.
Major General Talal (
) MAKHLUF (
) (a.k.a. Makhlouf)
Gender: male
Former commander of the 105th Brigade of the Republican Guards. Former Commander General of the Republican Guards. Current Commander of the 2nd Corps. Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011. Military official involved in the violence in Damascus.
1.12.2011
80.
Major General Nazih (
) (a.k.a. Nazeeh) HASSUN (
) (a.k.a. Hassoun)
Gender: male
Officer of the rank of Major General in the Syrian Armed Forces in post after May 2011. Head of the Political Security Directorate of the Syrian security services in post after May 2011. Responsible for violent repression of the civilian population in Syria.
1.12.2011
81.
Captain Maan (
) (a.k.a. Ma'an) JDIID (
) (a.k.a. Jdid, Jedid, Jedeed, Jadeed, Jdeed)
Gender: male
Presidential Guard. Military official involved in the violence in Homs.
1.12.2011
82.
Mohammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) AL‐SHAAR (
) (a.k.a. al‐Chaar, al‐Sha'ar, al‐Cha'ar)
Gender: male
Political Security Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs.
1.12.2011
83.
Khald (
) (a.k.a. Khaled) AL‐TAWEEL (
) (a.k.a. al‐Tawil)
Gender: male
Political Security Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs.
1.12.2011
84.
Ghiath (
) FAYAD (
) (a.k.a. Fayyad)
Gender: male
Political Security Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs.
1.12.2011
85.
Brigadier General Jawdat (
) Ibrahim (
) SAFI (
)
Position: Commander of the 154th Regiment;
Gender: male
Ordered troops to shoot at protestors in and around Damascus, including Mo’adamiyeh, Douma, Abasiyeh, Duma.
23.1.2012
86.
Major General Muhammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Ali (
) DURGHAM
Position: Commander of the 4th Division;
Gender: male
Ordered troops to shoot at protestors in and around Damascus, including Mo’adamiyeh, Douma, Abasiyeh, Duma.
23.1.2012
87.
Major General Ramadan (
) Mahmoud (
) RAMADAN (
)
Position: Commander of the 35th Special Forces Regiment;
Gender: male
Ordered troops to shoot protestors in Baniyas and Deraa.
Position: Commander of the military operations in Idlib;
Gender: male
Gave orders to troops to shoot protestors in Idlib at the beginning of September 2011.
23.1.2012
92.
Major General Bader (
) AQEL (
)
Position: Special Forces Commander;
Gender: male
Gave soldiers orders to pick up the bodies and hand them over to the mukhabarat and responsible for the violence in Bukamal.
23.1.2012
93.
Brigadier General Ghassan (
) AFIF (
) (a.k.a. Afeef)
Position: Commander of the 45th Regiment;
Gender: male
Commander of military operations in Homs, Baniyas and Idlib.
23.1.2012
94.
Brigadier General Mohamed (
) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) MAARUF (
) (a.k.a. Maarouf, Ma'ruf)
Position: Commander of the 45th Regiment;
Gender: male
Commander of military operations in Homs. Gave orders to shoot protestors in Homs.
23.1.2012
95.
Brigadier General Yousef (
) ISMAIL (
) (a.k.a. Ismael)
Position: Commander of the 134th Brigade;
Gender: male
Gave orders to troops to shoot at houses and people on roofs during a funeral in Talbiseh for protesters killed the previous day.
23.1.2012
96.
Brigadier General Jamal (
) YUNES (
) (a.k.a. Younes)
Position: Commander of the 555th Regiment;
Gender: male
Gave orders to troops to shoot at protestors in Mo’adamiyeh.
23.1.2012
98.
Brigadier General Ali (
) DAWWA
Gender: male
Gave orders to troops to shoot protestors in Al‐Herak.
23.1.2012
99.
Major General Mohamed (
) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) KHADDOR (
) (a.k.a. Khaddour, Khaddur, Khadour, Khudour)
Position: Commander of the 106th Brigade, Presidential Guard;
Gender: male
Gave orders to troops to beat protesters with sticks and then arrest them. Responsible for repression of peaceful protestors in Douma.
23.1.2012
101.
Wafiq (
) (a.k.a. Wafeeq) NASSER (
)
Position: Head of Suwayda Regional Branch (Department of Military Intelligence);
Gender: male
As Head of the Suwayda Regional Branch of the Department for Military Intelligence, responsible for arbitrary detention and torture of detainees in Suwayda.
23.1.2012
102.
Ahmed (
) (a.k.a. Ahmad) DIBE (
) (a.k.a. Dib, Deeb)
Head of Deraa Regional Branch (General Security Directorate);
Gender: male
As Head of the Deraa Regional Branch of the General Security Directorate, responsible for arbitrary detention and torture of detainees in Deraa.
23.1.2012
103.
Makhmoud (
) (a.k.a. Mahmoud) AL‐KHATTIB (
) (a.k.a. al‐Khatib, al‐Khateeb)
Position: Head of Investigative Branch (Political Security Directorate);
Gender: male
As Head of the Investigative Branch of the Political Security Directorate, responsible for detention and torture of detainees.
23.1.2012
104.
Mohamed (
) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Heikmat (
) (a.k.a. Hikmat, Hekmat) IBRAHIM (
)
Position: Major General. Head of the police of Al‐Hassaka;
Gender: male
Head of the police of Al‐Hassaka. Major General. As former Head of the Operations Branch of the Political Security Directorate, was responsible for detention and torture of detainees.
23.1.2012
105.
Nasser () (a.k.a. Naser) AL‐ALI ()
(a.k.a. Brigadier General Nasr al‐Ali)
Position: Head of the Political Security Directorate;
Gender: male
Head of the Political Security Directorate since July 2019. Responsible for detention and torture of detainees.
23.1.2012
106.
Dr. Wael (
) Nader (
) AL–HALQI (
) (a.k.a. al‐Halki)
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Dara’a Province, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Prime Minister, in office until 3.7.2016, and former Minister of Health. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population. Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Qasyoun Private University.
27.2.2012
107.
Mohammad Ibrahim AL‐SHA'AR
Date of birth: 1956;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of the Interior. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population. Vice Chair of the National Progressive Front of Syria.
Former Minister of Finance, in office until 9.2.2013. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Prime Minister and former Minister of Electricity. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
23.3.2012
110.
Omar (
) Ibrahim (
) GHALAWANJI (
)
Date of birth: 1954;
Place of birth: Tartous, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Vice Prime Minister for Services Affairs, former Minister of Local Administration, in office until 3.7.2016. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
23.3.2012
111.
Joseph (
) SUWAID (
)
Date of birth: 1958;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of State, in office until at least 21.1.2014. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population. Chair of the Amana wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.
23.3.2012
112.
Hussein () (a.k.a. Hussain) Mahmoud () FARZAT ()
(a.k.a.: Hussein Mahmud Farzat)
Date of birth: 1957;
Place of birth: Hama, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of State, in office until at least 2014. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
23.3.2012
113.
Mansour () Fadlallah () AZZAM ()
(a.k.a.: Mansur Fadl Allah Azzam)
Date of birth: 1960;
Place of birth: Sweida Province, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister for Presidency Affairs. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
27.2.2012
114.
Emad () Abdul‐Ghani () SABOUNI ()
(a.k.a. Imad Abdul Ghani Al Sabuni)
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Telecommunications and Technology, in office until at least April 2014. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population. Appointed in July 2016 as the Head of Planning and International Cooperation Agency (government agency).
27.2.2012
115.
General Ali (
) Habib (
) (a.k.a. Habeeb) MAHMOUD (
)
Date of birth: 1939;
Place of birth: Tartous, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Defence. Associated with the Syrian regime and the Syrian military, and its violent repression of the civilian population.
1.8.2011
116.
Tayseer (
) Qala (
) AWWAD (
)
Date of birth: 1943;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Justice. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population. Former Head of Military Court. Member of the High Judicial Council.
23.9.2011
117.
Adnan (
) Hassan (
) MAHMOUD (
)
Date of birth: 1966;
Place of birth: Tartous, Syria;
Gender: male
Syrian Ambassador to Iran. Former Minister of Information in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
23.9.2011
118.
Khalaf Souleymane ABDALLAH
(a.k.a. Khalaf Sleiman al‐Abdullah)
Date of birth: 1960;
Place of birth: Deir ez‐Zor, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Labour in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
119.
Sufian (
) ALLAW (
)
Date of birth: 1944;
Place of birth: al‐Bukamal, Deir Ezzor, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
27.2.2012
120.
Dr. Adnan (
) SLAKHO (
)
Date of birth: 1955;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Industry. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
27.2.2012
121.
Dr. Saleh (
) AL‐RASHED (
)
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Aleppo Province, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Education. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
27.2.2012
122.
Dr. Fayssal (
) (a.k.a. Faysal) ABBAS (
)
Date of birth: 1955;
Place of birth: Hama Province, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Transport. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
27.2.2012
123.
Ghiath (
) JERAATLI (
) (a.k.a. Jer'atli, Jir'atli, Jiraatli)
Date of birth: 1950;
Place of birth: Salamiya, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of State. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
23.3.2012
124.
Yousef (
) Suleiman (
) AL‐AHMAD (
) (a.k.a. al‐Ahmed)
Date of birth: 1956;
Place of birth: Hasaka, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of State. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
23.3.2012
125.
Hassan (
,
) AL‐SARI (
)
Date of birth: 1953;
Place of birth: Hama, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of State. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression of the civilian population.
23.3.2012
126.
Bouthaina () SHAABAN ()
(a.k.a. Buthaina Shaaban)
Date of birth: 1953;
Place of birth: Homs, Syria;
Gender: female
Political and Media Advisor to the President since July 2008 and as such associated with the violent crackdown on the civilian population.
26.6.2012
127.
Brigadier General Sha'afiq (
) (a.k.a. Shafiq, Shafik) MASA (
) (a.k.a. Massa)
Date of birth: 1956;
Place of birth: Al‐Zara (Hama), Syria;
Gender: male
Head of Branch 215 (Damascus) of the army’s intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of detained opponents. Involved in repressive actions against civilians.
24.7.2012
128.
Brigadier General Burhan (
) QADOUR (
) (a.k.a. Qaddour, Qaddur)
Gender: male
Former Head of Branch 291 (Damascus) of the army’s intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
129.
Brigadier General Salah (
) HAMAD (
)
Gender: male
Deputy Head of Branch 291 of the army’s intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
130.
Brigadier General Muhammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohammed) KHALLOUF (
) (a.k.a. Abou Ezzat)
Gender: male
Former (2009‐2014) Head of Branch 235 a.k.a. ‘Palestine’ (Damascus) of the army’s intelligence service, which is at the centre of the army’s apparatus of repression. Directly involved in repression of opponents. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
131.
Major General Riad (
) (a.k.a. Riyad) AL‐AHMED (
) (a.k.a. al‐Ahmad)
Gender: male
Deputy Head of Latakia Branch of the army’s intelligence service. Responsible for the torture and murder of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
132.
Brigadier General Abdul‐Salam (
) Fajr (
) MAHMOUD (
)
Gender: male
Head of the Bab Tuma (Damascus) Branch of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service. Former Head of the Mezze Airport Air Force intelligence investigation branch. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. Under international arrest warrant for ‘complicity in acts of torture’, ‘complicity in crimes against humanity’ and ‘complicity in war crimes’.
24.7.2012
133.
Brigadier General Jawdat (
) AL‐AHMED (
) (a.k.a. al‐Ahmad)
Place of birth: Qardaha, Lattakia province, Syria;
Gender: male
Head of the Homs Branch of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody as well as killings of peaceful protesters.
24.7.2012
134.
Colonel Qusay (
) MIHOUB (
)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Derghamo, Jableh, Lattakia, Syria;
Gender: male
High‐ranking officer at the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service. Former Head of the Deraa branch of the air force's intelligence service (sent from Damascus to Deraa at the start of demonstrations there). Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody as well as the violent repression of peaceful protests in the southern region.
24.7.2012
135.
Brigadier General Suhail (
) (a.k.a. Suheil) AL‐ABDULLAH (
) (a.k.a. al‐Abdallah)
Gender: male
Head of the Latakia Branch of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
136.
Brigadier General Khudr (
) KHUDR (
)
Gender: male
Head of the Latakia branch of the General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
137.
Brigadier General Ibrahim (
) MA'ALA (
) (a.k.a. Maala, Maale, Ma'la)
Gender: male
Head of Branch 285 (Damascus) of the General Intelligence Directorate (replaced Brigadier General Hussam Fendi at the end of 2011). Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
138.
Brigadier General Firas (
) AL‐HAMED (
) (a.k.a. al‐Hamid)
Gender: male
Head of Branch 318 (Homs) of the General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
139.
Major General Hussam (
) (a.k.a. Husam, Housam, Houssam) LUQA (
) (a.k.a. Louqa, Louca, Louka, Luka)
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Head of the General Security Directorate. Major General. From April 2012 to 2.12.2018, was head of the Homs branch of the Political Security Directorate (succeeded Brigadier General Nasr al‐Ali). Since 3.12.2018, head of the Political Security Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
140.
Brigadier General Taha (
) TAHA (
)
Gender: male
Site manager of the Latakia branch of the Political Security Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody.
24.7.2012
141.
Bassel (
) (a.k.a. Basel) BILAL (
)
Gender: male
Police officer at Idlib central prison; has taken part directly in acts of torture of opponents held in Idlib central prison.
24.7.2012
142.
Ahmad (
) (a.k.a. Ahmed) KAFAN (
)
Gender: male
Police officer at Idlib central prison; has taken part directly in acts of torture of opponents held in Idlib central prison.
24.7.2012
143.
Bassam (
) AL‐MISRI (
)
Gender: male
Police officer at Idlib central prison; has taken part directly in acts of torture of opponents held in Idlib central prison.
Former head of the foreign branch of General Intelligence (Branch 279). As such, responsible for General Intelligence arrangements in Syrian embassies.
24.7.2012
145.
Michel (
) KASSOUHA (
) (a.k.a. Kasouha) (a.k.a. Ahmed Salem; Ahmed Salem Hassan)
Date of birth: 1.2.1948;
Gender: male
Member of the Syrian security services since the early 1970s, he is involved in combating opposition in France and Germany. Since March 2006, has been responsible for public relations of Branch 273 of the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate. A longstanding member of the managerial staff, he is close to General Intelligence Directorate head Ali Mamlouk, one of the top security officials of the regime who has been subject to EU restrictive measures since 9.5.2011. He directly supports the Syrian regime’s repression of opponents and is responsible inter alia for repression of the Syrian opposition abroad.
24.7.2012
146.
General Ghassan (
) Jaoudat (
) ISMAIL (
) (a.k.a. Ismael)
Date of birth: 1960;
Place of birth: Drekish, Tartous region, Syria;
Gender: male
Head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service since 2019. Former deputy director of the Air Force Intelligence Service and previously in charge of the missions branch of the Air Force Intelligence Service which, in cooperation with the special operations branch, manages the elite troops of the Air Force Intelligence Service, who play an important role in the repression conducted by the Syrian regime. As such, Ghassan Jaoudat Ismail is one of the top military leaders directly implementing the violent repression of opponents conducted by the Syrian regime as well as practices of disappearance of civilians.
24.7.2012
147.
Major General Amer AL‐ACHI (a.k.a. Amer Ibrahim al‐Achi; Amis al Ashi; Ammar Aachi; Amer Ashi) (
)
Gender: male
Appointed Governor of the Sweida Governorate by President Bashar al‐Assad on July 2016. Former Head of the intelligence branch of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Service (2012‐2016). Through his role in the Air Force Intelligence Service, Amer al‐Achi is implicated in the repression of the Syrian opposition.
24.7.2012
148.
General Mohammed (
) (a.k.a. Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammad) Ali (
) NASR (
) (a.k.a. Mohammed Ali Naser)
Date of birth: around 1960;
Gender: male
Close to Maher al‐Assad, younger brother of President Bashar al‐Assad. Most of his career has been spent in the Republican Guard. In 2010 he joined the internal branch (Branch 251) of the General Intelligence Directorate which is responsible for combating the political opposition. As one of its senior officers, General Mohammed Ali Nasr is directly involved in the repression of opponents.
24.7.2012
149.
General Issam (
) HALLAQ (
)
Gender: male
Air Force Chief of Staff since 2010. Commands air operations against opponents.
24.7.2012
150.
Ezzedine (
) ISMAEL (
) (a.k.a. Ismail)
Date of birth: middle of the 1940s (probably 1947);
Place of birth: Bastir, Jableh region, Syria;
Gender: male
Retired general, longstanding member of the managerial staff of the Air Force Intelligence Service, of which he became the head in the early 2000s. Was appointed political and security adviser to the President in 2006. As political and security adviser to President Bashar al‐Assad, Ezzedine Ismael is implicated in the political repression conducted by the Syrian regime against the opposition.
For almost 20 years he has been head of the office of Mohammad Nassif Kheir Bek, one of the main security advisers of President Bashar al‐Assad (and officially deputy to the Vice President, Farouk al‐Sharaa). Samir Joumaa’s closeness to President Bashar al‐Assad and Mohammed Nassif Kheir Bek means that he is implicated in the policy of repression conducted by the Syrian regime against its opponents.
24.7.2012
152.
Dr. Qadri (
) (a.k.a. Kadri) JAMIL (
) (a.k.a. Jameel)
Date of birth: 1952;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Vice Prime Minister for Economic Affairs, former Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Protection. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
153.
Waleed (
) (a.k.a. Walid) AL MO'ALLEM (
) (a.k.a. Al Moallem, Muallem (
))
Date of birth: 17.7.1941;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Vice Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Minister of Religious Endowments. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
156.
Hala (
) Mohammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) AL NASSER (
)
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Raqqa, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Tourism. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
157.
Bassam (
) HANNA (
)
Date of birth: 1954;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Water Resources in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
158.
Subhi (
) Ahmad (
) AL ABDALLAH (
) (a.k.a. al‐Abdullah)
Gender: male
Former Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Former Minister of Higher Education. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
160.
Dr. Hazwan (
) AL WEZ (
) (a.k.a. Al Wazz)
Gender: male
Former Minister of Education, appointed in July 2016.
As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Former Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
162.
Dr. Mahmoud (
) Ibraheem (
) (a.k.a. Ibrahim) SA'IID (
) (a.k.a. Said, Sa'eed, Saeed)
Date of birth: 1953;
Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Transport in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
163.
Dr. Safwan (
) AL ASSAF (
)
Gender: male
Former Minister of Housing and Urban Development. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
164.
Yasser (
) (a.k.a. Yaser) AL SIBA'II (
) (a.k.a. al‐Sibai, al‐Siba'i, al Sibaei)
Gender: male
Former Minister of Public Works. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Former Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
166.
Dr. Lubana (
) (a.k.a. Lubanah) MUSHAWEH (
) (a.k.a. Mshaweh, Mshawweh, Mushawweh)
Date of birth: 1955;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: female
Former Minister of Culture in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
167.
Dr. Jassem (
) (a.k.a. Jasem) Mohammad (
) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) ZAKARIA (
)
Date of birth: 1968;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Labour and Social Affairs. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
169.
Dr. Adnan (
) Abdo (
) (a.k.a. Abdou) AL SIKHNY (
) (a.k.a. al‐Sikhni, al‐Sekhny, al‐Sekhni)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Industry. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
170.
Najm (
) (a.k.a. Nejm) Hamad (
) AL AHMAD (
) (a.k.a. al‐Ahmed)
Gender: male
Former Minister of Justice in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
171.
Dr. Abdul‐Salam (
) AL NAYEF (
)
Date of birth: 1959
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Health in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
172.
Ali HADAR
Date of birth: 1962;
Gender: male
Head of the National Reconciliation Agency and former State Minister for National Reconciliation Affairs. Chair of the Intifada wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
173.
Dr. Nazeera (
) (a.k.a. Nazira, Nadheera, Nadhira) Farah (
) SARKEES (
) (a.k.a. Sarkis)
Date of birth: 1962;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: female
Former State Minister for Environmental Affairs, in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Former State Minister. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
176.
Abdullah (
) (a.k.a. Abdallah) Khaleel (
) (a.k.a. Khalil) HUSSEIN (
) a.k.a. Hussain)
Gender: male
Former State Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
177.
Jamal (
) Sha'ban (
) (a.k.a. Shaaban) SHAHEEN (
)
Gender: male
Former State Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
16.10.2012
178.
Nizar Wahbeh YAZAJI
(a.k.a. Nizar Wehbe Yazigi)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Health since 27.8.2014. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
179.
Razan (
) OTHMAN (
)
Wife of Rami Makhlouf, daughter of Waleed (alias Walid) Othman;
Date of birth: 31.1.1977;
Place of birth: Governorate of Latakia, Syria;
ID No: 06090034007
Gender: female
Razan Othman has close personal and financial relations with Rami Makhlouf, cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad and principal financer of the regime, who has been designated by the Council. As such, associated with the Syrian regime, and benefiting from it, notably through investments in the real estate sector.
16.10.2012
180.
Ahmad AL‐QADRI
Date of birth: 1956;
Gender: male
Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Minister. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
181.
Suleiman AL ABBAS
Gender: male
Former Oil and Mineral Resources Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
182.
Kamal Eddin TU'MA
Date of birth: 1959;
Gender: male
Former Industry Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
183.
Kinda AL‐SHAMMAT (a.k.a. Shmat)
Date of birth: 1973;
Gender: female
Former Social Affairs Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
184.
Hassan HIJAZI
Date of birth: 1964;
Gender: male
Former Minister for Labour in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
185.
Ismael ISMAEL (a.k.a. Ismail Ismail; or Isma'Il Isma'il)
Date of birth: 1955;
Gender: male
Former Finance Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
186.
Dr. Khodr ORFALI (a.k.a. Khud/Khudr; Urfali/Orphaly)
Date of birth: 1956;
Gender: male
Former Economy and Foreign Trade Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
187.
Samir Izzat Qadi AMIN
Date of birth: 1966;
Gender: male
Former Internal Trade and Consumer Protection Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
188.
Bishr Riyad YAZIGI
Date of birth: 1972;
Gender: male
Advisor to President Bashar al‐Assad. Former Minister of Tourism. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
189.
Dr. Malek (
) ALI (
) (a.k.a. Malik Ali)
Date of birth: 1956;
Place of birth: Tartous, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Higher Education Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
190.
Hussein ARNOUS (a.k.a. Arnus)
Date of birth: 1953;
Gender: male
Water Resources Minister. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
191.
Dr. Hassib Elias SHAMMAS (a.k.a. Hasib)
Date of birth: 1957;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former State Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
24.6.2014
192.
Hashim Anwar AL‐AQQAD
(a.k.a. Hashem Aqqad, Hashem Akkad, Hashim Akkad)
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Mohagirine, Syria;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy. He holds interests in and/or has significant influence in Anwar Akkad Sons Group (AASG) and its subsidiary United Oil. AASG is a conglomerate with interests in sectors such as oil, gas, chemicals, insurance, industrial machinery, real estate, tourism, exhibitions, contracting, insurance and medical equipment.
Hashim Anwar al‐Aqqad also worked as a member of the Syrian Parliament as recently as 2012.
Hashim Anwar Al‐Aqqad could not have remained successful without assistance from the regime. Given the extent of his business and political ties to the regime, he provides support to and benefits from the Syrian regime.
23.7.2014
193.
Suhayl (a.k.a. Sohail, Suhail, Suheil) HASSAN (a.k.a. Hasan, al‐Hasan, al‐Hassan) known as ‘The Tiger’ (a.k.a. al‐Nimr)
Date of birth: 1970;
Place of birth: Jableh, Latakia Province, Syria;
Rank: Major‐General;
Position: Commander of Qawat al‐Nimr (Division 25 Special Mission Forces, formerly known as Tiger Forces);
Gender: male
Officer of the rank of Major‐General in the Syrian Army after May 2011. Commander of army division known as ‘Tiger Forces’. Since August 2019, ‘Tiger Forces’ has been renamed ‘Division 25 Special Mission Forces’ and placed under the army’s central command. Responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria.
23.7.2014
194.
Amr ARMANAZI
(a.k.a. Amr Muhammad Najib al‐Armanazi, Amr Najib Armanazi, Amrou al‐Armanazy)
Date of birth: 7.2.1944;
Gender: male
Director‐General of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), responsible for providing support to the Syrian army for the acquisition of equipment used for the surveillance and repression of demonstrators. Also responsible for the development and production of non‐conventional weapons, including chemical weapons, and the missiles to deliver them.
Responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population; supports the Syrian regime.
23.7.2014
199.
Bayan BITAR
(a.k.a. Dr. Bayan al‐Bitar)
Date of birth: 8.3.1947;
Address: P.O. Box 11037, Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Managing Director of the Organisation for Technological Industries (OTI), and the Syrian Company for Information Technology (SCIT), which are both subsidiaries of the Syrian Ministry of Defence, which has been designated by the Council. OTI assists in the production of chemical weapons for the Syrian regime. As Managing Director of OTI and the SCIT, Bayan Bitar provides support to the Syrian regime. Due to his role in the production of chemical weapons, he also shares responsibility for the violent repression of the Syrian population. In view of his senior position in these entities, he is also associated with the designated entities OTI and SCIT.
7.3.2015
200.
Brigadier General Ghassan ABBAS
Date of birth: 10.3.1960;
Place of birth: Homs, Syria;
Address: CERS, Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Scientifique (a.k.a. SSRC, Scientific Studies and Research Centre; Centre de Recherche de Kaboun Barzeh Street, P.O. Box 4470, Damascus, Syria)
Gender: male
Manager of the branch of the designated Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC/CERS) near Jumraya/Jmraiya. He has been involved in the proliferation of chemical weapons and the organisation of chemical weapons attacks, including in Ghouta in August 2013. He therefore shares responsibility for the violent repression of the Syrian population. As manager of the SSRC/CERS branch near Jumraya/Jmraiya, Ghassan Abbas provides support to the Syrian regime. As a result of his senior position in the SSRC, he is also associated with the designated entity SSRC.
7.3.2015
202.
Hassan SAFIYEH
(a.k.a. Hassan Safiye)
Date of birth: 1949;
Place of birth: Latakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
203.
George HASWANI
(a.k.a. Heswani; Hasawani; Al Hasawani)
Address: Damascus Province, Yabroud, Al Jalaa St, Syria;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in the engineering, construction and oil and gas sectors. He holds interests in and/or has significant influence in a number of companies and entities in Syria, in particular HESCO Engineering and Construction Company, a major engineering and construction company.
Address: Hamsho Building 31 Baghdad Street, Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Occupies a senior management position in Hamsho Trading. As a result of his senior position in Hamsho Trading, a subsidiary of Hamsho International, which has been designated by the Council, he provides support to the Syrian regime. He is also associated with a designated entity, Hamsho International. He is also vice‐president of the Syrian Council of Iron and Steel alongside designated regime businessmen such as Ayman Jaber. He is also an associate of President Bashar al‐Assad.
7.3.2015
206.
Major General Muhamad (
) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad) MAHALLA (
) (a.k.a. Mahla, Mualla, Maalla, Muhalla)
Date of birth: 1960;
Place of birth: Jableh, Syria;
Gender: male
Member of the Syria Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011. Former head of the Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI), Branch 293 (Internal Affairs), since April 2015. Responsible for repression of and violence against the civilian population in Damascus/Damascus Countryside. Former Deputy Head of Political Security (2012), Officer of the Syrian Republican Guard and Vice‐Director of the Political Security Directorate. Former head of Military Police, Member of the National Security Bureau.
29.5.2015
207.
Adib SALAMEH
(a.k.a. Adib Salamah; Adib Salama; Adib Salame; Mohammed Adib Salameh; Adib Nimr Salameh)
()
Position: Major General, Deputy Director of Air Force Intelligence Directorate in Damascus;
Gender: male
Member of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011; Deputy Director of the Air Force Intelligence Directorate in Damascus; previously Head of Air Force Intelligence in Aleppo.
Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Colonel and the equivalent or higher in post after May 2011; holds the rank of Major General.
Responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria, through the planning of and involvement in military assaults in Aleppo and authority over the arrest and detention of civilians.
28.10.2016
208.
Adnan Aboud HILWEH
(a.k.a. Adnan Aboud Helweh; Adnan Aboud)
()
Position: Brigadier General;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Brigadier General of 155 Brigade and 157 Brigade in the Syrian Army in post after May 2011.
As the Brigadier General of 155 Brigade and 157 Brigade, he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria, including through his responsibility for the deployment and use of missile and chemical weapons in civilian areas in 2013 and involvement in large scale detentions.
Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer in the Syrian Artillery and Missile Directorate of the Syrian Armed Forces, in post after May 2011.
As a senior ranking officer of the Syrian Artillery and Missile Directorate, he is responsible for violent repression of the civilian population, including the use of missiles and chemical weapons by Brigades under his command in highly populated civilian areas in Ghouta in 2013.
28.10.2016
210.
Tahir (
) Hamid (
) KHALIL (
) (a.k.a. Tahir Hamid Khali; Khalil Tahir Hamid)
Position: Major General;
Gender: male
Holds the ranks of Major General, Head of the Syrian Artillery and Missiles Directorate of the Syrian Armed Forces, in post after May 2011. As a senior ranking officer of the Syrian Artillery and Missile Directorate, he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population, including the deployment of missiles and chemical weapons by Brigades under his command in highly populated civilian areas in Ghouta in 2013.
28.10.2016
211.
Hilal HILAL (a.k.a. Hilal al‐Hilal) (
)
Date of birth: 1966;
Gender: male
Member of the regime‐affiliated militias known as ‘Kataeb al‐Baath’ (the Baath Party militia). Vice‐Chairman of the Baath Party. Supports the Syrian regime through his role in the recruitment and organisation of the Baath Party militia.
Associated with a member of the Makhlouf family (brother‐in‐law of Rami Makhlouf).
28.10.2016
213.
Bishr AL‐SABBAN
(a.k.a. Mohammed Bishr al‐Sabban; Bishr Mazin al‐Sabban)
Date of birth: 1966;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Governor of Damascus, who was appointed by, and is associated with, President Bashar al‐Assad. Supports the Syrian regime and is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria, including engaging in discriminatory practices against Sunni communities within the capital.
28.10.2016
214.
Ahmad Sheik ABDUL‐QADER
(a.k.a. Ahmad Sheikh Abdul Qadir; Ahmad al‐Sheik Abdulquader)
()
Gender: male
Former Governor of Quneitra, associated with and appointed by President Bashar al‐Assad. Previously Governor of Latakia. Supports and benefits from the Syrian regime, including by public support for the Syrian Armed Forces and pro‐regime militia.
28.10.2016
215.
Dr. Ghassan Omar KHALAF
()
Gender: male
Former Governor of Hama, who was appointed by, and is associated with, President Bashar al‐Assad. He also supports and benefits from the Syrian regime. Ghassan Omar Khalaf is closely associated with members of a regime‐affiliated militia in Hama known as the Hama Brigade.
Former Governor of Idlib, associated with and appointed by President Bashar al‐Assad. Benefits from and supports the Syrian regime, including by providing support for Syrian Armed Forces and pro‐regime militia. Associated with the regime’s Minister of Awqaf, Dr. Mohammad Abdul‐Sattar al‐Sayyed, who is his brother.
28.10.2016
217.
Atef NADDAF
()
Date of birth: 1956;
Place of birth: Damascus Countryside, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
218.
Hussein MAKHLOUF
(a.k.a. Makhluf)
()
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Local Administration Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
Former Governor of Damascus Governorate.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
Cousin of Rami Makhlouf.
14.11.2016
219.
Ali AL‐ZAFIR
()
Date of birth: 1962;
Place of birth: Tartus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Communications and Technology. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
220.
Ali GHANEM
()
Date of birth: 1963;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister for Petroleum and Mineral Resources.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
221.
Mohammed (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammad) Ramez TOURJMAN (a.k.a. Tourjuman)
()
Date of birth: 1966;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Information. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
222.
Mohammed (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammad) AL‐AHMED (a.k.a. al‐Ahmad)
()
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Culture Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
223.
Ali HAMOUD
(a.k.a. Hammoud)
()
Date of birth: 1964;
Place of birth: Tartus, Syria;
Gender: male
Transport Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
224.
Mohammed Zuhair (a.k.a. Zahir) KHARBOUTLI
()
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Electricity Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
225.
Maamoun (a.k.a. Ma'moun) HAMDAN
()
Date of birth: 1958;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Finance Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
226.
Nabil AL‐HASAN (a.k.a. al‐Hassan)
()
Date of birth: 1963;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Water Resources.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
227.
Ahmad AL‐HAMU (a.k.a. al‐Hamo)
()
Date of birth: 1947;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Industry. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
228.
Abdullah AL‐GHARBI (a.k.a. al‐Qirbi)
()
Date of birth: 1962;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
229.
Abdullah ABDULLAH
()
Date of birth: 1956;
Gender: male
State Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
230.
Salwa ABDULLAH
()
Date of birth: 1953;
Place of birth: Quneitra, Syria;
Gender: female
State Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
231.
Rafe'a Abu SA'AD (a.k.a. Saad)
()
Date of birth: 1954;
Place of birth: Habran village, Sweida province, Syria;
Gender: male
State Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
232.
Wafiqa HOSNI
()
Date of birth: 1952;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: female
State Minister.
Appointed in July 2016.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
233.
Rima AL‐QADIRI (a.k.a. al‐Kadiri)
()
Date of birth: 1963;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: female
Minister for Social Affairs (since August 2015).
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
14.11.2016
234.
Duraid DURGHAM
Gender: male
Former Governor of the Central Bank of Syria.
Was responsible for providing economic and financial support to the Syrian regime through his functions as the Governor of the Central Bank of Syria, which is also listed.
14.11.2016
235.
Ahmad BALLUL
(a.k.a. Ahmad Muhammad Ballul; Ahmed Balol)
Date of birth: 10.10.1954;
Rank: Major General; Commander of the Syrian Arab Air Force and Air Defence Forces;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer and Commander of the Syrian Arab Air and Air Defence Forces, in post after May 2011.
Operates in the chemical weapons proliferation sector and, as a senior ranking officer of the Syrian Arab Air Force, is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population, including the use of chemical weapons attacks by the Syrian regime identified in the report of the Joint Investigative Mechanism.
Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer and former Commander of the 22nd Division of the Syrian Arab Air Force, in post after May 2011.
Operates in the chemical weapons proliferation sector and is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population. As a senior ranking officer of the Syrian Arab Air Force and Commander of the 22nd Division until April 2017 he holds responsibility for the use of chemical weapons by aircraft operating from airbases under the control of the 22nd Division, including the attack on Talmenes that the Joint Investigative Mechanism reported was conducted by Hama airfield‐based regime helicopters.
21.3.2017
237.
Muhammed IBRAHIM
Date of birth: 5.8.1964;
Rank: Brigadier General; Deputy Commander of Syrian Arab Air Force 63rd Brigade at Hama airfield;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Brigadier General, a senior officer and Deputy Commander of the Syrian Arab Air Force 63rd Brigade, in post after May 2011.
Operates in the chemical weapons proliferation sector and, as a senior ranking officer of the Syrian Arab Air Force during the period investigated by the Joint Investigative Mechanism and as Deputy Commander of the 63rd Brigade from March to December 2015, is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population through the use of chemical weapons by the 63rd Brigade in Talmenes (21.4.2014), Qmenas (16.3.2015) and Sarmin (16.3.2015).
21.3.2017
238.
Badi' MU'ALLA
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Bistuwir, Jablah, Syria;
Rank: Brigadier General; Commander of Syrian Arab Air Force 63rd Brigade;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Brigadier General, a senior officer and Commander of 63rd Brigade of the Syrian Arab Air Force, in post after May 2011.
Operates in the chemical weapons proliferation sector and, as Commander of the 63rd Brigade during the period investigated by the Joint Investigative Mechanism, is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population through the use of chemical weapons by the 63rd Brigade in Talmenes (21.4.2014), Qmenas (16.3.2015) and Sarmin (16.3.2015).
21.3.2017
239.
Hisham Mohammad Mamdouh AL‐SHA'AR
Date of birth: 1958;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Justice Minister. Appointed in March 2017.
30.5.2017
240.
Mohammad Samer Abdelrahman AL‐KHALIL
Gender: male
Economy and Foreign Trade Minister. Appointed in March 2017.
30.5.2017
241.
Salam Mohammad AL‐SAFFAF
Date of birth: 1979;
Gender: male
Administrative Development Minister. Appointed in March 2017.
30.5.2017
242.
Samir DABUL
(a.k.a. Samir Daaboul)
Date of birth: 4.9.1965;
Rank: Brigadier General;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Brigadier General, in post after May 2011.
As a senior military officer he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population and involved in the storage and deployment of chemical weapons. He is also associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
243.
Ali WANUS
(a.k.a. Ali Wannous)
()
Date of birth: 5.2.1964;
Rank: Major General;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Major General, in post after May 2011.
As a senior military officer he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population and involved in the storage and deployment of chemical weapons.
He is also associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
244.
Yasin Ahmad DAHI
(a.k.a. Yasin Dahi; Yasin Dhahi)
()
Date of birth: 1960;
Rank: Brigadier General;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Brigadier General in the Syrian Armed Forces, in post after May 2011. Senior officer within the Military Intelligence Directorate of the Syrian Armed Forces. Former head of Military Intelligence Branch 235 in Damascus and Military Intelligence in Homs. As a senior military officer he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population.
18.7.2017
245.
Muhammad Yousef HASOURI
(a.k.a. Mohammad Yousef Hasouri; Mohammed Yousef Hasouri)
()
Rank: Brigadier General;
Gender: male
Brigadier General Muhammad Hasouri is a senior officer of the Syrian Air Force, in post after May 2011. He holds the position as Chief of Staff of Air Force Brigade 50 and Deputy Commander of the Shayrat Airbase. Brigadier General Muhammad Hasouri operates in the chemical weapons proliferation sector. As a senior military officer he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria.
18.7.2017
246.
Malik HASAN
(a.k.a. Malek Hassan)
()
Rank: Major General;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer and Commander of the 22nd Division of the Syrian Air Force, in post after May 2011.
As a senior officer of the Syrian Air Force and in the chain of command of the 22nd Division, he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria, including the use of chemical weapons by aircraft operating from airbases under the control of the 22nd Division, such as the attack on Talmenas that the Joint Investigative Mechanism established by the United Nations reported was conducted by Hama airfield‐based regime helicopters.
Governor of Hasaka, appointed by President Bashar al‐Assad; he is associated with President Bashar al‐Assad.
Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer and former Chief of Staff of the Syrian Air Force.
As a senior officer of the Syrian Air Force, he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria, including the use of chemical weapons attacks by the Syrian regime during his tenure as Chief of Staff of the Syrian Air Force, as identified in the report of the Joint Investigative Mechanism established by the United Nations.
18.7.2017
248.
Mayzar 'Abdu SAWAN
(a.k.a. Meezar Sawan)
()
Date of birth: 1954;
Rank: Major General;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Major General, a senior officer and Commander of the 20th Division of the Syrian Air Force, in post after May 2011.
As a senior officer in the Syrian air force he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population including attacks against civilian areas by aircraft operating from airbases under the control of the 20th Division.
18.7.2017
250.
Mohammad Safwan KATAN
(a.k.a. Mohammad Safwan Qattan)
()
Gender: male
Mohammad Safwan Katan is an engineer at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity. He is involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. Mohammad Safwan Katan has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He is associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
251.
Mohammad () Ziad () GHRIWATI ()
(a.k.a. Mohammad Ziad Ghraywati)
Gender: male
Mohammad Ziad Ghriwati is an engineer at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre. He is involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. He has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He is associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
252.
Mohammad Darar KHALUDI
(a.k.a. Mohammad Darar Khloudi)
()
Gender: male
Mohammad Darar Khaludi is an engineer at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre. He is involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. He has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He is also associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
253.
Khaled (
) SAWAN (
)
Gender: male
Dr. Khaled Sawan is an engineer at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, which is involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. He has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He has been associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
254.
Raymond () RIZQ ()
(a.k.a. Raymond Rizk)
Gender: male
Raymond Rizq is an engineer at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. He has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He is associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
255.
Fawwaz EL‐ATOU
(a.k.a. Fawaz Al Atto)
()
Gender: male
Fawwaz El‐Atou is a lab technician at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. He has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He is associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
256.
Fayez ASI
(a.k.a. Fayez al‐Asi)
()
Gender: male
Fayez Asi is a lab technician at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, involved in chemical weapons proliferation and delivery. He has been involved in the construction of barrel bombs which have been used against the civilian population in Syria.
He is associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
257.
Hala SIRHAN
(a.k.a. Halah Sirhan)
()
Date of birth: 5.1.1953;
Title: Doctor;
Gender: female
Dr. Hala Sirhan works with Syrian Military Intelligence at the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre. She operated in Institute 3000, which is involved in chemical weapons proliferation.
She is associated with the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre, a listed entity.
18.7.2017
258.
Mohamed Mazen Ali YOUSEF
()
Date of birth: 17.5.1969;
Place of birth: Damascus Countryside, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Industry. Appointed in January 2018.
As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
26.2.2018
259.
Imad Abdullah SARA
()
Date of birth: 1968;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Information. Appointed in January 2018.
26.2.2018
260.
Yusuf AJEEB
(a.k.a. ; Yousef; Ajib)
Position: Brigadier General; Doctor; Head of Security Office, Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC);
Address: Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), Barzeh Street, P.O. Box 4470, Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Holds the rank of Brigadier General, a senior officer in the Syrian Armed Forces, in post after May 2011. Since 2012, he has been Head of Security for the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), which is involved in the chemical weapons proliferation sector. As a result of his senior position as Head of Security for SSRC, he is associated with the designated entity SSRC.
19.3.2018
261.
Maher SULAIMAN (a.k.a.
; Mahir; Suleiman)
Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria;
Position: Doctor; Director of the Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology;
Address: Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (HIAST), P.O. Box 31983, Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Director of the Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (HIAST), which provides training and support as part of the Syrian chemical weapons proliferation sector. Due to his senior position at the HIAST, which is an affiliate and subsidiary of the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), he is associated with the HIAST and SSRC, both of which are designated entities.
19.3.2018
262.
Salam TOHME
(a.k.a. ; Salim; Taame, Ta'mah, Toumah)
Position: Doctor; Deputy Director General, Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC);
Address: Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), Barzeh Street, P.O. Box 4470, Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Deputy Director General of the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), which is responsible for the development and production of non‐conventional weapons, including chemical weapons, and the missiles to deliver them. Due to his senior position at SSRC, he is associated with the designated entity SSRC.
19.3.2018
263.
Zuhair FADHLUN
(a.k.a. ; Zoher; Fadloun, Fadhloun)
Position: Head of Institute 3000 (a.k.a. Institute 5000), Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC);
Address: Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), Barzeh Street, P.O. Box 4470, Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Director of the branch of the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC) that is known as Institute 3000 (a.k.a. Institute 5000). In this role, he is responsible for chemical weapons projects, including production of chemical agents and munitions. Due to his senior position at SSRC, he is associated with designated entity SSRC.
19.3.2018
264.
Houmam JAZA'IRI
(a.k.a. Humam al‐Jazaeri, Hammam al‐Jazairi)
Date of birth: 1977;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade in power after May 2011, then member of the board of Syriatel (until May 2019) which is designated by the Council. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the violent repression of the Syrian people.
21.10.2014
265.
Mohamad Amer MARDINI (a.k.a. Mohammad Amer Mardini)
Date of birth: 1959;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Higher Education in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
266.
Mohamad Ghazi JALALI (a.k.a. Mohammad Ghazi al‐Jalali)
Date of birth: 1969;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Communications and Technology in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
267.
Issam KHALIL
Date of birth: 1965;
Place of birth: Banias, Tartous Governorate, Syria;
Gender: male
Former Minister of Culture in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
21.10.2014
268.
Ghassan Ahmed GHANNAN
(a.k.a. Major General Ghassan Ghannan, Brigadier General Ghassan Ahmad Ghanem)
Rank: Major General;
Position: Commander of the 155th Missile Brigade;
Gender: male
Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Colonel and the equivalent or higher in post after May 2011. Major General and Commander of the 155th Missile Brigade. Associated with Maher al‐Assad through his role in the 155th Missile Brigade. As Commander of the 155th Missile Brigade, he is supporting the Syrian regime and he is responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population. Responsible for firing scud missiles at various civilian sites between January and March 2013.
21.10.2014
269.
Abdelhamid Khamis ABDULLAH
(a.k.a. Abdulhamid Khamis Abdullah; Hamid Khamis; Abdelhamid Khamis Ahmad Adballa)
Gender: male
Chairman of Overseas Petroleum Trading Company (OPT) which has been listed by the Council for benefiting from and supporting the Syrian regime. He coordinated shipments of oil to the Syrian regime with listed Syrian state oil company Sytrol. Therefore, he is benefitting from and providing support to the Syrian regime.
In view of his position as the most senior person in the entity, he is responsible for its activities.
21.10.2014
270.
Bashar Mohammad ASSI
Date of birth: 1977;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: Chairman of the Board of Directors of Aman Damascus (until 2019); founding partner of Fly Aman Limited Liability airline; founder of the Aman Facilities company;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy, including his roles as founding partner of Fly Aman airline and, until May 2019, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Aman Damascus, a joint venture involved in the development of Marota City, a regime‐backed luxury residential and commercial development. Assi benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime through his business activities. On 30.1.2020, he founded the Aman Facilities company with and on behalf of Samer Foz.
Position: Co‐owner of Zubaidi and Qalei LLC; Director of Agar Investment Company; General Manager of Al Zubaidi company and Al Zubaidi & Al Taweet Contracting Company; Director and Owner of Zubaidi Development Company; co‐owner of Enjaz Investment Company;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with significant investments in the construction industry, including a 50 % stake in Zubaidi and Qalei LLC, which is constructing the luxury tourist city Grand Town and to which the regime has granted a 45‐year agreement in return for 19‐21 % of its revenue. In this capacity he is linked to Nader Qalei. Khaled al‐Zubaidi benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime through his business activities, in particular through this stake in the Grand Town development.
21.1.2019
274.
Nader QALEI
(a.k.a. Kalai, Kalei)
Date of birth: 9.7.1965;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Nationality: Syrian;
Passport number (including country that issued and date and place of issue): Syrian Arab Republic; N 010170320; issue number: 002‐15‐L062672; date of issue: 24.5.2015; date of expiry: 23.5.2021;
ID number: Syrian Arab Republic, 010‐40036453;
Position: Majority shareholder of Castle Investment Holding; co‐owner of Zubaidi and Qalei LLC; Chairman of Kalai Industries Management;
Relatives/business associates or partners/links to listed individuals: Khaled al‐Zubaidi;
Address: Young Avenue, Halifax, Canada;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with significant investments in the construction industry, including a 50 % stake in Zubaidi and Qalei LLC, which is constructing the luxury tourist city Grand Town and to which the regime has granted a 45‐year agreement in return for 19‐21 % of its revenue. In this capacity, he is linked to Khaled al‐Zubaidi. Nader Qalei benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime through his business activities, in particular through this stake in the Grand Town development.
21.1.2019
275.
Major General Mohammad Khaled AL‐RAHMOUN
Date of birth: 1957;
Place of birth: Idleb, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of the Interior.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
276.
Mohammad Rami Radwan MARTINI
Date of birth: 1970;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Tourism.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
277.
Imad Muwaffaq AL‐AZAB
Date of birth: 1970;
Place of birth: Damascus Countryside, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Education.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
278.
Bassam Bashir IBRAHIM
Date of birth: 1960;
Place of birth: Hama, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Higher Education.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
279.
Suhail Mohammad ABDULLATIF
Date of birth: 1961;
Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Public Works and Housing.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
280.
Iyad Mohammad AL‐KHATIB
Date of birth: 1974;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Communications and Technology.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
281.
Mohammad Maen Zein‐al‐Abidin JAZBA
Date of birth: 1962;
Place of birth: Aleppo, Syria;
Gender: male
Minister of Industry.
Appointed in November 2018.
As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the Syrian regime’s violent repression of the civilian population.
4.3.2019
282.
Anas TALAS
(a.k.a. ; Anas Talous/Tals/Tuls/Tlass)
Date of birth: 25.3.1971;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: Chairman of the Talas Group;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy. Through his business activities and investments, Anas Talas also benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime. In 2018 the Talas Group, chaired by Anas Talas, entered into a SYP 23 billion joint venture with Damascus Cham Holding for the construction of Marota City, a regime‐backed luxury residential and commercial development.
21.1.2019
283.
Mohammed Nazer JAMAL EDDIN
(a.k.a. ; Nazir Ahmad, Mohammed JamalEddine)
Date of birth: 2.1.1962;
Place of birth: Damascus, Syria;
Nationality: Syrian;
Passport number: N 011612445, issue no. 002‐17‐L022286 (place of issue: Syrian Arab Republic);
ID Number: 010‐30208342 (place of issue: Syrian Arab Republic);
Position: Co‐founder and majority shareholder of Apex Development and Projects LLC and founder of A’ayan Company for Projects and Equipment;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria with significant investments in the construction industry, including a controlling 90 % stake in Apex Development and Projects LLC, which has entered into a USD 34,8 million joint venture for the construction of Marota City, a regime‐backed luxury residential and commercial development. Through his participation in the Marota City development, Mohammed Nazer Jamal Eddin benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime.
21.1.2019
284.
Mazin AL‐TARAZI
(a.k.a. ; Mazen al‐Tarazi)
Date of birth: September 1962;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: Businessperson;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with significant investments in the construction and aviation sectors. Through his investments and activities, Mazin al‐Tarazi benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime. In particular, Mazin al‐Tarazi has concluded a deal with Damascus Cham Holding for a USD 320 million investment in the construction of Marota City, a regime‐backed luxury residential and commercial development. He has also been granted a licence for a private airline in Syria.
21.1.2019
285.
Samer FOZ
(a.k.a. Samir () Foz ()/Fawz; Samer Zuhair Foz)
Date of birth: May 1973;
Place of birth: Latakia, Syria;
Nationalities: Syrian, Turkish;
Turkish Passport number: U 09471711 (place of issue Turkey; expiry date 21.7.2024);
Position: CEO of Aman Group;
Gender: male
Other information:
Executive President of Aman Group. Subsidiaries: Foz for Trading, Al‐Mohaimen for Transportation & Contracting. Aman Group is the private sector partner in joint venture Aman Damascus JSC with Damascus Cham Holding, in which Foz is an individual shareholder. Emmar Industries is a joint venture between Aman Group and the Hamisho Group, in which Foz has the majority stake and is the Chairman.
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy, including a regime‐backed joint venture involved in the development of Marota City, a luxury residential and commercial development. Samer Foz provides financial and other support to the Syrian regime, including funding the Military Security Shield Forces in Syria and brokering grain deals. He also benefits financially from access to commercial opportunities through the wheat trade and reconstruction projects as a result of his links to the regime.
21.1.2019
286.
Khaldoun AL‐ZOUBI
(a.k.a. Khaldoon al‐Zu'bi; Khaldoun Zubi)
Date of birth: 1979;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: Founder of Fly Aman Limited Liability and founding member of Asas Iron Company;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and activities in multiple sectors of Syria’s economy, including his roles as Vice President of Aman Holding and majority shareholder of Fly Aman airline (until February 2019). In this capacity, he is linked to Samer Foz. Aman Holding is represented on the board of, and holds a majority stake in, Aman Damascus, a joint venture in the construction of Marota City, a regime‐backed luxury residential and commercial development. Al‐Zoubi benefits from and/or supports the Syrian regime. Founding member of Asas Iron Company.
Position: CEO of Katerji Group (a.k.a. Al‐Qatirji Company/Qatirji Company/ Khatirji Group/Katerji International Group);
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria, who is also a Member of Parliament for Aleppo. Al‐Qatirji supports and benefits from the Syrian regime through enabling, and profiting from, trade deals with the regime in relation to oil and wheat.
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links: Bajaa Trading Services LLC; Qudrah Trading; Tafawoq Tourism Projects Company; Top Business Yang King; Al‐Aziz Group;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria. Supports and/or benefits from the Syrian regime through business dealings, including fuel smuggling and weapons transfers. Yasser Aziz Abbas profits from facilitating oil imports on behalf of the regime and uses his relations with the regime to obtain preferential dealings and treatment.
17.2.2020
289.
Mahir Burhan Eddine AL‐IMAM
(a.k.a. ماهربرهانالدينالإمام)
Date of birth: 22.8.1978;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: General Manager of Telsa Group/Telsa Telecom;
Leading businessperson operating in Syria with business interests in tourism, telecommunications and real estate. As General Manager of the regime‐backed Telsa Communication Group as well as of Castro LLC, and through his other business interests, Mahir Burhan Eddine al‐Imam benefits from the Syrian regime and supports its financing and lobbying policy as well as its construction policy.
Position: President of Damascus Countryside (Rural) Province Chamber of Commerce;
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links:
Larosa Furniture/Furnishing; Jasmine Fields Company Ltd.; Muruj Cham (Murooj al‐Cham) Investment and Tourism Group; Adam and Investment LLC; Universal Market Company LLC; Treasurer of the Federation of Syrian Chambers of Commerce;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria benefitting from and supporting the regime. Owner of multiple businesses and holding companies with interests and activities in various economic sectors such as real estate, luxury hotel industry and commercial centres. Waseem al‐Kattan rose rapidly as a leading businessman by imposing taxes on goods smuggled into Eastern Ghouta under siege, and is now involved in aggressive forms of clientelism to the benefit of the regime. Waseem al‐Kattan benefits financially from favoured access to public tenders as well as to licences and contracts awarded by government agencies as a result of his close ties to the regime.
17.2.2020
291.
Amer FOZ
(a.k.a. عامرفوز)
Date of birth: 11.3.1976;
Nationality: Syrian;
Passport No: 06010274747;
Position: General Manager of ASM International General Trading LLC (ASM International Trading);
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links: Samer Foz; Aman Holding (Aman Damascus Joint Stock Company); ASM International General Trading LLC (ASM International Trading);
Gender: male
Leading businessperson with personal and family business interests and activities in multiple sectors of the Syrian economy, including through Aman Holding (formerly known as the Aman Group). Through Aman Holding, he benefits financially from access to commercial opportunities and supports the Syrian regime, including through involvement in the regime‐backed development of Marota City. Since 2012, he has also been General Manager of ASM International Trading LLC.
He is also associated with his brother Samer Foz, who has been designated by the Council since January 2019 as a leading businessperson operating in Syria and for supporting or benefiting from the regime.
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links: Damas Real Estate Development and Investment LLC;
Gender: male
Head of the local branch of the National Defence Force in Homs (a regime militia ‐ Shabiha). Responsible for its participation in the brutal repression of the civilian population in Syria. Through his militia, Saqr Rustom is responsible for multiple war profiteering schemes and is therefore benefiting from and supporting the Syrian regime. Associated with designated person Bassam Hassan, his uncle, with whom he established the Damas Real Estate Development and Investment LLC in order to invest in real estate projects.
17.2.2020
293.
Abdelkader SABRA
(a.k.a. Abdelkader, Abd el Kader, Abd al Kader, Abdul Kader Abd al Qadr, Abdul Qadr; Sabra, Sabrah; عبدالقادرصبرا; عبدالقادرصبره)
Date of birth: 14.9.1955;
Nationality: Syrian; Lebanese;
Position: Owner of Sabra Maritime Agency; head of the Syrian‐Turkish Businessmen Council; founding partner of Phoenicia Tourism Company; President of the Chamber of Maritime Navigation in Syria;
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links:
Phoenicia Tourism Company (شركةفينيقياللسياحة); Sabra Maritime Agency (كالةصبرهالبحرية);
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating in Syria with multiple economic interests, especially in the maritime and tourism sectors. As a major shipping magnate and a close business associate of Rami Makhlouf (regime supporter and cousin of President Bashar al‐Assad), Abdelkader Sabra provides financial and economic support for the Syrian regime, including through offshore companies. Abdelkader Sabra also benefits from his ties to the regime, which have allowed him to expand his activities in the real estate sector. He is also involved in money laundering and commercial activities in support of the Syrian regime and its associates.
17.2.2020
294.
Khodr Ali TAHER
(a.k.a. خضرعليطاه)
Date of birth: 1976;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: Director and owner of Ella Media Services; founding partner of Castle Security and Protection and of Jasmine Contracting Company; Chairman and founding partner of the Syrian Hotel Management Company; Manager and owner of Ematel;
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links:
Citadel for Protection; Guard and Security Services (Castle Security and protection); Ematel LLC (Ematel Communications); Syrian Hotel Management Company; Jasmine Contracting Company;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson operating across multiple sectors of the Syrian economy, including private security, mobile phone retail, hotel management, advertising services and domestic money transfer.
Supports and benefits from the Syrian regime through cooperation in his business activities and his involvement in smuggling and profiteering activities. Khodr Ali Taher owns a number of companies and has co‐founded others. His involvement in business dealings with the regime includes entering into a joint venture with the Syrian Transport and Tourism Company, of which the Ministry of Tourism owns a two‐thirds stake.
17.2.2020
295.
Adel Anwar AL‐OLABI
(a.k.a. Adel Anouar el‐Oulabi, Adil Anwar al‐Olabi; عادلأنورالعلبي)
Date of birth: 1976;
Nationality: Syrian;
Position: Vice Chairman of Damascus Cham Holding Company (DCHC); Governor of Damascus;
Gender: male
Leading businessperson benefiting from and supporting the Syrian regime. Vice Chairman of Damascus Cham Holding Company (DCHC), the investment arm of the Governorate of Damascus managing the properties of the Governorate of Damascus and implementing the Marota City project.
Adel Anwar al‐Olabi is also the Governor of Damascus, appointed by President Bashar al‐Assad in November 2018. As Governor of Damascus and Vice Chair of DCHC, he is responsible for efforts to implement regime policies of developing expropriated land in Damascus (including Decree No. 66 and Law No. 10), most notably through the Marota City project.
17.2.2020
B. Entities
Name
Identifying information
Reasons
Date of listing
1.
Bena Properties
Controlled by Rami Makhlouf. Syria’s largest real estate company and the real estate and investment arm of Cham Holding; provides funding to the Syrian regime.
23.6.2011
2.
Al Mashreq Investment Fund (AMIF)
(a.k.a. Sunduq Al Mashrek Al Istithmari)
P.O. Box 108, Damascus, Syria;
Tel: +963 112110059 / 963 112110043;
Fax: +963 933333149
Controlled by Rami Makhlouf; provides funding to the Syrian regime.
23.6.2011
3.
Hamcho International
(a.k.a. Hamsho International Group)
Baghdad Street, P.O. Box 8254, Damascus, Syria;
Tel: +963 112316675;
Fax: +963 112318875;
Website: www.hamshointl.com;
E‐mail: info@hamshointl.com and hamshogroup@yahoo.com
Hamcho International is a large Syrian holding company owned by Mohammed Hamcho.
Hamcho International benefits from and provides support to the Syrian regime and is associated with a person benefiting from and supporting the Syrian regime.
27.1.2015
4.
Military Housing Establishment
(a.k.a. MILIHOUSE)
Public works company controlled by Riyad Shalish and Ministry of Defence; provides funding to the Syrian regime.
23.6.2011
5.
Political Security Directorate
Syrian government agency directly involved in repression.
23.8.2011
6.
General Intelligence Directorate
Syrian government agency directly involved in repression.
23.8.2011
7.
Military Intelligence Directorate
Syrian government agency directly involved in repression.
23.8.2011
8.
Air Force Intelligence Agency
Syrian government agency directly involved in repression.
23.8.2011
9.
IRGC Qods Force
(a.k.a. Quds Force)
Teheran, Iran
The Qods (or Quds) Force is a specialist arm of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The Qods Force is involved in providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria. The Qods Force has provided technical assistance, equipment and support to the Syrian security services to repress civilian protest movements.
23.8.2011
10.
Mada Transport
Subsidiary of Cham Holding (Sehanya Dara'a Highway, P.O. Box 9525);
Tel: +963 11 99 62
Economic entity financing the Syrian regime.
2.9.2011
11.
Cham Investment Group
Subsidiary of Cham Holding (Sehanya Dara'a Highway, P.O. Box 9525);
Controlled by Rami Makhlouf; provides financial support to the Syrian regime: through its licensing contract it pays 50 % of its profits to the Government.
23.9.2011
19.
Cham Press TV
Al Qudsi building, 2nd Floor, Baramkeh, Damascus, Syria;
Tel: +963 11 2260805;
Fax: +963 11 2260806;
Email: mail@champress.com;
Website: www.champress.net
Television channel which participates in campaigns to spread disinformation and incite violence against demonstrators.
1.12.2011
20.
Al Watan
Al Watan Newspaper, Damascus, Duty Free Zone;
Tel: +963 11 2137400;
Fax: +963 11 2139928
Daily newspaper which participates in campaigns to spread disinformation and incite violence against demonstrators.
1.12.2011
21.
Centre d'études et de recherches syrien (CERS)
(a.k.a. Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Scientifique (CERS); Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC); Centre de Recherche de Kaboun)
Barzeh Street, P.O. Box 4470, Damascus, Syria
Provides support to the Syrian army for the acquisition of equipment used for the surveillance and repression of demonstrators.
Operating in the chemical weapons proliferation sector, it is the government entity responsible for developing and producing non‐conventional weapons, including chemical weapons, and the missiles to deliver them.
1.12.2011
22.
Business Lab
Maysat Square, Al Rasafi Street Bldg. 9, P.O. Box 7155, Damascus, Syria;
Tel: +963 11 2725499;
Fax: +963 11 2725399
Front company for the acquisition of sensitive equipment by the CERS.
1.12.2011
23.
Industrial Solutions
Baghdad Street 5, P.O. Box 6394, Damascus, Syria;
Tel/Fax: +963 11 4471080
Front company for the acquisition of sensitive equipment by the CERS.
Joint venture of GPC. Provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
23.1.2012
38.
Central Bank of Syria
Sabah Bahrat Square, Damascus, Syria
Postal address: Altjreda al Maghrebeh Square, Damascus, Syria, P.O. Box: 2254
Provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
27.2.2012
39.
Syrian Petroleum Company
Dummar Province, Expansion Square, Island 19‐Building 32, Syria
P.O. Box: 2849 or 3378;
Tel: +963 11 3137935 or 3137913;
Fax: +963 11 3137979 or 3137977;
Email: spccom2@scs‐net.org or spccom1@scs‐net.org;
Websites: www.spc.com.sy or www.spc‐sy.com
State‐owned oil company. Provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
23.3.2012
40.
Mahrukat Company
(The Syrian Company for the Storage and Distribution of Petroleum Products)
Headquarters: Al Adawi St., Petroleum building, Damascus, Syria;
Tel: +963 11 44451348 – 4451349;
Fax: +963 11 4445796;
Email: mahrukat@net.sy;
Website: http://www.mahrukat.gov.sy/indexeng.php
State‐owned oil company. Provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
23.3.2012
41.
General Organisation of Tobacco
Salhieh Street 616, Damascus, Syria
Provides financial support to the Syrian regime. The General Organisation of Tobacco is wholly owned by the Syrian state. The profits that the organisation makes, including through the sale of licences to market foreign brands of tobacco and taxes levied on imports of foreign brands of tobacco, are transferred to the Syrian state.
15.5.2012
42.
Ministry of Defence
Umayyad Square, Damascus, Syria
Tel: +963 11 7770700
Syrian government branch directly involved in repression.
Syrian government branch directly involved in repression.
26.6.2012
44.
Syrian National Security Bureau
Syrian government branch and element of the Syrian Ba’ath Party. Directly involved in repression. It directed Syrian security forces to use extreme force against demonstrators.
26.6.2012
46.
General Organisation of Radio and TV
(a.k.a. Syrian Directorate General of Radio & Television Est; General Radio and Television Corporation; Radio and Television Corporation; GORT)
Al Oumaween Square, P.O. Box 250, Damascus, Syria;
Tel: +963 11 223 4930
State‐run agency subordinate to Syria’s Ministry of Information and as such supports and promotes its information policy. It is responsible for operating Syria’s state‐owned television channels, two terrestrial and one satellite, as well as government radio stations. The GORT has incited violence against the civilian population in Syria, serving as a propaganda instrument for the Syrian regime and spreading disinformation.
Syrian state‐owned oil company. Provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
26.6.2012
48.
Drex Technologies S.A.
Incorporation date: 4.7.2000;
Incorporation number: 394678;
Director: Rami Makhlouf;
Registered agent: Mossack Fonseca & Co (BVI) Ltd
Drex Technologies is wholly owned by Rami Makhlouf, who is listed under EU sanctions for providing financial support to the Syrian regime. Rami Makhlouf uses Drex Technologies to facilitate and manage his international financial holdings, including a majority share in SyriaTel, which the EU has previously listed on the grounds that it also provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
24.7.2012
49.
Cotton Marketing Organisation
Bab Al‐Faraj, P.O. Box 729, Aleppo, Syria
Tel.: +963 21 2239495/6/7/8;
Email: Cmo‐aleppo@mail.sy;
Website: www.cmo.gov.sy
State‐owned company. Provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
Public company controlled by the Syrian regime. Provides financial support for the regime.
24.7.2012
52.
Megatrade
Aleppo Street, P.O. Box 5966, Damascus, Syria;
Fax: +963 11 4471081
Acts as a proxy for the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), which is listed. Involved in trade in dual use goods prohibited by EU sanctions for the Syrian government.
Acts as a proxy for the Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC), which is listed. Involved in trade in dual use goods prohibited by EU sanctions for the Syrian government.
16.10.2012
54.
Overseas Petroleum Trading
(a.k.a. Overseas Petroleum Trading SAL (Off‐Shore); Overseas Petroleum Company)
Dunant Street, Snoubra Sector, Beirut, Lebanon
Providing support to the Syrian regime and benefitting from the regime by organising covert shipments of oil to the Syrian regime. Controlled by Abdelhamid Khamis Abdullah (Chairman) who has been designated by the Council, and therefore associated with him.
Subsidiary of the General Corporation for Refining and Distribution of Petroleum Products (GCRDPP), a section of the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. As such it provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
23.7.2014
57.
The Homs Refinery Company
(a.k.a Hims, General Company for Homs Refinery)
General Company for Homs Refinery Building, 352 Tripoli Street, Homs, P.O. Box 352, Syria
Subsidiary of the General Corporation for Refining and Distribution of Petroleum Products (GCRDPP), a section of the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. As such it provides financial support to the Syrian regime.
23.7.2014
58.
Army Supply Bureau
P.O. Box 3361, Damascus, Syria
Involved in the procurement of military equipment for the Syrian regime, and therefore responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria. Branch of the Syrian Ministry of Defence.
23.7.2014
59.
Industrial Establishment of Defence
(a.k.a. Industrial Establishment of Defense (IED); Industrial Establishment for Defence; Defence Factories Establishment; Establissements Industriels de la Defense (EID); Establissement Industrial de la Defence (ETINDE), Coefficient Defense Foundation)
Involved in the procurement of military equipment for the Syrian regime, and therefore responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population in Syria. Branch of the Syrian Ministry of Defence.
23.7.2014
60.
Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (HIAST)
()
(a.k.a. Institut Supérieur des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ISSAT))
P.O. Box 31983, Barzeh, Syria
Affiliated to and a subsidiary of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC) which is already designated by the Council. It provides training and support to the SSRC and is therefore responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population.
23.7.2014
61.
National Standards & Calibration Laboratory (NSCL)
P.O. Box 4470, Damascus, Syria
Affiliated to and a subsidiary of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Centre (SSRC) which is already designated by the Council. It provides training and support to the SSRC and is therefore responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population.
23.7.2014
62.
El Jazireh (a.k.a. Al Jazerra)
Shaheen Building, 2nd floor, Sami el Solh, Beirut, Lebanon;
Sector of hydrocarbons
Owned or controlled by Ayman Jaber, therefore associated with a designated person.
23.7.2014
63.
Pangates International Corp Ltd
(a.k.a. Pangates)
P.O. Box 8177, Sharjah Airport International Free Zone, United Arab Emirates
Acts as an intermediary in the supply of oil to the Syrian regime. Therefore, it is providing support to and benefiting from the Syrian regime. It is also associated with listed Syrian oil company Sytrol.
21.10.2014
65.
Organisation for Technological Industries (OTI)
(a.k.a. Technical Industries Corporation (TIC))
P.O. Box 11037, Damascus, Syria
Subsidiary of the Syrian Ministry of Defence, which has been designated by the Council.
OTI is involved in the production of chemical weapons for the Syrian regime.
It is therefore responsible for the violent repression of the Syrian population.
As a subsidiary of the Ministry of Defence, it is also associated with a designated entity.
7.3.2015
66.
Syrian Company for Information Technology (SCIT)
P.O. Box 11037, Damascus, Syria
Subsidiary of the Organisation for Technological Industries (OTI) and therefore the Syrian Ministry of Defence, which have been designated by the Council. It also works with the Central Bank of Syria which has been designated by the Council.
As a subsidiary of OTI and the Ministry of Defence, SCIT is associated with these designated entities.
Subsidiary of Hamsho International, which has been designated by the Council.
As such, Hamsho Trading is associated with a designated entity, Hamsho International.
Supports the Syrian regime through its subsidiaries, including Syria Steel. Through its subsidiaries it is associated with groups such as the pro‐regime Shabiha militias.
A USD 48,3 million joint venture between Damascus Cham Holding, Ramak Development and Humanitarian Projects, Al‐Ammar LLC, Timeet Trading LLC (a.k.a. Ultimate Trading Co. Ltd.) and Wings Private JSC. Rawafed supports and/or benefits from the Syrian regime, including through its participation in the regime‐backed luxury development Marota City.
21.1.2019
73.
Aman Damascus Joint Stock Company
(a.k.a. Aman Damascus JSC)
Damascus, Syria
A USD 18,9 million joint venture between Damascus Cham Holding and Aman Group. Through its participation in the regime‐backed luxury development Marota City, Aman Damascus supports and/or benefits from the Syrian regime.
21.1.2019
74.
Bunyan Damascus Private Joint Stock Company
(a.k.a. Bunyan Damascus Private JSC)
Damascus, Syria
A USD 34,8 million joint venture between Damascus Cham Holding and Apex Development and Projects LLC and Tamayoz LLC. Through its participation in the regime‐backed luxury development Marota City, Bunyan Damascus Private Joint Stock Company supports and/or benefits from the Syrian regime.
21.1.2019
75.
Mirza
Damascus, Syria
A USD 52,7 million joint venture between Damascus Cham Holding and Talas Group. Through its participation in the regime‐backed luxury development Marota City, Mirza supports and/or benefits from the Syrian regime.
21.1.2019
77.
Al Qatarji Company
(a.k.a. Qatarji International Group; Al‐Sham and Al‐Darwish Company; Khatirji/Katarji/Katerji Group; مجموعة/شركةقاطرخي)
Type of entity: private company;
Business sector: import/export; trucking; supply of oil and commodities;
Name of Director/Management: Hussam al‐Qatirji, CEO (designated by the Council);
Ultimate beneficial owner: Hussam al‐Qatirji (designated by the Council);
Registered address: Mazzah, Damascus, Syria;
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links: Arvada/Arfada Petroleum Company JSC
Prominent company operating across multiple sectors of the Syrian economy. By facilitating fuel, arms and ammunition trade between the regime and various actors including ISIS (Daesh) under the pretext of importing and exporting food items, supporting militias fighting alongside the regime and taking advantage of its ties with the regime to expand its commercial activity, Al Qatarji Company – whose board is headed by designated person Hussam al-Qatarji, a member of the Syrian People’s Assembly – supports and benefits from the Syrian regime.
Type of entity: public‐owned company under private law;
Business sector: real estate development;
Name of Director/Management: Adel Anwar al‐Olabi, Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors and Governor of Damascus (designated by the Council);
Ultimate beneficial owner: Governorate of Damascus;
Relatives/business associates/entities or partners/links: Rami Makhlouf (designated by the Council); Samer Foz (designated by the Council); Mazen Tarazi (designated by the Council); Talas Group, owned by businessman Anas Talas (designated by the Council); Khaled al‐Zubaidi (designated by the Council); Nader Qalei (designated by the Council)
Damascus Cham Holding Company was established by the regime as the investment arm of the Governorate of Damascus in order to manage the properties of the Governorate of Damascus and implement the Marota City project, a luxurious real estate project based on expropriated land under Decree No. 66 and Law No. 10 in particular.
By managing the implementation of Marota City, Damascus Cham Holding (whose Vice‐Chair is the Governor of Damascus) supports and benefits from the Syrian regime and provides benefits to businesspeople with close ties to the regime who have struck lucrative deals with this entity through public‐private partnerships.
In force
