(1)

Regulation (EU) 2021/241 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2), which established the Recovery and Resilience Facility, entered into force on 19 February 2021. The Recovery and Resilience Facility provides financial support for the implementation of reforms and investment, entailing a fiscal impulse financed by the Union. It contributes to the economic recovery and to the implementation of sustainable and growth-enhancing reforms and investment, in particular to promote the green and digital transitions, while strengthening the resilience and potential growth of the Member States’ economies. It also helps strengthen sustainable public finances and boost growth and job creation in the medium and long term. The maximum financial contribution per Member State under the Recovery and Resilience Facility will be updated in June 2022, in line with Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2021/241.

(2)

On 24 November 2021, the Commission adopted the Annual Sustainable Growth Survey, marking the start of the 2022 European Semester for economic policy coordination. It took due account of the Porto Social Commitment signed on 7 May 2021 to further implement the European Pillar of Social Rights proclaimed by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on 17 November 2017. The European Council endorsed the priorities of the 2022 Annual Sustainable Growth Survey on 25 March 2022. On 24 November 2021, on the basis of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council (3), the Commission also adopted the Alert Mechanism Report, in which it did not identify Slovenia as one of the Member States for which an in-depth review would be needed. On the same date, the Commission also adopted a recommendation for a Council recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area and a proposal for the 2022 Joint Employment Report, which analyses the implementation of the Employment Guidelines and the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights. The Council adopted the Recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area (4) (‘2022 Recommendation on the euro area’) on 5 April 2022 and the Joint Employment Report on 14 March 2022.

(3)

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, in the wake of the global pandemic, has significantly altered the geopolitical and economic context. The impact of the invasion on Member States’ economies has been felt through, inter alia, higher prices for energy, food and raw materials, and weaker growth prospects. The higher energy prices weigh particularly heavily on the most vulnerable households experiencing or at risk of energy poverty as well as on firms most vulnerable to energy prices hikes. The Union is also seeing an unprecedented inflow of people fleeing Ukraine. The economic effects stemming from Russia’s war of aggression have impacted Member States asymmetrically. In this context, on 4 March 2022, Council Directive 2001/55/EC (5) was triggered for the first time by Council Implementing Decion (EU) 2022/382 (6), granting displaced persons from Ukraine the right to legally stay in the Union, as well as access to education and training, the labour market, healthcare, housing and social welfare.

(4)

Taking account of the rapidly changing economic and geopolitical situation, the European Semester resumes its broad economic and employment policy coordination in 2022, while evolving in line with the implementation requirements of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, as outlined in the 2022 Annual Sustainable Growth Survey. The implementation of the adopted recovery and resilience plans is essential for the delivery of the policy priorities under the European Semester, as the plans address all or a significant subset of the relevant country-specific recommendations issued in the 2019 and 2020 European Semester cycles. The 2019 and 2020 country-specific recommendations remain equally relevant also for the recovery and resilience plans revised, updated or amended in accordance with Articles 14, 18 and 21 of Regulation (EU) 2021/241, in addition to any other country-specific recommendations issued up to the date of submission of such revised, updated or amended recovery and resilience plans.

(5)

The general escape clause of the Stability and Growth Pact has been active sinceMarch 2020. In its communication of 3 March 2021 entitled ‘One year since the outbreak of COVID-19: fiscal policy response’, the Commission set out its view that the decision on the deactivation or continued application of the general escape clause should be taken as an overall assessment of the state of the economy, with the level of economic activity in the Union or euro area compared to pre-crisis levels (end of 2019) as a key quantitative criterion. Heightened uncertainty and strong downside risks to the economic outlook in the context of war in Europe, unprecedented energy price hikes and continued supply-chain disturbances warrant the extension of the general escape clause of the Stability and Growth Pact through 2023.

(6)

Following the approach in the Council Recommendation of 18 June 2021 (7) delivering a Council opinion on the 2021 Stability Programme of Slovenia, the overall fiscal stance is currently best measured as the change in primary expenditure (net of discretionary revenue measures and excluding temporary emergency measures related to the COVID-19 crisis) but including expenditure financed by non-repayable support (grants) from the Recovery and Resilience Facility and other Union funds, relative to medium-term potential growth (8). Going beyond the overall fiscal stance, in order to assess whether national fiscal policy is prudent and its composition is conducive to a sustainable recovery consistent with the green and digital transitions, attention is also paid to the evolution of nationally financed (9) primary current expenditure (net of discretionary revenue measures and excluding temporary emergency measures related to the COVID-19 crisis) and investment.

(7)

On 2 March 2022, the Commission adopted a communication providing broad guidance for fiscal policy in 2023 (‘the fiscal guidance’) aimed at supporting the preparation of Member States’ Stability and Convergence Programmes and thereby strengthening policy coordination. The Commission noted that, on the basis of the macroeconomic outlook of the 2022 winter forecast, transitioning from an aggregate supportive fiscal stance in 2020–2022 to a broadly neutral aggregate fiscal stance, while standing ready to react to the evolving economic situation, would appear appropriate in 2023. The Commission announced that the fiscal recommendations for 2023 should continue to differentiate between Member States and take into account possible cross-country spillovers. The Commission invited the Member States to reflect the guidance in their Stability and Convergence Programmes. The Commission committed to closely monitor the economic developments and adjust its policy guidance as needed and at the latest in its European Semester spring package of late May 2022.

(8)

With respect to the fiscal guidance, the fiscal recommendations for 2023 take into account the worsened economic outlook, the heightened uncertainty and further downside risks, and the higher inflation compared to the Commission’s 2022 winter forecast. Against these considerations, the fiscal response has to expand public investment for the green and digital transition and energy security, and sustain the purchasing power of the most vulnerable households so as to cushion the impact of the energy price hike and help limit inflationary pressures from second-round effects via targeted and temporary measures. Fiscal policy has to remain agile so as to adjust to the rapidly evolving circumstances, including challenges that arise from Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine with regard to defence and security, and has to differentiate between Member States according to their fiscal and economic situation, including as regards their exposure to the crisis and the inflow of displaced persons from Ukraine.

(9)

On 30 April 2021, Slovenia submitted its national recovery and resilience plan to the Commission, in accordance with Article 18(1) of Regulation (EU) 2021/241. Pursuant to Article 19 of Regulation (EU) 2021/241, the Commission assessed the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of the recovery and resilience plan, in accordance with the assessment guidelines set out in Annex V to that Regulation. On 28 July 2021, the Council adopted its Implementing Decision on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Slovenia (10). The release of instalments is conditional on the adoption of a decision by the Commission, in accordance with Article 24(5) of Regulation (EU) 2021/241, stating that Slovenia has satisfactorily fulfilled the relevant milestones and targets set out in the Council Implementing Decision. Satisfactory fulfilment presupposes that the achievement of preceding milestones and targets has not been reversed.

(10)

Slovenia submitted its 2022 National Reform Programme on 28 April 2022 and its 2022 Stability Programme on 29 April 2022, in line with the deadline established in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1466/97. To take account of their interlinkages, the two programmes have been assessed together. In accordance with Article 27 of Regulation (EU) 2021/241, the 2022 National Reform Programme also reflects Slovenia’s biannual reporting on the progress made in implementing its recovery and resilience plan.

(11)

The Commission published the 2022 country report for Slovenia on 23 May 2022. It assessed Slovenia’s progress in addressing the relevant country-specific recommendations adopted by the Council in 2019, 2020 and 2021, and took stock of Slovenia’s implementation of the recovery and resilience plan, building on the recovery and resilience scoreboard. On the basis of that analysis, the country report identified gaps with respect to those challenges that are not addressed or only partially addressed by the recovery and resilience plan, as well as the new and emerging challenges, including those emerging from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. It also assessed Slovenia's progress in implementing the European Pillar of Social Rights and in achieving the Union headline targets on employment, skills and poverty reduction, as well as progress in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

(12)

On 23 May 2022, the Commission issued a report under Article 126(3) of the Treaty. That report discussed the budgetary situation of Slovenia, as its general government deficit in 2021 exceeded the Treaty reference value of 3 % of gross domestic product (GDP). The report concluded that the deficit criterion was not fulfilled. In line with the communication of 2 March 2022, the Commission did not propose to open new excessive-deficit procedures in spring 2022 and it will reassess whether it is necessary to propose the opening of such procedures in autumn 2022.

(13)

In its Recommendation of 20 July 2020 (11), the Council recommended Slovenia to take in 2020 and 2021 all necessary measures, in line with the general escape clause, to effectively address the COVID-19 pandemic, sustain the economy and support the ensuing recovery. It also recommended Slovenia to pursue, when economic conditions allow, fiscal policies aimed at achieving prudent medium-term fiscal positions and ensuring debt sustainability, while enhancing investment. In 2021, according to data validated by Eurostat, Slovenia’s general government deficit fell from 7,8 % of GDP in 2020 to 5,2 %. The fiscal policy response by Slovenia supported the economic recovery in 2021, while temporary emergency measures declined from 5,1 % of GDP in 2020 to 3,8 % in 2021. The measures taken by Slovenia in 2021 were in line with the Council Recommendation of 20 July 2020. The discretionary budgetary measures adopted by the government in 2020 and 2021 were mostly temporary or matched by offsetting measures. According to data validated by Eurostat, general government debt fell from 79,8 % of GDP in 2020 to 74,7 % of GDP in 2021.

(14)

The macroeconomic scenario underpinning the budgetary projections in the 2022 Stability Programme is favourable in 2022 and realistic thereafter. The government projects real GDP to grow by 4,2 % in 2022 and 3,0 % in 2023. By comparison, the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast projects a lower real GDP growth of 3, 7% in 2022 and 3,1 % in 2023. In its 2022 Stability Programme, the government expects that the headline deficit will decrease to 4,1 % of GDP in 2022, and to 3,0 % in 2023. The decrease in 2022 mainly reflects the unwinding of most emergency measures. According to the 2022 Stability Programme, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to decrease to 73,3 % in 2022, and to decline to 71,5 % in 2023. Based on policy measures known at the cut-off date of the forecast, the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast projects a government deficit for 2022 and 2023 of 4,3 % of GDP and 3,4 % respectively. This is higher than the deficit projected in the 2022 Stability Programme, mainly due to higher projected current expenditure and lower projected revenues from income tax. The Commission’s 2022 spring forecast projects a higher general government debt-to-GDP ratio, of 74,1 % in 2022 and 72,7 % in 2023. The difference is due to the higher deficits in both years and lower projected economic growth in 2022. According to the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast, the medium-term (10-year average) potential output growth is estimated at 2,5 %. However, that estimate does not include the impact of the reforms that are part of the recovery and resilience plan and can boost Slovenia’s potential growth.

(15)

In 2022, the government phased out the majority of measures taken in response to the COVID-19 crisis, such that the temporary emergency measures are projected to decline from 3,8 % of GDP in 2021 to 0,5 % in 2022. The government deficit is impacted by the measures adopted to counter the economic and social impact of the increase in energy prices, which in the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast are estimated at 0,4 % of GDP in 2022 and are expected to be phased out in 2023 (12). Those measures mainly consist of social transfers to poorer households, cuts to indirect taxes on energy consumption, exemption from paying network charges and price caps on retail and wholesale fuel prices. Those measures have been announced as temporary. However, in the event that energy prices remain elevated in 2023, some of those measures could be continued. Some of those measures are not targeted, in particular the price cap on fuel prices and the across-the-board cuts in excise duties. The government deficit is also impacted by the cost of offering temporary protection to displaced persons from Ukraine, which in the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast is projected at 0,1 % of GDP in both 2022 and 2023 (13).

(16)

In its Recommendation of 18 June 2021, the Council recommended that in 2022 Slovenia maintain a supportive fiscal stance, including from the impulse provided by the Recovery and Resilience Facility, and preserve nationally financed investment. The Council also recommended Slovenia to pursue, when economic conditions allow, a fiscal policy aimed at achieving prudent medium-term fiscal positions and ensuring fiscal sustainability in the medium term and, at the same time, to enhance investment to boost growth potential.

(17)

In 2022, according to the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast and including the information incorporated in its 2022 Stability Programme, the fiscal stance is projected to be supportive at – 2,6 % of GDP (14). Slovenia plans to provide continued support to the recovery by making use of the Recovery and Resilience Facility to finance additional investment as recommended by the Council. The positive contribution to economic activity of expenditure financed by grants under the Recovery and Resilience Facility and other Union funds is projected to increase by 0,2 percentage points of GDP compared to 2021. Nationally financed investment is projected to provide an expansionary contribution to the fiscal stance of 0,9 percentage points in 2022 (15). Therefore, Slovenia plans to preserve nationally financed investment, as recommended by the Council. At the same time, the growth in nationally financed primary current expenditure (net of new revenue measures) in 2022 is projected to provide an expansionary contribution of 1,6 percentage points to the overall fiscal stance. That significant expansionary contribution includes the additional impact of the measures to address the economic and social impact of the increase in energy prices (0,4 % of GDP) as well as the costs to offer temporary protection to displaced persons from Ukraine (0,1 % of GDP). The higher increase in consumer prices compared to the GDP deflator is projected to affect the expansionary contribution of nationally financed primary current expenditure in 2022, by increasing spending on government consumption of goods and services, as well as on social benefits as a result of indexation and on public wages as a result of increasing wage pressure.

(18)

In 2023, the fiscal stance is projected in the Commission’s 2022 spring forecast at – 0,1 % of GDP on a no-policy-change assumption (16). Slovenia is projected to continue using the grants under the Recovery and Resilience Facility in 2023 to finance additional investment in support of the recovery. The positive contribution to economic activity of expenditure financed by grants under the Recovery and Resilience Facility and other Union funds is projected to increase by 0,6 percentage points of GDP compared to 2022. Nationally financed investment is projected to provide an expansionary contribution to the fiscal stance of 0,2 percentage points in 2023 (17). At the same time, the growth in nationally financed primary current expenditure (net of new revenue measures) in 2023 is projected to provide a contractionary contribution of 0,7 percentage points to the overall fiscal stance. This includes the impact from the phasing out of the measures addressing the increased energy prices (0,4% of GDP).

(19)

In the 2022 Stability Programme, the general government deficit is expected to gradually decline to 2,1 % of GDP in 2024 and to 1,7 % by 2025. Therefore, the general government deficit is planned to reach 3 % of GDP by 2023 and remain below 3 % of GDP over the 2022 Stability Programme horizon. According to the 2022 Stability Programme, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to decrease by 2025, specifically falling to 69,5 % in 2024 and declining further to 68 % in 2025. According to the Commission’s analysis, debt sustainability risks appear high over the medium term.

(20)

Public financing of the health system is below the Union average (72,8 % in 2019 vs 79,7 % in the Union). However, healthcare spending is expected to increase by 1,5 percentage points of GDP between 2019 and 2070 and long-term care costs will double by 2055. Besides healthcare and long-term care accessibility issues that are already well covered in the recovery and resilience plan, Slovenia is facing high fiscal sustainability risks in the medium and long term, driven by spending related to the ageing population. The country has started comprehensive reforms in healthcare and long-term care in recent years. They will be implemented in several steps and mostly extend access to high-quality services and improve social rights and inclusion. While this will put an additional strain on public finances, it will be crucial for Slovenia to put forward a set of measures that establishes a stable revenue base that does not undermine the fiscal balance in the medium and long term.

(21)

On 11 March 2022, the National Assembly has adopted changes to the personal income tax law which are estimated to have a negative incremental budgetary impact of 0,4 % in 2022, 0,3 % in 2023, 0,3 % in 2024 and 0,3 % of GDP in 2025. Simulations by Slovenia’s Fiscal Council show that the personal income tax cuts could increase public debt by between 4 and 14 percentage points of GDP in the medium term. No compensating measures have been proposed so far, although there is considerable room to increase tax revenue in Slovenia. For example, Slovenia could generate more revenue from environmental taxation, e.g. by eliminating environmentally harmful subsidies (such as the excise duty refund for commercial transport), indexing energy taxes or introducing distance-based charges for private cars. Another potential source of revenue would be higher recurrent taxes on immovable property as the current revenue is relatively low in Slovenia (0,5 % of GDP vs the Union average of 1,2 % of GDP). Bringing property values into line with market values and factoring in the energy performance of buildings could be growth-friendly, reduce inequality and promote energy efficiency.

(22)

In accordance with Article 19(3), point (b), of Regulation (EU) 2021/241 and criterion 2.2 of Annex V to that Regulation, the recovery and resilience plan includes an extensive set of mutually reinforcing reforms and investments with an indicative timetable for implementation to be completed by 31 August 2026. These help address all or a significant subset of the economic and social challenges outlined in the country-specific recommendations addressed to Slovenia by the Council in the European Semester in 2019 and 2020, in addition to any country-specific recommendations issued up to the date of adoption of a recovery and resilience plan. In particular, the plan provides a suitable response to a large set of economic, social and environmental challenges faced by Slovenia. The recovery and resilience plan introduces reforms and investments addressing a significant subset of the challenges identified in the country-specific recommendations to Slovenia as part of the European Semester. In particular, the recovery and resilience plan addresses challenges related to fiscal policies and public finances, social safety nets, employment and social, business environment and investments in research and development (R&D), and the green and digital transitions.

(23)

The implementation of the recovery and resilience plan of Slovenia is expected to contribute to making further progress on the green and digital transitions. Measures supporting the climate objectives in Slovenia account for 42,4 % of the recovery and resilience plan’s total allocation, while measures supporting digital objectives account for 21,4 % of the recovery and resilience plan’s total allocation. The fully fledged implementation of the recovery and resilience plan, in line with the relevant milestones and targets, will help Slovenia swiftly recover from the fallout of the COVID-19 crisis, while strengthening its resilience. The systematic involvement of social partners and other relevant stakeholders remains important for the successful implementation of the recovery and resilience plan, as well as other economic and employment policies going beyond the recovery and resilience plan, to ensure broad ownership of the overall policy agenda.

(24)

Slovenia has not yet submitted the Partnership Agreement provided for in Regulation (EU) 2021/1060 of the European Parliament and of the Council (18) or the other cohesion policy programmes provided for in that Regulation. In line with Regulation (EU) 2021/1060, Slovenia is to take into account the relevant country-specific recommendations in the programming of the 2021–2027 cohesion policy funds. This is a prerequisite for improving the effectiveness and maximising the added value of the financial support to be received from cohesion policy funds, while promoting coordination, complementarity and coherence between those cohesion policy funds and other Union instruments and funds. The successful implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility and cohesion policy programmes also depends on the removal of bottlenecks to investment to support the green and digital transitions and balanced territorial development.

(25)

In response to the mandate by the Union Heads of State or Government set out in the Versailles Declaration, the Commission’s proposal for a REPowerEU plan aims to phase out the Union’s dependence on fossil-fuel imports from Russia as soon as possible. For this purpose, the Commission intends to identify the most-suitable projects, investments and reforms at national, regional and Union level in dialogue with Member States. These measures aim to reduce overall reliance on fossil fuels and shift fossil-fuel imports away from Russia.

(26)

Slovenia is committed to phasing out of coal in electricity production by 2033. To achieve this ambitious target, the Slovenian recovery and resilience plan includes significant reforms and investments aiming to: (i) raise the share of renewable energy sources in gross final energy consumption; (ii) facilitate access and integration to the electricity grid of renewable energy sources production facilities, and (iii) improve the energy efficiency and renovations of public buildings. The measures under the recovery and resilience plan are an important step in removing barriers caused by permitting procedures, but Slovenia could increase its efforts. The country could take additional measures beyond its current recovery and resilience plan to facilitate the permitting of renewable energy sources, including on-shore wind and solar projects. In its national energy and climate plan, Slovenia set a 27 % target as its contribution to the Union’s 2030 renewable energy target. This is significantly below the 37 % renewable share in 2030 based on Annex II to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council (19). Slovenia reached its 2020 share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy target by using the Union mechanism of cross-border cooperation in line with Directive 2018/2001/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (20) (through statistical transfers). A further increase in ambition in respect of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency will be needed in order for Slovenia to be in line with the ‘Fit for 55’ objectives.

Therefore, the increased ambition for renewables at Union level and the need to diversify energy supply, further accentuated by the new geopolitical and energy market reality, will require stepping up policies and measures to support the further deployment of renewable energy. While natural gas accounts for only 11,3 % of the energy mix, Slovenia imports 100 % of its natural gas from Russia, compared to the Union average of 44 %, according to 2020 data. Oil represents 30,9 % of Slovenia’s energy mix but only 13 % of this is imported from Russia (21). Gas still plays a significant role in the energy mix of Slovenia and is an essential energy source for the industry, while also providing the necessary flexibility in the power sector. Due to the high dependency on Russian gas, there may be a need to improve interconnections with neighbouring Member States and related gas infrastructure to diversify gas supply. New infrastructure and network investments related to gas are recommended to be future-proof where possible, in order to facilitate their long-term sustainability through future repurposing for sustainable fuels.

(27)

While the acceleration of the transition towards climate neutrality and away from fossil fuels will create significant restructuring costs in several sectors, Slovenia can make use of the Just Transition Mechanism in the context of cohesion policy to alleviate the socio-economic impact of the transition in the most-affected regions. In addition, Slovenia can make use of the European Social Fund Plus, established by Regulation (EU) 2021/1057 of the European Parliament and of the Council (22), to improve employment opportunities and strengthen social cohesion.

(28)

In the light of the Commission’s assessment, the Council has examined the 2022 Stability Programme and its opinion (23) is reflected in recommendation (1).

(29)

In view of the close interlinkages between the economies of euro-area Member States and their collective contribution to the functioning of the economic and monetary union, the Council recommended that the euro-area Member States take action, including through their recovery and resilience plans, to implement the recommendations set out in the 2022 Recommendation on the euro area. For Slovenia, this is reflected in particular in recommendations (1) and (2),