Keywords
Summary

Keywords

1. Actions for failure to fulfil obligations – Proof of the failure – Burden of proof on the Commission – Presumptions – Not permissible

(Art. 226 EC)

2. Acts of the institutions – Directives – Implementation by the Member States – Need for complete transposition – Existence of national rules rendering transposition by specific legislative or regulatory measures superfluous – Whether permissible – Conditions

3. Actions for failure to fulfil obligations – Disregard of obligations under a decision or a directive – Pleas in defence – Plea questioning the lawfulness of the decision or directive – Not admissible

(Art. 230 EC)

Summary

1. In an action for failure to fulfil obligations it is for the Commission to prove the allegation that the obligation has not been fulfilled. It is the Commission which must provide the Court with the evidence necessary for the Court to establish that the obligation has not been fulfilled, and it may not rely on any presumption.

The Commission does not comply with that obligation if, in the case of a national system of waste classification that is compatible with that laid down by the Community legislation, it confines itself to pointing out differences between the two systems in order to complain that the Member State has implemented that legislation incorrectly, without showing that the differences established are such as to harm the interests of the operators concerned and affect the principle of legal certainty.

(see paras 34, 47-48)

2. Each of the Member States to which a directive is addressed is obliged to adopt, in its national legal system, all the measures necessary to ensure that the directive is fully effective, in accordance with the objective it pursues.

The obligation to ensure the full effectiveness of the directive, in accordance with its objective, cannot be interpreted as meaning that the Member States are released from adopting transposing measures where they consider that their national provisions are better than the Community provisions concerned and that the national provisions are therefore better able to ensure that the objective pursued by the directive is achieved. The existence of national rules may render transposition by specific legislative or regulatory measures superfluous only if those rules actually ensure the full application of the directive by the national authorities and, where the relevant provision of the directive seeks to create rights for individuals, the legal situation arising from those national rules is sufficiently precise and clear and the persons concerned are in a position to know the full extent of their rights and obligations and, where appropriate, to rely on them before the national courts.

(see paras 38-39)

3. A Member State cannot properly plead the unlawfulness of a directive or decision addressed to it as a defence in an action for a declaration that it has failed to fulfil its obligations arising out of its failure to implement that decision or comply with that directive.

(see para. 41)