Name

Identifying information

Reasons

Date of listing

‘36.

Bertrand BISIMWA

Function/rank: Leader (President) of the political branch of the “Mouvement du 23 mars” (M23)

DOB: 8.9.1972

POB: Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nationality: Congolese

Gender: male

Bertrand Bisimwa holds a leading position as President of the March 23 Movement (M23), a nongovernmental armed movement.

The M23 sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC, in particular through inciting violence. In addition, it is responsible for serious human rights abuses, including killings of and attacks and sexual violence against civilians, as well as for child recruitment.

Owing to his leading position in the M23, Bertrand Bisimwa is involved in planning, directing or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025

37.

Ruki KARUSISI

a.k.a. Rocky

Function/rank: Major-General

Commander of the Special Force Command of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF)

DOB: 6.5.1974

Gender: male

Nationality: Rwandan

RDF Service number: 2357

Major-General Ruki Karusisi is the commander of the Special forces of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF), deployed in eastern DRC.

The RDF presence in the DRC has as its objective reinforcing the operations of the March 23 Movement/Congolese Revolutionary Army (M23/ARC), a nongovernmental armed group operating in eastern DRC, by providing troops and materiel.

The RDF presence constitutes a violation of the territorial integrity of the DRC and sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region. It is also responsible for serious human rights abuses, including collective punishment, and sustains serious human rights abuses committed by members of M23.

Owing to his commanding role within the Special Force Command of the RDF deployed in Eastern DRC, Ruki Karusisi is responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region. He is also responsible for providing support to entities sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025

38.

Désiré RUKOMERA

Function/rank: Head of recruitment and propaganda of the March 23 Movement (M23)

Gender: male

Nationality: Rwandan

Désiré Rukomera holds a leading position as head of recruitment and propaganda for the March 23 Movement (M23), a non-governmental armed movement, since January 2024.

The M23 sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC, in particular through inciting violence. In addition, it is responsible for serious human rights abuses, including killings of and attacks and sexual violence against civilians, as well as for child recruitment.

Owing to his leading position in the M23, Désiré Rukomera is involved in planning, directing or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025

39.

John Imani NZENZE

a.k.a. Mike Bravo

Function/rank: “Colonel” and “G2” intelligence chief of the M23 armed group (M23)

DOB: 6.8.1978

POB: Kakwende (South Kivu)

Gender: male

Nationality: Congolese

John Imani Nzenze holds a leading position as Colonel of the March 23 Movement (M23), a non-governmental armed movement.

The M23 sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC, in particular through inciting violence. In addition, it is responsible for serious human rights abuses, including killings of and attacks and sexual violence against civilians, as well as for child recruitment.

Owing to his leading position in the M23, John Imani Nzenze is involved in planning, directing or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025

40.

Eugene NKUBITO

Function/rank: Commander 3rd division (Major General) of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF)

Gender: male

Nationality: Rwandan

RDF Service number: 218

Major-General Eugène Nkubito holds a leading position as Commander of the 3rd Division of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF), deployed in eastern DRC and more specifically in the North Kivu province. He has been in this position since August 2022.

The RDF presence in the DRC has as its objective reinforcing the operations of the March 23 Movement/Congolese Revolutionary Army (M23/ARC), a non-governmental armed group operating in Eastern DRC by providing troops and materiel.

The RDF presence constitutes a violation of the territorial integrity of the DRC and sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region. It is also responsible for serious human rights abuses, including collective punishment, and sustains serious human rights abuses committed by members of M23.

Owing to his commanding role within the 3rd Division of the RDF deployed in eastern DRC, Eugène Nkubito is responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region.

17.3.2025

41.

Pascal MUHIZI

Function/rank: Commander 2nd Division (Brigadier General) of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF)

Nationality: Rwandan

Gender: male

Associated entities: Rwanda Defence Force (RDF); March 23 Movement/Congolese Revolutionary Army (M23/ARC)

RDF Service number: 451

Pascal Muhizi is Brigadier-General of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) since June 2021 and is the Commander of the 2nd Division of the RDF, deployed in Eastern DRC since August 2023.

The RDF presence in the DRC constitutes a violation of the territorial integrity of the DRC and sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region as well as the serious human rights abuses and violations committed by members of the March 23 Movement/Congolese Revolutionary Army (M23/ARC).

Owing to his leading position within the 2nd Division of the RDF present in the DRC, Brigadier-General Pascal Muhizi is responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025

42.

Jean-Bosco NZABONIMPA MUPENZI

Function/rank: Deputy Head of the Finance and production department of the M23

POB: Rubaya, Masisi, North Kivu

Nationality: Congolese

Gender: male

Associated entities: March 23 Movement/Congolese Revolutionary Army (M23/ARC)

Jean-Bosco Nzabonimpa Mupenzi is the Deputy Chief of Finances and Production of the March 23 Movement/Congolese Revolutionary Army (M23/ARC) operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), more specifically in the North Kivu province, since January 2024.

The M23 is a rebel armed group responsible for the current armed conflict. It also sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region as well as the serious human rights abuses and violations committed by members of the M23, including killings of and attacks and sexual violence against civilians, as well as child recruitment.

Jean-Bosco Nzabonimpa Mupenzi provides support to the M23 armed group, in particular by ensuring the management of the M23 Finances and Production department, as well as taking part in the training of new recruits.

Owing to his leading position within the M23, Jean-Bosco Nzabonimpa Mupenzi is involved in planning, directing or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025

43.

Francis KAMANZI

Function/rank: Chief Executive Officer of Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board (RMB)

Nationality: Rwandan

Gender: male

Francis Kamanzi holds a leading position as Chief Executive Officer of Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board (RMB) since February 2024.

Minerals continue to be exploited in mining areas controlled by the March 23 Movement (M23) and trafficked to Rwanda for the benefit of both the Alliance Fleuve Congo/M23 and the Rwandan economy, where these conflict minerals are mixed with Rwandan production.

Owing to his leading position in the RMB, Francis Kamanzi is responsible for exploiting the armed conflict, instability or insecurity in the DRC, including through the illicit exploitation or trading of natural resources.

17.3.2025

44.

Joseph MUSANGA BAHATI

a.k.a.

“Erasto”; “Bahati Erasto”; “Colonel Erasto”; “Colonel Bahati Musanga”

Function/rank: Governor of North-Kivu

DOB: 18.8.1978

POB: Bashali-Mokoto (Busumba)

Nationality: Congolese

Gender: male

Associated entities: March 23 Movement/Alliance Fleuve Congo (M23/AFC)

Joseph Bahati Musanga is a senior figure in the structure of the March 23 Movement (M23) rebel group and within the Alliance Fleuve Congo. He has held the position of Chief of Finance of the M23 for several years.

In January 2024, he was appointed governor of North Kivu within the new illegal “administration” imposed by the M23 in violation of Congolese sovereignty.

The deployment of a parallel administration in the DRC constitutes a violation of the territorial integrity of the DRC. It also sustains the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the region as well as the serious human rights abuses and violations committed by members of the M23.

Owing to his leading position in the M23, Joseph Bahati Musanga is involved in planning, directing or committing acts that constitute serious human rights violations or abuses in the DRC. He is also responsible for sustaining the armed conflict, instability and insecurity in the DRC.

17.3.2025’;

Name

Identifying information

Reasons

Date of listing

‘2.

Gasabo Gold Refinery

Place of establishment: Kigali, Rwanda

The Gasabo Gold Refinery, based in Kigali, began its refining activities on 1 June 2022 following the closure of Aldango Gold Refinery. The illegal extraction and trafficking of natural resources from eastern DRC, such as gold, contributes to the escalation of the conflict. The transit of gold through the only gold refinery in Rwanda, Gasabo Gold Refinery, contributes to the illicit export via Rwanda of illegally extracted gold. Hence, Gasabo Gold Refinery has been exploiting the armed conflict, instability or insecurity in the DRC, including through the illicit exploitation or trading of natural resources.

17.3.2025’.