Sector or sub-sector

Description of reservations

ALL SECTORS

Real estate

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Limitations on acquisition of land and real estate by foreign investors  6

ALL SECTORS

Public utilities

EU: Services considered as public utilities at a national or local level may be subject to public monopolies or to exclusive rights granted to private operators. 7   8

ALL SECTORS

Types of establishment

EU: Treatment accorded to subsidiaries (of third country companies) formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the European Union is not extended to branches or agencies established in a Member State by a third country company.

In BG: Establishment of branches is subject to authorisation

In EE: At least one half of the members of the management board shall have their residence in the EU.

In FI: A foreigner carrying on trade as a partner in a Finnish limited or general partnership needs a trade permit and has to be permanently resident in the EU. For all sectors except telecommunications services, nationality condition and residency requirement for at least half of the ordinary and deputy members of the Board of Directors. Company exemptions may, however, be granted. If a foreign organization intends to carry on a business or trade by establishing a branch in Finland, a trade permit is required. A permission to act as a founder of a limited company is required of a foreign organization or a private person, who is not an EU Citizen. For telecommunications services, permanent residency for half of the founders and half of the members of the board of directors. If the founder is a juridical person, residence requirement for that juridical person.

In IT: Access to industrial, commercial and artisanal activities is subject to a residence permit and specific authorisation to pursue the activity

In BG, PL: The scope of operations of a representative office may only encompass advertising and promotion of the foreign mother company represented by the office.

In PL: With the exception of financial services, unbound for branches. Non-EU investors can undertake and conduct economic activity only in the form of a limited partnership, limited joint-stock partnership, limited liability company, and joint-stock company (in the case of legal services only in the form of registered partnership and limited partnership).

In RO: The sole administrator or the chairman of the Board of Administration as well as half of the total number of administrators of the commercial companies shall be Romanian citizens unless otherwise stipulated in the company contract or its statutes. The majority of the commercial companies' auditors and their deputies shall be Romanian citizens.

In SE: A foreign company, which has not established a legal entity in Sweden or is conducting its business through a commercial agent, shall conduct its commercial operations through a branch, registered in Sweden, with independent management and separate accounts. The managing director, and the vice-managing director if appointed, of the branch must reside in the EEA. A natural person not resident in the EEA, who conducts commercial operations in Sweden, shall appoint and register a resident representative responsible for the operations in Sweden. Separate accounts shall be kept for the operations in Sweden. The competent authority may in individual cases grant exemptions from the branch and residency requirements. Building projects with duration of less than a year - conducted by a company located or a natural person residing outside the EEA - are exempted from the requirements of establishing a branch or appointing a resident representative.

A Swedish limited liability company may be established by a natural person resident within the EEA, by a Swedish legal person or by a legal person that has been formed according to the legislation in a state within the EEA and that has its registered office, headquarters or principal place of business within the EEA. A partnership may be a founder, only if all owners with unlimited personal liability are resident within the EEA. Founders outside the EEA may apply for permission from the competent authority.

For limited liability companies and co-operative economic associations, at least 50 % of the members of the board of directors, at least 50% of the deputy board members, the managing director, the vice-managing director, and at least one of the persons authorised to sign for the company, if any, must reside within the EEA. The competent authority may grant exemptions from this requirement. If none of the company’s/society’s representatives reside in Sweden, the board must appoint and register a person resident in Sweden, who has been authorised to receive servings on behalf of the company/society.

Corresponding conditions prevail for establishment of all other types of legal entities.

In SI: The establishment of branches by foreign companies is conditioned with the registration of the parent company in a court register in the country of origin for at least one year.

In SK: A foreign natural person whose name is to be registered in the Commercial Register as a person authorized to act on behalf of the entrepreneur is required to submit a residence permit for the Slovak Republic.

ALL SECTORS

Investment

In ES: Investment in Spain by foreign government and foreign public entities (which tends to imply, besides economic, also noneconomic interests to entity's part), directly or through companies or other entities controlled directly or indirectly by foreign governments, need prior authorisation by the government.

In BG: In enterprises where the public (State or municipal) share in the equity capital exceeds 30 per cent, the transfer of these shares to third parties needs authorisation. Certain economic activities related to the exploitation or use of State or public property are subject to concessions granted under the provisions of the Concessions Act. Foreign investors cannot participate in privatisation. Foreign investors and Bulgarian juridical persons with controlling foreign participation require permission for a) prospecting, development or extraction of natural resources from the territorial sea, the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone and b) acquisition of a controlling participation in companies engaged in any of the activities specified under a).

In FR: Foreign purchases exceeding 33,33 per cent of the shares of capital or voting rights in existing French enterprise, or 20 per cent in publicly quoted French companies, are subject to the following regulations:

- investments of less than 7.6 million Euros in French enterprises with a turnover not exceeding 76 million Euros are free, after a delay of 15 days following prior notification and verification that these amounts are met;

- after a period of one month following prior notification, authorisation is tacitly granted for other investments unless the Minister of Economic Affairs has, in exceptional circumstances, exercised its right to postpone the investment.

Foreign participation in newly privatized companies may be limited to a variable amount, determined by the government of France on a case by case basis, of the equity offered to the public. For establishing in certain commercial, industrial or artisanal activities, a specific authorisation is needed if the managing director is not holder of a permanent residence permit.

In FI: Acquisition of shares by foreign owners giving more than one third of the voting rights of a major Finnish company or a major business undertaking (with more than 1000 employees or with a turnover exceeding 168 million Euros or with a balance sheet total exceeding 168 million Euros) is subject to confirmation by the Finnish authorities; the confirmation may be denied only if an important national interest would be jeopardized. These limitations do not apply to telecommunications services

In HU: Unbound for foreign participation in newly privatized companies

In IT: Exclusive rights may be granted or maintained to newlyprivatized companies. Voting rights in newly privatized companies may be restricted in some cases. For a period of five years, the acquisition of large equity stakes of companies operating in the fields of defence, transport services, telecommunications and energy may be subject to the approval of the competent authorities.

ALL SECTORS

Geographical zones

In FI: In the Åland Islands, limitations on the right of establishment by natural persons who do not enjoy regional citizenship in Åland or by any juridical person without permission by the competent authorities of the Åland Islands.

In ES: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of legal services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State) law, including representation before courts. Only EEA or Swiss nationals may be admitted to the Bar, and are thus entitled to provide legal services in respect of domestic law.

1. BUSINESS SERVICES

A. Professional Services

a) Legal Services

(CPC 861)  9

(excluding legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, huissiers de justice or other officiers publics et ministériels)

In AT: Foreign lawyers' (who must be fully qualified in their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating result of any law firm may not exceed 25 per cent. They may not have decisive influence in decision making.

In BE: Quotas apply for appearing before the "Cour de cassation" in non-criminal cases.

In CY: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with a residency requirement. Only advocates enrolled in the Bar may be partners or shareholders or members of the Board of Directors in a law company in Cyprus.

In HR:. Representation of parties before courts can be practised only by the members of the Bar Council of Croatia (Croatian title “odvjetnici”). Citizenship requirement for membership in the Bar Council.

In FR: Lawyers' access to the profession of "avocat auprès de la Cour de Cassation" et "avocat auprès du Conseil d'Etat" is subject to quotas.

In DK: Only lawyers with a Danish license to practice and law firms registered in Denmark may own shares in a Danish law firm. Only lawyers with a Danish license to practise may sit on the board or be part of the management of a Danish law firm. Requirement of a Danish legal examination in order to obtain a Danish licence.

In FR: Some types of legal form ("association d'avocats" and "société en participation d'avocat") are reserved to lawyers fully admitted to the Bar in FR. In a law firm providing services in respect of French or EU law, at least 75 per cent of the partners holding 75 per cent of the shares shall be lawyers fully admitted to the Bar in FR.

In HU: Commercial presence should take the form of partnership with a Hungarian barrister (ügyvéd) or a barrister's office (ügyvédi iroda), or representative office.

In PL: While other types of legal form are available for EU lawyers, foreign lawyers only have access to the legal forms of registered partnership and limited partnership. Legal advisory and legal representational services on tax matters shall only be performed by specific entities such as tax advisors, legal advisors and barristers – registered in Poland. Legal entities, can provide tax advisory only in the legal form of limited liability companies or joint stock companies, registered in Poland.

b) 1. Accounting and Bookkeeping Services

(CPC 86212 other than "auditing services", CPC 86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220)

In AT: Foreign accountants' (who must be authorised according to the law of their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed 25 per cent, if they are not members of the Austrian Professional Body

In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector.

In DK: In order to enter into partnerships with Danish authorised accountants, foreign accountants have to obtain permission from the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency.

b) 2. Auditing services

(CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services)

In AT: Foreign auditors' (who must be authorised according to the law of their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed 25 per cent, if they are not members of the Austrian Professional Body

In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector.

In CZ and SK: At least 60 per cent of capital share or voting rights are reserved to nationals

In CZ: Only auditors approved in the Czech Republic may perform auditing services. In legal entities the majority of voting shares must belong to the auditors approved in the Czech Republic. The majority of persons in a statutory body must be of the auditors approved in the Czech Republic.

In DK: In order to enter into partnerships with Danish authorised accountants, foreign accountant have to obtain permission from the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency 

In ES: Condition of nationality for statutory auditors and for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than those covered by the 8th EEC directive on company law.

In FI: Residency requirement for at least one of the auditors of a Finnish Liability company

In HR: None, except that auditing can be performed only by legal persons.

In LV: In a commercial company of sworn auditors more than 50 per cent of the voting capital shares shall be owned by sworn auditors or commercial companies of sworn auditors of the EU.

In LT: Not less than 75 per cent of shares should belong to EU auditors or auditing companies.

In SE: Statutory audit in listed companies and companies exceeding certain thresholds concerning turnover, total assets and number of employees must be performed by public auditors authorised in Sweden. Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required for authorisation or approval. Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform statutory auditing services in certain legal entities, including in all limited companies, as well as of physical persons. Only auditors approved in Sweden, and registered public accounting firms, may be shareholders or form partnerships in companies which practice qualified auditing (for official purposes). Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required for approval. The titles of “approved auditor” and “authorised auditor” may only be used by auditors approved or authorised in Sweden.

In SI: The share of foreign persons in auditing companies may not exceed 49 per cent of the equity. 

c) Taxation Advisory Services

(CPC 863)  10

In AT: Foreign tax advisors' (who must be authorised according to the law of their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed 25 per cent; this applies only to non-members of the Austrian Professional Body

In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector.

In CZ: Taxation services may be provided by natural persons only who are registered in the list of the Chamber of Tax Consultants or in the Chamber of Auditors.

d) Architectural services

and

e) Urban planning and landscape architectural services

(CPC 8671 and CPC 8674)

In BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors have to act in partnership with or as subcontractors of local investors.

In CY: Unbound

In LV: For architectural services, in order to receive a licence enabling to engage in business activity with full range of legal responsibility and rights to sign a project, practice of 3 years in Latvia in the field of projecting and university degree are required.

In SK: Membership in relevant chamber is obligatory; membership in relevant foreign institutions may be recognised. Residency requirement, however exceptions might be considered.

f) Engineering services

and

g) Integrated engineering services

(CPC 8672 and CPC 8673)

In BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors have to act in partnership with or as subcontractors of local investors.

In CY: Unbound

h) Medical (including psychologists) and Dental services

(CPC 9312 and part of CPC 85201) 

In AT: Unbound except for dental services and for psychologists and psychotherapists, where: none

In DE: Economic needs test when medical doctors and dentists are authorized to treat members of public insurance schemes. Main criteria: shortage of doctors and dentists in the given region.

In CY, CZ, FI: Unbound

In FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of "société d'exercice liberal" and "société civile professionnelle".

In LV: Economic needs test. Main criteria: shortage of doctors and dentists in the given region.

In BG, LT: The supply of service is subject to authorisation which is based on a health services plan established in function of needs, taking into account the population and already existing medical and dental services.

In SI: Unbound for social medicine, sanitary, epidemiological, medical/ecological services; the supply of blood, blood preparations and transplants; autopsy

In UK: Establishment for doctors under the National Health Service is subject to medical manpower planning.

i) Veterinary services

(CPC 932)

In AT, CY: Unbound

In CZ: Access is restricted to natural persons only.

In BG: Economic needs test. Main criteria: population and density of existing business

In HU: Economic needs test. Main criteria: labour market conditions in the sector

j) 1. Midwives services

(part of CPC 93191)

In BG, CY, CZ, FI, MT, SI: Unbound

In FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of "société d'exercice liberal" and "société civile professionnelle".

In LT: Economic needs test may be applied. Main criteria: employment situation in the sub-sector

j) 2. Services provided by Nurses, Physiotherapists and Paramedical Personnel

(part of CPC 93191)

In AT: Foreign investors are only allowed in the following activities: nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, logotherapists, dieticians and nutricians

In BG, CY, CZ, MT: Unbound

In FI, SI: Unbound for Physiotherapists and Paramedical Personnel

In FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of "société d'exercice liberal" and "société civile professionnelle".

In LT: Economic needs test may be applied. Main criteria: employment situation in the sub-sector

In LV: Economic needs test for foreign physiotherapists and paramedical personnel. Main criteria: employment situation in the given region.

k) Retail sales of pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and orthopaedical goods

(CPC 63211)

and other services supplied by pharmacists  11

In AT, BG, CY, FI, MT, PL, RO, SE, SI: Unbound

In BE, DE, DK, EE, FR, IT, HR, HU, IE, LV, PT, SK: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: population and geographical density of existing pharmacies.

In ES: Access restricted to natural persons only. Monopoly for pharmacists of supply of pharmaceuticals to the general public. Establishment of new pharmacies is subject to an economic needs test.

B. Computer and Related Services

(CPC 84)

None

C. Research and Development Services 

a) R and D services on natural sciences

(CPC 851)

b) R and D services on Social Sciences and Humanities

(CPC 852 excluding psychologists services)  12

c) Interdisciplinary R and D services

(CPC 853)

EU: For publicly funded R and D services, exclusive rights and/or authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU

D. Real Estate Services  13

a) Involving Own or Leased Property

(CPC 821)

None

b) On a Fee or Contract Basis

(CPC 822)

None

In CY: Unbound

E. Rental/Leasing Services without Operators

a) Relating to Ships

(CPC 83103)

In CY: Reservations on the maximum level of non-EU ownership in a ship.

In LT: Ships must be owned by Lithuanian natural persons or companies established in Lithuania.

In SE: To fly the Swedish flag proof of dominating Swedish operating influence must be shown in case of foreign ownership interests in ships.

b) Relating to Aircraft

(CPC 83104)

EU: Aircraft used by air carriers of the European Union have to be registered in the Member State licensing the air carrier or elsewhere in the European Union. The aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding ownership of capital and control (including nationality of directors).

c) Relating to Other Transport Equipment

(CPC 83101, CPC 83102 and CPC 83105) 

None

d) Relating to Other Machinery and Equipment

(CPC 83106, CPC 83107, CPC 83108 and CPC 83109)

None

e) Relating to personal and household goods

(CPC 832)

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound for CPC 83202

f) Telecommunications equipment rental

(CPC 7541)

None

F. Other Business Services

a) Advertising

(CPC 871)

None

b) Market Research and Opinion Polling

(CPC 864)

None

c) Management Consulting Services

(CPC 865)

None

d) Services Related to Management Consulting

(CPC 866)

In HU: Unbound for arbitration and conciliation services (CPC 86602). 

e) Technical Testing and Analysis Services 

(CPC 8676)

None

In CY: Unbound for Chemists and Biologists

f) Advisory and Consulting services incidental to Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry

(part of CPC 881)

None

g) Advisory and Consulting Services Relating to Fishing

(part of CPC 882)

None

h) Advisory and Consulting Services incidental to Manufacturing

(part of CPC 884 and part of CPC 885)

None

i) Placement and Supply Services of Personnel

i) 1. Executive search

(CPC 87201)

In BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

In ES: Prior to the start of the activity, placement agencies are required to submit a sworn statement certifying the fulfilment of the requirements stated by the current legislation.

i) 2. Placement Services

(CPC 87202)

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK: Unbound

In BE, FR, IT: State monopoly

In DE: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: situation and development of the labour market

i) 3. Supply Services of office support personnel

(CPC 87203)

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

In IT: State monopoly

i) 4 Model agency Services

(part of CPC 87209)

None.

In CY: Unbound

j) 1. Investigation Services

(CPC 87301)

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, ES, EE, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL,

PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

j) 2. Security Services

(CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 87304 and CPC 87305)

In DK: Requirement of nationality and residence for members of the board. Unbound for the supply of airport guard services

In BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Licence may be granted only to nationals and to national registered organisations

In ES: The provision of security services by a foreign provider on a cross-border basis is not allowed. Nationality condition for natural and juridical persons and for private security personnel.

In HR: Unbound.

k) Related Scientific and Technical Consulting Services 

(CPC 8675)

In FR: Foreign investors require a specific authorisation for exploration and prospecting services

l) 1. Maintenance and repair of vessels

(part of CPC 8868)

None

l) 2. Maintenance and Repair of Rail Transport Equipment

(part of CPC 8868)

In LV: State monopoly

In SE: Economic needs tests apply when an investor intends to establish its own terminal infrastructure facilities. Main criteria: space and capacity constraints.

l) 3. Maintenance and Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles and road transport Equipment

(CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868)

In SE: Economic needs tests apply when an investor intends to establish its own terminal infrastructure facilities. Main criteria: space and capacity constraints

l) 4. Maintenance and Repair of Aircraft and parts thereof

(part of CPC 8868)

None

l) 5. Maintenance and Repair services of metal products, of (non office) machinery, of (non transport and non office) equipment and of personal and household goods  14

(CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, CPC 8865 and CPC 8866)

None

m) Building-Cleaning Services

(CPC 874)

None

n) Photographic Services

(CPC 875)

None

o) Packaging Services

(CPC 876)

None

p) Printing and Publishing

(CPC 88442)

In HR: Residency requirements for publisher and editorial board.

In LT, LV: Establishment rights in publishing sector granted only to nationally incorporated juridical persons (no branches)

In PL: Nationality requirement for the editor-in-chief of newspapers and journals

In SE: Natural persons who are owners of periodicals that are printed and published in Sweden must reside in Sweden or be citizens of the EEA. Owners of such periodicals who are juridical persons must be established in the EEA. Periodicals that are printed and published in Sweden, and technical recordings must have a responsible editor, who must be domiciled in Sweden.

q) Convention Services

(part of CPC 87909)

None

r) 1. Translation and Interpretation Services

(CPC 87905)

In DK: Authorisation for authorised public translators and interpreters may limit the scope of activity

In HR: Unbound for translation and interpretation services for/before Croatian courts.

In PL: Unbound for the supply of sworn interpretation services

In BG, HU, SK: Unbound for official translation and interpretation

r) 2. Interior Design and other Specialty Design Services

(CPC 87907)

None

r) 3. Collection Agency Services

(CPC 87902)

In IT, PT: Nationality condition for investors

In CZ: Unbound

r) 4. Credit reporting services

(CPC 87901)

In BE: For consumer credit databanks, nationality condition for investors

In IT, PT: Nationality condition for investors

r) 5. Duplicating services

(CPC 87904)  15

None

r) 6. Telecommunications consulting services

(CPC 7544)

None

r) 7. Telephone answering services

(CPC 87903)

None

2. COMMUNICATION SERVICES

A. Postal and Courier Services

(Services relating to the handling  16 of postal items  17 according to the following list of sub-sectors, whether for domestic or foreign destinations: (i) Handling of addressed written communications on any kind of physical medium  18 , including Hybrid mail service and Direct mail, (ii) Handling of addressed parcels and packages  19 , iii) Handling of addressed press products  20 , (iv) Handling of items referred to in (i) to (iii) above as registered or insured mail, (v) Express delivery services  21 for items referred to in (i) to (iii) above, vi) Handling of nonaddressed items, (vii) Document exchange  22

None  23

Sub-sectors (i), (iv) and (v) are however excluded when they fall into the scope of the services which may be reserved, which is: for items of correspondence the price of which is less than 2.5 times the public basic tariff, provided that they weigh less than 50 grams  24 , plus the registered mail service used in the course of judicial or administrative procedures.)

(part of CPC 751, part of CPC 71235  25 and part of CPC 73210  26 )

B. Telecommunications Services

These services do not cover the economic activity consisting of the provision of content which requires telecommunications services for its transport

a) All services consisting of the transmission and reception of signals by any electromagnetic means  27 , excluding broadcasting  28  

None  29

b) Satellite broadcast transmission services  30

EU: service suppliers in this sector may be subject to obligations to safeguard general interest objectives related to the conveyance of content through their network in line with the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications

In BE: Unbound

3. CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED ENGINEERING SERVICES (CPC 511, CPC 512, CPC 513, CPC 514, CPC 515, CPC 516, CPC 517 and CPC 518) 

In BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors have to act in partnership of as subcontractors of local investors

In CY: Unbound

4. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES

(excluding distribution of arms, munitions, explosives and other war material)

All sub-sectors mentioned below 

In AT: Unbound for distribution of pyrotechnical goods, of ignitable articles and blasting devices and of toxic substances. For the distribution of pharmaceutical products and of tobacco products, exclusive rights and/or authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the

EU.

In FI: Unbound for distribution of alcoholic beverages and wholesale of pharmaceutical products.

In HR: Unbound for distribution of tobacco products.

A. Commission Agents' Services

a) Commission Agents' Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof

(part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 )

None

b) Other Commission Agents' Services

(CPC 621)

None

B. Wholesale Trade Services

a) Wholesale Trade Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof

(part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 )

None

b) Wholesale Trade Services of telecommunication terminal equipment

(part of CPC 7542)

None

c) Other wholesale trade services

(CPC 622 excluding wholesale trade services of energy products  31 )

In FR, IT: State monopoly on tobacco

In FR: Authorisation of wholesale pharmacies is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: population and geographical density of existing pharmacies.

C. Retailing Services  32

Retailing Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof

(CPC 61112, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 )

Retailing Services of telecommunication terminal equipment

(part of CPC 7542)

Food retailing services

(CPC 631)

(Retailing services of other (nonenergy) goods, except retail sales of pharmaceutical, medical and orthopaedic goods  33

(CPC 632 excluding CPC 63211 and 63297)

In IT: State monopoly on tobacco

In ES: State monopoly on tobacco. Establishment is subject to an EU nationality condition. Only natural persons (tobacconists) are permitted to provide retail services of tobacco products. Each tobacconist cannot obtain more than one license, and cannot have professional or employment relationship with any of the importers, manufacturers or wholesale distributors of tobacco products, unless such linkage ends before the final award of the license.

In BE, BG, DK, FR, IT, MT, PT: Authorisation for department stores (in the case of

FR only for large stores) is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing stores, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment.

In IE, SE: Unbound for the retail sale of alcoholic beverages

D. Franchising

(CPC 8929)

None

5. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES (only privately funded services) 

A. Primary Education Services

(CPC 921)

B. Secondary Education Services

(CPC 922)

C. Higher Education Services

(CPC 923)

D. Adult Education Services

(CPC 924)

EU: Participation of private operators in the education network is subject to concession

In AT: Unbound for higher education services. Unbound for education services for adults by means of radio or television broadcasting

In BG: Unbound for the supply of primary and/or secondary education services by foreign natural persons and associations and for the supply of higher education services

In CZ, SK: Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board. Unbound for the supply of higher education services except for post-secondary technical and vocational education services (CPC 92310).

In CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound

In EL: Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board in primary and secondary schools. Unbound for higher education institutions granting recognised States diplomas

In ES, IT: Needs test for opening private universities authorised to issue recognised diplomas or degrees; procedure involves an advice of the Parliament. Main criteria: population and density of existing establishments

In HR: Unbound for Primary Education Services (CPC 921). For Secondary Education Services: None for legal persons.

In HU, SK: The number of schools being established may be limited by local authorities (or in the case of high schools and other higher education institutions by central authorities) in charge of granting licenses

In LV: Unbound for the supply of education services relating to technical and vocational secondary school-type education services for handicapped students

(CPC 9224)

In SI: Unbound for primary schools. Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board in secondary and high schools

E. Other education services

(CPC 929)

In AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

In CZ, SK: Participation of private operators in the education network is subject to concession. Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board

6. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 

A. Waste Water Services

(CPC 9401)  34

B. Solid/hazardous waste management, excluding cross-border transport of hazardous waste

a) Refuse Disposal Services

(CPC 9402)

b) Sanitation and Similar Services

(CPC 9403)

C. Protection of ambient air and climate

(CPC 9404)  35

D. Remediation and clean up of soil and waters

a) Treatment, remediation of contaminated/polluted soil and water

(part of CPC 9406)  36

E. Noise and vibration abatement

(CPC 9405)

F. Protection of biodiversity and landscape

a) Nature and landscape protection services

(part of CPC 9406)

G. Other environmental and ancillary services

(CPC 9409)

None

7. FINANCIAL SERVICES

A. Insurance and insurance-related services

In AT: The licence for branch offices of foreign insurers has to be denied if the insurer, in the home country, does not have a legal form corresponding or comparable to a joint stock company or a mutual insurance association.

In BG, ES: Before establishing a branch or agency in Bulgaria or Spain to provide certain classes of insurance, a foreign insurer must have been authorised to operate in the same classes of insurance in its country of origin for at least five years.

In EL: The right of establishment does not cover the creation of representative offices or other permanent presence of insurance companies, except where such offices are established as agencies, branches or head offices.

In FI: At least one half of the promoters and members of the board of directors and the supervisory board of an insurance company shall have their place of residence in the EU, unless the competent authorities have granted an exemption. Foreign insurers cannot get a licence in Finland as a branch to carry on statutory pension insurance.

In IT: The authorisation of the establishment of branches is ultimately subject to the evaluation of supervisory authorities.

In BG, PL: Local incorporation (no branches) required for insurance intermediaries.

In PT: In order to establish a branch in Portugal, foreign insurance companies need to demonstrate prior operational experience of at least five years. Direct branching is not permitted for insurance intermediation, which is reserved to companies formed in accordance with the law of an EU Member State.

In SK: Foreign national may establish an insurance company in the form of a joint stock company or may conduct insurance business through their subsidiaries with registered office in the Slovak Republic (no branches).

In SI: Foreign investors cannot participate in insurance companies under privatisation. Membership of the mutual insurance institution is limited to companies established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) and domestic natural persons. For providing consultancy and claim settlement services, incorporation is required as a legal entity (no branches). For sole proprietors, a residence in the Republic of Slovenia is required.

In SE: Insurance broking undertakings not incorporated in Sweden may establish only through a branch.

B. Banking and other financial services (excluding insurance)

EU: Only firms having their registered office in the European Union can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds. The establishment of a specialised management company, having its head office and registered office in the same Member State, is required to perform the activities of management of unit trusts and investment companies

In BG: Pension insurance shall be implemented through participation in incorporated pension insurance companies (no branches). Permanent residence in Bulgaria is required for the chairperson of the management board and the chairperson of the board of directors.

In CY: Only members (brokers) of the Cyprus Stock Exchange can undertake business pertaining to securities brokerage in Cyprus. A brokerage firm may only be registered as a member of the Cyprus Stock Exchange if it has been established and registered in accordance with the Companies Law of Cyprus (no branches)

In FI: At least one half of the founders, the members of the board of directors, at least one ordinary and one deputy member of the supervisory board and the person entitled to sign in the name of the credit institution shall have their permanent residence in the EU. Exemption from these requirements may be granted by the competent authorities.

In HR: None, except for settlement and clearing services where the Central Depositary Agency (CDA) is the sole supplier in Croatia. Access to the services of the CDA will be granted to non-residents on a non-discriminatory basis.

In HU: Branches of foreign institutions are not allowed to provide asset management services for private pension funds or management of venture capital. The board of a financial institution should include at least two members, who are Hungarian citizens, residents in the meaning of the relevant foreign exchange regulations and have permanent residency in Hungary for at least one year.

In IE: In the case of collective investment schemes constituted as unit trusts and variable capital companies (other than undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities, UCITS), the trustee/depository and management company is required to be incorporated in Ireland or in another Member State of the European Union (no branches). In the case of an investment limited partnership, at least one general partner must be incorporated in Ireland. To become a member of a stock exchange in Ireland, an entity must either (I) be authorised in Ireland, which requires that it be incorporated or be a partnership, with a head/registered office in Ireland, or (II) be authorised in another Member State in accordance with the EU Investment Services Directive.

In IT: In order to be authorised to manage the securities settlement system with an establishment in Italy, a company is required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). In order to be authorised to manage central securities depository services with an establishment in Italy, companies are required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). In the case of collective investment schemes other than

UCITS harmonised under EU legislation, the trustee/ depository is required to be incorporated in Italy or in another Member State of the EU and established through a branch in Italy. Management companies of UCITS not harmonised under EU legislation are also required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). Only banks, insurance companies, investment firms and companies managing

UCITS harmonised under EU legislation having their legal head office in the EU, as well as UCITS incorporated in Italy may carry out activity of pension fund resources management. In providing the activity of door-to-door selling, intermediaries must utilise authorised financial salesmen resident within the territory of a Member State of the European Union. Representative offices of foreign intermediaries cannot carry out activities aimed at providing investment services.

In LT: For the purpose of asset management, incorporation as a specialised management company (no branches) is required. Only firms having their registered office in Lithuania can act as the depositories of the assets.

In PT: Pension fund management may be provided only by specialized companies incorporated in Portugal for that purpose and by insurance companies established in Portugal and authorised to take up the life insurance business or by entities authorised to pension fund management in other EU Member States (unbound for direct branching from non-EU countries).

In RO: Branches of foreign institutions are not allowed to provide asset management services

In SK: Investment services in the Slovak Republic can be provided by banks, investment companies, investment funds and security dealers which have legal form of jointstock company with equity capital according to the law (no branches).

In SI: Unbound for participation in banks under privatisation and for private pension funds (non-compulsory pension funds) 

In SE: A founder of a savings bank shall be a natural person resident in the EU.

8. HEALTH SERVICES AND SOCIAL SERVICES 

(only privately funded services)

A. Hospital Services

(CPC 9311)

B. Ambulance Services

(CPC 93192)

C. Residential health facilities other than hospital services

(CPC 93193)

D. Social Services

(CPC 933)

EU: Participation of private operators in the health and social network is subject to concession. Economic needs tests may apply. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, transport infrastructure, population density, geographic spread, and creation of new employment.

In AT, SI: Unbound for ambulance services

In BG: Unbound for hospital services, for ambulance services and for residential health facilities other than hospital services

In CZ, FI, MT, PL, SE, SK: Unbound

In HU, SI: Unbound for social services

In BE, UK: Unbound for ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social services other than convalescent and rest houses and old people's homes

In CY: Unbound for hospital services, ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social services other than convalescent and rest houses and old people's homes

9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES

A. Hotel, Restaurants and Catering

(CPC 641, CPC 642 and CPC 643)

excluding catering in air transport services  37

In BG: Incorporation is required (no branches)

In IT: Economic needs tests applied on bars, cafes and restaurants. Main criteria: population and density of existing establishments

In HR: Location in the protected areas of particular historic and artistic interest and within national or landscape parks is subject to approval by the Government of the Republic of Croatia which can be denied.

B. Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Services (including tour managers)

(CPC 7471)

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In CY: Foreign service providers have to be represented by a resident Travel Office

In CZ: Economic needs test based on population criterion

In PT: Requirement of constitution of a commercial company having its corporate base in Portugal (unbound for branches)

C. Tourist Guides Services

(CPC 7472)

None

In CY: Nationality condition

10. RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING SERVICES (other than audio-visual services)

A. Entertainment Services (including Theatre, Live Bands, Circus and Discotheque Services)

(CPC 9619)

In CY, CZ, FI, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Unbound

In BG: Unbound except for theatrical producer, singer group, band and orchestra entertainment services (CPC 96191), services provided by authors, composers, sculptors, entertainers and other individual artists (CPC 96192) and ancillary theatrical services (CPC 96193)

In EE: Unbound for other entertainment services (CPC 96199) except for cinema theatre services

In LV: Unbound except for cinema theatre operation services (part of CPC 96199)

B. News and Press Agencies Services

(CPC 962)

In CZ: Unbound

In FR: Foreign participation in companies publishing publications in the French language may not exceed 20 per cent of the capital or of voting rights in the company. Establishment of press agencies by foreign investors is subject to reciprocity.

C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services,

(CPC 963)

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

In AT, LT: Participation of private operators in the libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services' network is subject to concession or licence.

D. Sporting services

(CPC 9641) 

In AT, SI: Unbound for ski school services and mountain guide services

In BG, CY, CZ, EE, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound

E. Recreation park and beach Services

(CPC 96491)

None

11. TRANSPORT

SERVICES

A. Maritime transport 

a) International passenger transportation

(CPC 7211 less national cabotage transport).

b) International freight transportation

(CPC 7212 less national cabotage transport)  38

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In BG, CY, DE, EE, ES, FR, FI, EL, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI and SE: Feedering services by authorisation.

B. Internal Waterways Transport 

a) Passenger transportation

(CPC 7221)

b) Freight transportation

(CPC 7222)

EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping.

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment

In AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, nationality condition for the managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU citizens.

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In FI: Services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag.

In HR: Unbound.

C. Rail Transport 

a) Passenger transportation

(CPC 7111)

b) Freight transportation

(CPC 7112)

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In HR, LT: Unbound.

D. Road Transport 

a) Passenger Transportation

(CPC 7121 and CPC 7122)

In EU: Foreign investors cannot provide transport services within a Member State (cabotage), except for rental of nonscheduled services of buses with operator

In EU: Economic needs test for taxi services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment

In AT, BG: Exclusive rights and/or authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU

In BG, CZ: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In FI, LV: Authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles

In LV and SE: Requirement on established entities to use vehicles with national registration

In ES: Economic needs test for CPC 7122. Main criteria: Local demand

In IT, PT: Economic needs test for limousine services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment

In ES, IE, IT: Economic needs test for intercity bussing services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment

In FR : Unbound for intercity bussing services

b) Freight Transportation 

(CPC 7123, excluding transportation of mail on own account  39 ).

In AT, BG: Exclusive rights and/or authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU

In BG, CZ: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In ES: Unbound

In FI, LV: Authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles

In LV and SE: Requirement on established entities to use vehicles with national registration

In IT, SK: Economic needs test. Main criteria is local demand

E. Pipeline transport of goods other than fuel  40  

(CPC 7139)

AT: Exclusive rights can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU

12. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO TRANSPORT  41

A. Services auxiliary to Maritime Transport 

a) Maritime Cargo Handling Services

b) Storage and warehousing Services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Customs Clearance Services

d) Container Station and Depot Services

e) Maritime Agency Services

f) Maritime Freight Forwarding Services

g) Rental of Vessels with Crew

(CPC 7213)

h) Pushing and towing services

(CPC 7214)

i) Supporting services for maritime transport

(part of CPC 745)

j) Other supporting and auxiliary services (including catering)

(part of CPC 749)

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: For pushing and towing services and for supporting services for maritime transport unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment

In IT: Economic needs test for maritime cargo-handling services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread and creation of new employment

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49 per cent. 

In CY: Unbound for rental of vessels with crew

In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance

In FI: Pushing and towing services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag.

In HR: Unbound for c) Customs Clearance Services, d) Container Station and Depot Services, e) Maritime Agency Services and f) Maritime Freight Forwarding Services.
For a) Maritime Cargo Handling Services, b) Storage and warehousing Services, j) Other supporting and auxiliary services (including catering), h) Pushing and towing services and i) Supporting services for maritime transport: None, except that foreign legal person is required to establish a company in Croatia which should be granted a concession by the port authority, following a public tendering procedure. The number of service suppliers may be limited reflecting limitations in port capacity.

In MT: Unbound for Customs Clearance Services 

B. Services auxiliary to internal waterways transport 

a) Cargo-handling services

(part of CPC 741)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

d) Rental of Vessels with Crew

(CPC 7223)

e) Pushing and towing services

(CPC 7224)

f) Supporting services for internal waterway transport

(part of CPC 745)

g) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping.

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT,

NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for pushing and towing services and supporting services for internal waterway transport.

In AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, nationality condition for the managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU citizens.

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49 per cent

In HU: Participation of the State may be required in an establishment

In FI: Pushing and towing services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag.

In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance.

.

In HR: Unbound.

C. Services auxiliary to rail transport

a) Cargo-handling services

(part of CPC 741)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49 per cent

In CZ: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance

In HR: Unbound for pushing and towing services.

d) Pushing and towing services

(CPC 7113)

e) Supporting services for rail transport services

(CPC 743)

f) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

D. Services auxiliary to road transport 

a) Cargo-handling services

(part of CPC 741)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

d) Rental of Commercial Road Vehicles with Operators

(CPC 7124)

e) Supporting services for road transport equipment

(CPC 744)

f) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

In AT: For rental of commercial road vehicles with operators, authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49 per cent

In FI: For rental of commercial road vehicles with operators, authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles

In HR: Unbound for Rental of Commercial Road Vehicles with Operators.    

In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance

E. Services auxiliary to air transport services

a) Ground handling services (including catering)

EU: Categories of activities depend of size of airport. The number of providers in each airport can be limited due to available-space constraints and to not less than two suppliers for other reasons.

In HR: Unbound.

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In PL: For storage services of frozen or refrigerated goods and bulk storage services of liquids or gases, categories of activities depend of size of airport. The number of providers in each airport can be limited due to available-space constraints and to not less than two suppliers for other reasons

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In CZ: Unbound

In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance

d) Rental of aircraft with crew

(CPC 734)

EU: Aircraft used by carriers of the European Union have to be registered in the EU Member State licensing the carrier or elsewhere in the EU and shall be subject to approval in accordance with the applicable European Union or national law on aviation safety. Waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts or under exceptional circumstances.

BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

e) Sales and Marketing

EU: Specific obligations for investors operating computer reservation systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers

BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

f) Computer Reservations System

EU: Specific obligations for investors operating computer reservation systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

g) Airport management 

In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)

In PL: Foreign participation is limited to 49 per cent

F. Services auxiliary to pipeline transport of goods other than fuel  42

a) Storage and warehouse services of goods other than fuel transported by pipelines 

(part of CPC 742)

None

13. ENERGY SERVICES

A. Services Incidental to Mining 

(CPC 883)  43

None

In CY: Unbound

B. Pipeline Transportation of fuels 

(CPC 7131)

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

C. Storage and warehouse services of fuels transported through pipelines 

(part of CPC 742)

In PL: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required).

D. Wholesale trade services of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products

(CPC 62271)

and wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water 

EU: Unbound for wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water.

E. Retailing Services of motor fuel

(CPC 613)

F. Retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood

(CPC 63297)

and retailing services of electricity, (non bottled) gas, steam and hot water 

EU: Unbound for retailing services of motor fuel, electricity, (non bottled) gas, steam and hot water

In BE, BG, DK, FR, IT, MT, PT: For retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood, authorisation for department stores (in the case of FR only for large stores) is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing stores, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment

In CY: Unbound

G. Services incidental to energy distribution 

(CPC 887)

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, HU, IT, LU, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, UK: Unbound except for consultancy services, where: none

In SI: Unbound except for services incidental to the distribution of gas, where: none.

14. OTHER SERVICES NOT INCLUDED ELSEWHERE

a) Washing, Cleaning and Dyeing services

(CPC 9701)

None

b) Hairdressing services
(CPC 97021)

In CY: Unbound

In IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The economic needs test, when applied, sets a limit on the number of enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business

c) Cosmetic treatment, manicuring and pedicuring services

(CPC 97022)

In IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The economic needs test, when applied, sets a limit on the number of enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business

d) Other beauty treatment services n.e.c.

(CPC 97029)

In IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The economic needs test, when applied, sets a limit on the number of enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business

e) Spa services and non therapeutical massages, to the extent that they are provided as relaxation physical well-being services and not for medical or rehabilitation purposes  44  

(CPC ver. 1.0 97230)

None 

g) Telecommunications connection services

(CPC 7543)

None

Sector or sub-sector

Description of reservations

ALL SECTORS

Real estate

For Modes 1 and 2

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, EL, FI, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Limitations on acquisition of land and real estate by foreign investors  45

1. BUSINESS SERVICES

A. Professional Services

a) Legal Services

(CPC 861)  46

(excluding legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, huissiers de justice or other officiers publics et ministériels)

For Modes 1 and 2

In AT, CY, ES, EL, LT, MT, SK: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of domestic (EU and Member State) law, is subject to a nationality condition

In BE, LU, FI: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with residency requirements.

In BE quotas apply for appearing before the "Cour de cassation" in non-criminal cases.

In BG: Foreign lawyers can only provide legal representation services of a national of their home country and subject to reciprocity and cooperation with a Bulgarian lawyer. For legal mediation services permanent residence is required.

In ES: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of legal services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State) law, including representation before courts. Only EEA or Swiss nationals may be admitted to the Bar, and are thus entitled to provide legal services in respect of domestic law. Industrial property attorneys are subject to an EU nationality condition.

In FR: Lawyers' access to the profession of "avocat auprès de la Cour de Cassation" et "avocat auprès du Conseil d'Etat" is subject to quotas and to a nationality condition

In HR: Unbound for practicing of Croatian law.

In HU: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with residency requirements. For foreign lawyers the scope of legal activities is limited to the provision of legal advice.

In LV: Nationality requirement for sworn solicitors, to whom legal representation in criminal proceedings is reserved.

In DK: Marketing of legal advice activities is restricted to lawyers with a Danish licence to practice and law firms registered in Denmark. Requirement of a Danish legal examination in order to obtain a Danish licence.

In SE: Admission to the Bar, necessary only for the use of the Swedish title "advokat", is subject to a residency requirement.

b) 1. Accounting and Bookkeeping Services

(CPC 86212 other than "auditing services", CPC 86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220)

For Mode 1

In FR, HU, IT, MT, RO, SI: Unbound

In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent authorities

In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector.

In PL: Statutory audit activities may be carried out only by locally approved statutory auditors or audit firms

For Mode 2

None

b) 2. Auditing services

(CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services)

For Mode 1

In BE, BG, CY, DE, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SI, UK: Unbound

In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent authorities and for performing audits provided for in specific Austrian laws (e.g. joint stock companies law, stock exchange law, banking law, etc.)

In HR: Foreign audit firms may provide audit services on the Croatian territory where they have established a branch.

In SE: Statutory audit in listed companies and companies exceeding certain thresholds concerning turnover, total assets and number of employees must be performed by public auditors authorised in Sweden. Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required for authorisation or approval. Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform statutory auditing services in certain legal entities, including in all limited companies, as well as of physical persons. Only auditors approved in Sweden, and registered public accounting firms, may be shareholders or form partnerships in companies which practice qualified auditing (for official purposes). Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required for approval. The titles of “approved auditor” and “authorised auditor” may only be used by auditors approved or authorised in Sweden.

In LT: Auditor's report must be prepared in conjunction with an auditor accredited to practise in Lithuania

For Mode 2

None

c) Taxation Advisory Services

(CPC 863)  47

For Mode 1

In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent authorities

In CY: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector. 

In CZ: Taxation services may be provided by natural persons only who are registered in the list of the Chamber of Tax Consultants or in the Chamber of Auditors.

In BG, MT, PL, RO and SI: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

d) Architectural services

and

e) Urban planning and landscape architectural services

(CPC 8671 and CPC 8674)

For Mode 1

In AT: Unbound except for planning services.

In BE, BG, CY, EL, IT, MT, PL, PT, SI: Unbound

In DE: Application of the national rules on fees and emoluments for all services which are performed from abroad

In HR: Natural and legal persons may supply architectural services upon approval of the Croatian Chamber of Architects. A design or project elaborated abroad must be recognized (validated) by an authorized natural or legal person in Croatia with regard to its compliance with Croatian Law. Unbound for urban planning.

In HU, RO: Unbound for landscape architectural services

For Mode 2

None

f) Engineering services; and

g) Integrated engineering services

(CPC 8672 and CPC 8673)

For Mode 1

In AT, SI: Unbound except for pure planning services.

In BG, CY, EL, IT, MT, PT: Unbound

In HR: Natural and legal persons may supply engineering services upon approval of the Croatian Chamber of Engineers. A design or project elaborated abroad must be recognized (validated) by an authorized natural or legal person in Croatia with regard to its compliance with Croatian Law.

For Mode 2

None

h) Medical (including Psychologists), and Dental services

(CPC 9312 and

part of CPC 85201) 

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SK, UK: Unbound

In HR: Unbound, except for telemedicine.

In SI: Unbound for social medicine, sanitary, epidemiological, medical/ecological services, the supply of blood, blood preparations and transplants and autopsy.

For Mode 2

None

i) Veterinary services

(CPC 932)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, EE, ES, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, MT, NL, PT, RO, SI, SK: Unbound

In CZ: Access to natural persons only

In UK: Unbound except for veterinary laboratory and technical services supplied to veterinary surgeons, general advice, guidance and information e.g.: nutritional, behaviour and pet care.

For Mode 2

None

j) 1. Midwives services

(part of CPC 93191)

j) 2. Services provided by Nurses, Physiotherapists and Paramedical Personnel

(part of CPC 93191)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SI, SK, UK: Unbound

In FI, PL: Unbound except for nurses

In HR: Unbound, except for telemedicine.

For Mode 2

None

k) Retail sales of pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and orthopaedical goods

(CPC 63211)

and other services supplied by pharmacists  48

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, DE, CY, CZ, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound

In LV, LT: Unbound except for mail order

In HU: Unbound except for CPC 63211

For Mode 2

None

B. Computer and Related Services

(CPC 84)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

C. Research and Development Services

a) R and D services on natural sciences

(CPC 851)

b) R and D services on Social Sciences and Humanities

(CPC 852 excluding psychologists services)  49

c) Interdisciplinary R and D services

(CPC 853)

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: For publicly funded R and D services, exclusive rights and/or authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU

D. Real Estate Services  50

a) Involving Own or Leased Property

(CPC 821)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, CZ, EE, HU, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

In HR: Commercial presence required.

For Mode 2

None

b) On a Fee or Contract Basis

(CPC 822)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, CZ, EE, HU, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

In HR: Commercial presence required.

For Mode 2

None

E. Rental/Leasing Services without Operators

a) Relating to Ships

(CPC 83103)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, DE, HU, MT, RO: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

b) Relating to Aircraft

(CPC 83104)

For Modes 1 and 2:

In BG, CY, CZ, HU, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound

EU: Aircraft used by air carriers of the European Union have to be registered in the Member State licensing the air carrier or elsewhere in the European Union and shall be subject to approval in accordance with applicable European Union or national law on aviation safety.

c) Relating to Other Transport Equipment

(CPC 83101, CPC 83102 and CPC 83105) 

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, HU, LV, MT, PL, RO, SI: Unbound

In SE: Suppliers of rental or leasing services of cars and certain off-road vehicles (terrängmotorfordon) without a driver, rented or leased for a period of less than one year, are obliged to appoint someone to be responsible for ensuring, inter alia, that the business is conducted in accordance with applicable rules and regulations and that the road traffic safety rules are followed. The responsible person must reside in Sweden.

For Mode 2

None

d) Relating to Other Machinery and Equipment

(CPC 83106, CPC 83107, CPC 83108 and CPC 83109)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, CZ, HU, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

e) Relating to personal and household goods

(CPC 832)

For Modes 1 and 2

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound

In EE: Unbound except for leasing or rental services concerning pre-recorded video-cassettes for use in home entertainment equipment

f) Telecommunications equipment rental

(CPC 7541)

For Modes 1 and 2:

None.

F. Other Business Services

a) Advertising

(CPC 871)

For Modes 1 and 2:

None.

b) Market Research and Opinion Polling

(CPC 864)

For Modes 1 and 2:

None

c) Management Consulting Services

(CPC 865)

For Modes 1 and 2:

None.

d) Services Related to Management Consulting

(CPC 866)

For Modes 1 and 2:

In HU: Unbound for arbitration and conciliation services (CPC 86602).

e) Technical Testing and Analysis Services

(CPC 8676)

For Mode 1

In IT: Unbound for the profession of biologist and chemical analyst

In BG, CY, CZ, MT, PL, RO, SK, SE: Unbound

For Mode 2

In BG, CY, CZ, MT, PL, RO, SK, SE: Unbound

f) Advisory and Consulting services incidental to Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry

(part of CPC 881)

For Mode 1

In IT: Unbound for activities reserved to agronomist and "periti agrari"

In EE, MT, RO, SI: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

g) Advisory and Consulting Services Relating to Fishing

(part of CPC 882)

For Mode 1

In LV, MT, RO, SI: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

h) Advisory and Consulting Services incidental to Manufacturing

(part of CPC 884 and part of CPC 885)

For Modes 1 and 2

None.

i) Placement and Supply Services of Personnel

i) 1. Executive search

(CPC 87201)

For Mode 1

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE: Unbound

For Mode 2

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

i) 2. Placement Services

(CPC 87202)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, LV, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, LV, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, UK: Unbound

i) 3. Supply Services of office support personnel

(CPC 87203)

For Mode 1

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, FR, IT, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SK, SI: Unbound

For Mode 2

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, FR, IT, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

j) 1. Investigation Services

(CPC 87301)

For Modes 1 and 2

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, UK: Unbound

j) 2. Security Services

(CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 87304 and CPC 87305)

For Modes 1 and 2

In HU: Unbound for CPC 87304, CPC 87305

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, ES, EE, FI, FR, HR, IT, LV, LT, MT, PT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Unbound

k) Related Scientific and Technical Consulting Services

(CPC 8675)

For Mode 1

In BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, UK: Unbound for exploration services

In HR: Services of basic geological, geodetic and mining consulting services as well as related environmental protection consulting services on the territory of Croatia can be carried out only jointly with/or through domestic legal persons.

For Mode 2

None

l) 1. Maintenance and repair of vessels

(part of CPC 8868)

For Mode 1

For maritime transport vessels: In BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, HR, EL, IE, IT, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, UK: Unbound

For internal waterways transport vessels: EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

l) 2. Maintenance and Repair of Rail Transport Equipment

(part of CPC 8868)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, DE, CY, CZ, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

l) 3. Maintenance and Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles and road transport Equipment

(CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

l) 4. Maintenance and Repair of Aircraft and parts thereof

(part of CPC 8868)

For Mode 1

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, HR, EL, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

l) 5. Maintenance and Repair services of metal products, of (non office) machinery, of (non transport and non office) equipment and of personal and household goods  51

(CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, CPC 8865 and CPC 8866)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

m) Building-Cleaning Services

(CPC 874)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LU, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None.

n) Photographic Services

(CPC 875)

For Mode 1

In BG, EE, MT, PL: Unbound for the supply of aerial photographic services

In HR, LV: Unbound for specialty photographic services (CPC 87504)

For Mode 2

None.

o) Packaging Services

(CPC 876)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

p) Printing and Publishing

(CPC 88442)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

In SE: Natural persons who are owners of periodicals that are printed and published in Sweden must reside in Sweden or be citizens of the EEA. Owners of such periodicals who are juridical persons must be established in the EEA. Periodicals that are printed and published in Sweden, and technical recordings must have a responsible editor, who must be domiciled in Sweden.

q) Convention Services

(part of CPC 87909)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

r) 1. Translation and Interpretation Services

(CPC 87905)

For Mode 1

In PL: Unbound for services of sworn interpreters

In HR: Unbound for official documents.

In HU, SK: Unbound for official translation and interpretation

For Mode 2

None

r) 2. Interior design and other specialty design services

(CPC 87907)

For Mode 1

In DE: Application of the national rules on fees and emoluments for all services which are performed from abroad

For Mode 2

None

r) 3. Collection Agency Services

(CPC 87902)

For Modes 1 and 2

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

r) 4. Credit reporting services

(CPC 87901)

For Modes 1 and 2

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

r) 5. Duplicating services

(CPC 87904)  52

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

r) 6. Telecommunications consulting services

(CPC 7544)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

r) 7. Telephone answering services

(CPC 87903)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

2. COMMUNICATION SERVICES

A. Postal and Courier Services

(Services relating to the handling  53 of postal items  54 according to the following list of sub-sectors, whether for domestic or foreign destinations: (i) Handling of addressed written communications on any kind of physical medium  55 , including Hybrid mail service and Direct mail, (ii) Handling of addressed parcels and packages  56 , iii) Handling of addressed press products  57 , (iv) Handling of items referred to in (i) to (iii) above as registered or insured mail, (v) Express delivery services  58 for items referred to in (i) to (iii) above, vi) Handling of nonaddressed items, (vii) Document exchange  59

For Modes 1 and 2

None  60

Sub-sectors (i), (iv) and (v) are however excluded when they fall into the scope of the services which may be reserved, which is: for items of correspondence the price of which is less than 2.5 times the public basic tariff, provided that they weigh less than 50 grams  61 , plus the registered mail service used in the course of judicial or administrative procedures.) 

(part of CPC 751, part of CPC 71235  62 and part of CPC 73210  63 )

B. Telecommunications Services

(These services do not cover the economic activity consisting of the provision of content which requires telecommunications services for its transport)

a) All services consisting of the transmission and reception of signals by any electromagnetic means  64 , excluding broadcasting  65  

For Modes 1 and 2

None

b) Satellite broadcast transmission services  66

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: None except that service providers in this sector may be subject to obligations to safeguard general interest objectives related to the conveyance of content through their network in line with the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications

In BE: Unbound

3. CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED ENGINEERING SERVICES (CPC 511, CPC 512, CPC 513, CPC 514, CPC 515, CPC 516, CPC 517 and CPC 518) 

For Modes 1 and 2

None

4. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES

(excluding distribution of arms, munitions, explosives and other war material)

A. Commission Agents' Services

a) Commission Agents' Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof

(part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121) 

b) Other Commission Agents' Services

(CPC 621)

B. Wholesale Trade Services

a) Wholesale Trade Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof

(part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 )

b) Wholesale Trade Services of telecommunication terminal equipment

(part of CPC 7542)

c) Other wholesale trade services

(CPC 622 excluding wholesale trade services of energy products  67 )

C. Retailing Services  68

Retailing Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof

(CPC 61112, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121)

Retailing Services of telecommunication terminal equipment

(part of CPC 7542)

Food retailing services

(CPC 631)

Retailing services of other (nonenergy) goods, except retail sales of pharmaceutical, medical and orthopaedic goods  69

(CPC 632 excluding CPC 63211 and 63297)

D. Franchising

(CPC 8929)

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: Unbound for distribution of chemical products, of precious metals (and stones).

In AT: Unbound for distribution of pyrotechnical goods, of ignitable articles and blasting devices and of toxic substances.

In AT, BG: Unbound for distribution of products for medical use such as medical and surgical devices, medical substances and objects for medical use.

In ES: State monopoly on retail sales of tobacco. Establishment is subject to an EU nationality. Distance selling, mail order or similar procedures for retail sale or supply of tobacco is prohibited.

In HR: Unbound for tobacco products.

For Mode 1

In AT, BG, PL, RO: Unbound for distribution of tobacco and tobacco products.

In IT: For wholesale trade services, state monopoly on tobacco

In BG, FI, PL, RO: Unbound for distribution of alcoholic beverages

In SE: Unbound for retail distribution of alcoholic beverages

In AT, BG, CZ, FI, RO, SK, SI: Unbound for distribution of pharmaceuticals,

In BG, HU, PL: Unbound for commodity brokers' services.

In FR: For commission agents' services, unbound for traders and brokers working in 17 markets of national interest on fresh food products. Unbound for wholesale of pharmaceuticals

In MT: Unbound for commission agents' services

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, UK: For retailing services, unbound except for mail order.

5. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES (only privately-funded services) 

A. Primary Education Services

(CPC 921)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, FI, FR, HR, IT, MT, RO, SE, SI: Unbound

For Mode 2

In CY, FI, HR, MT, RO, SE, SI: Unbound

B. Secondary Education Services

(CPC 922)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, FI, FR, HR, IT, MT, RO, SE: Unbound

For Mode 2

In CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound

For Modes 1 and 2

In LV: Unbound for education services relating to technical and vocational secondary school-type education services for handicapped students (CPC 9224) 

C. Higher Education Services

(CPC 923)

For Mode 1

In AT, BG, CY, FI, FR, IT, MT, RO, SE: Unbound

For Mode 2

In AT, BG, CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound

For Modes 1 and 2

In CZ, SK: Unbound for higher education services, except post-secondary technical and vocational education services (CPC 92310)

D. Adult Education Services

(CPC 924)

For Modes 1 and 2

In AT: Unbound for adult education services by means of radio or television broadcasting.

In CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound.

E. Other education services

(CPC 929)

For Modes 1 and 2

In AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, UK: Unbound.

For Mode 1

In HR: None for correspondence education or education via telecommunications.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

A. Waste Water Services

(CPC 9401)  70

B. Solid/hazardous waste management, excluding crossborder transport of hazardous waste

a) Refuse Disposal Services

(CPC 9402)    

b) Sanitation and Similar Services

(CPC 9403)

C. Protection of ambient air and climate

(CPC 9404)  71

D. Remediation and clean-up of soil and waters

a) Treatment, remediation of contaminated/polluted soil and water

(part of CPC 94060)  72

E. Noise and vibration abatement

(CPC 9405)

F. Protection of biodiversity and landscape

a) Nature and landscape protection services

(part of CPC 9406)

G. Other environmental and ancillary services

(CPC 94090)

For Mode 1

EU: Unbound except for consulting services

For Mode 2

None

7. FINANCIAL SERVICES

A. Insurance and insurance-related services

For Modes 1 and 2

In AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound for direct insurance services except for insurance of risks relating to:

i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle transporting the goods and any liability arising therefrom; and

ii) goods in international transit

In AT: Promotional activity and intermediation on behalf of a subsidiary not established in the EU or of a branch not established in Austria (except for reinsurance and retrocession) are prohibited. Compulsory air insurance, except for insurance of international commercial air transport, can be underwritten only by a subsidiary established in the EU or by a branch established in Austria. Higher premium tax is due for insurance contracts (except for contracts on reinsurance and retrocession) which are written by a subsidiary not established in the EU or by a branch not established in Austria. Exception from the higher tax can be granted.

In DK: Compulsory air transport insurance can be underwritten only by firms established in the EU. No persons or companies (including insurance companies) may for business purposes in Denmark assist in effecting direct insurance for persons resident in Denmark, for Danish ships or for property in Denmark, other than insurance companies licensed by Danish law or by Danish competent authorities.

In DE: Compulsory air insurance policies can be underwritten only by a subsidiary established in the EU or by a branch established in Germany. If a foreign insurance company has established a branch in Germany, it may conclude insurance contracts in Germany relating to international transport only through the branch established in Germany.

In FR: Insurance of risks relating to ground transport may be carried out only by insurance firms established in the EU.

In PL: Unbound for reinsurance and retrocession except for risks relating to goods in international trade.

In PT: Air and maritime transport insurance, covering goods, aircraft, hull and liability can be underwritten only by firms established in the EU; only persons or companies established in the EU may act as intermediaries for such insurance business in Portugal.

In RO: Reinsurance on international market is allowed only if the reinsured risk cannot be placed on the domestic market

In ES: For actuarial services, residence requirement and three-year relevant experience.

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PT, RO, SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound for direct insurance intermediation services except for insurance of risks relating to:

i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle transporting the goods and any liability arising therefrom; and

ii) goods in international transit

In BG: Unbound for direct insurance, except for services supplied by foreign suppliers to foreign persons in the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria. Transport insurance, covering goods, insurance of vehicles as such and liability insurance regarding risks located in the Republic of Bulgaria may not be underwritten by foreign insurance companies directly. A foreign insurance company may conclude insurance contracts only through a branch. Unbound for deposit insurance and similar compensations schemes, as well as mandatory insurance schemes.

In CY, LV, MT: Unbound for direct insurance services except for insurance of risks relating to:

i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle transporting the goods and any liability arising herefrom; and

ii) goods in international transit

In LT: Unbound for direct insurance services except for insurance of risks relating to:

i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle transporting the goods and any liability arising therefrom; and

ii) goods in international transit, except related to land transport where the risk is located in Lithuania

In BG, LV, LT, PL: Unbound for insurance intermediation

In FI: Only insurers having their head-office in the EU or having their branch in Finland may offer direct insurance (including co-insurance) services. The supply of insurance broker services is subject to a permanent place of business in the EU.

In HR: Unbound for direct insurance and direct insurance intermediation services, except

a) life insurance: for the supply of life insurance to foreign persons residing in Croatia;

b) non-life insurance: for the supply of non-life insurance to foreign persons residing in Croatia other than automobile liability

c) marine, aviation, transport.

In HU: The supply of direct insurance in the territory of Hungary by insurance companies not established in the EU is allowed only through a branch office registered in Hungary.

In IT: Unbound for the actuarial profession. Transport insurance of goods, insurance of vehicles as such and liability insurance regarding risks located in Italy may be underwritten only by insurance companies established in the EU. This reservation does not apply for international transport involving imports into Italy.

In SE: The supply of direct insurance is allowed only through an insurance service supplier authorised in Sweden, provided that the foreign service supplier and the Swedish insurance company belong to the same group of companies or have an agreement of cooperation between them.

For Mode 2

In AT, BE, BG, CZ, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound for intermediation

In BG: For direct insurance, Bulgarian natural and juridical persons, as well as foreign persons who conduct business activity in the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, can conclude insurance contracts only with suppliers with respect to their activity in Bulgaria, which are licensed to conduct insurance activity in Bulgaria. Insurance compensation resulting from these contracts shall be paid in Bulgaria. Unbound for deposit insurance and similar compensations schemes, as well as mandatory insurance schemes.

In HR: Unbound for direct insurance and direct insurance intermediation services, except

a) life insurance: for the ability of foreign persons residing in Croatia to obtain life insurance;

b) non-life insurance:

   (i) for the ability of foreign persons residing in Croatia to obtain non-life insurance other than automobile liability;

   (ii) - personal or property risk insurance that is not available in the Republic of Croatia; - companies purchasing insurance    abroad in connection with investment works abroad including the equipment for those works; - for ensuring the return of    foreign loans (collateral insurance); - personal and property insurance of wholly-owned enterprises and joint ventures which    perform an economic activity in a foreign country, if it is in accordance with the regulations of that country or it is required by    its registration; - ships under construction and overhaul if it is stipulated by the contract concluded with the foreign client    (buyer);

c) marine, aviation, transport.

In IT: Transport insurance of goods, insurance of vehicles as such and liability insurance regarding risks located in Italy may be underwritten only by insurance companies established in the EU. This reservation does not apply for international transport involving imports into Italy.

B. Banking and other financial services (excluding insurance)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, PT, SK, SE, UK: Unbound except for provision of financial information and financial data processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding intermediation

In BE: Establishment in Belgium is required for the provision of investment advisory services.

In BG: Limitations and conditions relating to the use of telecommunications network may apply.

In CY: Unbound except for trading of transferable securities, for provision of financial information and financial data processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding intermediation

In EE: For acceptance of deposits, requirement of authorisation by Estonian financial Supervision Authority and registration under Estonian Law as a joint-stock company, a subsidiary or a branch.

In EE: The establishment of a specialised management company is required to perform the activities of management of investment funds, and only firms having their registered office in the EU can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds.

In HR: Unbound except for lending, financial leasing, payment and money transmission services, guarantees and commitments, money broking , provision and transfer of financial information and advisory and other auxiliary financial services, excluding intermediation.

In LT: The establishment of a specialised management company is required to perform the activities of management of unit trusts and investment companies, and only firms having their registered office in the EU can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds.

In IE: The provision of investment services or investment advice requires either (I) authorisation in Ireland, which normally requires that the entity be incorporated or be a partnership or a sole trader, in each case with a head/registered office in Ireland (authorisation may not be required in certain cases, e.g. where a third country service provider has no commercial presence in Ireland and the service is not provided to private individuals), or (II) authorisation in another Member State in accordance with the EU Investment Services Directive.

In IT: Unbound for "promotori di servizi finanziari" (financial salesmen).

In LV: Unbound except for participation in issues of all kinds of securities, for provision of financial information and financial data processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding intermediation

In LT: Commercial presence is required for pension fund management

In MT: Unbound except for acceptance of deposits, for lending of all types, for provision of financial information and financial data processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding intermediation

In PL: For the provision and transfer of financial information, and financial data processing and related software: Requirement to use the public telecommunication network, or the network of other authorised operator.

In RO: Unbound for financial leasing, for trading of money market instruments, foreign exchange, derivative products, exchange rate and interest rate instruments, transferable securities and other negotiable instruments and financial assets, for participation in issues of all kinds of securities, for asset management and for settlement and clearing services for financial assets. Payments and money transmission services are allowed only through a resident bank.

In SI:

(i)    Participation in issues of Treasury bonds, pension fund management: Unbound.

(ii)    All other sub-sectors, except participation in issues of Treasury bonds, pension fund management, provision and transfer of financial information and advisory and other auxiliary financial services: Unbound except accepting credits (borrowing of all types), and accepting guarantees and commitments from foreign credit institutions by domestic legal entities and sole proprietors. Foreign persons can only offer foreign securities through domestic banks and stock broking company. Members of the Slovenian Stock Exchange must be incorporated in the Republic of Slovenia or be branches of foreign investment firms or banks.

For Mode 2

In BG: Limitations and conditions relating to the use of telecommunications network may apply.

In PL: For the provision and transfer of financial information, and financial data processing and related software: Requirement to use the public telecommunication network, or the network of another authorised operator.

8. HEALTH SERVICES AND SOCIAL SERVICES

(only privately-funded services)

A. Hospital Services

(CPC 9311)

C. Residential health facilities other than hospital services

(CPC 93193)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, DE, CY, CZ, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LV, LT, MT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

D. Social Services

(CPC 933)

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, FR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

In BE: Unbound for social services other than convalescent and rest houses and old people's homes

9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES

A. Hotel, Restaurants and Catering

(CPC 641, CPC 642 and CPC 643)

excluding catering in air transport services  73

For Mode 1

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound except for catering.

In HR: Unbound.

For Mode 2

None

B. Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Services

(including tour managers)

(CPC 7471)

For Mode 1

In BG, HU: Unbound

In CY: Foreign service providers have to be represented by a resident Travel Office

For Mode 2

None

C. Tourist Guides Services

(CPC 7472)

For Mode 1

In BG, CY, CZ, HU, IT, LT, MT, PL, SK, SI: Unbound.

For Mode 2

None

10. RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING SERVICES (other than audio-visual services)

A. Entertainment Services (including Theatre, Live Bands, Circus and Discotheque Services) 

(CPC 9619)

For Mode 1

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

In CY, CZ, FI, HR, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI: Unbound

In BG: Unbound, except for theatrical producer, singer group, band and orchestra entertainment services (CPC 96191); services provided by authors, composers, sculptors, entertainers and other individual artists

(CPC 96192); ancillary theatrical services (CPC 96193)

In EE: Unbound for other entertainment services (CPC 96199), except for cinema theatre services

In LT, LV: Unbound, except for cinema theatre operation services (part of CPC 96199)

B. News and Press Agencies Services

(CPC 962)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

In CZ: Unbound

C. Libraries, archives museums and other cultural services

(CPC 963)

For Mode 1

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

D. Sporting services

(CPC 9641)

For Modes 1 and 2

AT: Unbound for ski school services and mountain guide services.

In BG, CZ, HR, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound

For Mode 1

In CY, EE: Unbound

E. Recreation park and beach Services

(CPC 96491)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

11. TRANSPORT

SERVICES

A. Maritime transport

a) International passenger transportation

(CPC 7211 less national cabotage transport).

b) International freight transportation

(CPC 7212 less national cabotage transport)  74

For Modes 1 and 2

In BG, CY, DE, EE, ES, FR, FI, EL, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI and SE: Feedering services by authorisation.

B. Internal Waterways Transport

a) Passenger transportation

(CPC 7221) 

b) Freight transportation

(CPC 7222)

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping.

In AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, nationality condition for the majority of managing directors, the managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU citizens.

In BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, HR, HU, LT, MT, RO, SE, SI, SK: Unbound

C. Rail Transport

a) Passenger transportation

(CPC 7111)

b) Freight transportation

(CPC 7112)

For Mode 1

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None.

D. Road Transport

a) Passenger Transportation

(CPC 7121 and CPC 7122) 

b) Freight Transportation

(CPC 7123, excluding transportation of mail on own account  75 ).

For Mode 1

EU: Unbound.

For Mode 2

None

E. Pipeline transport of goods other than fuel  76

(CPC 7139)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound.

For Mode 2:

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

12. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO TRANSPORT  77

A. Services auxiliary to Maritime Transport

a) Maritime Cargo Handling Services

b) Storage and warehousing Services

(part of CPC 742) 

c) Customs Clearance Services

d) Container Station and Depot Services

e) Maritime Agency Services

f) Maritime freight forwarding Services

g) Rental of Vessels with Crew

(CPC 7213)

h) Pushing and towing services

(CPC 7214)

i) Supporting services for maritime transport

(part of CPC 745)

j) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound for customs clearance services and for container station and depot services

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for maritime cargo handling services

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for storage and warehousing services

In AT, BE, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for pushing and towing services

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, HU, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI, SE: Unbound for rental of vessels with crew

In HR: Unbound except for freight transport agency services.

For Mode 2:

None

B. Services auxiliary to internal waterways transport

a) Cargo-handling services

(part of CPC 741)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

d) Rental of Vessels with Crew

(CPC 7223)

e) Pushing and towing services

(CPC 7224)

f) Supporting services for internal waterway transport

( part of CPC 745)

g) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserving some traffic rights for operators based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping.

EU: Unbound for pushing and towing services

In HR: Unbound.

For Mode 1

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HU, LV, LT, MT, RO, SK, SI, SE: Unbound for rental of vessels with crew

C. Services auxiliary to rail transport

a) Cargo-handling services

(part of CPC 741)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

d) Pushing and towing services

(CPC 7113)

e) Supporting services for rail transport services

(CPC 743)

f) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

For Mode 1

EU: Unbound for pushing and towing services

In HR: Unbound, except for freight transport agency services.

In CZ: No direct branching (incorporation is required)

For Mode 2

None

D. Services auxiliary to road transport

a) Cargo-handling services

(part of CPC 741)

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

For Mode 1

In AT, BG, CY, CZ, EE, HU, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI, SE: Unbound for Rental of Commercial Road Vehicles with Operators

In HR: Unbound except for freight transport agency services and supporting services for road transport.

For Mode 2

None

d) Rental of Commercial Road Vehicles with Operators

(CPC 7124)

e) Supporting services for road transport

(CPC 744)

f) Other supporting and auxiliary services

(part of CPC 749)

E. Services auxiliary to air transport services

a) Ground-handling services (including catering services)

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: Unbound except for catering

b) Storage and warehouse services

(part of CPC 742)

For Modes 1 and 2

None.

c) Freight transport agency services

(part of CPC 748)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

In CZ: Unbound

d) Rental of aircraft with crew

(CPC 734)

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: Aircraft used by air carriers of the European Union have to be registered in the Member States licensing the air carrier or elsewhere in theEuropean Union and shall be subject to approval in accordance with applicable European Union or national law on aviation safety. Waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts or under exceptional circumstances.

In HR: Unbound.

e) Sales and Marketing

f) Computer Reservations System

For Modes 1 and 2

EU: Specific obligations for service suppliers operating computer reservation systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers.

g) Airport management

For Mode 1

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

F. Services auxiliary to pipeline transport of goods other than fuel  78

a) Storage and warehouse services of goods other than fuel transported by pipelines,

(part of CPC 742)

For Mode 1:

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

13. ENERGY SERVICES

A. Services Incidental to Mining

(CPC 883)  79  

For Modes 1 and 2

None

B. Pipeline Transportation of fuels

(CPC 7131)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound.

For Mode 2:

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

C. Storage and warehouse services of fuels transported through pipelines

(part of CPC 742)

For Mode 1:

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

D. Wholesale trade services of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products

(CPC 62271)

and wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound for wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water

For Mode 2

None

E. Retailing Services of motor fuel

(CPC 613)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

F. Retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood

(CPC 63297)

and retailing services of electricity, (non bottled) gas, steam and hot water

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound for retailing services of electricity, (non bottled) gas, steam and hot water

In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, UK: For Retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood, unbound except for mail order where: none.

For Mode 2

None

G. Services incidental to energy distribution

(CPC 887)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound except for consultancy services where: none

For Mode 2

None

14. OTHER SERVICES NOT INCLUDED ELSEWHERE

a) Washing, Cleaning and Dyeing services

(CPC 9701)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

b) Hairdressing services
(CPC 97021)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None.

c) Cosmetic treatment, manicuring and pedicuring services

(CPC 97022)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

d) Other beauty treatment services n.e.c

(CPC 97029)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

e) Spa services and non therapeutical massages, to the extent that they are provided as relaxation physical well-being services and not for medical or rehabilitation purposes  80

(CPC ver. 1.0 97230)

For Mode 1:

EU: Unbound

For Mode 2

None

g) Telecommunications connection services (CPC 7543)

For Modes 1 and 2

None

Sector or sub-sector

Description of reservations

ALL SECTORS

Graduate trainees

In AT, DE, FR, ES, HU, LT, SK, training must be linked to the university degree which has been obtained.

Economic needs test

BG, HU: Economic needs test is required for graduate trainees

ALL SECTORS

Scope of intra-corporate transfers

In BG: The number of intra-corporate transferees is not to exceed 10 per cent of the average annual number of the EU citizens employed by the respective Bulgarian juridical person: Where less than 100 persons are employed, the number of intra-corporate transferees may, subject to authorisation, exceed 10 per cent.

In HU: Unbound for natural persons who have been a partner in a juridical person of a LDC Member.

ALL SECTORS

Managing directors and auditors

In AT: Managing directors of branches of juridical persons have to be resident in Austria; natural persons responsible within a juridical person or a branch for the observance of the Austrian Trade Act must have a domicile in Austria.

In FI: A foreigner carrying on trade as private entrepreneur needs a trade permit and has to be permanently resident in the EU. For all sectors, except telecommunications services, nationality condition and residence requirement for the managing director of a limited company. For telecommunications services, permanent residency for the managing director.

In FR: The managing director of an industrial, commercial or artisanal activity, if not holder of a residence permit, needs a specific authorisation

In RO: The majority of the commercial companies' auditors and their deputies shall be Romanian citizens

In SE: The managing director of a juridical persons or a branch shall reside in Sweden

ALL SECTORS

Recognition

In EU: EU directives on mutual recognition of diplomas only apply to EU nationals. The right to practise a regulated professional service in one Member State does not grant the right to practise in another Member State  81

1. BUSINESS SERVICES

A. Professional Services

a) Legal Services

(CPC 861)  82

(excluding legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, huissiers de justice or other officiers publics et ministériels)

In AT, ES, EL, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of domestic (EU and Member State) law, is subject to a nationality condition. For ES, the competent authorities may grant waivers.

.

In BE, CY, FI, LU: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with residency requirements.

In BE quotas apply for appearing before the "Cour de cassation" in non-criminal cases.

In ES: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of legal services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State) law, including representation before courts. Only EEA or Swiss nationals may be admitted to the Bar, and are thus entitled to provide legal services in respect of domestic law. Industrial property attorneys are subject to an EU nationality condition.

In HR: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition.

In BG: Foreign lawyers can only provide legal representation services of a national of their home country and subject to reciprocity and cooperation with a Bulgarian lawyer. For legal mediation services permanent residence is required.

In FR: Lawyers' access to the profession of "avocat auprès de la Cour de Cassation" et "avocat auprès du Conseil d'Etat" is subject to quotas and to a nationality condition

In HU: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with residency requirements. For foreign lawyers the scope of legal activities is limited to the provision of legal advice, which has to take place on the basis of a collaboration contract concluded with a Hungarian attorney or law firm.

In LV: Nationality requirement for sworn solicitors, to whom legal representation in criminal proceedings is reserved.

In DK: Marketing of legal advice activities is restricted to lawyers with a Danish license to practise. Requirement of a Danish legal examination in order to obtain a Danish licence.

In LU: Nationality condition for the supply of legal services in respect of Luxembourg and EU law.

In SE: Admission to the Bar, necessary only for the use of the Swedish title "advokat", is subject to a residency requirement.

In SI: Representing clients before the court against payment is conditioned by commercial presence in Republic of Slovenia, except when foreign lawyers enter into the register under the professional tittle of their home country and work with a lawyer who has the right to practise law in Republic of Slovenia under the Slovenian title »lawyer" (odvetnik). All lawyers (those with Slovenian title "odvetnik" and those with professional title from their country) have to enter into the Register of Lawyers. All lawyers have to be members of the Bar.

b) 1. Accounting and Bookkeeping Services

(CPC 86212 other than "auditing services", CPC 86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220)

In FR: Provision of accounting and bookkeeping services is conditional on a decision of the Minister of Economics, Finance and Industry, in agreement with the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The requirement of residence cannot exceed 5 years.

b) 2. Auditing services

(CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services)

In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent authorities and for performing audits provided for in specific Austrian laws (e.g. joint stock companies law, stock exchange law, banking law, etc.)

In DK: Residence requirement

In ES: Condition of nationality for statutory auditors and for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than those covered by the 8th EEC directive on company law.

In FI: Residency requirement for at least one of the auditors of a Finnish Liability company

In HR: Only certified auditors holding a licence formally recognised by the Croatian Chamber of Auditors can provide auditing services.

In EL: Condition of nationality for statutory auditors

In IT: Condition of nationality for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than those covered by the 8th EEC directive on company law. Residence requirement for individual auditors.

In PL: Audit firms may be established only in certain Polish legal forms. The majority of the owners (of voting rights) as well as of the members of the management body in an audit firm must be (held by) audit firms or statutory auditors approved in any Member State of the EU. Statutory audit activities may be carried out only by locally approved statutory auditors or audit firms

In SE: Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform legal auditing services in certain legal entities, among others in all limited companies. Residency required for approval.

c) Taxation Advisory Services

(CPC 863)  83

In AT: Nationalitycondition for representation before competent authorities.

In BG, SI: Nationality condition for specialists

In HU: Residency requirement

In PL: Unbound

d) Architectural services

and

e) Urban planning and landscape architectural services

(CPC 8671 and CPC 8674)

In EE: At least one responsible person (project manager or consultant) must be resident in Estonia

In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience in the field of construction of at least two years. Nationality condition for urban planning and landscape architectural services

In EL, HR, HU, SK: Residence requirement

In CY: Nationality requirement

f) Engineering services

and

g) Integrated engineering services

(CPC 8672 and CPC 8673)

In EE: At least one responsible person (project manager or consultant) must be resident in Estonia

In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience in the field of construction of at least two years

In CZ, EL, HR, HU, SK: Residence requirement

In CY: Nationality requirement

h) Medical (including psychologists) and Dental services

(CPC 9312 and part of CPC 85201) 

In CZ, IT, SK: Residence requirement    

In CZ, EE, RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.

In BE, LU: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons

In BG, CY, MT: Condition of nationality

In DE: Condition of nationality which can be waived on an exceptional basis in cases of public health interest

In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for maximum 18 months and requires residence.

In FR: Condition of nationality. However, access is possible within annually established quotas.

In LV: Practice of medical profession by foreigners requires the permission from local health authority, based on economic needs for medical doctors and dentists in a given region.

In PL: Practice of medical profession by foreigners requires the permission. Foreign medical doctors have limited election rights within the professional chambers

In PT: Residence requirement for psychologists.

i) Veterinary services

(CPC 932)

In BG, CY, DE, EE, EL, FR, HR, HU, MT, SI: Nationality condition

In CZ and SK: Nationality condition and residence requirement

In IT: Residence requirement

In PL: Nationality requirement. Foreign persons may apply for permission to practise

j) 1. Midwives services

(part of CPC 93191)

In AT: In order to establish a professional practice in Austria, the person concerned must have practised the profession in question at least three years preceding the setting up of that professional practice

In BE, LU: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons

In CZ, CY, EE, RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons

In FR: Condition of nationality. However, access is possible within annually established quotas

In CY, HU: Nationality condition

In IT: Residence requirement

In LV: Economic needs determined by the total number of midwives in the given region, authorized by local health authorities

In PL: Nationality condition. Foreign persons may apply for permission to practise

j) 2. Services provided by Nurses, Physiotherapists and Paramedical Personnel

(part of CPC 93191)

In AT: Foreign services suppliers are only allowed in the following activities: nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, logotherapists, dieticians and nutricians. In order to establish a professional practice in Austria, the person concerned must have practised the profession in question at least three years preceding the setting up of that professional practice

In BE, FR, LU: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons

In CY, CZ, EE, RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.

In CY, HU: Condition of nationality.

In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for maximum 18 months and requires residence.

In CY, CZ, EL, IT: Subject to economic needs test: decision is subject to regional vacancies and shortages

In LV: Economic needs determined by the total number of nurses in the given region, authorized by local health authorities

k) Retail sales of pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and orthopaedical goods

(CPC 63211)

and other services supplied by pharmacists  84

In FR: Condition of nationality. However, within established quotas, access for third country nationals is possible provided the service provider holds the French degree in pharmacy.

In CY, DE, EL, SK: Condition of nationality

In HU: Condition of nationality except for retail sales of pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and orthopaedical goods (CPC 63211)

In IT, PT: Residence requirement

D. Real Estate Services  85

a) Involving Own or Leased Property

(CPC 821)

In FR, HU, IT, PT: Residence requirement

In LV, MT, SI: Nationality condition

b) On a Fee or Contract Basis

(CPC 822)

In DK: Residence requirement unless waived by the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency

In FR,HU, IT, PT: Residence requirement

In CY, LV, MT, SI: Nationality condition

E. Rental/Leasing Services without Operators

e) Relating to personal and household goods

(CPC 832)

EU: Nationality condition for graduate trainees

In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Nationality condition for specialists

f) Telecommunications equipment rental

(CPC 7541)

EU: Nationality condition for specialists and for graduate trainees.

F. Other Business Services

e) Technical Testing and Analysis Services

(CPC 8676)

In IT, PT: Residence requirements for biologist and chemical analyst.

In CY: Nationality condition for biologist and chemical analyst.

f) Advisory and Consulting services incidental to Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry

(part of CPC 881)

In IT: Residence requirements for agronomists and "periti agrari".

j) 2. Security Services

(CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 87304 and CPC 87305)

In BE: Nationality condition and residence requirement for management personnel.

In BG, CY, CZ, EE, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Nationality condition and residence requirement

In DK: Nationality condition and residence requirement for managers and for airport guard services.

In ES, PT: Nationality condition for specialized personnel.

In FR: Nationality condition for managing directors and directors.

In IT: Nationality condition and residence requirement in order to obtain necessary authorisation for security guard services and the transport of valuables.

k) Related Scientific and Technical Consulting Services