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Document 52013DC0458
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union: Tenth annual report (Reporting year 2011)
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union: Tenth annual report (Reporting year 2011)
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union: Tenth annual report (Reporting year 2011)
/* COM/2013/0458 final */
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union: Tenth annual report (Reporting year 2011) /* COM/2013/0458 final */
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for
road transport in the European Union: Tenth annual report
(Reporting year 2011) 1. Introduction This report
represents a consolidation of the eleventh year of Member States’ submissions
under Directive 98/70/EC[1] (the “Directive”), summarising the quality of petrol and diesel in
the EU for 2011. Specifications for petrol and diesel sold in the EU are
included in the Directive: the first entered into force on 1 January 2000; the
second on 1 January 2005 and the third on 1 January 2009 which limited the
sulphur content of all automotive road fuels in the EU to 10 ppm. Additional
requirements are defined in the European Standard for fuel quality monitoring
systems (“FQMS”), EN 14274:2003, required from 2004 under Directive 2003/17/EC.
Member States were required under the Directive to report for the first time by
30 June 2002 for the preceding calendar year (i.e. 2001). The Directive
also stipulates that Member States are required to report summaries of the
quality of fuels sold in their territories. The original reporting format for
this was laid out in Commission Decision 2002/159/EC of 18 February 2002[2]. The requirements of the Directive have changed with the
introduction of new fuel specifications and reporting requirements. All Member
States receive an annually updated reporting template in order to ensure
inclusion of all pertinent details to enable European wide analysis and
comparison of Fuel Quality Monitoring results. This template follows the
reporting requirements outlined in Commission Decision 2002/159/EC and is
reviewed and agreed annually by the Commission. In 2011, all Member States have
complied with the fuel specifications that require road fuels to contain less
than 10ppm sulphur content. In addition, Member States have begun to report
fuels with added ethanol, which is a mandatory reporting requirement from 1
January 2011 under Directive amendment 2009/30/EC. Two Member
States (Poland and Germany) did not submit their report in the template
provided. The Netherlands did not use the template in their original submission
but transposed it when requested. Of the 27 annual FQMS reports, 21 were
received within the reporting deadline of 30 June, 4 were received less than
one month late with two reports submitted on time but requiring transposition
into the standard template. There is a clear improvement on the submissions of
reports received within the deadline compared with 2010 and 2009. 2. Fuel sales in Europe Fuel sales in
the EU in 2011 were heavily weighted toward diesel with 245,227 million litres
of diesel fuel sales compared to 116,893 million litres of combined petrol
grade fuel sales. In petrol fuel
grades, RON 91 continues to lose its market share and currently is only sold in
small amounts with 2011 sales of 645 million litres. RON 98 totalled 9,196
million litres whilst RON 95 represented the majority of petrol fuel sales with
107,052 million litres. In diesel, the B7 grade represented the majority of
sales with 121,545 million litres sold. B5 diesel and diesel sold around half
as much each (64,523 and 58,498 million litres respectively). Figure 1 below
illustrates the different sales of different fuels across Europe by type. Figure 1: EU fuel sales by fuel type in
2011 Petrol Diesel || || Million Litres || Unleaded Petrol < 10 ppm S || Diesel < 10ppm S || || || Min. RON=91 || || || Min. RON=95 || || || RON 95=<RON<98 || || || RON>=98 || || || Diesel || || || Min. RON=91 E5 || || || Min. RON=95 E5 || || || RON 95=<RON<98 E5 || || || RON>=98 E5 || || || Diesel B5 || || || Min. RON=91 E10 || || || Min. RON=95 E10 || || || RON 95=<RON<98 E10 || || || RON>=98 E10 || || || Diesel B7 || || || Min. RON=91 E+ || || || Min. RON=95 E+ || || || RON 95=<RON<98 E+ || || || RON>=98 E+ || || || Diesel B+ Total EU fuel
sales in 2011 and previous years are illustrated in figure 2. Fuel sales in
2011 remained similar to sales in 2010, with a decrease in both petrol
(reduction of 4,338 million litres) and diesel (reduction of 1,614 million
litres) fuel sales resulting in an overall total decrease of 5,952 million litres
of automotive road fuels sold. Figure 2: Volume of fuels sold in the EU type from 2001 – 2011 Year || || Million Litres || || || || Diesel || || || || || || Petrol || || || || || || * Excludes France in 2003 - 2005, as no submissions were provided. Excludes Luxembourg in 2007 to 2009 and Malta in 2006 and 2009 as no reports were provided. In addition, the EU expanded in 2004, 2007 from 15 to 27 Member States. 3. Fuel
availability 2011 One of the main facts of 2011 is that RON
91 has almost disappeared from the market and is with sales in only 4 countries
totalling 645 million litres. Table 1 illustrates the distribution and
quantities of fuels sold across the EU 27 by Member State and fuel type. Table1: 2011
EU27 Fuel Sales by type Fuel Type || Petrol Sales (million litres) || Diesel Sales (million litres) Member State || min. RON=91 || min. RON=95 || min. RON=98 || RON ≥98 || Total Petrol || Total Diesel Austria || 48 || - || 2,274 || 56 || 2,378 || 7,248 Belgium || - || 1,405 || - || 355 || 1,760 || 8,738 Bulgaria || - || 763 || 3 || 39 || 805 || 2,184 Cyprus || - || 473 || - || 38 || 511 || 391 Czech Republic || 30 || 2,342 || - || 39 || 2,411 || 4,820 Denmark || 390 || 1,596 || 2 || - || 1,988 || 3,249 Estonia || - || 387 || 20 || - || 407 || 678 Finland || - || 1,035 || - || 1,127 || 2,162 || 2,872 France || - || 8,397 || - || 1,988 || 10,385 || 40,327 Germany || 177 || - || 23,100 || 3,261 || 26,538 || 39,417 Greece || - || 4,268 || 90 || 143 || 4,501 || 2,628 Hungary || - || 1,651 || - || 42 || 1,693 || 3,293 Ireland || - || 1,856 || - || - || 1,856 || 2,675 Italy1 || - || 11,678 || - || - || 11,678 || 30,231 Latvia || - || - || 310 || 24 || 334 || 807 Lithuania || - || 336 || - || 7 || 343 || 1,225 Luxembourg || - || 378 || - || 92 || 470 || 2,054 Malta || - || - || 99 || - || 99 || 105 Netherlands || - || 5,625 || 71 || - || 5,696 || 7,783 Poland || - || 4,964 || - || 412 || 5,376 || 14,905 Portugal || - || - || 1,538 || 139 || 1,677 || 5,505 Romania || - || - || 1,748 || 161 || 1,909 || 4,149 Slovakia || - || 706 || - || 12 || 718 || 1,263 Slovenia || - || - || 83 || 653 || 736 || 1,580 Spain || - || - || 6,559 || 608 || 7,167 || 26,712 Sweden || - || 4,223 || 152 || - || 4,375 || 5,324 UK || - || 18,157 || 763 || - || 18,920 || 25,064 1: The data provided by Italy show the same value as reported 2010 which may lead
to questions as to their accuracy. Some general considerations can be noted: ·
Diesel dominates the market in all but two of the
Member States with petrol representing 63.1% share of Greek fuel sales and
56.6% of Cypriot fuel sales. ·
Belgium, on the other
hand, demonstrates the heaviest dependence on diesel fuel with diesel
dominating Belgian fuel sales with 83.2% share of the market – the highest
proportion of all the Member States. ·
The greatest volume of fuel sales in 2011 took
place in Germany, with a total of 18.2% fuel sales and a national mix of petrol/diesel,
of 40.2% of petrol fuel sales and 59.8% of diesel fuel sales. The next biggest
market in the EU was France with a 14.0% share of fuel sales and with a
national mix of petrol/diesel sales of 20.5% and 79.5% respectively, the third
biggest EU market was the UK with sales that totalled 12.1% of the fuels sold
in the EU, with a country mix of 43% petrol and 57% diesel. ·
There is still a low market penetration of E10,
with only three countries (Germany, France and Finland) currently selling it. 4. Fuel
quality Monitoring 2011 4.1. Description
of systems used by different Member States A number of
different approaches have been used to implement FQMS across the EU, although
consistency between Member States has improved slightly year on year.
Approaches range from those based on European Standard EN 14274[3], with sampling at a range of fuel retail stations, through to
national systems. Alternative
monitoring systems may be permitted by the Directive, provided such systems ensure
the results are of an equivalent confidence to EN 14274, although the criteria
for assessing this are not specified. It is therefore not clear whether the
existing systems not based on EN 14274 meet this criterion. In 2011, the
majority of Member States have provided additional information about their
selection of monitoring system (if using a statistical model from EN 14274) or
have provided information about the selection of a National monitoring system. Of the 27
Member State Fuel Quality Monitoring Systems used in 2011: ·
5 have opted to use EN 14274 statistical model A
(Austria, Finland, Greece, Italy and Spain) ·
5 have used EN 14274 statistical model B
(France, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania) ·
9 have opted for EN 14274 statistical model C (Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia) and; ·
the remaining 8 have used a national monitoring
system 4.2. Sampling and reporting One of the key
points in the measurement of the fuel quality is the how fuels are sampled.
This sampling must done in accordance with requirements laid down in EN 14274. This standard
indicates the number and location of samples to be taken and reported in Member
States’ fuel quality reports. The standard also specifies the minimum number of
samples per fuel grade in each of the winter and summer periods. Table
2 provides a breakdown of individual Member States’ sampling and reporting in
2011. The total minimum samples required is calculated where the Member State
has used a statistical model as outlined in EN 14274 such that the minimum
sample requirement is known for each model (A, B and C). Table 2 also
provides a breakdown of the total sample numbers taken and the sampling carried
out at service stations. All Member States provided this breakdown in 2011,
apart from Germany. Germany provided results from sampling under two separate
methodologies, but did not indicate the total number of samples taken (as some
samples were tested using both methodologies, others only one), and it is
therefore not possible to determine compliance with sample quantities. EN 14274
specifies that the minimum sampling requirement should be taken from fuel
dispensing sites – which are defined as a “site, retail or commercial where
fuel is dispensed into road vehicles for propulsion.” Therefore any
sampling taken at distribution terminals or refineries should be taken in
addition to those from service stations in order to meet minimum sampling
requirements. There is a
positive change in 2011 in the Member States in the improvement of the FQMS and
their sample processes like, for example, Denmark which is implementing a new
system to be in conformity the requirements of the Directive. Non-compliance of individual sample tests
with petrol fuel standard EN 228 have decreased in 2011 compared to 2010, with
non-compliance for diesel against EN 590 also decreasing in 2011. The full
report can be found in EU Fuel Quality Monitoring – 2011 Summary Report -
Final report to the European Commission DG Climate Action, available on the
webpage of DG Climate Action. Table 2:
Summary of Member State sampling and reporting in relation to the requirements
of Directive 98/70/EC and of European Standard EN 14274 MS || FQMS Model (1) || Size (2) || Separate S&W? (3) || Samples per grade per period (4) || Total samples required (5) || Samples Taken (6) || Samples Taken at Service Stations (7) || Sampling Compliance (8) Pet. || Dsl. || Pet. || Dsl. || Pet. || Dsl. || Pet. || Dsl. Austria || AT || A || S || ü || 50 || 104 || 100 || 153 || 150 || 153 || 150 || ü || ü Belgium || BE || N || S || ü || (50) || (200) || (100) || 2006 || 5325 || 2006 || 5325 || (ü) || (ü) Bulgaria || BG || B || S || ü || 100 || 410 || 200 || 473 || 496 || 461 || 482 || ü || ü Cyprus || CY || C || S || ü || 50 || 108 || 100 || 233 || 140 || 233 || 140 || ü || ü Czech Republic || CZ || C || S || ü || 50 || 102 || 104 || 944 || 955 || 944 || 1015 || ü || ü Denmark || DK || N || S || ü || (50) || (200) || (100) || 41 || 21 || 41 || 9 || (×) || (×) Estonia || EE || C || S || ü || 50 || 104 || 100 || 350 || 210 || 350 || 210 || ü || ü Finland || FI || A || S || ü || 50 || 200 || 100 || 224 || 126 || 224 || 126 || ü || ü France || FR || B || L || ü || 200 || 800 || 400 || 487 || 420 || 395 || 420 || × || ü Germany || DE || B || L || ü || 200 || 802 || 400 || 520 || 363 || 0 || 0 || × || × Greece || EL || A || S || ü || 50 || 106 || 100 || 112 || 100 || 33 || 20 || × || × Hungary || HU || C || S || ü || 50 || 102 || 100 || 120 || 120 || 120 || 120 || ü || ü Ireland || IE || C || S || ü || 50 || 100 || 100 || 149 || 136 || 94 || 97 || × || × Italy || IT || A || L || ü || 100 || 200 || 200 || 200 || 200 || 200 || 200 || ü || ü Latvia || LV || N || S || ü || (50) || (108) || (200) || 202 || 307 || 173 || 160 || (ü) || (ü) Lithuania || LT || C || S || ü || 50 || 102 || 100 || 104 || 100 || 92 || 91 || × || × Luxembourg || LU || N || S || ü || (50) || (200) || (100) || 89 || 98 || 81 || 98 || (×) || (×) Malta || MT || N || S || ü || (50) || (100) || (100) || 32 || 27 || 21 || 18 || (×) || (×) Netherlands || NL || N || S || ü || (50) || (100) || (100) || 100 || 100 || 100 || 100 || (ü) || (ü) Poland || PL || B || S || ü || 200 || 216 || 206 || 265 || 295 || 265 || 295 || ü || ü Portugal || PT || C || S || ü || 50 || 108 || 100 || 254 || 122 || 200 || 100 || ü || ü Romania || RO || B || S || ü || 100 || 216 || 200 || 224 || 222 || 224 || 222 || ü || ü Slovakia || SK || C || S || ü || 50 || 102 || 100 || 155 || 123 || 155 || 123 || ü || ü Slovenia || SI || C || S || ü || 50 || 200 || 100 || 145 || 178 || 142 || 115 || × || ü Spain || ES || A || L || ü || 100 || 216 || 200 || 634 || 330 || 0 || 0 || × || × Sweden || SE || N || S || ü || (50) || (104) || (100) || 672 || 756 || 0 || 0 || (×) || (×) UK || UK || N || L || ü || (100) || (208) || (200) || 1369 || 2298 || 68 || 65 || (×) || (×) # || Column || Explanatory notes (1) FQMS Model || N = National Fuel Quality Monitoring System (FQMS) A = EN 14274 Statistical Model A B = EN 14274 Statistical Model B C = EN 14274 Statistical Model C (2) Size – Country size || S = Small (total automotive road fuel sales < 15 million tonnes pa) L = Large (total automotive road fuel sales > 15 million tonnes pa) (3) Separate S & W? || P Separate summer & winter reporting O indicates full year sample results reporting only. (4) Samples per grade per period || EN 14274: There are reduced sampling requirements for grades comprising of less than 10% total sale. For Member States using a national FQMS, estimated equivalent minimum samples (based on fuel sales) are shown in brackets (). (5) Total samples required || Calculation of the EN 14274 minimum sample total required according to FQM model and country size. The minimum sample requirement is to be taken from the ‘point of use’ at fuel dispensing sites. For Member States using a national FQMS, estimated equivalent minimum samples (based on fuel sales) are shown in brackets (). (6) Samples Taken || The total number of samples taken per fuel type at all locations (service stations, terminals and refineries). (7) Samples taken at Service Stations || The total number of samples taken at service stations; fuel dispensing sites (public and commercial). This is reported separately in the standard reporting template; where samples taken at service stations do not match overall samples taken, this is due to differences in the original report submission (in particular France and the Czech Republic, where samples taken at service stations is greater than samples taken). (8) Sampling Compliance || ü indicates compliance with EN 14274 Sampling Number requirement and × indicates non-compliance. Note that this indicates overall sampling compliance across all fuel grades; see Member State report for sampling compliance for each fuel grade individually. Where a national FQM system is used, estimated compliance to demonstrate equivalence with EN14274 is shown in brackets (). Where Member States have not provided a breakdown of sampling location, it is not possible to assess sampling compliance. || Pet. || Petrol || Dsl || Diesel || || || 5. Compliance with the Directive’s limit values 5.1. Petrol reporting In 2011, most Member States provided full
information about petrol sample compliance. In order to determine compliance,
it is necessary to know which test method has been used to test for some parameters
(because reproducibility and tolerance levels differ according to test method).
Provision has been made for Member States to give this information within the
reporting template – although this is not a mandatory part of the reporting it
is vital to determine compliance levels. The parameters
found to be out of specification most frequently within the EU in 2011 were: ·
Summer Vapour Pressure was exceeded 106 times in
2011. However, it is becoming apparent that many exceedances are the result of
transitional periods, when suppliers swap the summer specification fuel for
winter specification fuel and vice versa. ·
RON/MON samples found to be out of specification
in 2011 totalled 38 samples. Some Member States
did not provide full details of samples found to be out of compliance with
tolerance limits. 5.2. Diesel reporting In 2011, some Member
States did not provide full details of samples found to be out of compliance
with tolerance limits. Of the 6 parameters required to be tested for diesel in
2011, parameters found to be out of specification were: ·
The sulphur content maximum of 10ppm was
exceeded by a total of 126 samples. However the average sulphur content for all
Member States remains below the mandatory limit of 10ppm at 5.8 ppm. ·
In total, 19 samples tested for distillation
limits were found to be out of specification. 5.3. Summary Table 3 summarises
the compliance of Member States with the Directive for 2011 reporting in terms
of the results of the analysis of samples against Tolerance Limits and the
reporting format and content. Amendments to the Directive included the
insertion of a paragraph stating “Member States shall determine the penalties
applicable to breaches of the national provisions adopted pursuant to this
Directive. The penalties determined must be effective, proportionate and
dissuasive.” Some Member States have provided an explanation of the
remedial actions and penalties imposed by national authorities where samples
are found to be out of specification. These and other notes pertinent to the
Member States’ monitoring systems have been highlighted in and also given in
more detail in the individual Member State chapters of this report. In general, of
the 10,257 samples tested for petrol in 2011, 211 were found to be out of
specification with tolerance limits for one or more parameter, which represents
a non-compliance rate of 2.0%. Of the 13,718 samples tested for the 6 mandatory
parameters for diesel in 2011, 203 were found to be non-compliant with specified
limits, representing 1.5% of all samples reported. The proportion
of samples found to be out of specification is reliant on the number of samples
taken, which should be dependant (within each Member State) on the fuel sales
volume, and supply sources. However, with Member States using national systems
that may not demonstrate equivalence with statistical models A, B or C and
using statistical models that may not be the most suitable, it is necessary to
also consider non-compliances within the EU weighted by volume and by sample
numbers. Table 3: Summary of Member State compliance for 2011 reporting || MS || Non-compliance with limit values non-compliant samples (NC) / total samples || Incomplete reporting parameters not measured (NM) / total || Late report || || (1) || (2) || (3) || || Petrol || Diesel || Petrol || Diesel || || || NC || Total || NC || Total || NM || Total || NM || Total || (months) || AT || 6 || 153 || 8 || 150 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || < 1 month || BE || 70 || 2006 || 89 || 5325 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || BG || 27 || 473 || 19 || 496 || 5 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || CY || 21 || 233 || 6 || 140 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || CZ || 22 || 944 || 19 || 955 || 0 || 19 || 1 || 6 || On time || DK || 0 || 41 || 0 || 21 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || EE || 9 || 350 || 0 || 210 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || FI || 1 || 224 || 0 || 126 || 1 || 19 || 1 || 6 || On time || FR || 17 || 487 || 39 || 420 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || DE || 3 || 520 || 7 || 363 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || <2 months || EL || 0 || 112 || 0 || 100 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || < 1 month || HU || 4 || 120 || 1 || 120 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || IE || 1 || 149 || 1 || 136 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || IT || 0 || 200 || 0 || 200 || 7 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || LV || 0 || 202 || 0 || 307 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || < 1 month || LT || 0 || 104 || 0 || 100 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || LU || 5 || 89 || 1 || 98 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || MT || 5 || 32 || 3 || 27 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || NL || 0 || 100 || 0 || 100 || 1 || 19 || 1 || 6 || On time || PL || 5 || 265 || 2 || 295 || 1 || 19 || 2 || 6 || On time || PT || 5 || 254 || 2 || 122 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || RO || 1 || 224 || 0 || 222 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || SK || 3 || 155 || 4 || 123 || 1 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || SI || 0 || 145 || 2 || 178 || 1 || 19 || 1 || 6 || On time || ES || 0 || 634 || 0 || 330 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || < 1 month || SE || 1 || 672 || 0 || 756 || 8 || 19 || 1 || 6 || On time || UK || 5 || 1369 || 0 || 2298 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 6 || On time || No. Countries || || || || || 27 || || || || (1) Non-compliance with limit values (95% confidence limits) || It is not possible to confirm whether limit values have been respected in all samples, where reporting data is incomplete. Where it has not been possible to establish from submissions the number of samples exceeding the limit value a ‘>’ symbol indicates that the number of samples exceeding limits is a minimum and might be greater. || (2) Incomplete reporting || Some parameters may be sampled in smaller quantities, however all parameters should be sampled to accurately assess fuel quality. Member States should make it clear when sample results have been obtained and provide sample results. || (3) Late report || Directive 98/70/EC states that Member States should submit monitoring reports by no later than 30 June each year || Another important part of the assessment of
fuel quality that is put on the market in each Member State is compliance with
specific parameters that need to be checked. Currently there is a deviation in
some Member States regarding this matter. In the full report for 2011 in the Table
relating to the Summary of parameters not reported by Member States for each
fuel grade, of the overall EU Fuel Quality Monitoring – 2011 Summary Report -
Final report to the European Commission DG Climate Action, it is indicated,
by Member State the number of parameters that are not measured. Even considering that this situation does not
pose a problem for the assessment of the overall fuel quality in Europe, it is an area that needs to be improved in 2012. 6. Conclusions
Fuel quality has a strong link to both CO2
and air quality emissions, as well as the ease and cost with which pollutant
and greenhouse gas emission limits can be achieved by vehicle manufacturers. The monitoring of fuel quality in 2011
shows that the specifications for petrol and diesel laid down in Directive
98/70/EC are in general met and very few exceedances were identified. The revision of standard EN 14274 will
provide further clarification to the Member States, which will lead to greater
consistency in the data available for assessment of the various fuel quality
parameters. There is also a recognized will by the Member
States to make an effort to improve their understanding of reporting
requirements and of their FQMS. As exceedances are relatively rare and most
Member States take action to remove non-compliant fuel from sale, the
Commission is not aware of any negative repercussions on vehicle emissions or
engine functioning due to these exceedances. However, the Commission urges
Member States to continue to take action to ensure full compliance so that such
problems do not arise in the future. [1] O.J. L 350 of 28.12.1998, p. 58 [2] O.J. L 53 of 23.2.2002, p.30 [3] EN 14274:2003 - Automotive fuels - Assessment of
petrol and diesel quality - Fuel Quality Monitoring System (FQMS).