23.11.1995   

EN

Official Journal of the European Communities

C 312/8

1.

The elimination of internal frontiers between Member States enables undertakings in the Community to expand their activities throughout the internal market and consumers to benefit from increased competition. These advantages must not be jeopardized by distortions of competition caused by aid granted unjustifiably to undertakings. The completion of the internal market thus reaffirms the importance of enforcement of the Community's competition policy.

2.

The Court of Justice has delivered a number of important judgments on the interpretation and application of Articles 92 and 93 of the EC Treaty. The Court of First Instance now has jurisdiction over actions by private parties against the Commission's State aid decisions and will thus also contribute to the development of case-law in this field. The Commission is responsible for the day-to-day application of the competition rules under the supervision of the Court of First Instance and the Court of Justice. Public authorities and courts in the Member States, together with the Community's courts and the Commission each assume their own tasks and responsibilities for the enforcement of the EC Treaty's State aid rules, in accordance with the principles laid down by the case-law of the Court of Justice.

3.

The proper application of competition policy in the internal market may require effective cooperation between the Commission and national courts. This notice explains how the Commission intends to assist national courts by instituting closer cooperation in the application of Articles 92 and 93 in individual cases. Concern is frequently expressed that the Commission's final decisions in State aid cases are reached some time after the distortions of competition have damaged the interests of third parties. While the Commission is not always in a position to act promptly to safeguard the interests of third parties in State aid matters, national courts may be better placed to ensure that breaches of the last sentence of Article 93 (3) are dealt with and remedied.

4.

The Commission is the administrative authority responsible for the implementation and development of competition policy in the Community's public interest. National courts are responsible for the protection of rights and the enforcement of duties, usually at the behest of private parties. The Commission must examine all aid measures which fall under Article 92 (1) in order to assess their compatibility with the common market. National courts must make sure that Member States comply with their procedural obligations.

5.

The last sentence of Article 93 (3) (in bold below) has direct effect in the legal order of the Member States.

‘The Commission shall be informed, in sufficient time to enable it to submit its comments, of any plans to grant or alter aid. If it considers that any such plan is not compatible with the common market having regard to Article 92, it shall without delay initiate the procedure provided for in paragraph 2. The Member State concerned shall not put its proposed measures into effect until this procedure has resulted in a final decision.’

6.

The prohibition on implementation referred to in the last sentence of Article 93 (3) extends to all aid which has been implemented without being notified (2) and, in the event of notification, operates during the preliminary period and, if the Commission sets in motion the contentious procedure, until the final decision (3).

7.

Of course a court will have to consider whether the ‘proposed measures’ constitute State aid within the meaning of Article 92 (1) (4) before reaching a decision under the last sentence of Article 93 (3). The Commission's Decisions and the Court's case-law devote considerable attention to this important question. Accordingly, the notion of State aid must be interpreted widely to encompass not only subsidies, but also tax concessions and investments from public funds made in circumstances in which a private investor would have withheld support (5). The aid must come from the ‘State’, which includes all levels, manifestations and emanations of public authority (6). The aid must favour certain undertakings or the production of certain goods: this serves to distinguish State aid to which Article 92 (1) applies from general measures to which it does not (7). For example, measures which have neither as their object nor as their effect the favouring of certain undertakings or the production of certain goods, or which apply to persons in accordance with objective criteria without regard to the location, sector or undertaking in which the beneficiary may be employed, are not considered to be State aid.

8.

Only the Commission can decide that State aid is ‘compatible with the common market’, i.e. authorized.

9.

In applying Article 92 (1), national courts may of course refer preliminary questions to the Court of Justice pursuant to Article 177 of the EC Treaty and indeed must do so in certain circumstances. They must also request assistance from the Commission by asking it for ‘legal or economic information’ by analogy with the Court's Delimits (8) judgment in respect of Article 85 of the EC Treaty.

10.

The national court's role is to safeguard rights which individuals enjoy as a result of the direct effect of the prohibition laid down in the last sentence of Article 93 (3). The court should use all appropriate devices and remedies and apply all relevant provisions of national law to implement the direct effect of this obligation placed by the Treaty on Member States (9). A national court must, in a case within its jurisdiction, apply Community law in its entirety and protect rights which that law confers on individuals; it must therefore set aside any provision of national law which may conflict with it, whether prior or subsequent to the Community rule (10). The judge may, as appropriate and in accordance with applicable rules of national law and the developing case-law of the Court of Justice (11), grant interim relief, for example by ordering the freezing or return of monies illegally paid, and award damages to parties whose interests are harmed.

11.

The Court of Justice has held that the full effectiveness of Community rules would be impaired and the protection of the rights which they grant would be weakened if individuals were unable to obtain redress when their rights are infringed by a breach of Community law for which a Member State can be held responsible (12); the principle whereby a State must be liable for loss and damage caused to individuals as a result of breaches of Community law for which the State can be held responsible is inherent in the system of the Treaty (13); a national court which considers, in a case concerning Community law, that the sole obstacle precluding it from granting interim relief is a rule of national law, must set aside that rule (14).

12.

These principles apply in the event of a breach of the Community's competition rules. Individuals and undertakings must have access to all procedural rules and remedies provided for by national law on the same conditions as would apply if a comparable breach of national law were involved. This equality of treatment concerns not only the definitive finding of a breach of directly effective Community law, but extends also to all legal means capable of contributing to effective legal protection.

13.

The application of Community competition law by the national courts has considerable advantages for individuals and undertakings. The Commission cannot award damages for loss suffered as a result of an infringement of Article 93 (3). Such claims may be brought only before the national courts. National courts can usually adopt interim measures and order the termination of infringements quickly. Before national courts, it is possible to combine a claim under Community law with a claim under national law. This is not possible in a procedure before the Commission. In addition, courts may award costs to the successful applicant. This is never possible in the administrative procedure before the Commission.

14.

Member States are required to notify to the Commission all plans to grant aid or to alter aid plans already approved. This also applies to aid that may qualify for automatic approval under Article 92 (2), because the Commission has to check that the requisite conditions are met. The only exception to the notification obligation is for aid classed as de minimis because it does not affect trade between Member States significantly and thus does not fall within Article 92 (1) (15).

15.

The Commission receives notification of general schemes or programmes of aid, as well as of plans to grant aid to individual firms. Once a scheme has been authorized by the Commission, individual awards of aid under the scheme do not normally have to be notified. However, under some of the aid codes or frameworks for particular industries or particular types of aid, individual notification is required of all awards of aid or of awards exceeding a certain amount. Individual notification may also be required in some cases by the terms of the Commission's authorization of a given scheme. Member States must notify aid which they wish to grant outside the framework of an authorized scheme. Notification is required in respect of planned measures, including plans to make financial transfers from public funds to public or private sector enterprises, which may involve aid within the meaning of Article 92 (1).

16.

The first question which national courts have to consider in an action under the last sentence of Article 93 (3) is whether the measure constitutes new or existing State aid within the meaning aid of Article 92 (1). The second question to be answered is whether the measure has been notified either individually or under a scheme and if so, whether the Commission has had sufficient time to come to a decision (16).

17.

With respect to aid schemes, a period of two months is considered by the Court of Justice to be ‘sufficient time’, after which the Member State concerned may, after giving the Commission prior notice, implement the notified measure (17). This period is reduced by the Commission voluntarily to 30 working days for individual cases and 20 working days under the ‘accelerated’ procedure. The periods run from the time the Commission is satisfied that the information provided by the Member State is sufficient to enable it to reach a decision (18).

18.

If the Commission has decided to initiate the procedure provided for in Article 93 (2), the period during which the implementation of an aid measure is prohibited runs until the Commission has reached a positive decision. For non-notified aid measures, no deadline exists for the Commission's decision-making process, although the Commission will act as speedily as possible. Aid may not be awarded before the Commission's final decision.

19.

If the Commission has not ruled on an aid measure, national courts can always be guided, in interpreting Community law, by the case-law of the Court of First Instance and the Court of Justice, as well as by decisions issued by the Commission. The Commission has published a number of general notices which may be of assistance in this regard (19).

20.

National courts should thus be able to decide whether or not the measure at issue is illegal under Article 93 (3). Where national courts have doubts, they may and in some cases must request a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice in accordance with Article 77.

21.

Where national courts give judgment finding that Article 93 (3) has not been complied with, they must rule that the measure at issue infringes Community law and take the appropriate measures to safeguard the rights enjoyed by individuals and undertakings.

22.

The Court of Justice has held (20) that a national court is bound by a Commission Decision addressed to a Member State under Article 93 (2) where the beneficiary of the aid in question seeks to question the validity of the decision of which it had been informed in writing by the Member State concerned and where it had failed to bring an action for annulment of the decision within the time limits prescribed by Article 173 of the EC Treaty.

23.

The Commission realizes that the principles set out above for the application of Articles 92 and 93 by national courts are complex and may sometimes be insufficiently developed to enable them to carry out their judicial duties properly. National courts may therefore ask the Commission for assistance.

24.

Article 5 of the EC Treaty establishes the principle of loyal and constant cooperation between the Community institutions and the Member States with a view to attaining the objectives of the Treaty, including implementation of Article 3 (g), which provides for the establishment of a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted. This principle involves obligations and duties of mutual assistance, both for the Member States and for the Community institutions. Under Article 5, the Commission has a duty of cooperation with the judicial authorities of the Member States which are responsible for ensuring that Community law is applied and respected in the national legal order.

25.

The Commission considers that such cooperation is essential in order to guarantee the strict, effective and consistent application of Community competition law. In addition, participation by the national courts in the application of competition law in the field of State aid is necessary to give effect to Article 93 (3). The Treaty obliges the Commission to follow the procedure laid down in Article 93 (2) before it can order reimbursement of aid which is incompatible with the common market (21). The Court has ruled that Article 93 (3) has direct effect and that the illegality of an aid measure, and the consequences that flow therefrom, can never be validated retroactively by a positive decision of the Commission on an aid measure. Application of the rules on notification in the field of State aid therefore constitutes an essential link in the chain of possible legal action by individuals and undertakings.

26.

In the light of these considerations, the Commission intends to work towards closer cooperation with national courts in the following manner.

27.

The Commission is committed to a policy of openness and transparency. The Commission conducts its policy so as to give the parties concerned useful information on the application of competition rules. To this end, it will continue to publish as much information as possible about State aid cases and policy. The case-law of the Court of Justice and Court of First Instance, general texts on State aid published by the Commission, decisions taken by the Commission, the Commission's annual reports on competition policy and the monthly Bulletin of the European Union may assist national courts in examining individual cases.

28.

If these general pointers are insufficient, national courts may, within the limits of their national procedural law, ask the Commission for information of a procedural nature to enable them to discover whether a certain case is pending before the Commission, whether a case has been the subject of a notification or whether the Commission has officially initiated a procedure or taken any other decision.

29.

National courts may also consult the Commission where the application of Article 92 (1) or Article 93 (3) causes particular difficulties. As far as Article 92 (1) is concerned, these difficulties may relate in particular to the characterization of the measure as State aid, the possible distortion of competition to which it may give rise and the effect on trade between Member States. Courts may therefore consult the Commission on its customary practice in relation to these issues. They may obtain information from the Commission regarding factual data, statistics, market studies and economic analyses. Where possible, the Commission will communicate these data or will indicate the source from which they can be obtained.

30.

In its answer, the Commission will not go into the substance of the individual case or the compatibility of the measure with the common market. The answer given by the Commission will not be binding on the requesting court. The Commission will make it clear that its view is not definitive and that the court's right to request a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice pursuant to Article 177 is unaffected.

31.

It is in the interests of the proper administration of justice that the Commission should answer requests for legal and factual information in the shortest possible time. Nevertheless, the Commission cannot accede to such requests unless several conditions are met. The requisite data must actually be at its disposal and the Commission may communicate only non-confidential information.

32.

Article 214 of the EC Treaty requires the Commission not to disclose information of a confidential nature. In addition, the duty of loyal cooperation under Article 5 applies to the relationship between courts and the Commission, and does not concern the parties to the dispute pending before those courts. The Commission is obliged to respect legal neutrality and objectivity. Consequently, it will not accede to requests for information unless they come from a national court, either directly, or indirectly through parties which have been ordered by the court concerned to request certain information.

33.

This notice applies mutatis mutandis to relevant State aid rules, in so far as they have direct effect in the legal order of Member States, of:

34.

This notice is issued for guidance and does not in any way limit the rights conferred on Member States, individuals or undertakings by Community law.

35.

This notice is without prejudice to any interpretation of Community law which may be given by the Court of Justice and Court of First Instance of the European Communities.

36.

A summary of the answers given by the Commission pursuant to this notice will be published annually in the Report on Competition Policy.