EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels, 15.5.2023
SWD(2023) 701 final
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
Statistical and analytical Annex
Accompanying the document
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
EU Voluntary Review on progress in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
{COM(2023) 700 final} - {SWD(2023) 700 final} - {SWD(2023) 702 final} - {SWD(2023) 703 final}
Introduction
The aim of this statistical and analytical annex is to showcase the EU SDG indicators and their development since the SDGs were adopted in 2015. The annex also presents synergies and trade-offs between the SDGs based on a literature review carried out by the Joint Research Centre, together with an overview of how interlinkages apply to EU reporting on Official Development Assistance (ODA) in support of SDG implementation outside the EU.
EU SDG indicators
This statistical and analytical annex (SAA) presents EU-level data for the official EU SDG indicators, to accompany the first EU Voluntary Review. The data and figures in this annex refer to the 2023 edition of the EU SDG indicator set. The indicator set was developed by the European Commission in 2017 to monitor the SDGs in an EU context. The selection of indicators is updated every year. The EU SDG indicator set serves as the basis for
Eurostat’s annual monitoring report
on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context.
The 2023 edition of the EU SDG indicator set consists of 100 indicators that are structured along the 17 SDGs and cover the social, economic, environmental and institutional dimensions of sustainability as represented by the Agenda 2030. Each SDG is covered by a maximum of six main indicators. They have been selected to reflect the SDGs’ broad objectives and ambitions, taking into account their policy relevance from an EU perspective, availability, country coverage, data freshness and statistical quality.
The EU SDG indicator set is aligned as far as appropriate with the UN list of global indicators. However, the UN indicators are selected for global level reporting for countries at all levels of development and are therefore not always relevant in an EU context. Moreover, the EU SDG indicators have strong links with EU policy initiatives. Therefore, preference is given to indicators which are also part of a high-level scoreboard of EU policies such as the social scoreboard for the European pillar of social rights or the monitoring framework for the 8th environment action programme (EAP). Focus can also vary on some issues – for example, on SDG 2 ‘Zero hunger’ the EU focuses more on environmentally sustainable agriculture compared to the global level.
Within this context, 68 of the current EU SDG indicators are aligned with the UN SDG indicators. A total of 33 indicators are ‘multi-purpose’, meaning they are used to monitor more than one goal. This highlights the interlinkages between different goals. As a result, each goal is monitored through 7 to 11 indicators in total. A total of 24 indicators have a policy target with a level defined by the EU to be reached in the coming years. The EU SDG indicator set is reviewed annually to consider new policy developments and priorities and include new indicators as methodologies, technologies and data sources evolve over time. The annual review involves many services of the European Commission, European agencies such as the European Environment Agency (EEA), national statistical institutions in the EU Member States, and civil society.
In this statistical and analytical annex, the EU SDG indicators are presented in a manner that reflects different aspects within a goal, consistent with the approach in the annual Eurostat monitoring reports. ‘Multi-purpose’ indicators are only shown once, for example ‘Road traffic deaths’ are reported under SDG 11, although it is also an indicator for SDG 3. The indicator presentation focuses on the period starting from 2015 – the year the 2030 Agenda was adopted – until the latest available data point (usually 2022 or 2021). To facilitate comparison with EU trends before the start of SDG implementation, the charts in this annex usually show development since 2010 in a lighter colour than the time series from 2015 onwards. For indicators with a quantifiable target, where there is an EU policy setting a level set to be achieved, the target and the year by which it should be achieved are also shown on the graph. The graphs are accompanied by a short definition of each indicator.
For a more in-depth analysis of the EU’s progress towards the SDGs, see Eurostat’s publication
Sustainable Development in the European Union – Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context - 2022 edition
and the accompanying communication products and interactive visualisations on
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi
. All available breakdowns of the EU SDG indicators, for example breakdown by regions and age, are also presented here:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
In addition, Eurostat publishes a broad range of statistics and publications on topics relevant for the implementation of the SDGs:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home
.
Mapping EU policies with the 2030 Agenda and the SDG targets
The Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) carried out a study to investigate the way in which SDGs are mainstreamed into EU policies. It analysed how the current Commission’s policy initiatives (more than 6 000 documents between 2019 and 2022) are semantically linked to the 2030 Agenda and to the content of the SDG targets (
JRC, 2023
). A general overview of the number of policy documents addressing the different SDG targets is provided in the bubble chart below: the size of each bubble corresponds to the total number of policy initiatives linked to the respective SDG target.
Direct references to SDGs were found in almost 900 out of 6 000 documents analysed. A large number of policy initiatives in the last triennium revealed links with SDG 3 and target 3.d (on managing global health risks) and SDG8 on decent work and economic growth, as a policy response to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Other frequently detected SDG targets highlight the EU’s commitment to achieving its EU political priorities, such as target 9.5 on enhancing scientific research and fostering innovation which links to ‘A Europe fit for the digital age’. Targets 8.1 on sustainable growth, 8.3 on job creation and 8.5 on decent work and productive employment support ‘An economy that works for the people’ through policy initiatives, such as the European Regional Development Fund and the Cohesion Fund. Targets 10.3 on reducing inequalities and 16.3 on promoting the rule of law link to the Commission’s priority of ‘Promoting our European way of life’. The ‘European Green Deal’ is fostered by a myriad of policy initiatives that link to various UN targets under numerous SDGs (most detected targets are: 2.1 on food security, 2.3 on agricultural production, 7.2 on increasing renewable energy shares, 7.3 on energy efficiency, 12.5 on waste management, 13.2 on integrating climate change measures into national policy making, 15.2 on deforestation and 15.5 on biodiversity).
The results of the analysis as well as the underlying database with the list of all EU policies and their relation to the SDG framework are available on the Commission’s
KnowSDGs platform
. This platform includes an online tool, the SDG mapper, accessible to registered users to carry out mappings on the relevant SDGs in any document.
Figure 1: Goals and UN targets of the SDG framework addressed by EU policy documents, 2019–2022
Note: The size of the bubbles depends on the number of EU policy documents addressing a specific UN target.
Source: JRC information, based on EUR-Lex data (EU policy documents available for the period 01/12/2019 to 15/01/2022)
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
As described in the EU Voluntary Review main report and the introduction of the main annex by SDG, SDG interlinkages refer to the complex network of interconnections that exist across the SDGs, their targets and indicators: these interconnections can be positive (synergies), negative (trade-offs) or both, and can happen at different geographical and temporal scales with different impacts. The
JRC SDG Interlinkages Tool
on the
KnowSDGs Platform
is based on an exhaustive review and in-depth analysis of the interlinkages described in the literature published from 2015, the year of adoption of the 2030 Agenda, to August 2022. The database of the JRC SDG Interlinkages Tool contains more than 18 000 interlinkages with information on the type of interlinkages, the direction of impact, its description, and the geographical and temporal scales among other variables. The richness of the database and the level of granularity captured makes the Tool a valuable source to analyse the cascading interactions that exist across the SDGs. The figures on interlinkages presented in this document are drawn up using the Tool and its database. For that purpose, interlinkages with clear directionality, i.e., with a clear source of impact, were aggregated at the goal level in order to visualise the positive and negative effect of one specific SDG on the rest of the SDG network.
Official Development Assistance (ODA) and SDGs
In the main annex by SDG, quantitative information is provided on how external action by EU institutions, and as a complement the EU and the Member States collectively as Team Europe, contributes to each SDG, based on reporting on SDGs to the OECD. Given that many projects are designed and reported as contributing to several SDGs, the figures mentioned in each SDG chapter aim to gather information on all projects relevant to any given SDG, but should not be aggregated in raw, to avoid double counting.
Reporting on the SDGs often faces concerns regarding double counting. To mitigate such concerns, the Commission’s methodology for reporting ODA contribution to the SDGs incorporates the additional feature of indicating for each project not only all the relevant SDGs, but also to identify one main SDG per project. As described recently in the
2022 Annual Report
on the Implementation of the EU’s External Action Instruments in 2021, with this combined information, the sum of financial flows related to the main SDG reported in each project will always equal the total amount of financial flows, while the reporting of other significant SDGs will allow to visualise how many projects are relevant to any given SDG, thereby providing a better understanding of interlinkages between SDGs (see figure 2).
Figure 2: Synthesis of the volume of ODA commitments for each SDG (as main SDG and significant SDG) in 2021 (commitments)
Note: Main SDG amounts are represented by the darker colours, whereas significant SDG amounts are shown by transparently coloured bars
Source: The
2022 Annual Report
on the Implementation of the European Union’s External Action Instruments in 2021, Section 5.1.3 (New reporting system on SDGs), page 173.
Based on this combined information about which SDGs were reported as main SDG and as significant SDG, and aggregating data on such correspondences, the Commission has developed its understanding on how the external actions that it manages contribute to various SDGs, unveiling innovative information relevant for addressing interlinkages on SDGs in the design and reporting of interventions. An overview of this matrix of SDG interactions is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Relationship between SDGs based on reporting of EU external interventions (2022, commitments)
The y-axis shows the main SDG and is shown with its linked significant SDGs in the x-axis. The numbers and the colour intensity indicate the number of times each connection occurs.
Building on this general overview, the statistical and analytical annex of the EU Voluntary Review provides, for each SDG, visual information on the interlinkages between ODA for each SDG and the rest of the SDGs. This includes specifying the most common interactions, distinguishing when the SDG at stake is reported as main SDG (thereby indicating which other SDGs are more often associated as significant) and when this same SDG is reported instead as significant (indicating in that case which are the main SDGs most often associated in the projects reported).
SDG 1 – No poverty
EU SDG indicators
1.1 – Multidimensional poverty
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
This indicator measures the number of people affected by at least one of the following three forms of poverty or social exclusion: income poverty, severe material and social deprivation and very low work intensity (see the more detailed descriptions of these components below).
|
Figure 1.1: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion, EU, 2015-2021
(million people)
Note: Break in time series in 2020. The target figures shown for 2030 refer to a reduction of 15 million people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, including 5 million children, compared with 2019 levels.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_01_10
)
|
People at risk of income poverty after social transfers
This indicator measures the number of people with an equivalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold. This is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers.
|
Figure 1.2: People at risk of income poverty after social transfers, EU, 2010-2021 (million people)
Note: 2010–2018 data are estimated; break in time series in 2020.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_01_20
)
|
Severe material and social deprivation
This indicator is defined as the proportion of the population experiencing an enforced lack
of at least 7 out of 13 deprivation items (6 of these items are related to the individual and 7 to the household).
|
Figure 1.3: Severe material and social deprivation, EU, 2015-2021
(million people)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_01_31
)
|
People living in households with very low work intensity
This indicator describes the share of people aged under 65 living in households where
the working-age adults aged 18 to 64 worked equal or less than 20% of their total combined potential work-time during the previous 12 months.
|
Figure 1.4: People living in households with very low work intensity, EU, 2015-2021
(million people aged less than 65)
Note: 2019 data are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_01_40
)
|
In work at-risk-of-poverty rate
This indicator refers to the share of employed people aged 18 years or over with an income below the poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equalised disposable income. People are considered ‘employed’ if they held a job for more than half of the reference year.
|
Figure 1.5: In work at-risk-of-poverty rate, EU, 2010-2021
(% of population aged 18 or over)
Note: 2010–2019 data are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_01_41
)
|
1.2 – Basic needs
Housing cost overburden rate
The indicator reflects the share
of the population living in households where the total housing costs (rental or mortgage payments and the cost of utilities such as water, electricity, gas or heating) represent more than 40% of the disposable income.
|
Figure 1.6: Housing cost overburden rate, EU, 2010-2021
(% of population)
Note: 2014–2019 and 2021 data are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_01_50
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG1 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG1 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG1 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 1.7: Interlinkages of SDG 1 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
Official Development Assistance in support OF SDG 1
Figure 1.8: ODA to SDG 1 and interlinkages with other goals
|
Source: Drawn up by JRC using EU Dashboard data on ODA (2022, commitments). The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported. The bottom (darker) section of the bar shows how projects where SDG1 was marked as the main SDG contribute to other SDGs (right side). The top section (lighter) shows projects where other SDGs were selected as the main target, but that also contribute to SDG1 (left side).
|
Interlinkage data shows the multidimensional dimension of poverty. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 170 projects targeted SDG1 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs in a rather comprehensive and balanced manner, notably SDG3, SDG4, SDG5, SDG8 and SDG13. SDG1 was also reported as significant in 593 projects where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributors were SDG2, SDG8 and SDG16.
SDG 2 – Zero hunger
EU SDG indicators
2.1 – Malnutrition
Obesity rate
The body mass index (BMI) is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres. People aged 18 years or over are considered obese if their BMI is equal to or greater than 30. The category ‘pre-obese’ refers to people with a BMI between 25 and less than 30.
|
Figure 2.1: Obesity rate, by body mass index (BMI), EU, 2014-2019
(% of population aged 18 or over)
Note: 2017 data are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data codes:
sdg_02_10
)
|
2.2 – Sustainable agricultural production
Agricultural factor income per annual work unit
Agricultural factor income measures the income generated by farming that is used to remunerate borrowed or rented factors of production (capital, wages and land rents) as well as own production factors (own labour, capital and land). Annual work units (AWUs) correspond to the number of full-time equivalent jobs.
|
Figure 2.2: Agricultural factor income per annual work unit (AWU), EU, 2010-2022 (index 2010=100)
Note: 2022 data are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_02_20
)
|
Government support to agricultural R&D
This indicator refers to government budget allocations for R&D (GBARD) for agriculture. GBARD data are built up using the guidelines laid out in the standard practice for surveys of research and experimental development, the OECD’s Frascati Manual.
|
Figure 2.3: Government support to agricultural research and development, EU, 2010-2021 (million EUR)
Note: Estimated data.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_02_30
)
|
Area under organic farming
This indicator is defined as the share of total utilised agricultural area (UAA) occupied by organic farming. It covers both existing organically farmed areas and areas undergoing conversion.
|
Figure 2.4: Area under organic farming, EU, 2012-2020
(% of utilised agricultural area)
Note: 2017–2020 data are estimated or provisional.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_02_40
)
|
2.3 – Environmental impacts of agricultural production
Ammonia emissions from agriculture
This indicator measures ammonia (NH3) emissions from agricultural production. The data come from the EU inventory on air pollution compiled by the EEA under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The definition of this indicator is based on the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) indicator C45 ‘Emissions from agriculture’.
|
Figure 2.5: Ammonia emissions from agriculture, EU, 2010-2020
(million tonnes)
Source: EEA (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_02_60
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG2 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG2 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG2 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 2.7: Interlinkages of SDG 2 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
|
|
Official Development Assistance in support OF SDG 2
Figure 2.8: ODA to SDG 2 and interlinkages with other goals
|
The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure under SDG1.
|
Interlinkage data shows the multiple dimensions of SDG2. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 79 projects targeted SDG2 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs, notably SDG1, SDG5, SDG8 and SDG13. SDG2 was also reported as significant in 265 projects where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from projects targeting SDG1, SDG13 and SDG15 as the main SDG.
SDG 3 – Good health and well-being
EU SDG indicators
3.1 – Healthy lives
Healthy life years at birth
Healthy life years is a health expectancy indicator which combines information on mortality (death rate) and morbidity (probability of illness).
It measures the number of years at birth that a person can expect to live in a healthy condition.
|
Figure 3.1: Healthy life years at birth, by sex, EU, 2010-2020
(years)
Note: Breaks in time series in 2015 and 2016.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_03_11
)
|
People with good or very good self-perceived health
This indicator is a subjective measure of how people judge their health in general on a scale from ‘very good’ to ‘very bad’. Indicators of perceived general health have been found to be a good predictor of people’s future health care use and mortality.
|
Figure 3.2: Share of people with good or very good perceived health, by sex, EU, 2010-2021 (% of population aged 16 or over)
Note: Data for 2010–2016 and for 2020 are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_03_20
)
|
3.2 – Health determinants
Smoking prevalence
This indicator measures the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who report that they currently smoke boxed cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or a pipe. It does not include the use of other tobacco and related products such as electronic cigarettes and snuff.
|
Figure 3.3: Smoking prevalence, by sex, EU, 2009-2020
(% of population aged 15 or over)
Note: Data for 2009–2017 are estimated; 2012 data excluding Croatia.
Source: European Commission services (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_03_30
)
|
3.3 – Causes of death
Standardised death rate due to tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis
This indicator measures the
age-standardised death rate from selected communicable diseases. The rate is calculated by dividing the number of people dying due to tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis by the total population. This value is then weighted with the European Standard Population.
|
Figure 3.4: Standardised death rate due to tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis, by type of disease, EU, 2010-2020 (number per 100 000 persons)
Note: 2010 are estimated; 2018 and 2019 data are provisional.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_03_41
)
|
Standardised avoidable mortality
Avoidable mortality covers mortality that can mainly be prevented through effective public health and primary prevention interventions or avoided through timely and effective healthcare interventions, including secondary prevention and treatment.
|
Figure 3.5: Standardised avoidable mortality, EU, 2011-2020
(number per 100 000 persons aged less than 75 years)
Note: 2018 and 2019 data are provisional.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_03_42
)
|
3.4 – Access to health care
Self-reported unmet need for medical care
This indicator measures the share of the population aged
16 and over reporting unmet needs for medical care (dental care is excluded) due to one of the following reasons: ‘financial reasons’, ‘waiting list’ and ‘too far to travel’ (all three categories are cumulated).
|
Figure 3.6: Self-reported unmet need for medical care, by sex, EU, 2010-2021 (% of population aged 16 and over)
Note: Data for 2010–2020 are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_03_60
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG3 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG3 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG3 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 3.7: Interlinkages of SDG 3 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
Official Development Assistance in support oF SDG 3
Figure 3.8: ODA to SDG 3 and interlinkages with other goals
|
The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure under SDG1.
|
Interlinkage data shows that EU projects which target good health and well-being are often directly associated not only with the pursuit of SDG3 but also to a broader range of SDGs. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 104 projects targeted SDG3 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs, notably SDG5, SDG10 and SDG17. SDG3 was also reported as significant in 366 projects where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from projects targeting SDG1, SDG8 and SDG16 as the main SDG.
SDG 4 – Quality education
EU SDG indicators
4.1 – Basic education
Participation in early childhood education
This indicator measures the share of children between the age of three and the starting
age of compulsory primary education who participated in early childhood education.
|
Figure 4.1: Participation in early childhood education, EU, 2013-2020
(% of children aged 3 and over)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_04_31
)
|
Early leavers from education and training
The indicator measures the
share of the population aged
18 to 24 with at most lower-secondary education who were not involved in any education or training during the four weeks preceding the survey.
|
Figure 4.2: Early leavers from education and training, by sex, EU, 2010-2022
(% of population aged 18 to 24)
Note: Breaks in time series in 2014 and 2021.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_04_10
)
|
Low-achieving 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics or science
This indicator measures the share of 15-year-old students failing to reach level 2 (‘basic skills level’) in the Programme
for International Student Assessment (PISA) scale for
the three core school subjects of reading, mathematics and science.
|
Figure 4.3: Low-achieving 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics or science, EU, 2009-2018 (% of 15-year-old students)
Source: OECD (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_04_40
)
|
4.2 – Tertiary education
Tertiary educational attainment
This indicator measures the share of the population aged 25 to 34 who have successfully completed tertiary studies (for example, at university or a higher technical institution). The data refer to ISCED 1997 levels 5-6 up to 2013 and to ISCED 2011 levels 5-8 from 2014 onwards.
|
Figure 4.4: Tertiary educational attainment, by sex, EU, 2010-2022
(% of population aged 25 to 34)
Note: Breaks in time series in 2014 and 2021.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_04_20
)
|
4.3 – Adult learning
Adult participation in learning
This indicator refers to people aged 25 to 64 who stated they received formal or non-formal education and training in the four weeks preceding the survey as a share of the total population of this age group.
|
Figure 4.5: Adult participation in learning, EU, 2010-2022
(% of population aged 25 to 64)
Note: Breaks in time series in 2013 and 2021.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_04_60
)
|
4.4 – Digital skills
Share of adults having at least basic digital skills
This indicator shows the share
of people who have at least
basic digital skills, which comprises the two highest out
of six levels measured. It is a composite indicator based on selected activities performed by individuals on the internet.
|
Figure 4.6: Share of adults having at least basic digital skills, by sex, EU, 2021 (% of individuals aged 16 to 74)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_04_70
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG4 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG4 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG4 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 4.7: Interlinkages of SDG 4 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
Official Development Assistance in support OF SDG 4
Figure 4.8: ODA to SDG 4 and interlinkages with other goals
|
The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure under SDG1.
|
EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 125 projects targeted education (SDG4) as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs, notably the fight against inequalities (SDG5 &10) and the pursue of decent work and economic growth (SDG8). SDG4 was also reported as significant in 374 actions where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG1, SDG8 and SDG16 as the main SDG.
SDG 5 – Gender equality
EU SDG indicators
5.1 – Gender-based violence
Physical and sexual violence to women
This indicator measures the share of women who had experienced physical and/or sexual violence within the 12 months prior to the interview.
|
Figure 5.1: Physical and sexual violence to women experienced within 12 months prior to the interview, by age group, EU, 2012 (% of women)
Source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_05_10
)
|
5.2 – Employment
Gender pay gap in unadjusted form
The gender pay gap in unadjusted form represents the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees.
|
Figure 5.2: Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, EU, 2010-2021
(% of average gross hourly earnings of men)
Note: Data for 2019–2021 are provisional.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_05_20
)
|
Gender employment gap
The gender employment gap is defined as the difference between the employment rates
of men and women aged 20 to 64. The employment rate is calculated by dividing the number of people aged 20 to 64 in employment by the total population of the same age group.
|
Figure 5.3: Gender employment gap, EU, 2009-2022
(percentage points)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_05_30
)
|
People outside the labour force due to caring responsibilities
This indicator measures the proportion of the population that is outside the labour force due to ‘care of adults with disabilities or children’ and ‘other family or personal reasons’. These people are not working or actively seeking work, nor are they available to work even if they have found a job.
|
Figure 5.4: People outside the labour force due to caring responsibilities, by sex, EU, 2010-2022 (% of population aged 20 to 64)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_05_41
)
|
5.3 – Leadership positions
Seats held by women in national parliaments
This indicator refers to the proportion of women in national parliaments in both chambers (lower house and upper house, where relevant).
|
Figure 5.5: Seats held by women in national parliaments, EU, 2010-2022
(% of seats)
Source: European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_05_50
)
|
Positions held by women in senior management
This indicator measures the share of female board members in the largest publicly listed companies.
|
Figure 5.6: Positions held by women in senior management, EU, 2010-2022
(% of board members)
Source: European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_05_60
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG5 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG5 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG5 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 5.7: Interlinkages of SDG 5 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
|
|
Official Development Assistance in support OF SDG 5
Figure 5.8: ODA to SDG 5 and interlinkages with other goals
|
The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure under SDG1.
|
Interlinkage data shows that gender equality is predominantly a cross-cutting issue across all SDGs. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 35 actions targeted SDG5 as the main SDG. These actions contributed to other interlinked SDGs, notably SDG3, SDG4, SDG6 and SDG10. In comparison, SDG5 was also reported as significant in 1 302 actions where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG4, SDG8, SDG13 and SDG16 as the main SDG.
SDG 6 – Clean water and sanitation
EU SDG indicators
6.1 – Sanitation
People living in households without basic sanitary facilities
This indicator reflects the share of total population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor an indoor flushing toilet in their household.
|
Figure 6.1: Population having neither a bath, nor a shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household, EU, 2010-2020 (% of population)
Note: Data for 2010–2019 are estimated. The frequency of the data collection has been changed from annually to every three years, meaning no data were collected for 2021 and 2022.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_06_10
)
|
Population connected to at least secondary waste water treatment
Waste water treatment systems with at least secondary treatment involve biological treatment with a secondary settlement or other process that removes organic material and reduces its biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by at least 70% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by at least 75%.
|
Figure 6.2: Population connected to at least secondary waste water treatment, EU, 2010-2020 (% of population)
Note: Eurostat estimates.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_06_20
)
|
6.2 – Water quality
Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers
The mean annual 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) in rivers is a measure of the amount of oxygen that aerobic microorganisms need to decompose organic substances in a water sample over a 5-day period in the dark at 20°C. The cleanest rivers have a 5-day BOD of less than 1 milligram per litre (mg/L).
|
Figure 6.3: Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers, EU, 2010-2020
(mg O2 per litre)
Note: ‘EU’ refers to an aggregate based on 18 Member States.
Source: EEA (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_06_30
)
|
Nitrate in groundwater
Data on the concentration of nitrate (NO3) in groundwater are taken from well samples and aggregated to annual average concentrations for groundwater bodies in Europe. While the indicator is relatively robust in presenting the overall trend, the distribution of measuring stations might mask exceedances of nitrate levels in certain polluted areas.
|
Figure 6.4: Nitrate in groundwater, EU, 2010-2020
(mg NO3 per litre)
Note: ‘EU’ refers to an aggregate based on 18 Member States.
Source: EEA (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_06_40
)
|
Phosphate in rivers
This indicator measures the concentration of phosphate
(PO4) per litre in the dissolved phase from water samples from river stations and aggregated to annual average values.
|
Figure 6.5: Phosphate in rivers, EU, 2010-2020
(mg PO4 per litre)
Note: ‘EU’ refers to an aggregate based on 18 Member States.
Source: EEA (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_06_50
)
|
6.3 – Water scarcity
Water exploitation index (WEI+)
The regionalised water exploitation index (WEI+) measures total freshwater use as a percentage of the long-term annual average available water (LTAA) from renewable fresh water resources (groundwater and surface water) at a given time and place. It quantifies how much water is abstracted and how much is returned after use
to the environment via basins.
|
Figure 6.6: Water exploitation index (WEI+), EU, 2010-2019
(% of renewable water resources)
Source: EEA (Eurostat online data code:
sdg_06_60
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG6 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG6 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG6 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 6.7: Interlinkages of SDG 6 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
Official Development Assistance in support OF SDG 6
Figure 6.8: ODA to SDG 6 and interlinkages with other goals
|
The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure under SDG1.
|
Data shows that SDG6 is strongly interlinked with multiple SDGs. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 61 actions targeted SDG6 as the main SDG. These actions have a strong gender (SDG5) and health (SDG3) component, and are also important from an urban, environment and climate perspective (SDGs 11, 13, & 14). SDG6 was also reported as significant in 351 actions where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG1, SDG8 and SDG9 as the main SDG.
SDG 7 – Affordable and clean energy
EU SDG indicators
7.1 – Energy consumption
Primary and final energy consumption
Primary energy consumption represents a country’s total energy demand before any transformation, excluding energy carriers used for non-energy purposes. Final energy consumption covers the energy consumed by end users, such as industry, transport, households, services and agriculture.
|
Figure 7.1: Primary and final energy consumption, EU, 2010-2021
(million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe))
Source: Eurostat (online data codes:
sdg_07_10
and
sdg_07_11
)
|
Final energy consumption in households per capita
This indicator measures how much energy each citizen consumes at home, excluding transport. Data are not temperature-adjusted, so variations from year to year are due in part to weather.
|
Figure 7.2: Final energy consumption in households per capita, EU, 2010-2021 (kg of oil equivalent)
Note: Multiple breaks in population data time series; 2018–2021 population data are provisional estimates.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_07_20
)
|
Energy productivity
This indicator measures the amount of economic output produced per unit of gross available energy, which represents the quantity of energy products needed to satisfy all demand of bodies in the geographical area under consideration.
|
Figure 7.3: Energy productivity, EU, 2010-2021
(EUR per kgoe)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_07_30
)
|
7.2 – Energy supply
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption
This indicator is defined as the share of renewable energy consumption in gross final energy consumption. The gross final energy consumption is the energy used by end consumers plus grid losses and power plants’ own consumption.
|
Figure 7.4: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, by sector, EU, 2010-2021 (%)
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_07_40
)
|
Energy import dependency
Energy import dependency shows the share of a country’s total energy needs that are met by imports from other countries.
It is calculated as net imports (i.e. imports minus exports) divided by the gross available energy.
|
Figure 7.5: Energy import dependency, by product, EU, 2010-2021
(% of imports in gross available energy)
Note: ‘Total’ is not the average of the three fuel categories shown but includes other sources, such as renewables or nuclear energy, which are treated as domestic sources.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_07_50
)
|
7.3 – Access to affordable energy
Population unable to keep home adequately warm
This indicator measures the share of people unable to afford to keep their home adequately warm. Data collection is based on a survey, which means that indicator values are self-reported.
|
Figure 7.6: Population unable to keep home adequately warm, EU, 2010-2021 (% of population)
Note: 2010–2019 data are estimated.
Source: Eurostat (online data code:
sdg_07_60
)
|
Further data on the SDGs are available in the Eurostat database on the EU SDG indicators at
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database
.
Synergies and trade-offs between SDGs
The figure shows positive (synergies) and negative (trade-offs) interactions between SDG7 and other SDGs. Synergies indicate that progress of SDG7 may contribute or enable progress on the other connected SDGs. Trade-offs indicate that the achievement of SDG7 may have negative effects and deteriorate progress towards the other linked SDGs.
|
Figure 7.7: Interlinkages of SDG 7 with other goals
Source: Based on literature review by JRC -
Interlinkages - targets | KnowSDGs (europa.eu)
|
Official Development Assistance in support oF SDG 7
Figure 7.8: ODA to SDG 7 and interlinkages with other goals
|
The figure shows interlinkages among SDGs measured by number of projects reported, in the terms described in the figure under SDG1.
|
EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 57 actions targeted SDG7 as the main SDG. These actions play an important role in projects targeting poverty eradication (SDG1), economic growth (SDG8) and climate change (SDG13). SDG7 was also reported as significant in 460 actions where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributions came from actions targeting SDG1, SDG8 and SDG13 as the main SDG.