51998DC0317

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT on monitoring the application of Community law - 1997 - (98/C 250/01) COM(1998) 317 final

(Submitted by the Commission on 27 May 1998)

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION .......... 8

AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL FRONTIERS

1. Introduction .......... 12

2. Situation sector by sector .......... 14

2.1. Removal of physical borders .......... 14

2.1.1. Customs .......... 14

2.1.1.1. Progress in implementing customs Directives .......... 14

2.1.2. Free movement of agricultural products .......... 14

2.2. Removal of technical barriers .......... 15

2.2.1. Free movement of goods .......... 15

2.2.1.1. Articles 30 et seq. of the EC Treaty .......... 15

2.2.1.2. Preventive rules provided for by Directive 83/189/EEC .......... 18

2.2.2. Progress in implementing Directives on the free movement of goods .......... 18

2.2.2.1. Foodstuffs .......... 18

2.2.2.2. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to foodstuffs .......... 19

2.2.2.3. Pharmaceutical products .......... 19

2.2.2.4. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to pharmaceutical products .......... 19

2.2.2.5. Chemicals .......... 19

2.2.2.6. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to chemicals .......... 20

2.2.2.7. Motor vehicles, tractors and motorcycles .......... 20

2.2.2.8. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to motor vehicles, tractors and motorcycles .......... 20

2.2.2.9. Construction products .......... 21

2.2.2.10. Mechanical engineering, electronics, personal protection equipment, gas equipment, pressure equipment, pre-packaging, measuring equipment, medical devices and pleasure craft .......... 21

2.2.2.11. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to mechanical engineering, electronics, personal protection equipment, gas equipment, pressure equipment, pre-packaging, measuring equipment, medical devices and pleasure craft .......... 22

2.2.2.12. Cosmetics .......... 22

2.2.2.13. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to cosmetics .......... 22

2.2.2.14. Textiles .......... 22

2.2.2.15. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to textiles .......... 23

2.2.2.16. Liability for defective products .......... 23

2.2.3. Free movement of persons, right of establishment and voting rights .......... 23

2.2.3.1. Ending discrimination .......... 23

2.2.3.2. Entry and residence .......... 23

2.2.3.3. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to right of residence .......... 24

2.2.3.4. Right to vote and stand in elections .......... 24

2.2.3.5. Recognition of qualifications .......... 24

2.2.3.6. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to recognition of qualifications .......... 25

2.2.3.7. Independent commercial agents .......... 26

2.2.4. Freedom to provide services .......... 26

2.2.4.1. Articles 59 et seq. .......... 26

2.2.4.2. Audiovisual/Media .......... 26

2.2.4.3. Telecommunications .......... 27

2.2.4.4. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to telecommunications .......... 28

2.2.4.5. Financial services .......... 28

2.2.4.6. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to financial services .......... 31

2.2.4.7. Commercial communications .......... 31

2.2.5. Free movement of capital .......... 31

2.2.6. Company law .......... 31

2.2.6.1. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to company law .......... 32

2.2.7. Intellectual and industrial property .......... 32

2.2.7.1. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to intellectual and industrial property .......... 33

2.2.8. Public procurement .......... 33

2.2.8.1. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to public procurement .......... 34

2.3. Removal of tax barriers .......... 34

2.3.1. Direct taxation .......... 34

2.3.1.1. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to direct taxation .......... 35

2.3.2. Indirect taxation .......... 35

2.3.2.1. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to indirect taxation .......... 37

CONSUMER POLICY AND HEALTH PROTECTION

3. Introduction .......... 37

4. Situation sector by sector .......... 37

4.1. Safety and health .......... 37

4.2. Protection of consumers' economic interests .......... 38

4.3. Progress in implementing directives applicable to consumer protection and product safety 38

COMPETITION

5. Introduction .......... 39

6. Situation sector by sector .......... 39

6.1. Public enterprises .......... 39

6.2. Monopolies .......... 40

6.3. Progress in implementing measures in the field of competition .......... 41

SOCIAL POLICY

7. Introduction .......... 41

8. Situation sector by sector .......... 41

8.1. Free movement of workers .......... 41

8.1.1. Ending discrimination .......... 41

8.1.2. Access to employment in the public service .......... 42

8.1.3. Social security .......... 42

8.2. Equal treatment of men and women .......... 43

8.3. Working conditions .......... 43

8.4. Health and safety at work .......... 43

8.5. Public health .......... 44

8.6. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to social policy .......... 44

EDUCATION AND TRAINING .......... 44

AGRICULTURE

9. Situation sector by sector .......... 44

9.1. Markets .......... 44

9.2. Harmonisation .......... 45

9.3. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to agriculture .......... 48

FISHERIES

10. Introduction .......... 48

11. Situation sector by sector .......... 48

11.1. Markets .......... 48

11.2. Resources .......... 48

11.3. Compatibility with Community law of national legislation on the grant of flag rights to fishing vessels .......... 49

ENVIRONMENT

12. Introduction .......... 49

12.1. General situation .......... 49

12.2. Notification of national implementing measures .......... 51

12.3. Conformity of national implementing measures .......... 52

12.4. Correct application of directives .......... 53

12.5. Freedom of access to information .......... 54

12.6. Environmental impact assessment .......... 55

12.7. Action needed .......... 56

13. Situation sector by sector .......... 57

13.1. Air .......... 57

13.2. Chemicals and biotechnology .......... 58

13.3. Water .......... 60

13.4. Noise .......... 63

13.5. Waste .......... 64

13.6. Nature .......... 67

13.7. Radiation protection .......... 70

13.8. Progress in implementing Directives applicable to the environment .......... 70

TRANSPORT

14. Introduction .......... 71

15. Situation sector by sector .......... 71

15.1. Road transport .......... 71

15.2. Combined transport .......... 72

15.3. Inland waterways .......... 72

15.4. Rail transport .......... 73

15.5. Sea transport .......... 73

15.6. Air transport .......... 74

15.7. Summertime .......... 75

15.8. Progress in implementing directives on transport .......... 75

ENERGY

16. Introduction .......... 75

17. Situation sector by sector .......... 75

17.1. Internal market for electricity and natural gas .......... 75

17.2. Energy efficiency .......... 75

17.3. Oil and gas .......... 76

17.4. Progress in implementing directives on energy .......... 76

STRUCTURAL FUNDS AND COMMUNITY LAW .......... 76

BUDGET MATTERS .......... 78

COMMUNITY STAFF .......... 78

STATISTICS .......... 79

ANNEXES

Annex I: Suspected infringements 1993 to 1997 .......... 80

Annex II: Established infringements .......... 87

Annex III: Infringements of treaties, regulations and decisions .......... 95

Annex IV: Report on the application of directives .......... 110

Annex V: Judgments of the Court of Justice up to 31 December 1997 not yet implemented .......... 190

Annex VI: Application of Community law by national courts .......... 195

INTRODUCTION

There are several salient features of activities in 1997:

- statistically speaking, the year saw a sharp rise in the number of Article 169 letters addressed to the Member States;

- the rate of transposal of directives rose for all Member States, some of them displaying particularly impressive 'performance rates`;

- procedurally speaking, 1997 was the first year in which the Commission proposed that the Court of Justice impose a daily penalty payment on a Member State for failure to discharge a Community obligation; eight proposals have now been decided on, and two of them have actually been referred to the Court;

- 1997 was also the first year in which the Commission decided to boost the information made available to complainants, following an own-initiative inquiry by the Ombudsman;

- the Amsterdam European Council of 16 and 17 June 1997 was followed by the proposal of 18 November 1997 for a Regulation creating a mechanism whereby the Commission can intervene in order to remove certain obstacles to trade (1);

- parliamentary questions and petitions continue to play a major role in the detection of infringements and are behind the commencement of a good number of new proceedings each year;

- the Commission presented a proposal for a European Parliament and Council Decision establishing an action programme to improve awareness of Community law for the legal professions (Robert Schuman Project).

It is clear from these developments that the enforcement of Community law is one of the central focuses of Commission attention, as President Santer promised it would be when the present Commission took office.

The statistical analysis: the initial effects of the 1996 procedural reforms - a spectacular increase in the number of Article 169 letters and of cases terminated.

The number of new complaints rose by 17 % from 819 in 1996 to 957 in 1997, thus reversing the trend of recent years. The number of cases detected by the Commission's own investigations remained stable at 261.

The number of Article 169 letters actually sent was up, by 23 % from 1 168 in 1996 to 1 460 in 1997. This applied particularly to cases of failure to notify the Commission of measures implementing directives (+ 47%). Only the number of reasoned opinions fell, by 21 % from 436 in 1996 to 343 in 1997.

The very sharp rise in the number of Article 169 letters decided on is the first fruit of the reforms decided on in July 1996: better compliance with the one-year deadline for a decision on the substance, coupled with a new approach to Article 169 letters (now regarded as a dedramatised request for observations), have greatly reduced the time-lag between registration of the complaint or of a case detected by the Commission's own inquiries and the initial decision on the substance. (NB: the number of cases terminated is also well up - by 22 % from 1 765 to 2 151 - while the total number of cases in progress (the 'stock in trade`) is down.)

Transposal of directives in 1997

The table below gives an overall picture of the rate of notification of national measures implementing all the directives applicable on 31 December 1997.

>TABLE>

On 31 December 1997 the Member States had on average notified 94 % of the national measures needed to implement the directives applicable. This is higher than the figure for 1996 (93 %). But the performance of the individual Member States is variable.

Attention is drawn to the considerable improvement in the notification rate for Sweden, which is three points higher than its rate last year and ranks it first (last year it ranked fifth). Finland, too, has performed well, rising from 81 % to 96,3 % now that the problem of transposal of directives in the Åland Islands (notably in agriculture), mentioned in the Fourteenth Report, has been resolved.

These high rates conceal contrasting realities. The table at Annex IV offers a detailed picture of the situation regarding transposal in 1997 by Member State and by sector.

The sector-by-sector analysis will give more detailed account of the quality of transposal (conformity of national implementing measures with the directives, and sound application of them).

Implementation of second subparagraph of Article 171(2) of the EC Treaty

In 1997 the Commission for the first time made use of the power conferred on it by the Maastricht amendment of Article 171 of the EC Treaty:

'If the Member State concerned fails to take the necessary measures to comply with the Court's judgment within the time-limit laid down by the Commission, the latter may bring the case before the Court of Justice. In so doing it shall specify the amount of the lump sum or penalty payment to be paid by the Member State concerned which it considers to be appropriate in the circumstances.

If the Court of Justice finds that the Member State concerned has not complied with the judgment it may impose a lump sum or penalty payment on it.`

When proposing that a Member State be ordered to pay a penalty for failure to comply with a judgment, the Commission is actually proposing a valuable enforcement measure that is available against Member States.

On 28 January and 10 December 1997 eight infringement proceedings reached the referral stage with proposals for penalty payments. The threat of the penalty had a useful deterrent effect as two of the cases were thereupon terminated quite quickly and two more are in the process of being settled. In two cases, however, the referral has been maintained, together with the proposal for penalty payments; these are the two surface-water cases against Germany (Directives 75/440/EEC and 79/869/EEC).

The Ombudsman's own-initiative inquiry into infringement procedures

The Ombudsman's inquiries into a series of complaints about infringement proceedings, notably the environmental complaints about the Newbury Bypass, prompted him to conclude that there was a general need to review the position of complainants in Article 169 proceedings (2). He undertook an own-initiative inquiry.

He proposed among other things that the Commission should seek the complainant's opinion before closing a case. This would involve the citizen more closely in the procedure (there is no appeal against the Commission's decision to close a case) and make the procedure more transparent.

The Commission accepted this recommendation. In a letter addressed to the Ombudsman on 24 July 1997, the Commission Secretary-General stated:

'In several cases the complainant is now informed beforehand . . . as part of the dialogue with the complainant during the investigation of the complaint.

The Commission is prepared to extend this practice. Leaving aside cases where the complaint is obviously without foundation and cases where nothing further is heard from the complainant, the Commission will ensure that a complainant is informed of its intention to close a case.`

The Ombudsman wrote to the Commission on 13 October, stating that he was closing his own-initiative inquiry as there was an improvement in the procedural status of the complainant at the pre-litigation stages and there was no presumption of maladministration.

Follow-up to the Amsterdam European Council: new legal instruments to combat manifest barriers to free movement of goods

The Conclusions of the Amsterdam European Council of 16 and 17 June state:

'The European Council underlines the crucial importance of timely and correct transposition of all agreed legislation into national law, the need to inform citizens and business fully about the Single Market, and the necessity of active enforcement of Community law in the Member States and the introduction of more rapid and effective procedures for problem-solving including deliberations at Council level in cases of recurring problems. The European Council requests the Commission to examine ways and means of guaranteeing in an effective manner the free movement of goods. It requests the Commission to submit relevant proposals before its next meeting in December 1997.`

The Commission responded on 18 November with a proposal for a Council Regulation creating a mechanism whereby the Commission can intervene in order to remove certain obstacles to trade (3). This means that when it detects a particularly serious barrier to the free movement of goods (4), the Commission has the power to take mandatory legal decisions. Individuals who suffer loss can then plead such decision in the national courts in order to obtain interim relief or damages. If a Member State does not comply with the decision within the prescribed period, the Commission may commence Article 169 infringement proceedings, with the referral to the Court of Justice being made quite quickly.

The role of parliamentary questions and petitions in the commencement of new infringement proceedings

In 1997 parliamentary questions and petitions were at the origin of 17 new infringement proceedings.

They mainly concerned nationality discrimination and environmental problems.

The Robert Schuman Project - training judges and lawyers in Community law

Declaration No 19 on the implementation of Community law, annexed to the Final Act of the Treaty on European Union signed on 7 February 1992, 'considers it essential for the proper functioning of the Community that the measures taken by the different Member States should result in Community law being applied with the same effectiveness and rigour as in the application of their national law`.

The Commission responded to the Declaration with a proposal for a European Parliament and Council Decision establishing an action programme to improve awareness of Community law for the legal professions (Robert Schuman Project) (5). This states that 'citizens will be unable to enforce all their rights under the Community legal system before any national court within the Union unless those members of the legal professions involved in the administration of justice, i.e. judges, prosecutors and lawyers are sufficiently informed and trained to do so` (6).

The Commission took over Parliament's amendments to its proposal for the purpose of extending the project to all the practitioners involved in the administration of justice.

The project is to consist of initial and continuing training measures and support for the development of information facilities on Community law. An evaluation report is to be made no later than 31 December 1999.

It can be seen from these examples that the Commission's activities in its capacity as guardian of the Treaties do not consist merely of issuing Article 169 letters and reasoned opinions. The Commission is very active in preventing infringements of Community law, not only when preparing its legislative proposals but also at the pre-litigation stage of Article 169 proceedings. As the Commission stated in 1997, 'better lawmaking means adopting texts at Community level that are easy to transpose and to apply at national level` (7).

This rapid overview of the Commission's activities would not be complete without a reminder of all the European Parliament does in this respect; its annual resolution on the report on monitoring the application of Community law has done much to improve it.

To conclude, the Commission wishes to draw attention to the importance of one particular set of figures given in this report - the numbers of complaints and of infringement proceedings has risen considerably this year. The Commission believes that the rise in the two figures is evidence that the Community's citizens are ever keener to see their rights properly respected, while the Commission has assumed its proper share of the responsibility for enforcing the rules. But it hardly needs restating that the Commission does not operate in isolation here: the practical application of the rules, which is a fundamental political objective of European integration, requires the full cooperation of all the Member States and all the Community institutions.

AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL FRONTIERS

1. INTRODUCTION

The Commission communication on the impact and effectiveness of the single market (8), presented to Parliament and the Council on 26 November 1996, provided an initial assessment of how the single market was functioning, what economic effect it was having and what challenges it would face in the future. The assessment, though positive, reveals a number of shortcomings in the functioning of the single market, which prevent it from delivering all its potential benefits. What Europe needs is a more effective single market, to stimulate growth, innovation and employment. With this in mind, the Commission announced to the Dublin European Council in December 1996 that it intended to draft an action plan for enhancing the single market's effectiveness in the years ahead.

The plan (9) set four objectives, which form a clear strategy for action, starting now:

- make legislation more effective, which means improving transposal and implementation of common provisions and simplifying regulations at both Community and national level;

- eliminate the main distortions in the market, primarily by dismantling tax barriers and fighting measures that discourage competition;

- remove obstacles to market integration affecting particular industries by closing the loopholes in the single market's regulatory framework;

- create a single market which works in everyone's interests, ensuring that individual citizens can enjoy their full rights and working on the social side of the single market.

The European Council, meeting in Amsterdam on 16 and 17 June 1997, reaffirmed its full support for the priorities set out in the action plan and, more specifically, stressed the need to start work straight away on the first strategic objective, enhancing the effectiveness of Community regulations through better transposal and more effective application of the rules governing the single market. To that end, the Member States are requested to put forward detailed transposal timetables and to keep the Commission informed of moves to set up coordination centres to facilitate communication between national authorities and contact points for businesses and the general public.

As far as administrative cooperation is concerned, the Karolus programme (10), launched in 1993, provides for exchanges of officials between the national administrations. Its purpose is to promote harmonised interpretation and uniform implementation of Community single market legislation. All Member States have now taken part in the programme, either sending or receiving officials from national government departments. By 31 December 1997, 417 officials had been on exchanges, comprising a training seminar, the exchange proper (around two months spent in a similar department in another Member State) and a debriefing seminar. The five-year programme is due to expire at the end of 1997. Parliament and the Council are currently looking at a proposal for a decision which would extend it for another two years and open it up to the associated countries in central and eastern Europe, the EFTA countries in the EEA and Cyprus. The Council arrived at a political agreement on the proposal at its first reading on 27 November 1997 and is expected to reach a decision quickly at the second reading.

Alongside Karolus, the Matthaeus programme (11), launched in 1991, provides explicitly for exchanges for customs officials while Matthaeus-Tax (12), launched in 1993, caters for civil servants who deal with tax matters. In addition, the Council adopted two joint actions in 1996, one introducing a programme of incentives and exchanges for legal practitioners ('Grotius`) (13), and another introducing a programme of training, exchanges and cooperation on identity documents ('Sherlock`) (14).

As guardian of the Treaty, the Commission keeps a constant eye on the transposal and effective application of internal market legislation at national level. Once the action plan was adopted, the Commission decided to publish a 'scoreboard` keeping track of application of the legislation and implementation of the plan. The first report, presented to the Council (Internal Market) in November 1997, gave a breakdown by Member State and by industry of the progress made in transposing legislation into national law. It also gave the number of infringements and reported on implementation of the action plan.

Detailed reports on transposal are now to be presented to every Council meeting on the internal market. They will give an account of progress made in transposing major single market directives. On 1 January 1998, the Member States had reported 93 % of the legislative measures required to implement the 1 374 Directives then in force.

Despite this fairly high percentage, there are still considerable delays in certain key sectors, such as public procurement, financial services and intellectual and industrial property. These delays are often caused by problems in the national decision-making process or the technical complexity of Community texts, which sometimes leads Member States to adopt national measures implementing only part of a directive.

The Commission also takes a keen interest in the quality of implementing measures, since the incomplete or incorrect transposal of Community legislation can lead to unequal treatment between Member States and raise de facto barriers to free movement which the single market is actually meant to eliminate.

Another priority is to put the finishing touches to the legislative framework of the single market. For example, Community legislation on company law is incomplete, with the result that European firms are faced with barriers to their mobility. It is now vital that the Member States reach agreement on a statute for a European company; drafts have been drawn up following the report of the Group chaired by Etienne Davignon. On the indirect taxation front, the only way to resolve the existing problems is by adopting a definitive system. The free movement of persons will not become a reality until essential security measures are in place. Moreover, the priority projects will have to be implemented if the single market is to be adapted to take account of new technological challenges, such as the creation of an information society and the introduction of trans-European networks.

But completing the legislative framework is not enough in itself. The establishment of a genuine frontier-free area also requires an effort to simplify legislation. To this end the Commission launched the SLIM (15) pilot project in 1996 to explore how the constraints and formalities imposed on businesses by the complexity of legislation can be reduced by simplifying laws and administrative procedures. The second stage of the campaign, concerning banking legislation, the combined nomenclature for foreign trade, VAT rules and fertilisers, was started in May 1997. On 27 November a communication setting out the recommendations made by the various working parties on these issues was put to the Council (Internal Market).

If the single market is to function effectively, the relevant legislation must also be correctly implemented by the Member States' judiciaries at all levels. The Robert Schuman campaign aims to ensure better implementation of Community law by providing more training and information for judges and lawyers. In contributing to greater awareness of the practical aspects of Community law amongst the legal profession, the Robert Schuman campaign is helping to ensure that the single market works to the maximum benefit of ordinary citizens, consumers and businesses alike. The campaign relies on the cooperation of the bodies responsible for training judges and lawyers. These establishments can apply for financial support for training or information campaigns dealing specifically with Community law. In the pilot phase in 1997, over 40 local projects were selected for support under the campaign.

Lastly, the success of the single market depends on the public knowing what their rights are and how to exercise them. The second stage of the Commission's Citizens First initiative, launched in 1997, focuses on the rights the European Union confers on its citizens with regard to equal treatment for men and women, consumer protection, the purchase of goods and services in other Member States and travel within the Union. This second stage uses the same tried and tested strategy as the first stage (launched in November 1996, with working, living and studying in another Member State as its theme). It involves putting across clear, practical information to as wide an audience as possible on the rights and opportunities offered by the Union and on what to do when these rights are violated.

2. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

2.1. Removal of physical borders

2.1.1. Customs

The Commission initiated proceedings against France for failing to fulfil its obligations under the Community customs code. The Commission considers that, by allowing only ship brokers the right to act as representatives in performing customs operations and formalities, and restricting the right to make declarations to approved customs agents and holders of customs clearance authorisations (both for direct and indirect representation), French law does not comply with the Customs Code, which requires free representation for operations not restricted by the Code.

In 1995 the Commission sent an Article 171 letter to Italy for failing to comply with the Court of Justice's judgment (16) against Italy for contravening Community legislation by continuing to restrict representation to Italian customs forwarding agents without making provision for people to make a declaration in their own name or on behalf of others, and by requiring the same qualifications from paid employees responsible for making customs declarations as from self-employed persons. However, the Article 171 procedure was terminated as Italy has now complied with the judgment by allowing both types of representation.

Another case concerning Italy's failure to comply with Community transit rules was also closed after a circular was issued, bringing the Italian rules into line with the relevant customs regulations (Regulations (EEC) No 2913/92 and No 2425/93) (17). Italy no longer uses external transit arrangements in the circumstances which were causing problems previously; the external procedure applies to Community goods only in a limited number of cases where Community measures apply to the export operation.

2.1.1.1. >TABLE>

2.1.2. Free movement of agricultural products

Freedom of movement for agricultural products in a single market is one of the principles underpinning the operation of the common agricultural policy and its common market organisations.

The Court of Justice has repeatedly pointed out that Articles 30 and 34 of the Treaty are still an integral part of the common market organisations, even though there has no longer been any need to write them into the regulations since 1 January 1970.

The Commission kept a constant watch to make sure that barriers to trade in agricultural products in the Community were swiftly removed.

In 1997 there was a further drop in the number of new cases involving 'classic` barriers to the free movement of agricultural products, such as systematic import checks or certification requirements.

An action against Germany is still before the Court of Justice regarding certain types of fresh pigmeat imported from Denmark (18).

The Commission sent a reasoned opinion to Spain regarding the requirement imposed by the authorities in the Valencia region that only the Spanish language be used in the labelling of apples from other Member States. Both Article 30 of the Treaty and Regulation (EEC) No 1035/72 on the common organisation of the market preclude national rules imposing the exclusive use of a specific language for the labelling of food products at the wholesale stage (i.e. where professional traders are involved rather than Spanish consumers). The Spanish authorities came round to the Commission's position and the proceedings were dropped.

In France, the infringements have been of a rather more unusual nature: acts of violence have repeatedly been committed by individuals in protest against fruit and vegetables from other Member States and the French authorities have failed to deal adequately with the problem. The Commission welcomed the Court of Justice's judgment on Case C-265/95 in which it ruled that 'by failing to take all necessary and proportionate measures in order to prevent the free movement of fruit and vegetables from being obstructed by actions by private individuals, the French Republic has failed to fulfil its obligations under the common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and Article 30 of the EC Treaty, in conjunction with Article 5 of that Treaty.`

2.2. Removal of technical barriers

2.2.1. Free movement of goods

2.2.1.1. Articles 30 et seq. of the EC Treaty

The single market cannot function properly unless the principle of the free movement of goods is respected; therefore the Commission pays particular attention to ensuring that Articles 30 to 36 of the Treaty are correctly implemented. There are still a considerable number of cases concerning national measures capable of restricting trade. In 1997 the Commission received 143 new complaints. On 31 December 1997 there were 444 infringement cases pending.

Once again in 1997, a large number of cases involving obstacles to trade were cleared up at 'package meetings` held in the Member States (see below for examples). The meetings have been used for several years now to reach amicable solutions in Article 30 cases; they have proved a valuable means of promoting dialogue and administrative cooperation between the Commission and national civil services. In the interests of efficiency, a network was set up at the beginning of 1997 linking the chairmen of the meetings for the various countries. This followed a meeting of the chairmen in Brussels which brought to light the benefits, both for the Member States and the Commission, of sharing the experience they had in settling disputes through cooperation. The network should also facilitate the flow of information and enable solutions used for one Member State to be applied to others.

In 1997 package meetings were held with Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Some examples of infringement cases settled through the meetings are given below. They are drawn from a number of different industries.

The Spanish authorities amended their regulations governing the telecommunications industry after infringement proceedings were started against a piece of Spanish legislation regulating sales of decoders for digital satellite television broadcasts. The legislation has now opened the market up to decoders using the various available technologies. The Commission intervened in another case involving telecommunications, as a result of which the Greek and Italian authorities adopted regulations providing for mutual recognition of test certificates for radio communication equipment issued by registered bodies in other Member States.

In the food and drink industry, the British authorities changed the rules governing the sale of beer by public houses owned by breweries. Under the new regulations, tenants are free to sell beers other than those brewed by the pub's owners. This exception, previously restricted to cask-conditioned beers, now also applies to traditional bottled beers. This ensures that beers from other Member States can now be sold in pubs in the United Kingdom.

In the pharmaceuticals industry, the Italian authorities, applying the principle that parallel imports should be allowed as requested by the Commission, issued a regulation introducing a simplified procedure for authorising parallel imports of pharmaceutical products.

There have also been some successes in the car industry, which still accounts for a large proportion of the complaints to the Commission. For example, the Finnish authorities have amended their regulation on the entry into service of second-hand motor vehicles, which previously laid down requirements concerning brakes and pollutant and sound emissions. These requirements were both discriminatory, since they applied only to imported vehicles, and disproportionate, given that they went beyond the standards required to guarantee safety and environmental protection. The new rules are no longer discriminatory and enable concerns about safety and environmental protection to be met without obstructing the free movement of goods.

Public procurement rules can infringe Article 30 of the Treaty if they effectively deny non-domestic tenderers access to public contracts. For instance, an Italian regulation on grants for the purchase of buses, trams and trolley buses specified that local authorities would obtain grants only for vehicles which complied with Italian technical specifications. This was discriminatory vis-à-vis imported vehicles since it had the effect of making it more difficult or more expensive to purchase vehicles manufactured in accordance with other Member States' specifications or already on sale in another Member State. When the Commission approached the Italian authorities about this matter, they issued a decree which removed the discriminatory aspects of the regulation.

Lastly, the Commission closed infringement proceedings against Spain and Denmark when they amended their regulations concerning items made from precious metals. The provisions as they stood restricted the range of accepted hallmarks and excluded recognition of hallmarks affixed in other Member States, thus giving the Spanish and Danish markets a disproportionate degree of protection. The regulations are no longer excessively restrictive since the authorities in Spain and Denmark have increased the number of accepted hallmarks and allowed recognition of hallmarks affixed by registered bodies in other Member States.

Four years after the internal frontiers within the Community came down, infringements impeding the free movement of goods persist in quite large numbers. The Commission drew the attention of Parliament and the Member States to the problem in a Communication to the Council and Parliament in September 1996. In response, the European Council, meeting in Amsterdam on 16 and 17 June 1997, asked the Commission to look at ways of ensuring free movement more effectively and to put forward proposals, containing penalties where appropriate, to its December meeting in Luxembourg. Accordingly, on 18 November 1997, the Commission adopted a proposal for a Council Regulation creating a mechanism whereby the Commission can intervene in order to remove certain obstacles to trade (COM(97) 619, 18 November 1997).

One new instrument entered into force at the very beginning of the year, on 1 January. It is intended to enable cases to be dealt with swiftly and in a non-confrontational manner, through an approach based on openness and mutual trust. The notification procedure set up by Decision 3052/95 brings exceptions to the principle of free movement of goods into the open by requiring the Member States to notify the Commission of measures which restrict the movement of goods which have been produced and put on sale lawfully in one or more of the Member States. 35 such measures were reported in 1997.

The Commission decided to refer one case involving obstacles to the free movement of goods to the Court of Justice. It concerns the Italian regulations on precious metals, which contain a number of provisions which contravene Community rules on the free movement of goods. Firstly, they forbid the sale of items bearing all but a limited range of hallmarks in Italy. Furthermore, they require foreign producers to appoint a representative in Italy and affix an additional hallmark as they do not allow recognition of those already on the item. After the Commission had contacted the Italian authorities numerous times and had sent a reasoned opinion to no avail, it decided to refer the matter to the Court of Justice in accordance with the procedure laid down by Article 169 of the Treaty.

In its judgment of 13 March 1997 in Case C-358/95 Morellato, the Court reiterated that there was no justification on grounds of public health for implementing a national law on the composition of a product, in this case an Italian law prohibiting the sale of bread because of its moisture, ash and bran content; it had equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction within the meaning of Article 30 of the Treaty.

In its judgment of 20 March 1997 in Case C-352/95 Phytheron International, the Court ruled on the correct interpretation of Article 7 of Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 on trade marks, clarifying the rules on parallel imports. First, it pointed out that the Directive comprehensively regulates the question of the exhaustion of trade mark rights for products traded in the Community, so that national rules on the point must be assessed in relation to it and not Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty. However, it stressed that Article 7 of the Directive is framed in terms corresponding to those used by the Court in judgments which, in interpreting Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty, recognised the principle of exhaustion, and that the Article could not be interpreted as allowing the owner of a trade mark protected under national legislation from using the same legislation to prevent a product in circulation in another Member State from being imported by the owner of the mark or with his consent.

In its judgment of 20 March 1997 in Case C-13/96 Bic Benelux, the Court clarified the expression 'technical specification` used in Article 1(1) of Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1989. The case concerned a measure requiring that a product should bear a distinctive sign indicating the amount of environmental tax payable on the product. The Court concluded that this indeed constituted a technical specification within the meaning of the Directive (and not an accompanying tax measure), and, as such, should have been reported to the Commission, which would have assessed its compatibility with the Treaty, and in particular Article 30.

In its judgment of 7 May in Joined Cases C-321/94, C-322/94 and C-324/94 Pistre on use on labels of the word 'mountain` to describe products, the Court reiterated that national laws were not to be used to hinder intra-Community trade. Such descriptions should not be confused with designations of origin, which were protected by industrial and commercial property rights.

In the same case, the Court also rejected the argument advanced by the French Government that the measures at issue in the main proceedings, i.e. criminal prosecution of French nationals over French goods on sale in France, were not covered by Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty. The Court held that, in this case, the national measure discriminated against imported products in favour of domestic products and therefore created and maintained differential treatment which at least potentially hindered intra-Community trade.

In its judgment of 5 June 1997 in Case C-105/94 Celestini, the Court held that Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty did not preclude a Member State from subjecting wine produced in another Member State to an appropriate control in order to test its conformity with Community rules, even where that wine is accompanied by bona fide certificates of analysis issued by research institutes duly authorised in the Member State of origin, provided that those controls are applied in a non-discriminatory manner, that they observe the principle of proportionality and that account is taken of the controls already carried out in the Member State of origin.

In Case C-368/95 Vereinigte Familiapress the Court's judgment, given on 26 June 1997, defined the scope of the term 'selling arrangement`, as used in its judgment of 24 November 1993 in Cases C-267/91 and C-268/91 Keck. Case C-368/95 centred on an Austrian law prohibiting the sale of periodicals containing games or competitions with prizes even if the same periodicals were lawfully produced and sold in another Member State. The Austrian Government argued that Article 30 of the Treaty did not apply to the ban as it was directed against a method of promoting sales, i.e. a selling arrangement within the meaning of Keck. The Court rejected this argument on the grounds that even though the legislation was 'directed against a method of sales promotion`, it bore on the actual content of the products, in so far as the competitions formed an integral part of the magazine. In any case, it impaired access for the product to the market of the Member State of importation and consequently hindered free movement of goods. In response to the arguments advanced by the Austrian Government to justify the measure at issue, the Court accepted that maintenance of press diversity may constitute an overriding requirement which would warrant a restriction of the free movement of goods. But any such measure must be proportionate and must be examined to ensure that the objective cannot be achieved by another means which would not restrict intra-Community trade and freedom of expression to the same degree.

2.2.1.2. Preventive rules provided for by Directive 83/189/EEC (19)

The notification procedure introduced by Directive 83/189/EEC is an essential tool for preventing barriers to trade from being raised and for sharing information. Member States are required to report drafts of new technical regulations for vetting before they are finally adopted. The procedure does not cover technical regulations issued to comply with Community provisions.

In 1997 the Commission received 900 (20) drafts of technical regulations which were scrutinised by the relevant departments. This compares with 439 (21) for 1995 and 523 (22) for 1996. The figures show that, despite the completion of the single market at the end of 1992, the Member States continue to adopt a great many technical regulations. The high number of drafts received in 1997 is partly accounted for by an attempt on the part of the Dutch authorities to clear a backlog which had accumulated; they notified the Commission of 230 instruments which had been adopted but not reported. Consequently, the Commission was able to make correction to a large number of instruments containing provisions which contravened Community law.

Of the 900 drafts received in 1997, 102 (23) required a detailed opinion from the Commission recommending changes to the measure to eliminate barriers to trade. For their part, the Member States issued 113 opinions (24). In one case (25) the Commission had to ask the Member State for a one-year postponement of the reported measures as it intends to propose a harmonisation measure, and in another two cases (26) the measures will have to be postponed for a year because of an overlap with a draft directive or regulation already before the Council.

Since 1989 the Commission has been monitoring compliance with the notification requirement by routinely scrutinising the official gazettes of all the Member States. When it discovers a breach of Directive 83/189/EEC, it commences infringement proceedings under Article 169 of the EC Treaty. By the end of 1997, about 70 procedures of this type were under investigation.

2.2.2. Progress in implementing Directives on the free movement of goods

2.2.2.1. Foodstuffs

In general, the Member States did tend to adopt national measures implementing the Directives on foodstuffs, but not always strictly within the time limits laid down by the Directives.

In 1997, the Commission decided to send Article 169 letters in 62 cases involving failure to report national implementing measures. It issued 19 reasoned opinions and closed 71 cases.

For example, a number of Member States were late in implementing Directive 93/43/EEC on food hygiene. The Directive, adopted unanimously in 1993, should have been implemented by December 1995, but seven Member States had still not done so on 1 January 1997. Three Member States finally adopted implementing measures after the Commission issued a reasoned opinion.

In response to the failure to implement Directives and Regulations on foodstuffs properly, the Commission decided to refer one case to the Court of Justice, issue a reasoned opinion in another case, and sent an Article 169 letter in a third.

A further ten or so complaints were lodged. Quite a few of these cases were settled following correspondence between the Commission's departments and the national authorities.

2.2.2.2. >TABLE>

2.2.2.3. Pharmaceutical products

During 1997 a considerable number of transposal measures were notified to the Commission. In some cases notifications took place only after Article 169 proceedings had been opened by the Commission against the respective Member States. To date, nine out of fifteen Member States have transposed all directives applicable in the pharmaceutical sector. The situation regarding the transposal of the homeopathy Directives (92/73/EEC and 92/74/EEC) and the Directives establishing the 'new system` of mutual recognition (93/39/EEC and 93/40/EEC) has significantly improved and several infringement proceedings were closed after Member States notified the - belated - transposal of the above Directives. Infringement proceedings are under way in all remaining cases of non-transposal and progress is being closely followed by the Commission.

There are also some general problems concerning the interpretation and application of the pharmaceutical Directives by Member States. These cases concern mainly the different interpretations given by Member States to the term 'medicinal product` (sometimes resulting in barriers to the free movement of goods) and complaints concerning the alleged failure by competent national authorities to observe binding time limits or other procedural requirements. The transposal and application of Article 4(8)(a) (i)-(iii) of Directive 65/65/EEC by Member States is also the subject of several recent complaints.

The Commission is carefully considering these problems and complaints, but for the time being no specific legislative activities are planned. It has to be stressed, however, that a draft consolidation of the pharmaceutical legislation (both human and veterinary) is already very advanced and that this consolidation will increase the clarity of the legislation and ultimately the effectiveness of its implementation.

2.2.2.4. >TABLE>

2.2.2.5. Chemicals

Infringement proceedings are under way for failure to notify implementing measures in the following cases:

Dangerous substances and preparations (Directive 93/18/EC) - a reasoned opinion has been sent to Italy, while Portugal should complete transposal in the next few months;

Restrictions on the marketing and use of dangerous substances and preparations (Directive 94/60/EC) - national legislation is in the pipeline in Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Portugal.

Fertilisers - Belgium, France and Greece have been sent reasoned opinions for failure to transpose Directive 93/69/EC, although implementing measures are expected in France. Luxembourg has still to transpose Directive 95/8/EC, while measures to implement Directive 96/28/EC are expected in Belgium, Germany, Greece, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden.

The Commission has received no new requests under Article 100a(4) EC in respect of rules stricter than those laid down in the chemicals Directives. Four Article 100a(4) requests are still being considered by the relevant Commission departments, all of them relating to creosote, which is regulated by Directive 94/60/EC.

2.2.2.6. >TABLE>

2.2.2.7. Motor vehicles, tractors and motorcycles

On 1 January 1996 the Community type-approval procedure became mandatory for vehicles of category M1. The separate directives became binding as a result.

In 1997 the transposal of directives, so vital against a background of total harmonisation, was again going smoothly thanks to the experience acquired by the competent national authorities.

Given the detailed, technical nature of the motor vehicles provisions, many Member States routinely refer in their national legislation to the text published in the Official Journal, which in practice facilitates and speeds up the transposal process and scrutiny for conformity with Community law. There are delays, but they rarely exceed a few months and generally arise because the deadline for transposing the directive comes soon after the date of adoption.

2.2.2.8. >TABLE>

2.2.2.9. Construction products

The Commission commenced an action in the Court of Justice against Belgium for failure to notify national measures implementing Directive 89/106/EEC.

There are also particular problems in Austria, which has not transposed the Directive correctly.

The Commission now uses the mechanism laid down in the Directive to follow up complaints on barriers to trade and check that the practices in question are consistent with Community law. In the past such cases were examined only in the light of Articles 30 to 36 of the Treaty.

2.2.2.10. Mechanical engineering, electronics, personal protection equipment, gas equipment, pressure equipment, pre-packaging, measuring equipment, medical devices and pleasure craft

There are 100 directives in this field which had reached their transposal deadline by 31 December 1997.

The transposal rate is satisfactory, considering the complexity of the directives in this field (which mostly follow the 'new approach`). In any case, even where transposal is delayed or incomplete, the free movement of products does not appear to be at risk. Delays in transposal are generally due to domestic reasons in the Member States (opinion of constitutional court pending, more than one Minister responsible, adoption of the acquis communautaire by a new Member State, cumbersome legislative process, etc.)

There have been some problems with the interpretation of texts, for example as regards products placed on the market at the end of the transitional period provided for in the Directives. In such cases the Commission has taken formal measures (initiation of Article 169 proceedings) and informal action (meetings of expert committees, interpretative notes, etc.), which has helped prevent and resolve a number of differences.

The departments responsible for certain sectors, in particular machinery, gas appliances and simple pressure appliances, have also examined a number of safeguard clauses notified by the Member States in connection with market surveillance. Following these notifications the Commission gave an opinion on whether these restrictive national measures were justified.

The Commission closed three of the four proceedings for failure to notify national measures implementing Directive 94/11/EC on the labelling of material used in footwear (the cases against Belgium, France and Ireland), but decided to send a reasoned opinion to Luxembourg.

Directive 93/68/EEC amends Directives 87/404/EEC (simple pressure vessels), 88/378/EEC (safety of toys), 89/106/EEC (construction products), 89/336/EEC (electromagnetic compatibility), 89/392/EEC (machinery), 89/686/EEC (personal protective equipment), 90/384/EEC (non-automatic weighing instruments), 90/385/EEC (active implantable medical devices), 90/396/EEC (appliances burning gaseous fuels), 91/263/EEC (telecommunication terminal equipment), 92/42/EEC (new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels) and 73/23/EEC (electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits).

The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Denmark and Sweden have transposed all the Directives.

France, Germany and Finland have transposed all the Directives except 92/42/EEC.

The Netherlands has transposed all the Directives except 91/263/EEC.

Belgium has transposed all the Directives except 89/106/EEC and 90/385/EEC.

Luxembourg has transposed all the Directives except 91/263/EEC and 92/42/EEC.

Italy has transposed all the Directives except 89/106/EEC, 90/396/EEC, 92/42/EEC and 73/23/EEC.

Ireland has transposed all the Directives except 89/106/EEC, 89/336/EEC, 90/385/EEC, 91/263/EEC and 92/42/EEC.

Austria has transposed all the Directives except 88/378/EEC, 89/106/EEC, 89/392/EEC, 89/686/EEC, 90/385/EEC, 90/396/EEC and 92/42/EEC.

2.2.2.11. >TABLE>

2.2.2.12. Cosmetics

The Commission received a number of national measures implementing directives on cosmetics. However, transposal problems persist, particularly as regards Directive 93/35/EEC amending Directive 76/768/EEC for the sixth time.

The Member States had been given an extra period of grace pending publication by the Commission of the inventory provided for in Article 5a of Directive 76/768/EEC. Although the inventory was published on 1 June 1996 (Decision 96/335/EEC), none of the infringement proceedings for failure to transpose Directive 93/35/EEC have been reopened. DG III, which has been responsible for cosmetics since July 1997, will shortly be sending reasoned opinions to the Member States which have yet to transpose the Directive.

2.2.2.13. >TABLE>

2.2.2.14. Textiles

Two new Directives entered into force in 1997: Directive 96/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 on certain methods for the quantitative analysis of binary textile fibre mixtures (consolidating and repealing Directives 72/276, 79/76, 81/75 and 87/184) and Directive 96/74/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 on textile names (consolidating and repealing Directives 71/307, 75/36, 83/623 and 87/140).

2.2.2.15. >TABLE>

2.2.2.16. Liability for defective products

The Court of Justice dismissed the action brought by the Commission against the United Kingdom under Article 169 of the Treaty (Case C-300/95) (27). The Commission had contested the UK's transposal of the clause exempting producers from liability as provided for in Article 7(e) of Directive 85/374/EEC concerning liability for defective products (development risk). The Court found there was insufficient evidence to establish that the UK had failed to fulfil its obligations. However, its interpretation of the concept of the state of technical and scientific knowledge does coincide with the Commission's view.

2.2.3. Free movement of persons, right of establishment and voting rights

2.2.3.1. Ending discrimination

On the question of civil procedure and access to justice, the Commission has been keeping a watchful eye to ensure that national authorities respect the case-law established by the Court in Data Delecta (28), Hayes (29) and Saldanha (30) prohibiting the requirement that Community plaintiffs who bring an action before the courts of a Member State other than their State of their origin must lodge a sum as security for legal costs (the cautio judicatum solvi). All national rules, irrespective of the field they cover, must be compatible with Community law. This means that, where necessary, Community law takes precedence over national rules in the field of private law (31).

2.2.3.2. Entry and residence

Germany has now transposed the Directives on the right of residence of students (93/96/EC), retired persons (90/365/EEC) and other persons not in active employment (90/364/EEC) - the last Member State to do so. On 20 March 1997 the Court of Justice gave judgment against Germany in Case C-96/95. It held that Germany had failed to fulfil its Treaty obligations by not adopting the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary for incorporating Directives 90/364 and 90/365 into national law. In reaching this conclusion, the Court found that the manner in which information was conveyed to the competent authorities of the Länder (by means of a circular) did not meet the requirements of publicity, clarity and certainty as to the legal situations governed by the directives.

On 17 July 1997 Germany implemented the judgment by adopting a decree transposing Directives 90/364, 90/365 and 93/96.

The infringement proceedings under way for incorrect transposal of the three Directives are continuing.

The Commission decided to refer cases to the Court of Justice concerning the implementation of provisions on the declaration of financial means by students (France, Italy and Spain), the financial means of retired persons and persons not in active employment (France and Italy), sickness insurance for students, retired persons and persons not in active employment (France and Italy) and the period of validity of residence permits for retired persons not in active employment (Spain and Portugal).

Other proceedings for incorrect transposal of the three Directives are at an earlier stage.

A number of proceedings for incorrect transposal were closed after the national legislation concerned was amended (Denmark, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands).

The Commission finally decided to bring an action in the Court of Justice against Greece because of the Greek authorities' practice of demanding a higher fee for the issue of residence permits to members of EU citizens' families who are nationals of non-member countries than to EU citizens themselves. The Commission believes that this difference of treatment is contrary to the Directives on right of residence.

2.2.3.3. >TABLE>

2.2.3.4. Right to vote and stand in elections

Following the entry into force of Directive 94/80/EC on 1 January 1996, Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals were able to take part in municipal elections in Germany (Hamburg and Hessen), Austria (Burgenland, Carinthia and Upper Austria), Italy, Denmark, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

As guardian of the Treaties, the Commission pursued a number of proceedings in 1997 to ensure that Directive 94/80/EC is incorporated into national law by all the Member States. Infringement proceedings against Greece, Finland, Sweden and Spain were terminated after the countries in question adopted implementing measures. On 26 June the Commission decided to bring an action in the Court of Justice against Belgium for failure to notify national implementing measures (Case C-323/97).

On 7 January 1998, the Commission adopted a report on the application of Directive 93/109/EEC on the right of Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals to vote and stand in elections to the European Parliament (COM(97) 371). The report does not propose any amendments to the Directive, but sets out possible improvements in the way it is applied.

2.2.3.5. Recognition of qualifications

Cases decided by the Court of Justice

The following are noteworthy among the Article 171 cases for failure to comply with earlier Court of Justice judgments:

Following the adoption of new legislation, the Commission closed the infringement proceeding against Belgium for failing to comply with the judgment given on 16 May 1991 (Case C-167/90) concerning the incorrect transposal of Directives 85/432/EEC and 85/433/EEC (pharmacists).

In Case C-147/86, the Court condemned Greece for a breach of Articles 48, 52 and 59 of the Treaty in the form of a ban on nationals of other Member States setting up 'frontistiria` and private music and dance schools. On 30 January 1992 Greece was condemned a second time (Case C-328/90), and the Greek authorities subsequently amended their legislation, which made it possible to terminate the proceeding.

The Article 171 proceedings against Italy and France concerning the freedom of tourist guides to provide services (implementation of judgment given on 26 February 1991) are pending. Italy has notified the Commission of the adoption of new legislation and France has sent notification of a draft decree.

Two other cases stand out:

Following the judgment given against Spain on 22 March 1994 concerning the freedom of tourist guides to provide services (Case C-375/92), some of the Autonomous Communities adopted new decrees on the exercise of that profession. Following remarks made by the Commission, Spain has notified new legislation which is being scrutinised.

Greece notified measures to bring its legislation into line with the judgment given by the Court on 26 February 1991 on the freedom of tourist guides to provide services. After scrutinising these new measures, the Commission has decided to close the case.

National implementing measures

The case concerning Greece's failure to notify measures transposing Directive 89/48/EEC (first general system), on which the Court of Justice gave judgment on 23 March 1995 (Cases C-365/93), has now been referred to the Court once more. Proceedings against Belgium were terminated after the Belgian authorities notified national implementing measures.

Infringement proceedings have also been commenced against Greece regarding Council Directive 92/51/EEC of 18 June 1992 on a second general system for the recognition of professional education and training, which supplements Directive 89/48/EEC.

With regard to Directive 94/38/EC amending Directive 92/51/EEC with respect to the level of certain qualifications, proceedings are also under way against several Member States.

Incorrect transposal and incorrect application of directives

In 1997 the Commission received around fifty complaints concerning restrictions in breach of Articles 52 and 59 of the EC Treaty and directives on the mutual recognition of professional qualifications. Some of these complaints gave rise to infringement proceedings, while others were shelved as unfounded.

The Commission pursued a number of proceedings already in motion against Member States for incorrect transposal or incorrect application of directives, for example the case concerning the transposal of Directive 89/48/EEC (first general system) with regard to the teaching profession in Germany.

In another case, proceedings are still under way against Germany concerning access to the dental profession (requirements not allowed by the dentists Directives for admission to the social security register of dentists who hold non-German qualifications which conform to the Directives).

The Commission decided to refer to the Court of Justice a case against Spain for admitting dentists with qualifications obtained in Latin America at a level far below the Directive's requirements.

It has also pursued a proceeding against the Spanish legislation implementing the architects Directives, which lays down restrictions on the maximum period during which services may be provided in Spain.

2.2.3.6. >TABLE>

2.2.3.7. Independent commercial agents

After sending Ireland a reasoned opinion for incorrect transposal of Directive 86/653/EEC on independent commercial agents, the Commission terminated Article 169 proceedings after the Irish authorities adopted additional implementing measures. It also shelved the proceedings under way against Portugal after the authorities there gave a satisfactory reply to its letter of notice under Article 169.

Finally, the Commission has decided to send a reasoned opinion to the Italian authorities for incorrect transposal of the Directive.

2.2.4. Freedom to provide services

2.2.4.1. Articles 59 et seq.

Articles 59 et seq. of the Treaty establish the principle of the free movement of services, i.e. cross-border trade in services of a temporary nature. This principle became directly and unconditionally applicable on expiry of the transition period, since when the Commission has ensured that it is correctly applied in the light of the Court of Justice case law.

The Court has condemned the existence not simply of discrimination but also of restrictions, even if they are the result of the imprecise application of a national rule.

In terms of services which are not regulated at Community level, the Commission ensures that where discrimination or restrictions that are not justified by vital reasons of national interest are encountered, the situation is corrected.

The Commission thus sent a reasoned opinion to the Italian authorities on the subject of Act No 82 of 25 January 1994, which obliges cleaning services to be included in two official registers. This is an unjustifiable obstacle to freedom to provide services.

Likewise, the refusal by the Belgian authorities to grant flight authorisations to economic operators who wish to take aerial photographs if they have no aeroplane registered in Belgium, constitutes an unjustified restriction, as a result of which the Commission has sent a reasoned opinion to the Belgian authorities.

As far as private security services are concerned (private detectives, transport of securities, installation and maintenance of alarm systems), the Commission has brought infringement proceedings against three Member States. In March 1997, it referred to the Court of Justice the discriminatory restrictions based on nationality in Spanish law, which it considers to be incompatible with Article 59, and sent a reasoned opinion in October 1997. The Commission also sent a reasoned opinion on the same subject to Portugal and Belgium in June 1997.

The discrimination may be based on the place of business, as is the case for the application of a bilateral subcontracting agreement between a Member State and a non-member country. Thus, the German authorities allow only businesses that are established in Germany to subcontract with Polish companies and effect the subcontracting by seconding Polish workers to German territory. Businesses established in another Member State are not allowed to do this. The Commission considers the situation to be incompatible with Article 59 and gave a reasoned opinion in October 1997.

2.2.4.2. Audiovisual/Media

In the communications field, the Commission commenced infringement proceedings for breach of Articles 52 and 59 of the Treaty, following complaints made to it. The proceedings reached the reasoned opinion stage, following which the Member State concerned (Portugal) aligned its legislation with Community law (certain provisions on the pursuit of television broadcasting activities). According to these provisions, the foreign share of a broadcaster's capital could not represent more than 15 % of the company's capital; furthermore, the applicant for a broadcasting licence had to be established in Portugal.

As far as the audiovisual field is concerned, it should be emphasised that all the Member States have notified national measures to implement Directive 89/552/EEC (television without frontiers).

Two infringement proceedings concerning Belgium and the United Kingdom, in which the Court of Justice gave judgment on 10 September 1996, are on the way to being settled.

These two major cases primarily concern the main Directive's central provision, Article 2 (freedom of reception and retransmission, applicable law). The Court first stated, upholding the Commission's arguments, that a system of prior authorisation for television broadcasts emanating from another Member State was in breach of the principle of freedom of reception and retransmission of television broadcasts laid down by the Directive. In its second judgment, the Court ruled that both the failure to respect the hierarchy of criteria determining a Member State's jurisdiction and the introduction of a double control on broadcasting services depending on the target audience were in breach of the Directive.

Infringement proceedings are also under way against Finland, France, Greece and Italy.

On 30 July 1997, the new Television without Frontiers Directive came into force (Parliament and Council Directive 97/36/EC of 30 June 1997, OJ L 202, 30.7.1997, p. 60).

This directive amends the 1989 directive regulating television broadcasting activities, updating it and clarifying its provisions. The main amendments clarify certain definitions such as the concepts of 'television advertising`, 'teleshopping`, 'European works`, and the broadcasting of 'events of major importance for society`, introduce rules on teleshopping and channels exclusively devoted to self-promotion, strengthen the protection of minors, in particular by making it compulsory to include a warning identifying unencoded programmes which could be harmful to minors and asking the Commission to carry out a survey of the efficiency of v-chip type filtering systems; and they set up a forum for consultation between the Member States and the Commission on the application and development of legislation in this field, on which subject the Commission will write a periodic report surveying new technological developments.

The Commission, through its contact committee, will ensure that this Directive is correctly transposed by the deadline, i.e. 30 December 1998.

2.2.4.3. Telecommunications

The directives making up Community telecommunications legislation set the date of 1 January 1998 for the creation of a liberalised and harmonised European telecommunications market. Almost all the directives were in place in 1997, and should be transposed into national law by the end of this year at the latest.

The fundamental importance of implementing a legislative framework is recognised throughout the Union. First of all, a single, liberalised telecommunications market is essential to the creation of the information society in Europe, with all that that implies in terms of growth, employment and quality of life. Secondly, the importance of the 1 January 1998 deadline has increased as a result of the Community's commitment to open its market in accordance with the WTO agreement on basic telecommunications services.

On 29 May 1997, the Commission adopted a first communication to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the state of implementation (32). The aim of this document was to review the situation of the directives as a whole, including those that were not yet in force; to state how the Commission envisaged the task of ensuring the transposal and effective implementation of legislation, stressing the use of recourse to informal measures, combined with full application of the infringement procedure; in particular, closely examining several essential aspects of the legislation which could be considered to be indicative of the state of progress in transposing the regulatory framework for the date set for complete liberalisation.

At its meeting on 27 June 1997, the Council scrutinised the communication and asked the Commission to rapidly consult the Member States and report on progress at its next and subsequent meetings.

The Commission adopted an update of this first communication on 8 October 1997 (33). It concluded by saying the considerable progress made in transposing the legislation was encouraging. However, clearer support is needed in a few Member States, while in some other Member States work remains to be done on certain specific aspects.

The Commission intends to present an updated report at the beginning of 1998 on the basis of its bilateral contacts with the Member States. At this stage it is planned that the report should contain a more comprehensive table showing the state of transposal of the legislative framework. The report will also present a series of indicators of the real and effective state of implementation of the measures transposed into national law, and will provide an initial indication of how the European telecommunications market is functioning, on the basis of relevant economic indicators.

As regards the state of transposal of the various directives and decisions, the situation is as follows.

Framework Directive 90/387/EEC prescribing the principles to be applied to the implementation of open network provision (ONP) has been transposed by all the Member States.

All the Member States have communicated national measures implementing Directive 92/44/EEC (leased lines), but these are incomplete in Greece and Luxembourg. Luxembourg was sent an Article 171 letter in 1997. The Commission is still examining the state of transposal of the Directive in Belgium and Portugal. The proceedings opened in 1997 against Austria were terminated following notification of the implementing measures.

All the Member States except Greece have notified national measures transposing Directive 95/62/EC on the application of open network provision (ONP) to voice telephony, though these are not complete in the case of Belgium and Luxembourg. The infringement proceedings that had been opened against France, Ireland, Italy and the United Kingdom were closed in 1997 following notification of the national measures.

Parliament and the Council adopted three directives in 1997 with 31 December 1997 as the deadline for transposal. They were Directives 97/51 (amendment of the framework and leased lines directives), 97/13 (licences) and 97/33 (interconnection). Some Member States have already notified implementing measures (see Annex 4), but the transposal situation will be examined in the next annual report.

Directive 91/263/EEC on telecommunications terminal equipment has been transposed by all the Member States. The Netherlands, to which a reasoned opinion was sent in 1997, notified its implementing measures in December 1997. Infringement proceedings against the four Member States that the Court had found against in 1995 (Belgium and Greece) and 1996 (Ireland and Luxembourg) were closed, following the adoption of national implementing measures.

Directive 93/97/EEC extends the scope of Directive 91/263/EEC to the equipment of ground satellite tracking stations. Ten Member States (Denmark, Germany, Spain, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom) have notified the Commission of national measures transposing the new Directive. In 1997 five reasoned opinions (Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) and one Article 169 letter (Austria) were sent to the Member States which had not notified their implementing measures. The Netherlands notified its implementing measures in December 1997, as they did for Directive 91/263/EEC.

All the Member States have notified national measures implementing the three Directives on frequencies - Directives 87/372/EEC (GSM), 90/544/EEC (Ermes) and 91/287/EEC (DECT). The Commission is reviewing the state of transposal of Directive 90/544/EEC by the United Kingdom.

All the Member States except Greece have adopted measures required under Decision 91/396/EEC on the introduction of '112` as the standard emergency services number throughout the Union. Spain and Portugal did so in 1997 and the infringement proceedings against them were therefore closed.

All the Member States have already introduced '00` as the standard code for access to the international network in the Community, in accordance with Decision 92/264/EEC.

Finally, five Member States (Denmark, Spain, Luxembourg, Finland and the United Kingdom) have notified national measures transposing Directive 95/47/EEC on the use of standards for the transmission of television signals. Infringement proceedings against the other Member States were opened in 1997.

2.2.4.4. >TABLE>

2.2.4.5. Financial services

As a means of consolidating administrative cooperation and resolving problems quickly, in 1997 the Commission maintained regular contacts with the national authorities through institutional committees (Banking Advisory Committee, Insurance Committee, UCITS - Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities - Contact Committee), ad hoc interpretation groups (the banking Directives group, the insurance group and the capital adequacy Directive group, etc.) and high-level working parties (HLSSC - High-Level Security Supervisors Committee - for negotiable securities).

In the field of insurance, the Commission commenced four new infringement proceedings for breaches of Articles 52 and 59 of the EC Treaty and the Directives under Article 169 of the Treaty. All cases were detected by the Commission itself. One of the proceedings opened in 1996 was shelved because the Member State concerned complied with Community law. In the banking sector, the Commission opened two new proceedings in 1997, one on the basis of a complaint, the other detected by the Commission.

Many infringement proceedings have reached the reasoned opinion stage. In the insurance sector, the number of proceedings for non-compliance or incorrect application officially opened in 1997 was considerably higher than in 1996. This can be explained by the fact that, in view of the great complexity of the insurance sector, the discussions started with national governments in the context of the proceedings launched in 1996 have not yet borne fruit. In the banking sector, the failure to transpose Directive 95/26/EEC ('post-BCCI`) resulted in the Commission deciding to send reasoned opinions to eight Member States.

In the banking sector, the infringement proceedings opened against Italy because of its discriminatory tax treatment, in terms of mortgage credit, to banks that were not established in Italy (see 13th report) was terminated as Italy complied with the Commission's reasoned opinion.

In the securities sector, it was decided to refer Germany to the Court for infringement of Articles 52 and 59 of the EC Treaty by discriminating against UK investment trusts both with respect to public offers of their shares in Germany and in terms of taxation.

In the banking sector, it was decided to send reasoned opinions for failure to transpose Directive 95/26/EEC ('post-BCCI`) to Germany, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Belgium, Ireland, France and Greece. It was decided to refer Germany to the Court of Justice for its failure to transpose Directive 94/19/EC on deposit guarantees. A suspended referral was made in respect of Directive 93/6/EC on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions as Germany had transposed the Directive but had not yet officially informed the Commission.

As regards securities, the Commission decided to send a reasoned opinion for failure to transpose Directive 93/22/EEC (investment services in the securities field) to Greece, Spain, Portugal and Luxembourg, and for incomplete transposal to Germany. Subsequently it decided to refer Spain, Luxembourg and Germany to the Court.

As regards Directive 92/49/EEC and 92/96/EEC (third 'non-life` and 'life` insurance Directives), the cases before the Court against Greece for failure to notify national implementing measures transposing these two directives were withdrawn, while the Court ruled against Spain regarding Directive 92/49/EEC. However, even though most of the Member States have already notified the measures taken for these two directives, the transposal or application of the directives is not problem-free. There are several cases of incomplete or incorrect transposal.

The Commission suspended its decision to refer Spain to the Court for failure to notify its national implementing measures for Directive 92/96/EEC, pending judgment in the case on Directive 92/49/EEC. Furthermore, a reasoned opinion was also sent to Spain regarding Directive 91/674/EEC (annual and consolidated accounts of insurance companies), and it was decided to refer the case to the Court. The Court also found against Spain for failure to transpose Directive 91/371/EEC concerning an agreement with Switzerland.

Finally, the cases of failure to transpose Directive 91/674/EEC by Italy, 90/618 (motor vehicle liability insurance) and 90/619 (second life insurance directive) by Spain, and 93/22/EEC (investment services in the securities field) by Greece and Portugal were terminated.

In the banking sector, it was decided to refer Austria to the Court of Justice because the existence of anonymous accounts in Austria is incompatible with its obligation to check the identity of customers when they open an account under Article 3(1) of Directive 91/308/EEC (money laundering).

In the insurance field, the Commission sent a reasoned opinion to France for failing to implement Directives 92/49/EEC and 92/96/EEC in their entirety, in view of the fact that no measure adapting the mutual insurance code to the third non-life and life insurance directives has been notified to date.

A reasoned opinion was also sent to Belgium because Belgian legislation on the supervision of insurance companies excludes accidents at work from Directive 92/49/EEC. The Commission considers that such risks are covered by the Directive where they are insured by private insurance companies. Finland was also found to commit the same breach of Directive 92/49/EEC and an Article 169 letter was therefore sent in 1996.

The Commission has yet to send a reasoned opinion to Germany for incorrect application of Directive 92/49/EEC, as was decided in 1996. In its legislation implementing this Directive, Germany formally abolished the provision prohibiting the simultaneous transaction of health insurance and other classes by non-German companies hoping to set up a branch or operate as service-providers in Germany, in line with the third non-life insurance directive, which ruled out this possibility. However, Germany introduced a new provision into its social security legislation whereby the employee would benefit from contributions paid by the employer only if the insurance company did not provide both health insurance and other classes of insurance simultaneously, irrespective of where it had its headquarters. This was an indirect violation of Directive 92/49/EEC.

Furthermore, the Commission sent a reasoned opinion to Spain because Spanish legislation implementing Directive 84/5/EEC did not meet the requirement of Article 1(4) of that Directive that a body be set up with the task of providing compensation for damage to property or personal injuries caused by an unidentified vehicle and the victim be given a reasoned reply regarding the payment of any compensation. Finally, the Commission decided to send a reasoned opinion to France because it required insurers to fill out an information sheet before putting new insurance policies on the market, in breach of Directives 92/49/EEC and 92/96/EEC, which prohibit Member States from stipulating provisions requiring the prior approval or systematic notification of the general and special conditions of insurance policies.

As regards requests for preliminary rulings, the Court of Justice reached a decision on 9 July 1997 in Case C-222/95 concerning a Member State's right, before the entry into force of the second banking Directive (89/646/EEC), to require a Community credit establishment already accredited in its country of origin to obtain further accreditation in order to enjoy freedom to provide services on its territory. The Court held that such a second accreditation would contravene Community law unless it was not discriminatory, was justified for reasons of general interest and was objectively necessary and in proportion with the aims pursued.

However, the Court has not yet given its preliminary ruling in Case C-410/96 (Procureur de la République v André Ambry), concerning the recognition by a Member State of a financial guarantee granted in another Member State.

Furthermore, in a judgment given on 20 March 1997 (Case C-57/95) following an action for annulment introduced by France against the Commission, the Court annulled Commission communication 94/C 360/08 on an internal market for pension funds. The Court considered that this communication did not confine itself to clarifying the correct application of the Treaty provisions, but was intended to produce legal effects of its own, distinct from those already envisaged by those provisions.

As regards the case brought against the Commission by the departmental farmers' union for failure to act (Case T-47/96), on the grounds that, contrary to the plaintiffs' requests, the Commission had not commenced infringement proceedings against France for incorrect transposal of Directives 92/49/EEC and 92/96/EEC due to the monopoly on covering health risks established by French legislation in the field of statutory social insurance, the Court has not yet given its judgment in the case brought before the Court of First Instance.

Greece has now implemented judgments given for its failure to transpose Directives 90/618/EEC (motor vehicle liability insurance - provision of services), 90/619/EEC (second life insurance directive) and 88/357/EEC (second non-life insurance directive) - (Joined Cases C-109/94, C-209/94 and C-225/94; judgment given on 29 June 1995).

Actions against Greece were withdrawn, as it had transposed Directives 92/49/EEC (Case C-111/96), 92/96/EEC (Case C-112/96), 91/674/CEE (Case C-110/96) and 91/371/EEC (Case C-109/96). Proceedings against Ireland for failure to transpose Directive 91/371/EEC (Case C-394/95) are being continued. The Court also found against Spain for incomplete transposal of Directives 92/49/EEC (Case C-361/95) and 91/371/EEC (Case C-360/95).

The action against Italy was also withdrawn, as it has transposed Directive 91/674/EEC (annual accounts and consolidated accounts of insurance undertakings). Finally, the Commission commenced an action in the Court of Justice against Belgium (Case C-97/608) for incomplete transposal of Directive 90/232/EEC (third vehicle insurance Directive).

2.2.4.6. >TABLE>

2.2.4.7. Commercial communications

Over the course of the year the Commission has received several complaints about restrictions on cross-border commercial communication services, especially sponsorship, promotion and advertising services. The Commission is examining these cases.

2.2.5. Free movement of capital

The situation concerning the free movement of capital and payments in the EU is in general satisfactory. Further progress was made during the year with the elimination of restrictions on the physical transfer of means of payments and investment abroad by residents, by Greece, and on the physical transfer of means of payments by Italy. However, in a number of cases, national provisions continue to constitute impediments to the free movement of capital and action has been initiated by the Commission for their elimination. The infringement procedure has reached reasoned opinion stage in the case of France, concerning the ban on foreign certificates of deposit denominated in FF (although the connected lead management issue was resolved), Greece, regarding restrictions on real estate acquisition in border areas, while a referral to the ECJ has been decided in the case of Germany, concerning the ban on foreign certificates of deposit denominated in DM and the requirement that lead managers have to be established in the country.

2.2.6. Company law

Apart from the cases listed below where no measures have been notified, and a few problems with incorrect implementation, the seriousness of which will be examined in a study on Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC to be completed by the end of 1998, no particular difficulties have arisen regarding the transposal of directives in this field.

The Commission has brought an action against Germany (Case C-191/95) for incorrect application of Directive 68/151/EEC (companies register) and 78/660/EEC (annual accounts). About 90 % of German private limited companies are refusing to publish their accounts by depositing them with the companies register, as required by the Directives and the German legislation transposing them.

The Commission has commenced another action in the Court against Germany for failure to notify national measures implementing Directive 90/605/EEC (amending the scope of the Directives on annual accounts and consolidated accounts).

The Commission has also sent an Article 169 letter to Italy for incorrect application of Directive 84/253/EEC (qualifications required of auditors). The Italian government has not yet put into effect the implementing measures in Italian law transposing this directive.

Finally, the infringement proceedings commenced against Greece and Luxembourg for failure to notify national measures implementing Directive 92/101/EEC (amending Directive 77/91/EEC on the capital of public limited liability companies) are to be brought before the Court in 1998 and those against Finland for failure to notify national measures implementing Directives 78/660/EEC, 83/349/EEC, 90/604/EEC and 90/605/EEC have reached the reasoned opinion stage.

2.2.6.1. >TABLE>

2.2.7. Intellectual and industrial property

Industrial property

There is currently only one directive in force in the field of industrial property - Directive 89/104/EEC on trade marks. Under its provisions, the registration of a trade mark confers on its owner exclusive rights allowing him to prohibit its use for commercial purposes by a third party without his consent.

The harmonisation of Member States' legislation on national trade marks is not comprehensive, but confined to certain aspects which have a direct impact on the functioning of the internal market. Outside these harmonised fields, the Member States retain complete freedom to lay down arrangements best suited to their traditions.

The scope of harmonisation is defined by the Directive as follows: registered trade marks only (arrangements for protecting trade marks resulting from usage are left up to the Member States); all categories of registered trade marks recognised by national legislation (trade marks in respect of products or services, individual trade marks, collective marks and guarantee or certification marks), though this does not mean that the Member States are required to introduce these various categories of trade marks into their legislation; trade marks which have been registered under international arrangements but have effect in the Member States.

However, the Directive covers only substantive law on registered trade marks; none of its provisions is aimed at harmonising procedures.

The deadline for the transposal of this Directive was extended until 31 December 1992.

All of the Member States, including the new Members, have notified the Commission of national legislation on the transposal of this Directive. The Spanish authorities notified the Commission of transposal even before the Directive had been adopted. The Commission is currently checking that the measures adopted at national level conform to the Directive.

Intellectual property

Member States generally adopt the national measures implementing the directives relating to this sector only after long delays and often only after infringement proceedings have been launched.

However, the situation has considerably improved, particularly over the last year. While in 1996 only three Member States had notified national implementing measures for all the Directives applicable on 1 January 1997, this year twelve Member States had done so.

The Commission will continue its efforts to make sure that all the Member States transpose the Directives into national law and will also ensure that they are correctly applied - incorrect application appearing to be the main reason for litigation.

All the Member States have now notified their national measures transposing Directive 87/54/EEC on the legal protection of topographies of semiconductors and Directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs. Examination of the measures notified by the United Kingdom transposing the latter directive has, however, revealed problems of compatibility with Community legislation, the UK having chosen to retain certain concepts of copyright in the transposal of the Directive, instead of adapting its traditions in this area to the requirements of the Community regulations. After an Article 169 letter was sent to the UK and a reply was received from the British authorities, it transpired that the issue could be resolved by transposing the other Directives on copyright into national law, including Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of data bases, for which the deadline is 1 January 1998.

Infringement proceedings against Ireland for failure to notify national measures implementing Directive 92/100/EEC (lending right) and against Germany for failure to notify national measures implementing Directive 93/83/EEC (on satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission) are at the reasoned opinion stage.

It has been decided to refer Greece and Ireland to the Court for failure to notify national implementing measures for Directive 93/83/EEC.

Finally, although the deadline for transposal of Directive 96/9/EEC on the legal protection of data bases has been set for 1 January 1998, Germany, Austria, Sweden and the United Kingdom have already notified their national implementing measures.

2.2.7.1. >TABLE>

2.2.8. Public procurement

A number of directives adopted in the field of public procurement had still not been transposed in certain Member States in 1997. For example, for Directive 92/50/EEC on services, the Court of Justice found against Greece, which had not notified its national implementing measures, on 2 May 1996 (34), and a case was brought under Article 171 of the Treaty for failing to implement this ruling. As regards Directive 93/36/EEC on supplies, the Court ruled against Italy on 17 July 1997 (35), because it had not notified its measures transposing this directive. The Commission has opened infringement proceedings against Spain, which has not notified its measures transposing Directive 93/38/EEC on the utilities sectors.

However, the measures notified to the Commission have been examined for compatibility with Community legislation, revealing numerous problems in many Member States where the national legislation is inadequate or incorrect.

An examination of the national measures that have been notified has led to 34 proceedings for failure to comply with Community law, including six which are at least at the reasoned opinion stage. Some of these cases involve questions of principle which could undermine the liberalisation of public contracts awarded in the Member States concerned.

The Commission also continued its monitoring of the application of Community law in the procedures for awarding private contracts, by following up complaints and investigating and checking cases on its own initiative.

The Commission processed 215 complaints and investigations of its own over the course of the year, including 80 new cases. It was able to settle 65 cases, mostly as a result of action by the awarding authorities or their supervisory bodies to remedy the irregularities. The dialogue and consultation procedure ('package meetings`), set up to help Member States find and reach agreement on solutions to outstanding disputes which conform to Community law, undoubtedly helped in this respect.

A few examples of incorrect application of Community provisions can be cited.

The Commission decided to refer to the Court of Justice supply of fertiliser for the Irish Forestry Board in order to establish that the latter is an adjudicating authority within the meaning of the public procurement directives.

The Commission also decided to refer France to the Court for failure by the Syndicat Interdépartemental d'électrification de la Vendée to apply competitive tendering as laid down in Directive 93/38, and for incorrect application of Directive 93/37 by the Région Nord Pas-de-Calais in a plan for the renovation of its lycées.

Following Commission intervention, Greece amended its national provisions authorising the adjudicating bodies to use technology transfer as a criteria for awarding contracts.

In a supply contract in the utilities sectors, the Commission impressed upon Belgium the need to admit that reference to national laws where authorised involved the possibility of producing equivalents. Instructions were sent to the clients of the Belgian company to sort out the difficulties.

2.2.8.1. >TABLE>

2.3. Removal of tax barriers

2.3.1. Direct taxation

There is no significant harmonisation in direct taxation; this is because the Council is required to adopt tax harmonisation rules unanimously, rather than by the qualified majority that is generally sufficient for internal market provisions. The levels of taxation and the taxable bases vary from one Member State to another and as such cannot be contested under Community law. The differences between the Member States' tax arrangements do not as such constitute discrimination that is incompatible with the Treaty as a matter of principle; the Member States are free to allocate their respective tax powers in their bilateral tax agreements according to their political choices. Such choices, which may differ from one Member State to another, cannot be considered to be discrimination within the meaning of the Treaty.

Consequently, the principle of non-discrimination, the most frequently used yardstick, applies to cases of tax treatment by one and the same national tax system. The difference in taxation, for natural persons and for businesses, between non-residents and residents in all the Member States, in principle accepted by the Court where it reflects the difference in the situations of these two categories of taxpayer, is subject to ongoing monitoring and evaluation by the Commission in the light of a growing body of case law from the Court arising from preliminary rulings requested by the national courts.

Following the reasoned opinion sent to France on a deduction at source operated differently for permanent business establishments from different Member States (36), the Commission received a letter from the French government stating that it would regularise the situation in its next Finance Act. The provisions to this effect are set out in the Finance (Amendment) Act for 1997 adopted at the end of December.

As regards notification of implementing measures, the Commission has received national measures transposing all the Directives from all Member States except Greece, which has not notified legislation transposing Directive 90/434/EEC on mergers (see point 2.3.1.1 below); this has been referred to the Court (Case C-8/97). Incidentally, the Commission welcomes the fact that the United Kingdom has finally notified the measures implementing the Mutual Assistance Directive in its dependent territory of Gibraltar (Directive 77/799/EEC).

2.3.1.1. >TABLE>

Convention 90/436 on the elimination of double taxation in connection with transfer pricing by arbitration procedure, signed on 23 July 1990 in Brussels on the basis of a proposal for a Directive, came into force on 1 January 1995 for the 12 old Member States, while its extension to the three new Member States, signed on 21 December 1995, is not yet in force because only four of the 15 Member States (Denmark, Italy, Netherlands and Portugal) have ratified it.

2.3.2. Indirect taxation

Following Commission action, the proceedings commenced against Italy for the 1993 introduction of a special 10 % levy on the price of unprocessed polyethylene, which had the effect of taxing products from other Member States more heavily, were terminated after the Italian Act at issue was repealed.

As regards failure to notify national implementing measures, the Commission commenced proceedings against France and Italy as regards Directive 96/95/EC (37) on setting the level of the standard rate of value added tax. Proceedings were also opened against Greece concerning Directive 96/42/EC (38) on the taxation of horticultural products. And the Commission closed the proceedings previously opened against Austria under Directive 95/7/EC (39) on new simplification measures with regard to value added tax when it received the national implementing measures. But proceedings were found to be needed against Germany under the same Directive, as the Commission has not yet been notified of provisions giving effect to Article 9(1), for which Germany enjoyed a derogation until 1 January 1997.

As regards supervision of the correct application of Community provisions, two proceedings were opened.

The first case was against the Netherlands, which allows taxable persons to deduct a percentage of the payments made to their employees to compensate for the expenses incurred through the use of their own vehicle for company purposes. Given that this deduction is made even though the taxable person is not the customer in the transaction and does not hold an invoice in his name, these provisions contravene Articles 17 and 18 of the Sixth VAT Directive of 17 May 1977 (77/388/EC) (40).

The second concerns Portugal, which applies a reduced rate to diesel oil, fuel oil and corresponding blends, for wine and for agricultural equipment and machinery. However, these products are not included in Annex H to Directive 77/92/EC (41), which lists products which may continue to benefit from a reduced rate. Furthermore, the reduced rate in question is not in compliance with the conditions for application of Article 28(2) of the Sixth VAT Directive as amended by Directive 77/92/EC, which allows a reduced rate for a transitional period on products other than those in Annex H on condition that this rate is not less than 12 %.

A number of other cases relating to the Sixth VAT Directive were referred to the Court: Italy for restricting the right to deduct in the case of purchase of a building by a taxpayer together with a non-taxpayer; Spain for VAT exemption on imports of military equipment; and France and the Netherlands, which the Commission decided to refer to the Court of Justice regarding the tolls charged by the companies or bodies entrusted with the operation of highways, which must be regarded as the consideration in the case of services provided for a consideration to road users. Whereas some Member States charge VAT on such tolls in accordance with Article 2 of the Sixth Directive, the Member States in question view the matter as falling outside the realm of VAT, arguing that activities are involved which are connected with the exercise of official authority.

Finally, several earlier proceedings have been closed.

Spain: Following the clarifications provided by the Spanish authorities, the Commission decided not to pursue the infringement proceedings on taxation of assembled goods. It emerged that the rule at issue was purely practical, as the criteria of fixed assets and of the cost of assembly were only intended to clarify the concepts of installation or assembly, given the importance of these concepts in determining the rates applicable and the place of the taxable operations.

France: Following the Commission's action, the French authorities, in the Finance (Amendment) Act for 1996, abandoned the ceiling beyond which the samples had previously been taxed. From now on, samples taken for company requirements will no longer be subject to VAT.

Greece: Greece complied with the Court's ruling (42) on the VAT exemption arrangements for transport, cruises and package tours, paying DR 5,6 billion (approximately ECU 17 million) in compensation to own resources for 1989 to 1994. The Commission also closed the infringement proceedings regarding the extension of the flat-rate VAT agricultural arrangements to Greek fishermen.

Portugal: Following the Commission's intervention, Portugal amended its legislation regarding VAT on travel agencies. VAT was previously collected on the whole margin even when the journey was made in whole or in part outside the Community, while Article 26 of the Sixth Directive provides for this part of the margin to be exempted. The Commission also closed the case on VAT exemption on imports of military equipment.

The Commission opened proceedings against France for infringement of Directive 92/12/EEC (43) on the general system of excise duties. The social security contribution which applies to alcoholic beverages in France could be maintained under the terms of this Directive provided it served specific purposes and complied with the structure imposed by the harmonisation of excise duties. However, the contribution in question is incompatible with this structure in that it does not apply to all alcoholic beverages as defined in Directive 92/83/EEC (44), but only to beverages with an alcoholic strength by volume of 25 % vol. or more, and because it is levied on the basis of the volume of beverage and not the pure alcohol content.

However, the Commission did close another infringement proceeding against France relating to alcoholic beverages. The issue is excise duty on naturally sweet or liqueur-like wines, where French legislation was in breach of Directive 92/83/EEC since it made a distinction between dry and sweet wines, a distinction which is irrelevant for tax purposes, and, furthermore, it established two different sets of rules for admission of such wines to the tax category of still wine depending on whether or not they are produced in France; such wines from another Member State are also subject to conditions not provided for in the Directive and have to obtain prior recognition by decree as qualifying for the tax treatment applied to wine.

The French provisions have now been brought into line with the Directive, which provides that wines which have a natural alcohol content of between 15 % and 18 % are classified and should therefore be taxed as still wine (and not as 'intermediate products`), provided they have been produced without enrichment or addition of alcohol. Such a difference in tax treatment between similar products depending on whether they are domestic wines or wines from another Member State is inconsistent not only with the abovementioned Directive but also with Article 95 of the EC Treaty.

Proceedings against Greece were opened under Council Directive 72/464/EEC (45) on taxes other than turnover taxes which affect the consumption of manufactured tobacco. The Directive expressly states that the producers or importers of manufactured tobacco are free to set the maximum price for retail sales of these products. However, Greek legislation allows the Minister of Finance to set the minimum price for manufactured tobacco.

Following action by the Commission, the Portuguese authorities amended their legislation on tax refunds for goods contained in travellers' personal luggage. This legislation is now in line with Directive 69/169/EEC (46), since the restrictions on certain goods have been eliminated and the refund can be obtained simply by presenting a receipt. Previously, it was necessary to fill out a special declaration, a requirement which was not specified in the Directive.

2.3.2.1. >TABLE>

CONSUMER POLICY AND HEALTH PROTECTION

3. INTRODUCTION

In 1997, in consumer policy, the Commission restructured its departments following Parliament's report on BSE in order to make the Commission's work in food health more efficient, transparent and balanced (Commission Communication of 30 April 1997 on consumer health and food safety, COM(97) 183 final).

As a result, this chapter no longer covers legislation on cosmetics, textiles and toy safety.

Twelve directives have been adopted in this area, but the implementing measures for two of them have yet to be notified by all the Member States. In particular, the state of transposal of the new timesharing directive is very unsatisfactory. At the deadline for transposal (29 April 1997), no Member State had notified the national implementing measures. Once again it appears that the majority of Member States are adopting national implementing measures only after the deadline.

4. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

4.1. Safety and health

As regards Directive 92/59 on general product safety, the deadline for transposal of which was 29 June 1994, the three Member States (Germany, Ireland and Luxembourg) which had not yet transposed the Directive notified their national implementing measures in 1997. This is a very important consumer protection directive because it establishes at Community level a general safety obligation for all products put on the market and intended for consumers or likely to be used by consumers. It also lays down appropriate procedures to guarantee this safety.

4.2. Protection of consumers' economic interests

As regards Directive 94/47 on timesharing contracts, the deadline for transposal of which was 29 April 1997, seven Member States (Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg and Finland) have not yet notified their national implementing measures.

The aim of this directive is to create a set of common rules relating to information on the constituent parts of contracts, the arrangements for communicating such information and the procedures and arrangements for cancellation and withdrawal.

As for Council Directive 93/13 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, all the Member States except Spain have notified their national implementing measures. The Commission has brought the case against Spain before the Court of Justice (C-318/97).

As regards Directive 90/314, several requests for preliminary rulings have been presented to the Court of Justice under Article 177 of the EC Treaty:

Case C-364/96 Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Österreichische Kreditversicherung AG, question submitted to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling by order of the Bezirksgericht für Handelssachen Wien. This case establishes what services the concept of 'security for . . . the repatriation of the consumer` within the meaning of Article 7 of Directive 90/314/EEC applies to.

Case C-140/97 Rechberger v Austria, questions submitted to the Court of Justice for preliminary rulings by order of the Landesgericht Linz. This case concerns several questions on the subject of the interpretation of Directive 90/314/EEC, and the question of the government's liability in the event of failure to transpose the directive (Francovich/Dillenkofer case).

Case C-237/97 AFS Finland, preliminary rulings submitted to the Court of Justice by order of Finland's higher administrative court. This case concerns whether AFS Intercultural Programs Finland must be listed on the register of companies organising package tours held by the Consumer Office (Kuluttajavirasto) in order to be able to exercise its statutory activity of organising student placements as part of school exchanges.

As regards Directive 85/577/EEC to protect the consumer in respect of contracts negotiated away from business premises, a request for a preliminary ruling was submitted to the Court of Justice in Case C-45/96 Bayerische Hypotheken und Wechselbank AG v Edgar Dietzinger. This case concerns the question of whether a guarantee can be considered to be a contract concluded between a trader supplying goods or services and a consumer within the meaning of Article 1(1) of the abovementioned directive.

4.3. >TABLE>

COMPETITION

5. INTRODUCTION

As regards individual cases, the number of proceedings initiated against the Member States has not significantly increased since 1996. Like last year, infringement of the competition rules by the Member States particularly affected the transport and telecommunications sectors.

As regards the implementation of directives in the field of competition in the telecommunications sector, in 1997 efforts were concentrated on preparing for the introduction of full competition for the supply of all telecommunications services, set for 1 January 1998, except for the Member States which had obtained derogations from the Commission. In order to ensure a coordinated control of both the specific directives on competition and the harmonisation directives, and, as necessary, to speed up the opening of infringement proceedings against Member States which are falling behind schedule, the Commission decided to create a '1998 joint team` (a joint team responsible for applying Community legislation on telecommunications) including officials from the Directorates-General responsible for competition and telecommunications and the Legal Service. This joint team has prepared a report on the state of transposal of these directives, which was adopted by the Commission on 29 May 1997 and updated the following 8 October, on the basis of the results of bilateral meetings with the Member States. (Following this horizontal examination of the situation in all the Member States, the Commission decided on 5 November 1997 to open Article 169 proceedings against 7 Member States.)

6. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

6.1. Public enterprises

In the telecommunications sector, the Commission decided to terminate the proceedings opened against Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Italy and Spain, for failure to notify measures implementing Directive 94/46/EC of 13 October 1994 on satellite communications.

The Commission also granted Ireland (27 November 1996), Portugal (12 February 1997), Luxembourg (14 May 1997) and Greece (18 June 1997) an extension on the implementation period beyond the date set of 1 July 1996 for the liberalisation of alternative infrastructures and 1 January 1998 for full opening to competition, pursuant to Directive 96/19/EC. On 10 June 1997, the Commission also granted Spain an additional period for the full liberalisation of its telecommunications sector. The decisions on Ireland and Portugal granted extensions from 15 February 1996 for the liberalisation of direct cross-border interconnection of mobile networks.

Following a complaint, on 12 June 1997 the Commission decided to open Article 169 proceedings against Spain, for a too restrictive transposal of the liberalisation of infrastructures provided for by Article 2(2) of Directive 96/19/EC for the provision of services other than telephony. The Commission was not satisfied with the Spanish authorities' response to this Article 169 letter, and therefore decided on 15 October 1997 to send them a reasoned opinion.

Furthermore, under Article 2(1) of Directive 96/2/EC, the Member States may not refuse to allocate licences for operating mobile systems according to the DCS 1800 standard from 1 January 1998 at the latest. Spain, Portugal, Italy, Luxembourg and Greece have not yet notified the measure taken to implement this provision. Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands have notified draft measures.

On the telecommunications front the Commission declared on 30 April 1997 that it was satisfied with the remedial measures notified by the Spanish government to comply with Article 2 of Decision 97/181/EC (47) of 18 December 1996 on the conditions imposed on the second GSM mobile telephone operator in Spain. Under this decision the Spanish government was asked to end the distortion of competition arising from the initial payment imposed on Airtel and to ensure equal treatment of GSM operators on the Spanish market. While Airtel had to pay PTA 85 billion for a GSM licence, Telefónica obtained its licence free of charge.

As regards Directive 93/84/EEC amending Directive 80/723/EEC on the transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings, the Commission decided on 19 March 1997 to send an Article 169 letter, and then on 15 October 1997 a reasoned opinion to Greece for failure to notify the measures required by the directive.

In the transport field, the Commission closed the proceedings under Articles 90 and 86 (48) which it had brought following complaints from various airlines on the ground-handling services provided by Olympic Airways as a monopoly at Athens airport. Following this decision, the Greek authorities started improvement work on the East Terminal at Athens airport, which houses foreign airlines. The law on temporary work, which was preventing Olympic Airways from recruiting enough seasonal staff to cover peak traffic periods in the tourist season, has also been amended. Olympic Airways' monopoly on the provision of ground services to passengers will be abolished from 1 January 1998.

Following a complaint the Commission adopted a decision under Article 90(3) (49) against the system of reductions in piloting tariffs in the Port of Genoa (50). The Commission decided that this system was incompatible with Articles 90 and 86, because its effect was to apply unequal conditions to the various shipping companies providing equivalent services, thus giving rise to distortions of competition. The Commission asked the Italian Government to put an end to the infringement.

On 21 October, the Commission adopted a formal decision under Article 90(3) on the Italian ports legislation relating to employment (51). This decision requests Italy to put an end to the port companies' monopoly on temporary workers. This follows a ruling by the Court (52) which stated that certain provisions of the Italian legislation on dock work were incompatible with Community law.

Lastly, mention must once again be made of the case concerning discounts on landing charges at Zaventem airport in Belgium (53). The Kingdom of Belgium did not respond to the reasoned opinion sent to it on 10 December 1996, and the Commission accordingly commenced infringement proceedings on 23 April 1997. This action is still pending.

In June 1997 the Commission adopted a decision pursuant to Article 90(3) which established the incompatibility with Community legislation of the legal exclusivity in television advertising awarded to the private channel Vlaamse Televisie Maatschappij NV (VTM), on the basis of Flemish law on the media. These provisions limit to a single, non-public, company the right to target the whole of the Flemish Community and to broadcast advertising. The proceedings initiated by the Commission were undertaken following a complaint by the channel VT4 Ltd, an English private television company, which, by decree of the Flemish Ministry for Cultural Affairs, was refused access to the Flemish cable network because of VTM's monopoly. The decision establishes that this monopoly is in breach of Article 90 and Article 52 of the Treaty since it has the effect of excluding any operator originating in another Member State who wishes to set up an establishment in Belgium in order to broadcast televised advertisements intended for the Flemish public on the Belgian television distribution network. This decision allows VT4 and other potential Community operators to set up a secondary establishment in Flanders to broadcast television advertisements to the Flemish public. VTM has brought an action against this decision before the Court of First Instance.

6.2. Monopolies

On 23 October the Court of Justice gave its judgment on the actions that the Commission had brought in 1994 against the exclusive gas and electricity import and export rights in Spain, France, Italy and the Netherlands (54). The action in Commission v Spain was rejected because the Court considered that there were no exclusive electricity import and export rights in Spain. The following comments relate only to the three other appeals.

First, the Court stated that exclusive import and export rights constitute discrimination against operators established in other Member States and are therefore incompatible with Article 37 of the Treaty.

Second, the Court accepted the Member States' argument that Article 90(2) can be invoked to justify state measures that are incompatible with the rules of the Treaty on the free movement of goods. In its consideration of this article, while the Court reiterated the principle that the burden of proof lies with whoever invokes this exception, it indicated that it was for the Commission to provide satisfactory responses to the arguments put forward by the Member States. As the Commission had based its entire argument on the legal question of the inapplicability of Article 90(2) to the cases in question, the Court considered that it had not given satisfactory answers to the factors advanced by the Member States. It therefore declared that it was impossible to assess the cases under Article 90(2) and dismissed the actions. The Commission will take these conclusions into account in future court actions and other proceedings involving Article 90(2).

The Commission sent a reasoned opinion in May 1997 regarding the inadequate adjustment of the Austrian monopoly on manufactured tobacco. In their subsequent statement, the Austrian authorities showed that they had not complied with this opinion by the deadline. In particular, they intend to maintain certain legal provisions, in the field of wholesale tobacco marketing, imposing disproportionate obligations on the wholesale operators competing against the former monopoly. On 9 December, in the light of the judgment given by the Court of Justice on 23 October in Case C-189/95 Franzen, the Commission stated that it was possible to separate the provisions of Austrian national law which had been disputed under Article 71 of the Act of Accession and Article 37 of the Treaty from the workings of the monopoly - even though they had an impact on the latter - and that they must therefore be investigated in the light of Article 30.

6.3. >TABLE>

SOCIAL POLICY

7. INTRODUCTION

A progress report was presented on the medium-term social action programme adopted on 12 April 1995 (55). It sums up the achievements of the Commission's social policy work programme from 1995 to 1997 and outlines the next steps that will have to be taken to meet existing commitments.

8. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

8.1. Free movement of workers

Infringement proceedings are under way against a number of Member States concerning the application of Regulations (EEC) Nos 1612/68 and 1408/71.

8.1.1. Ending discrimination

The Commission decided to send a reasoned opinion to Greece under Article 171 for failing to implement the Court of Justice's judgment in Case C-123/94 concerning the conditions imposed on nationals of the other Member States wishing to teach a foreign language (56). It also sent a reasoned opinion to Belgium regarding compliance with the judgment in Case C-47/93 concerning the withholding of finance for university studies from students from other Member States who are in Belgium solely for the purpose of studying there (57). The Commission has already another case against France for discrimination against early-retired frontier workers (58).

The Commission decided to send Germany a reasoned opinion for rejecting requests for social security benefits submitted by migrant workers following family reunification. It sent another reasoned opinion to Germany concerning the rules obliging Community workers to present their identity card in order to obtain social security benefits.

Infringement proceedings are still under way against the United Kingdom for failing to accord social security benefits to a Community worker in the form of reductions in university entrance fees and study grants for his spouse.

In the tax field, Luxembourg has complied with the Court of Justice's judgment in Case C-151/94 concerning the final payment of income tax by non-resident workers by amending its internal legislation (59).

The Commission terminated infringement proceedings against Belgium after it amended its legislation on the granting of certain social security benefits (60).

Finally, infringement proceedings are being pursued against the Netherlands in two cases, one concerning the withholding of supplementary pension insurance from unemployed Belgian frontier workers after termination of the employment relationship and during the period unemployment benefit is received, and the other relating to the Dutch legislation modifying the cost of permanent residence documents for Community nationals, which is higher than that of identity cards for nationals.

8.1.2. Access to employment in the public service

There are still some major obstacles barring access to employment in the public service. For example, when recruiting migrant workers into public-sector jobs, some Member States neglect to take into account their seniority as public servants in another Member State. The Commission referred a case to the Court of Justice concerning Greek legislation preventing professional experience in another Member State being taken into account on recruitment to the Greek civil service. However, it should be pointed out that the same problem exists in other Member States.

Another case which will be referred to the Court concerns new Italian legislation modifying the legal status of foreign language lecturers, which fails to guarantee full protection of entitlements already acquired.

8.1.3. Social security

The case of Greece's nationality discrimination in acknowledging the eligibility of large families for certain allowances has been referred to the Court of Justice (61).

The Commission decided to send a number of reasoned opinions to Belgium concerning: (1) medical authorisations as a condition for a short stay in another Member State, contrary to the arrangements laid down in Community legislation; (2) the deduction of a personal contribution of 13,07 % from Belgian occupational sickness pensions granted to persons residing in another Member State who receive another pension from that State; (3) the practice of taking into account, for the purposes of calculating pensions, the amount of benefits acquired under the legislation of another Member State which were awarded on the basis of voluntary insurance or continued optional insurance; (4) failure to pay frontier workers who are resident in Belgium but work in France supplementary family benefits corresponding to the difference between family benefits in the two countries, as required by Article 94(9) of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71. However, following amendments to the relevant legislation, the Commission closed the proceeding concerning advance payments by construction firms in respect of their social security contributions in order to obtain social identity cards for their workers and authorisation to commence work on a site.

The Commission has decided to bring cases against France before the Court of Justice concerning: (1) the obligation to take into account, in calculating unemployment benefits, the last salary received by a worker immediately before becoming unemployed, where he was employed in a Member State; (2) the deduction of the 'Contribution au remboursement de la dette sociale` (CRDS - a contribution to repay the social security debt) from the earned income and substitute income of persons residing in France but who are not subject to French social security legislation pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 (in particular frontier workers). It has also decided to send reasoned opinions to France concerning: (1) presentation of a valid residence permit as a condition for obtaining unemployment benefits; (2) the application of a social security contribution (CSG) under similar circumstances to the CRDS; (3) the refusal to grant non-contributory benefits to persons covered by agreements concluded with certain non-member countries (namely the cooperation agreements with Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and the association agreement with Turkey), despite the principle of equal treatment laid down in those agreements.

Finally, the Commission terminated proceedings against the United Kingdom in respect of the dissolution of the Social Insurance Fund in Gibraltar following the entry into force of new legislation that conforms to Community law and the payment of arrears.

8.2. Equal treatment of men and women

The Commission closed two infringement proceedings against Greece for breach of Directive 76/207/EEC, after the Greek authorities notified new legislation putting an end to the infringements in question. Both cases concerned an obligation on women to retire before men. However, another case against Greece is to be referred to the Court of Justice under Article 119 of the EC Treaty because the discrimination against women employees of the DEI in respect of the marriage allowance granted by employers under industry-wide or national collective agreements has not been abolished with retrospective effect from 1 January 1981.

The Court of Justice censured France for maintaining a provision in its legislation banning night work by women in industry, although no such restriction applies to men (62). The Court gave judgment against Italy in a similar case on 4 December 1997 (63).

As for the health and safety of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breast-feeding, the Commission is pursuing infringement proceedings against Greece and Luxembourg for failure to notify national measures implementing the Directive, but has terminated the proceedings against France and Italy.

The Commission decided to send reasoned opinions to ten Member States for failure to notify measures to transpose Directive 96/97/EEC amending Directive 86/378/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes. Under Article 3 of the Directive, the Member States had until 1 July 1997 to adopt implementing measures.

8.3. Working conditions

Article 2(4) of the Social Policy Agreement specifically provides for directives to be implemented by collective agreements. Its wording is similar to that of the final provisions of many directives and falls in line with the case law of the Court of Justice.

Several Member States have used collective agreements as an instrument for incorporating provisions of certain directives into national law: for example, Belgium (Directive on collective redundancies), Denmark (Directive on working time) and Italy (Directive on European works councils). However, the use of collective agreements as a suitable transposal instrument in a given context always depends on the content and exact nature of the provisions of the Directive concerned and on the legal traditions of the Member State.

Transposal of Directive 91/383/EEC on improvements in the safety and health at work of workers with a fixed-duration or temporary employment relationship is now finally complete, Belgium and Greece having notified national implementing measures.

Infringement proceedings are still in progress against France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and the United Kingdom in respect of Directive 93/104/EC on certain aspects of the organisation of working time.

There are a number of difficulties in the transposal of Directive 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work. Reasoned opinions will be sent to Greece, France, Luxembourg, Austria and the United Kingdom, while a case against Italy is to be referred to the Court of Justice after it failed to reply to a reasoned opinion.

By contrast, there has been substantial progress in the transposal of Directive 94/45/EC on the establishment of a European Works Council. Luxembourg and Portugal are the only Member States not to have notified national implementing measures, even after being sent a reasoned opinion. All the other Member States covered by the Directive sent in measures.

8.4. Health and safety at work

The most notable progress made in 1997 was the notification by Spain of national measures implementing all the directives in this field following the Court's judgment of 26 September 1996 (64).

Infringement proceedings are continuing against other Member States for failure to notify national implementing measures; most of these cases have now been referred to the Court.

At the end of 1997, subject to scrutiny for conformity and taking into account the transposal deadline for the new directives, only Finland, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom had notified the Commission of national implementing measures in respect of all directives in this sector.

8.5. Public health

Article 129 of the Treaty states that, 'Health protection requirements shall form a constituent part of the Community's other policies.` The Commission reports regularly on its efforts to ensure this obligation is met. The third such report, covering activities in 1996, will be published in 1998.

8.6. >TABLE>

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

The Commission has shelved a complaint against Spain concerning university entrance exams after taking the matter up with the Spanish authorities.

On the question of equal access, the UK authorities have changed the regulations governing a training centre for health professionals, which gave Community residents preferential access to grant-assisted places, to bring them into line with Community law.

AGRICULTURE

9. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

9.1. Markets

In addition to its efforts to remove barriers to freedom of movement, the Commission also sought to ensure that the other provisions of the Community's agricultural legislation are effectively and correctly applied.

In monitoring the application of specific market organisation mechanisms, the Commission continued to keep a close watch on the use of production control mechanisms, particularly in the milk sector, where it conducted a systematic analysis of national measures to implement Regulations (EEC) Nos 3952/92 and 536/93.

The Commission brought an action before the Court of Justice against France because of the discriminatory way in which it distributes the reference quantities released under the scheme for the cessation of milk production (Case C-198/96).

The terms on which the redistribution is made are considered discriminatory because the quantities to be redistributed depend on the purchaser's cessation level. This practice has been condemned by the Court of Justice on two occasions.

Furthermore, under the Community rules the Member States are obliged to offset the linear reduction (2,15 %) occurring in 1990/91 by supplementary allocations.

France failed to respect this obligation; although it gave producers the 2,15 % with one hand, it took away 2,35 % with the other.

The French system was based on a decree which was annulled by the French Conseil d'État while the case was still pending before the Court of Justice. A new decree was adopted which met the Commission's objections, and the Commission has terminated its action accordingly. However, other aspects of the case are still being examined.

The Commission sent a reasoned opinion to Italy regarding the scheme for offsetting milk deliveries operated by producers' associations. Under Community legislation deliveries may be offset only by the purchaser or at national level, according to certain criteria. There is no legal base for compensation by a producers' association.

The Commission has now shelved proceedings after Italy adopted provisions putting an end to the infringement.

The following cases arose under the Community rules on the description of agricultural products.

In the milk sector, the Commission had already decided in 1995 to bring an action before the Court of Justice following the refusal by the UK authorities to regard the marketing of soya milk as an infringement of Regulation (EEC) No 1898/87, Article 3 of which prohibits products other than milk and milk products from being described as 'milk`.

Since the UK authorities adopted national rules implementing Regulation (EEC) No 1898/87, the Commission took no further action on this decision, However, fresh infringement proceedings have now been commenced, as the ban on the name 'soya milk` is not applied in practice.

Still in the milk sector, the Commission pursued infringement proceedings against the Netherlands for authorising the marketing of drinking milk whose composition (skimmed milk with 25 % of the fat content of full cream milk) is not provided for in the exhaustive list set out in Regulation (EEC) No 1411/71 laying down additional rules on the common organisation of the market in milk and milk products.

In the spirits sector, the Commission sent a reasoned opinion to France for allowing the marketing of spirits made by adding a percentage of water to whisky. Under Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89, whisky must have an alcoholic strength of at least 40 % and no water may be added to an alcoholic drink so that the nature of the product will not be changed.

The Tribunal de Grande Instance in Paris has referred a case to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling on the subject, which is still pending (Case C-136/96).

Finally, in the wine sector, the Commission had sent a reasoned opinion concerning certain provisions of a German law on wine which authorises the Länder to allow cooperatives and unions thereof to add together the areas under vines in calculating the maximum yield per hectare and to allow the wine-growers concerned not to deliver all of their harvest to the cooperative or group of which they are members. The case was closed after the German authorities amended the law in question.

9.2. Harmonisation

Background

The number of Article 169 infringement proceedings for failure to notify measures implementing agricultural directives has fallen considerably not only since 1996 (when a number of cases had to be brought against the new Member States in respect of directives forming part of the acquis communautaire), but also compared with 1994 and 1995.

The Commission had feared that the large number of proceedings commenced in 1996 might result in a substantial increase in reasoned opinions in 1997, but these fears proved to be unfounded, as the number of reasoned opinions sent fell from 118 in 1996 to 77 in 1997.

As a result of these positive developments, the number of cases referred to the Court has also fallen off slightly. In any event, cases brought before the Court are generally settled before any judgment has to be given - except in the case of two Member States.

Progress in implementing Court judgments has been satisfactory: all the outstanding Article 171 proceedings were settled during the year.

Situation in the Member States

All the Member States have had infringement proceedings brought against them. However, cases against Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are generally settled at an early stage.

The generally positive trend recorded in Belgium in 1996 continued in 1997, although the Court did condemn Belgium for failing to transpose Directive 92/119/EEC (swine vesicular disease - judgment of 2 October 1997 - transposed in December 1997) and another case was referred by the Commission regarding the transposal of Directive 93/119/EEC (protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing).

The situation in Germany is deteriorating, with delays in transposal building up in all sectors except animal feedingstuffs. The Court censured Germany for failing to take the requisite measures to transpose Directives 91/414/EC (plant protection products) 92/116/EEC (trade in poultry meat), 93/48/EEC (fruit plant propagating material), 93/49/EEC (ornamental plant propagating material) and 93/61/EEC (vegetable plants). Further cases pending before the Court concern Germany's failure to incorporate into national law no less than twelve directives on plant health (plant protection products, organisms harmful to plants or plant products) and seeds and plants (propagating material for fruit plants, ornamental plants and vegetable plants). Another symptom of this worrying state of affairs is that the Commission has sent more reasoned opinions to Germany than to the other Member States, mainly in relation to the plant health directives.

The situation in France is somewhat contradictory. Only one reasoned opinion was sent in 1997 (concerning a plant health directive), which represents a marked improvement, but six cases are still before the court concerning Directives 95/10/EC (energy value of dog and cat food), 93/74/EEC, 94/39/EC and 95/9/EC (animal feedingstuffs intended for particular nutritional purposes), 93/119/EC (protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing) and 94/28/EC (imports of bovine animals and their semen, ova and embryos).

Greece has made a major effort to cut down on transposal delays. It has not only incorporated into national law three Directives on which the Court gave judgment in 1996 - 91/414/EC (plant protection products), 92/118/EC (products not subject to specific rules) and 93/52/EC (bovine embryos) - but also settled most of the other existing disputes. The remaining transposal delays affect mainly the veterinary directives.

Italy has also made a certain amount of progress. If we look at the infringement proceedings in motion at the Article 169 letter or reasoned opinion stage, we find that the delays in transposal are now around the Community average. However, Italy still has problems in clearing the backlog of transposal delays from the past. In 1997 the Court censured the Italian authorities for failing to incorporate ten directives into national law. Nevertheless, by the end of the year, Italy had implemented all but four of these judgments - three on animal feedingstuffs directives and one in the veterinary field (Directive 92/116/EEC - fresh meat and poultry meat).

The positive trend recorded in Luxembourg in 1996 continued in 1997. The only serious delay is in the transposal of Directive 94/28/EC (imports of bovine animals and their semen, ova and embryos). This case was referred to the Court in October 1997.

Portugal's transposal rate has also improved. Nevertheless, major problems remain in respect of the transposal of Directives 94/28/EC (imports of bovine animals and their semen, ova and embryos) and 94/37/EC, 94/79/EC, 95/35/EC and 95/36/EC (all concerning plant protection products).

Sweden has now incorporated into national law all the directives concerning seeds and plants, feedingstuffs and plant health which formed part of the acquis communautaire on its accession. The only significant delay in transposal concerns two veterinary directives on trade in bovine and porcine animals and two forestry directives. There are hardly any problems concerning the transposal of directives which have fallen due for transposal since accession.

Finland has made a tremendous effort, having settled no less than 243 infringement proceedings in 1997, notably as a result of its success in finding solutions for the transposal of directives in the Åland Islands, which have considerable autonomy in agricultural matters. Of the directives whose transposal deadline predates accession, only five (all in the veterinary field) have still to be incorporated into national law. There are no major problems in the transposal of directives that have fallen due for transposal since Finland joined the Community.

Despite considerable improvements over the year, the transposal rate in Austria is still too low. The Commission has found that transposal is very slow in areas that come under the responsibility of the Länder (plant health and animal health). As a result many directives that are vital for the operation of the internal market are still not applied throughout Austria.

Incorrect transposal and incorrect application

By keeping up a dialogue with the Member States, Commission departments are generally able to shelve cases of incorrect transposal or incorrect application before they reach the litigation stage. As a result very few cases reach a stage where reasoned opinions have to be sent or the matter has to be referred to the Court. Accordingly, the Commission sent only three reasoned opinions in 1997 for these types of infringement - two to Greece and one to the United Kingdom - concerning national legislation that fails to comply with Directive 93/118/EC on the financing of health inspections and controls of fresh meat and poultry meat. As for the infringement proceedings against Member States who failed to fulfil their obligations concerning Community legislation on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the Commission sent a reasoned opinion to France for failing to apply Decision 96/449/EC on the approval of alternative heat treatment systems for processing animal waste with a view to the inactivation of spongiform encephalopathy agents.

Implementation of Directive 83/189/EEC (technical standards) in the agricultural sector

In 1997, a total of 204 draft legislative texts notified by the Member States (198) and the EFTA countries (6) were examined in the light of Article 30 of the Treaty and the relevant secondary legislation, pursuant to Directive 83/189/EEC (as amended by Directives 88/182/EEC and 94/10/EC). In around fifty cases, after systematic analysis of the drafts, the Commission requested amendments to ensure that adoption of the regulations concerned would not create barriers to the free movement of goods. Fifteen drafts were the subject of discussions during the three-month standstill period, as a result of which the original texts were amended accordingly. Nineteen drafts gave rise to reasoned opinions and twenty to observations by the Commission.

The proliferation of notifications in 1997 was due largely - and predictably - to the Securitel judgment of 30 April 1996, in which the Court formally enshrined the principle that national legislation that is not notified to the Commission at the draft stage, in spite of the requirements laid down in Directive 83/189/EEC, is inapplicable to third parties. Anxious to avoid litigation, the Member States now take care not only to notify systematically any draft national legislation in areas that have not been harmonised, but also to notify rules already in force in order to put an end to recognised infringements. For example, in 1997 the Netherlands notified 60 agricultural regulations which it had adopted between 1989 and 1996 without observing the prior notification procedure laid down by Directive 83/189/EEC.

In exercising its duty to monitor the implementation of the Directive, the Commission keeps a close watch to ensure that Member States comply with their obligation to notify all draft instruments containing technical rules or standards. After scrutinising many cases, it commenced four infringement proceedings for failure to observe the notification procedure. Only one of these cases (against Portugal) reached the stage where the Commission was forced to send a reasoned opinion.

9.3. >TABLE>

FISHERIES

10. INTRODUCTION

In order to ensure respect for the Community rules governing fisheries and aquaculture, the Commission continued to monitor the resource conservation and management measures put in place by the Member States in areas covered by the common fisheries policy.

The Commission also continued its systematic scrutiny of national fisheries and aquaculture legislation for compatibility with Community law, notably as regards the grant of flag rights and technical resource conservation measures.

11. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

11.1. Markets

Member States' application of the Community rules relating to the common organisation of the market may now be considered satisfactory. The only infringement proceeding still outstanding - a case against Belgium concerning the recognition of producers' organisations - was terminated.

11.2. Resources

The Commission continued to monitor the Member States' implementation of the new control measures under the common organisation of the market.

In this connection two reasoned opinions were sent - to France on 4 June and to Spain on 8 July - for failure to carry out compulsory checks to ensure that national quotas are not exceeded.

The proceedings under way against France and Ireland for failing to inspect the use of large drift nets, against Sweden for establishing a fish conservation area and against France for illegitimately authorising fishing in the Guianan fishing grounds, were all terminated after the national practices and legislation concerned were amended to comply with Community law.

11.3. Compatibility with Community law of national legislation on the grant of flag rights to fishing vessels

In 1997 the Commission continued to scrutinise national legislation on the grant of flag rights to fishing vessels for conformity with Community law.

The infringement proceeding against Denmark in relation to the grant of flag rights and fishing licences has been dropped.

ENVIRONMENT

12. INTRODUCTION

12.1. General situation

The Commission monitors the application of Community environmental law on the basis of Article 155 of the Treaty establishing the European Community, employing the procedure laid down in Article 169. In practical terms this entails checking that transposal measures are notified and that they implement directives properly, and monitoring the application of regulations. The Commission carries out these tasks either on its own initiative or in response to complaints, questions from Members of the European Parliament and petitions received by the European Parliament exposing possible infringements of Community law. In exercising these duties in 1997, the Commission referred 37 cases to the Court of Justice and sent 69 reasoned opinions to the Member States. These general figures will give the reader some idea of the Commission's activities and the vigilance it exercises in monitoring the implementation of Community environmental law.

However, the Commission's efforts are not confined to pursuing cases in the Court or taking the final steps in the pre-litigation procedure, i.e. sending reasoned opinions and eliciting replies from the Member States. These operations represent the closing stages in infringement proceedings, but in fact many cases relating to the environment are terminated before reaching that stage, usually after a warning letter is sent before proceedings begin. A large number of the environmental problems drawn to the Commission's attention by complaints and petitions turn out not to constitute infringements, either because there is no relevant legal base in Community law or because the complainants' or petitioners' allegations are unfounded in fact or in law.

When the Commission requests information in order to examine specific cases and sends Article 169 letters to Member States asking for their observations on particular situations which appear to breach Community law, the Member States generally supply the additional information, so that a proper analysis can be made. However, if they fail to fulfil their obligation to cooperate and are very late in replying to the Commission's letters or do not reply at all, the Commission may have to commence infringement proceedings pursuant to Article 5 of the Treaty. The Commission's tasks as guardian of Community environmental law thus involves extensive correspondence and regular contacts with national government departments (package meetings or ad hoc meetings).

On being alerted by the Commission to a possible infringement of Community law, the competent authorities of the Member State often rectify the situation without the need for any further pre-litigation proceedings or referral to the Court of Justice. That is why the above figures for reasoned opinions and referrals give only an incomplete picture of the Commission's real activities in monitoring the application of Community environmental law.

In 1997 the Commission decided, for the first time, to refer environmental cases to the Court of Justice in accordance with Article 171 of the EC Treaty (as amended by the Treaty on European Union). Under the second subparagraph of Article 171(2), where a Member State fails to comply with a judgment delivered by the Court on the basis of Article 169, in which it finds that the State in question has failed to implement Community law, the Commission may bring the case before the Court again, this time requesting that financial penalties (fines or penalty payments) be imposed. After referring five Article 171 cases on the environment and radiation protection in December 1996, the Commission set out its first requests for financial penalties in January 1997 (fines ranging from ECU 26 000 to ECU 30 000 per day), in accordance with the principles laid down in its two communications (65). Moreover, Article 171 has proved its effectiveness in this instance, since four of the five cases mentioned above were settled by the end of 1997. The Commission also decided to refer two new cases to the Court, one against Greece concerning the application of the Directive on waste and the other concerning Belgium's transposal of Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. In 1997, around fifteen cases reached the Article 171 letter or reasoned opinion stage, for failure to notify national implementing measures, incorrect transposal or incorrect application. These cases are described in more detail in the section below dealing with individual sectors.

Another feature of 1997 was the follow-up to the communication adopted by the Commission in October 1996, 'Implementing Community Environmental Law` (66), which proposed three new avenues to be explored: (1) guidelines on minimum criteria for environmental inspections in the Member States; (2) national procedures for receiving and examining public complaints on the application of relevant legislation; and (3) broader access to the national courts - in connection with the application of Community environmental law - for members of the public and representative organisations, with due regard for the principle of subsidiarity. Parliament and the Council adopted resolutions in May and June 1997 welcoming the guidelines laid down in the communication and even encouraging the Commission to take them further. Specific measures to follow up the communication will be announced early in 1998. As proposed in the communication, an Annual Survey will be introduced, which will provide additional information on Community environmental law over and above that contained in the annual report on the monitoring of the application of Community law.

There have been a number of developments in Community environmental law, which will be dealt with in more detail in the section dealing with individual sectors. The following Directives were finally adopted in 1997:

- Directive 97/11/EC amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment;

- Directive 97/35/EC amending Council Directive 90/220/EEC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms;

- Directive 97/49/EC amending Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds;

- Directive 97/62/EC amending the annexes of Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora;

- Directive 97/69/EC adapting to technical progress for the 23rd time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.

The Regulation on international trade in species of wild fauna and flora in danger of extinction ('CITES Regulation`) was replaced in 1997 by Regulation (EC) No 338/97, amended and clarified by Regulations (EC) No 938/97, No 939/97 and No 2307/97.

Finally, it is worth pointing out that the 'IPPC Directive` (67), adopted on 24 September 1996, must be incorporated into national law by 30 October 1999. This Directive belongs to a new generation of Community initiatives on the environment which adopt a broad-based approach, making due allowance for the principle of subsidiarity and encouraging the participation of all interested parties and synergy between industry and the environment. Given the novel features of this Directive, the Commission feels justified in advising Member States to begin work on transposing it as soon as possible. Indeed it has set up an informal group of experts, which met in the course of 1997, to assist the Member States in the task of transposal.

12.2. Notification of national implementing measures

Directives are legal instruments which are binding on Member States as to the result to be achieved, but leaving them free to choose the form and methods to be used. They generally require national measures to be adopted to ensure that the obligations they lay down are actually met. Each new directive sets a time limit (usually one to two years) for Member States to amend their own law in line with its provisions. Member States must notify transposal measures by this deadline.

Quite often Member States fail to notify implementing measures for every provision of a new Directive - or in some cases for any of its provisions - in time. Infringement proceedings then have to be commenced. Except in rare cases, the delay in notifying the Commission of transposal measures reflects a delay in actual transposal.

Moreover, every time a new Directive is adopted, the Commission takes pains to remind all the Member States that transposal must take place by the prescribed deadline; it does so once after the instrument is adopted and again before the transposal deadline.

As in every previous annual report on the monitoring of the application of Community law, the Commission must report that the Member States are finding it difficult to comply with the deadlines for the transposal of Community directives on the environment. In 1997 it had to commence infringement proceedings against all the Member States at least once (in the case of the Netherlands and Denmark, once only).

This tendency for Member States to be late in transposing directives is probably due to a number of factors.

First, the delays can sometimes be attributed to the institutional and administrative structures of the Member States. For example there are still delays in the notification of texts implementing several directives in the autonomous Finnish province of the Åland Islands. While it is up to each Member State to determine exactly how to discharge its obligations under Community law, the measures it adopts must be effective by the transposal deadline. Implementation may also be held up by specific internal institutional problems in the Member States - for example the notification of measures transposing the water Directives in the new German Länder. As for the method adopted by the Italian authorities (a special 'Community Act` with general scope), it has not yet yielded the expected results and many infringement proceedings are still in motion against Italy.

Second, in extremely technical fields, such as chemicals and biotechnology, some Member States clearly have problems keeping up the transposal rate for successive adaptations to technical progress. For example in 1997 the Court of Justice held that Belgium had failed to fulfil its obligations regarding Directive 67/548/EEC on dangerous substances on several occasions.

The new Member States have now transposed nearly the entire acquis communautaire, although there are still occasional delays in notifying implementing measures in full.

More than ever the Commission must insist on the need for coordination between the representatives of the Member States who negotiate directives and the national bodies responsible for transposing them, so that the latter are aware of the need to begin work on transposal and are also given the opportunity to assess the changes to national law which a new Community instrument will entail.

Given the average time generally required to adapt national legal systems in order to transpose directives, particularly where the national parliament must intervene to change the law, experience suggests that Member States should take full advantage of the time allowed to carry out this exercise and thus avoid any infringement proceedings being commenced by the Commission. As the Commission systematically checks whether transposal measures are in place, infringement proceedings for delays in notifying implementing measures can be avoided only by diligently embarking on the legal and administrative task of determining exactly what has to be transposed (since certain regulations already in force may suffice) immediately after the new Community rules are adopted, and then by promulgating instruments under national law to secure transposal.

Several directives were due to be implemented in 1997:

- Directive 97/35/EC adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 90/220/EEC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms;

- Directive 97/62/EC adapting to technical and scientific progress Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora;

- certain provisions of Directives 93/21/EEC adapting to technical progress for the 18th time and Directive 96/54/EC adapting to technical progress for the 22nd time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.

The Commission keeps constant watch to ensure that Member States fulfil their obligation to notify national implementing measures, for until measures are notified, it cannot carry out its task of checking that they comply with Community law and are effectively applied.

The table at point 2.8 lists the directives in force in the environmental field and outlines progress in implementing them.

12.3. Conformity of national implementing measures

Member States are required not only to adopt measures to implement directives, but also to ensure that these measures comply with Community law. Infringement proceedings for non-conformity are in motion against all the Member States and in all areas of environmental legislation.

Before infringement proceedings reach the litigation stage, the Commission and the Member States have an opportunity to discuss areas where national legislation needs to be brought into line with Community law. In its correspondence and 'package meetings` with national government departments, the Commission is able to put questions to the Member States, which can in turn express their own points of view, so that any problems outstanding can be identified. Only rarely does the Commission have to call on the Court of Justice to determine whether a Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations.

Problems of non-conformity arise for a variety of reasons. First, the apportioning of responsibilities between different levels (national, regional or other) within a Member State may make it harder to bring its whole legal system into line. Second, difficulties may arise in amending national law because of the effect of environmental provisions on other areas of State activity (agriculture, transport, industry, etc.). Another problem may be that existing national legislation covers the subject-matter of a directive, but needs amending in line with new Community requirements.

Even allowing for these difficulties, some proceedings for incorrect transposal could easily be avoided if other Member States followed the example of Denmark, Germany, Finland and Sweden and took the trouble to attach detailed explanations and concordance tables matching national provisions with the corresponding Community provisions whenever they notified the Commission of legislation and regulations designed to transpose directives. This would cut down on misunderstandings and make problems easier to spot. It would also make conformity checks at Community level easier, while the Member States would benefit directly from having fewer infringement proceedings brought against them.

The Commission's monitoring tasks are further complicated by the choice of certain legislative techniques for transposal (e.g. the use of several legal instruments), so that there is a special need to work more closely with Member States which choose such methods, in order to explain the details of transposal.

Finally, it is worth noting the progress made by the three newest Member States - Austria, Sweden and Finland - in incorporating Community environmental law since joining the Community on 1 January 1995. The acquis communautaire of environmental law (the Treaties and secondary legislation) is binding on these countries as it is on the other Member States. However, according to their Act of Accession to the Community (68), Austria, Finland and Sweden may maintain certain standards that differ from those laid down in particular environmental directives (69) for a transitional period of four years after accession. During this transitional period, the existing Community provisions are being revised in accordance with Community procedures. Every six months or so the Commission holds a high-level meeting with representatives of the three States to review progress in this revision process.

12.4. Correct application of directives

The Commission is also responsible for checking that Community law (directives and regulations) is properly applied. This means ensuring that Member States fulfil certain general obligations (designation of areas, implementation of programmes, etc.) and examining specific cases where a particular administrative practice or decision is alleged to be contrary to Community law. But whether the problems at issue are general or specific, the Commission's task of monitoring application is an important one.

In its scrutiny of individual cases, the Commission must analyse, from a factual and legal standpoint, problems that are very tangible and are of direct concern to the public. This can give rise to certain practical difficulties, since proper scrutiny demands detailed knowledge of the case in point, but the Commission is both geographically remote and ill-equipped to conduct investigations, having no resources to carry out inspections in the environmental field. Yet scrutiny is a vital task, because what matters most to individual citizens is that the law is effectively applied to their own particular circumstances, and because there is a danger that Community law may be formally transposed without any changes in actual behaviour to the extent required by Community rules.

Complaints and petitions sent to the European Parliament play a vital role in keeping the Commission informed of how far the obligations arising from directives and regulations are actually complied with. The Commission lacks the wherewithal to conduct its own inspections, so its only formal sources of information are periodic reports on the application of directives, drawn up on the basis of information supplied by the Member States and the Member States' replies to its requests for information. Certain well-researched complaints from non-governmental organisations are particularly useful for the purposes of assessing the effective application of Community rules.

Except in rare cases, complaints are concerned with problems in the application of Community law rather than the conformity of implementing measures or compliance with transposal deadlines. After falling for two years in succession, the number of complaints has risen. The largest number concerned Spain, Germany and France, while Luxembourg, Finland and Sweden were the least affected; of course, one must be careful in drawing any conclusions from this fact, given the differences in population size. The detailed figures are set out in the Annex. If we analyse the complaints registered in 1997 by broad categories, bearing in mind that they sometimes raise more than one problem, we find that one in every two complaints was concerned with nature conservation and one in every four with environmental impact, while waste-related problems were raised in one in ten cases, as were air pollution and water pollution.

Complaints and petitions were mostly about specific and very practical problems directly affecting the complainants and petitioners. This was certainly true of most complaints on environmental impact assessment (Directive 85/337/EEC) and on the deterioration of areas designated or awaiting designation as special protection areas under Directive 79/409/EEC (wild birds). These problems sometimes typify an underlying situation in one or more Member States.

The Commission's first step is to request information from the Member State regarding the facts alleged by the complainant and to draw the attention of the competent authorities to the provisions of Community law which may have been infringed. This allows the Commission to check the veracity and seriousness of the facts put forward in the complaint and may also encourage the national authorities to rectify the situation. If the information available points to a serious suspicion that Community law has been breached, the Commission either pursues a specific proceeding on the basis of the facts at its disposal or tries to identify the general problem underlying the individual infringements with a view to resolving it.

A significant number of problems mentioned in complaints stem from the incomplete or incorrect transposal of directives. This is why, without neglecting the monitoring of incorrect application cases which reveal questions of principle or administrative practices that contravene the Directives or horizontal questions, the Commission concentrates its efforts on dealing with problems of conformity. In this respect, the application of Community law might improve if national civil servants in particular were better informed about Community law and received better training.

Some of the infringements detected through scrutiny of the complaints and petitions also pose questions regarding the lack of the requisite technical infrastructure. In such cases, while monitoring the application of Community law in matters of the environment as usual, the Commission endeavours to continue its activity of improving environmental infrastructure via projects financed by the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund.

12.5. Freedom of access to information

Directive 90/313/EEC on the freedom of access to information on the environment is a particularly important piece of general legislation: keeping the public informed ensures that all environmental problems are taken into account, encourages enlightened and effective participation in collective decision-making and strengthens democratic control. The Commission believes that, through this instrument, ordinary citizens can make a valuable contribution to protecting the environment.

Although all the Member States have notified national measures transposing the Directive, there are many cases where national law still has to be brought into line with its requirements. The Commission must therefore press ahead with infringement proceedings, although to date the results have not been satisfactory.

In 1997 the Commission brought a case before the Court of Justice concerning the German legislation (Case C-217/97), sent reasoned opinions to Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal and pursued proceedings against a number of other Member States. Italy has finally notified its implementing legislation, but there are still some problems of conformity.

Although the Commission is well aware of the difficulties in amending national legislation where this is likely to cause major changes in administrative practice, it is duty bound to report cases of incorrect application raised in complaints. For the most part, the complaints it receives concern the non-conformity of transposal measures. Among the most common subjects of complaint are the refusal by national authorities to respond to requests for information, the time taken for replies, a tendency by national government departments to adopt an excessively broad interpretation when allowing exceptions to the principle of disclosure, and demands for payment of unreasonably high fees.

As required by Article 8 of Directive 90/313/EEC, all the Member States - except Portugal, against which infringement proceedings have been commenced as a result - have sent a report on the experience they have gained in applying the Directive. Using these reports as a basis, the Commission will present its own report to Parliament, probably before the end of 1998, together with any proposals it has for revising the Directive.

The Commission encourages complainants to make use of the procedures available under the Directive and national transposal legislation. Under Article 4 of the Directive, decisions to reject requests for access to environmental information must be subject to administrative or judicial review. Where complaints are filed at the same time as judicial or administrative remedies, the Commission asks complainants for information regarding the outcome.

Finally, the Court of Justice will be called on to interpret certain concepts contained in the Directive following references for preliminary rulings from the German courts. In Case C-321/96, which is still pending before the Court, it has been asked to interpret the terms 'information relating to the environment` (Article 2(a)), 'preliminary investigation proceedings` (third indent of Article 3(2)), and the concept of the position adopted by the authorities responsible for maintaining sites of special interest in an approval procedure for a road construction project. In Case C-296/97 the Court has received a request for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of the concept of 'preliminary investigation proceedings` with regard to access to an expert opinion forming part of an administrative procedure for the closure of a mine.

12.6. Environmental impact assessment

Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment is still the most widely cited legal instrument relating to matters of the environment. The Directive requires environmental issues to be taken into account in many decisions which have collective effects.

The Commission has commenced a number of infringement proceedings for incorrect transposal of the Directive, the Member States in question having taken too long to amend their national legislation properly. For example, Belgium has still not fully implemented the judgment given by the Court of Justice on 2 May 1996 for incorrect and incomplete transposal of the Directive (Case C-133/94). Under Article 4 of the Directive, Member States must subject projects to an environmental impact assessment where they consider that their characteristics so require. Upholding the Commission's view, the Court found that this Article cannot be interpreted in such a way as to allow Flanders Region, in implementing the Directive, to exclude from assessment totally and definitively one or more classes of projects covered by Annex II. The Court also criticised the lack of a cross-border consultation procedure between Brussels and Flanders Regions. While the latter situation has since been rectified, the same cannot be said for the other point at issue and the Commission is pursuing Article 171 infringement proceedings accordingly.

Three actions concerning incorrect transposal are still before the Court - against Germany (Case C-301/95), Ireland (Case C-392/96) and Portugal (Case C-150/97). Infringement proceedings are also under way against other Member States, such as Italy, Spain and Greece.

Several Member States have said they will continue work on amending national transposal measures in the light of Directive 97/11/EC amending Directive 85/337/EEC (70). The deadline for implementing Directive 97/11/EC is 14 March 1999, but earlier transposal is always possible. However, the Commission cannot accept a legal vacuum pending transposal of the new Directive.

Directive 97/11/EC makes four major amendments to the original text of Directive 85/337/EEC. First, the scope of Annex I (compulsory impact assessment in all cases) is considerably broadened to cover 21 categories of projects instead of 9. Second, Article 4 of Directive 85/337/EEC is amended to introduce a procedure based on the selection criteria set out in Annex III ('screening procedure`) for case-by-case examinations or the setting of thresholds above which impact assessment is compulsory; moreover, this amendment, which provides a framework of objective criteria for decisions by the Member States on whether to subject a category of projects to an impact assessment, is in line with recent judgments by the Court of Justice (71). Third, the amended version of Article 5 provides that, if the developer so requests, the authority responsible for authorising projects must give an opinion on the content and the exact scope of the information to be supplied in connection with the environmental impact assessment, on the basis of the specifications in Annex IV ('scoping procedure`). Finally, the amended version of Article 7 incorporates in Community legislation, with regard to relations between Member States, the main provisions of the Espoo Convention, which entered into force in September 1997 (72).

Parliament is still examining the proposal for a Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes, adopted by the Commission in December 1996. The proposal seeks to take into account the problems of impact assessment not only in individual projects, but also at a more general level in infrastructure and town and country planning.

Many complaints received by the Commission and petitions presented to Parliament denounce, if only in passing, the incorrect application of Directive 85/337/EEC by national authorities.

Now that the Directive has helped make impact assessments more widespread in all the Member States, complaints and petitions are concerned primarily with the quality of impact assessments (especially the lack of adequate assessment of the indirect effects of the project) and the lack of weight given to recommendations arising from the evaluation of the impact assessment (particularly following public enquiries) in the final decision. This last objection partly covers cases where work is started before the impact assessment has been completed, one of the other most common complaints. And in the case of projects falling under Annex II, Member States quite often fail to give detailed grounds for their decision not to carry out an environmental impact assessment.

It is obviously difficult for Commission departments to investigate cases where the quality of impact assessments is questioned or it is contended that their findings are not properly acted upon. Although the Directive contains Articles regarding the content of impact assessments (Article 3 refers to direct and indirect effects of the project on several factors, including human beings, flora, fauna, the soil, water, air, landscape and cultural heritage), it is not always easy to contest the merits of a choice taken by the national authorities. In its judgment of 11 August 1995 concerning the construction of the Grosskrotzenburg thermal power station (Case C-431/92, Commission v Germany), the Court of Justice held that the Commission, when acting under the Article 169 procedure, must indicate on what specific points the requirements of a Directive have not been met, and provide appropriate evidence. Such evidence is not easy to produce, particularly if the complainants themselves are unable to supply it to the Commission.

Most of the cases brought to the Commission's attention concerning incorrect application of this Directive revolve around points of fact (existence and definition). There is therefore every chance that the most effective way to verify any infringements will be at a decentralised level, particularly through the national courts. Complainants should therefore consider making full use of internal means of redress, including judicial remedies, to enforce the rights conferred on them under the Directive. Where necessary, individuals can of course invoke the obligation of the competent national authorities (administrative or judicial authorities) to comply with Community law. However, there is little prospect in the short term of cases no longer being referred to the Commission, since at present complainants and petitioners are often denied access to the courts, being unable to prove an interest in the matter. In the Commission's view, this confirms the need for national procedures for receiving and examining public complaints and for wider access to the national courts for the public and representative organisations in matters relating to the application of Community environmental law.

The Court of Justice has still to give a preliminary ruling in Case C-81/96, in response to a request from the Dutch Raad van State. The point at issue is whether the execution of a project without an environmental impact assessment and on the basis of an authorisation granted before the Directive entered into force (the initial authorisation not having been used immediately) is compatible with the Directive, given the fact that the project now comes under Annex I (compulsory environmental impact assessment in all cases).

Finally, the Commission held two informal meetings of experts from national government departments to help them with the transposal of Directive 97/11/EC. Particular attention was paid to the implementation of Article 4 in conjunction with Annexes II and III.

12.7. Action needed

The problems of implementing environmental law are the same as those highlighted in previous reports - delays in notifying national implementing measures, doubts regarding conformity and dubious, uneven or weak application of legislation, which in some cases fails to satisfy the public, as demonstrated by the usual high number of complaints and petitions.

The Commission's first response to this state of affairs is to press ahead with its reform of internal rules aimed at increasing the speed and effectiveness of infringement procedures. At the same time it will pursue the debate opened up by its communication on implementing Community environmental law (mentioned above) and will be on hand to assist the Member States in transposing and applying Community law.

Taking a more general view, the Commission is looking into possibilities regarding the implementation of Community environmental law arising from a whole series of Community initiatives in which it is actively participating: the use of environmental agreements, civil liability in environmental matters in the Member States, the extension of the activities of the informal network Impel (Implementation and Enforcement of EU Environmental Law) and the integration of environmental considerations in other Community policies.

13. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

13.1. Air

There has been a significant drop in the number of infringement proceedings in this sector, mainly because implementing measures were notified for a number of directives - albeit late and often after the Commission had commenced proceedings. Problems persist, however, in the application of directives dating from the 1980s which are now being revised to step up the protection of the environment, and in respect of ozone and the incineration of waste.

In 1997 the Member States made up most of the delays in notifying national measures implementing Directives 93/12/EEC (sulphur content of certain liquid fuels), 94/63/EC (emissions of volatile organic compounds) and 94/66/EC (large combustion plants). As a result the Commission terminated proceedings against Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Sweden and Finland. However, delays still persist in Germany.

As a consequence of the efforts made by Austria and Finland to transpose the acquis communautaire in this area, the Commission terminated proceedings against them concerning Directives 80/779/EEC, 82/884/EEC and 85/203/EEC on air pollution from sulphur dioxide, lead and nitrogen dioxide.

The Commission ended the proceedings against the United Kingdom in respect of Directive 85/203/EEC (nitrogen dioxide) and against Portugal in respect of Directive 88/609/EEC (emissions from large combustion plants) after the two countries brought their legislation into line. However, Portugal has not yet correctly implemented Directive 84/360/EEC (air pollution from industrial plants), as the authorisation system does not cover all the plants referred to by the Directive.

As regards the application of these three Directives, the Commission is continuing to request information from Member States on the values measured every time it receives a complaint, and to shelve complaints or infringement proceedings whenever it finds that the values laid down in the directives are not being exceeded, a case in point being the application of Directive 80/779/EEC (sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates) at Bootle Docks in Merseyside (United Kingdom) and in Lisbon and Barreiro (Portugal).

The notification problems relating to Directive 92/72/EEC (air pollution by ozone) have now been resolved. The Commission abandoned actions before the Court against Greece and Italy (C-331/96 and C-286/96), after both countries notified implementing legislation, while Portugal and Sweden have also sent in transposal measures, albeit somewhat late. It is important that this Directive is transposed and implemented as it is concerned primarily with our knowledge of ozone pollution, public information on individual instances of pollution and the need for more effective protection. Also it is the first Community instrument to be adopted in this field and may be followed by other instruments designed to combat ozone pollution.

There have been a number of complaints about the application of the Directive in several Member States, particularly as regards the incorrect application of Article 5 in various European towns and cities. Where the ozone levels laid down in Annex I of the Directive on population information and warning thresholds (180 ìg/m³ and 360 ìg/m³) are exceeded, the authorities responsible are required to take the necessary steps to inform the public (e.g. by radio, television or the press) which values have been exceeded, which sections of the population are affected and what precautions they should take. Proceedings have been commenced against France for failing to specify the locations of measuring stations and not informing the Commission properly of the outcome of the measures taken. Other Member States have failed to provide the requisite information on time or in full.

Directive 94/67/EC on the incineration of hazardous waste fell due for transposal on 31 December 1996. Eleven Member States have still not notified implementing measures and the Commission is pursuing infringement proceedings accordingly.

There are still certain problems with regard to the two Directives on the prevention of air pollution from municipal waste incineration plants - 89/369/EEC (new plants) and 89/429/EEC (old plants). The Commission terminated proceedings against Portugal for incorrect transposal of Directive 89/429/EEC, after having referred the matter to the Court of Justice. However, it is pursuing Article 171 infringement proceedings against Italy following the Court's judgment of 26 June 1996 censuring the Italian authorities for failing to notify measures implementing the two Directives. Proceedings have also been commenced against Belgium, as its legislation transposing the two Directives was found not to comply with requirements; the case is still at the pre-litigation stage.

In an attempt to improve air quality in Athens, the Commission launched a scheme to monitor air quality with the aid of the research centre at Ispra and the municipal corporation of Athens. The results are expected some time in 1998.

An Italian court has referred a case for a preliminary ruling - which is still pending before the Court of Justice (Case C-284/95) - concerning the interpretation and validity of Council Regulation (EC) No 3093/94 on substances that deplete the ozone layer. The main issue at stake is the question of restrictions on the production and use of halons and HCFCs, gases which are dangerous for the environment.

Finally, Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management was due to be transposed by 21 May 1998 (73). This Directive will form the basis for a series of forthcoming Community instruments designed to set new limit values for atmospheric pollutants, starting with those already covered by existing Directives, lay down information and alert thresholds, harmonise air quality assessment methods and improve air quality management with a view to protecting human health and ecosystems.

13.2. Chemicals and biotechnology

Community legislation on chemicals and biotechnology covers various groups of directives relating to products or activities which have certain features in common: they are technically complex, require frequent changes to adapt them to new knowledge, apply to both the scientific and industrial spheres and deal with specific environmental risks. It is particularly important in this field to exercise precaution as a matter of principle.

It is because of these characteristics that most of the transitional exemptions allowing the three new Member States to maintain higher standards fall within this sector.

One of the features of Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances is the frequency with which it has to be amended, in line with scientific and technical developments. Thus Council Directive 92/32/EEC amending Directive 67/548/EEC for the seventh time was due to be transposed by 31 October 1993, while Directive 96/56/EC (74) provides for the abbreviation 'EEC` to be replaced by 'EC`, for the purpose of labelling dangerous substances, by 1 June 1998. The annexes to Directive 67/548/EEC, which contain lists of substances, are amended even more frequently, by means of Commission Directives. Certain provisions of Directives 93/21/EEC (75) (18th adaptation to technical progress) and 96/54/EC (76) (22nd adaptation) fell due for transposal in 1997, while a second part of Directive 96/54/EC must be transposed by 1 June 1998 and Directive 97/69/EC (77) (23rd adaptation) falls due for transposal by 16 December 1998.

With this rapid change in Community texts, delays in transposal are all too frequent. In this case the Commission automatically commences proceedings and has no hesitation in referring cases to the Court of Justice wherever necessary. Although Belgium recently began work on transposal, it still has difficulty keeping up with the implementation of successive adaptations to technical progress of Directive 67/548/EEC. On 29 May 1997 the Court of Justice found that Belgium had failed to meet its obligation to transpose on time Directives 93/21/EEC, 91/410/EEC and 93/90/EEC - all adaptations of Directive 67/548/EEC (Joined Cases C-313/96, C-356/96 and C-358/96). Meanwhile the Commission is pursuing proceedings under Article 171 of the Treaty concerning the implementation of a Court judgment censuring Belgium for its delay in transposing another four Directives in this sector (78). Finally, in another case the Court found that Belgium was late in transposing Directives 93/72/EEC and 93/101/EEC (Case C-190/97, judgment given on 11 December 1997).

By contrast, Italy and Portugal have rectified their shortcomings. In 1997 the Commission terminated a number of infringement proceedings against both States, including one against Italy for failing to transpose Directive 93/67/EEC following the Court judgment of 14 March 1996 (Case C-238/95). The Commission also shelved proceedings against France, Greece, Denmark, Spain, United Kingdom, Austria and Finland regarding transposal of Directive 94/69/EC, while pressing ahead with the cases against Belgium, Portugal and Ireland.

The Commission has brought an action before the Court of Justice against Germany (Case C-192/97) because its legislation transposing the 'Seveso` Directive (Directive 82/501/EEC on the major accident hazards of certain industrial activities) is too restrictive with regard to the plants and substances covered. Another case has been referred to the Court against Italy (Case C-336/97) for failure to apply the Directive correctly in respect of emergency plans, inspections and control measures. In 1997 the Commission also sent a reasoned opinion to Spain for incorrect application of Directive 82/501/EEC, in particular for its unsatisfactory implementation of Article 8 (information on safety measures and on the correct behaviour to adopt in the event of an accident).

It is worth noting that, with effect from 3 February 2001, Directive 82/501/EEC will be replaced by Directive 96/82/EC, which must be transposed by 3 February 1999 (79). The new Directive aims to extend the scope of its predecessor to cover more establishments which are a potential source of hazardous accidents and to develop the exchange of information between Member States.

The Commission terminated proceedings against Portugal and the United Kingdom for non-conformity of measures implementing Directive 87/217/EEC (prevention and reduction of environmental pollution by asbestos), but continued its case against Ireland. The relevant Belgian legislation is still being scrutinised for conformity.

As regards Directive 86/609/EEC (protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes), the Commission commenced actions in the Court of Justice against Belgium (Case C-268/97) and Portugal (C-299/97) as their transposal legislation failed to meet the requirements of the Directive with regard to, respectively, the training of laboratory staff and the mutual recognition of the results of experiments carried out in other Member States, and inspections in establishments where animals are used. Infringement proceedings are still in motion against other States, in particular Luxembourg and Ireland, for incorrect transposal or incorrect application. Sweden has yet to notify measures implementing a number of the Directive's provisions.

The Commission still receives complaints concerning the application of the Directive, particularly as regards the use of stray dogs for experimental purposes and the welfare and accommodation afforded to animals used for experiments. As part of its investigation of these complaints - a matter of great public interest - the Commission makes use of its contacts with the national authorities to ensure that the Directive is properly observed.

The Directives on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) - 90/219/EEC (contained use) and 90/220/EEC (release) - were adapted to technical progress in 1994 by Directives 94/51/EC and 94/15/EC respectively. More recently Annex III to Directive 90/220/EEC has been amended by Directive 97/35/EC (80).

Proposals have now been tabled for a more extensive revision of the two original Directives. In 1996 the Commission put forward a proposal to amend Directive 90/219/EEC, on which the Council adopted a common position in December 1997. The main aim of the proposal is to adapt administrative procedures to the real risks arising from activities involving GMOs, which will now be classified in four rather than two risk categories. The proposal defines minimum containment and control measures for each risk group and simplifies the procedure for adapting the Directive to technical progress. At the end of 1997 the Commission adopted a proposal to revise Directive 90/220/EEC, which it laid before the Community legislature. The proposal seeks to introduce a more transparent approval procedure for the marketing of GMOs, to establish a system for the labelling of products using such organisms, to set out common principles for risk assessment and to adapt administrative procedures to the risks involved, including indirect ones.

Luxembourg has complied with the Court's judgment of 17 October 1996 in Case C-312/95 and notified measures implementing Directives 90/219/EEC and 90/220/EEC. However, it has still not notified transposal measures in respect of Directives 94/15/EC and 94/51/EC, and the Commission has commenced proceedings in the Court because of these delays (Case C-339/97).

In a judgment given on 29 May 1997 (Case C-357/96), the Court found that Belgium had failed to fulfil its obligations by not notifying measures implementing Directive 94/15/EC. As the Belgian authorities have still not taken appropriate remedial action, the Commission is pursuing infringement proceedings under Article 171 of the Treaty. The Commission has also brought an action before the Court concerning Belgium's transposal of other Directives (Case C-343/97): Belgium has still not notified measures implementing Directive 94/51/EC and appears not to have fully transposed Directive 90/220/EEC.

The Commission brought an action before the Court against Portugal for failing to notify measures transposing Directive 94/51/EC (Case C-285/97). It also decided to refer a case against Germany for incorrect transposal of Directive 90/219/EEC, in particular Articles 14 (emergency plans), 15 (information supplied to the authorities by users in the event of accidents) and 16 (consultation between the Commission and the Member States on emergency plans and in the event of accidents).

Other proceedings in progress concern the non-conformity of transposal measures, for example in Portugal. However, the Commission has terminated a number of proceedings for failure to notify measures implementing Directive 94/51/EC (France, Ireland, Spain) and Directive 94/15/EC (United Kingdom, Germany, Spain).

13.3. Water

The Commission takes the task of monitoring implementation of Directives seriously. Around a quarter of all current environmental infringement proceedings concern water. In addition, the Commission must respond to complaints and petitions to Parliament. Consequently, it spends quite a considerable amount of time on Community legislation on water quality. This state of affairs is a result of the quantitative and qualitative significance of the responsibilities imposed on the Member States by Community law, and also the growing public concern about water quality.

A number of the proceedings currently under way relate to infringements of Directive 75/440/EEC concerning the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water (81). Some of the proceedings concern the drawing up of systematic organic action plans (Article 4(2)) as an essential part of the campaign to protect water quality (from excessive quantities of nitrates, pesticides, etc.) Others are concerned with the criteria for obtaining exemptions under Article 4(3). The Commission dropped Article 171 proceedings against Belgium following the judgment of 11 June 1991 in Case C-290/89; legislation was passed in Wallonia on sampling and implementation of organic plans in the whole of Belgium.

However, the Commission took Germany to the Court of Justice on the basis of Article 171 (Case C-122/97), for failing to comply with the Court's judgment of 17 October 1991 in Case C-58/89. In this earlier case, the Court had found against Germany because it had no systematic plan for the country as a whole. The Commission brought two other actions against Portugal - one on organic plans (Case C-214/97) and another on sampling (Case C-229/97). Furthermore, the Commission sent France a reasoned opinion: in Brittany water polluted by nitrates had been used for the abstraction of drinking water, and no water-management plan had been drawn up to restore the quality of the water in the longer term. Proceedings continue against Italy and the United Kingdom for failure to implement the Directive properly.

With regard to Directive 76/160/EEC concerning the quality of bathing water, monitoring of bathing areas is becoming increasingly common and water quality is improving. However, infringement proceedings are still open against roughly half the Member States in cases where implementation still falls a long way short of the requirements laid down by the Directive. Proceedings continue against the United Kingdom over Blackpool (82); it has still not fully complied with the Court's judgment. The Commission is still waiting for a judgment in Case C-92/96 against Spain. In the meantime it has brought an action against Germany (Case C-198/97). In October 1997, the Commission decided to take Belgium to the Court on the grounds that monitoring procedures were insufficient and a number of bathing areas did reach the required standards. Proceedings were started against the three new Member States for failing to notify the Commission of their national implementing measures. Proceedings against Sweden have since been terminated but those against Austria and Finland (Åland) continue.

Proceedings have been started against most Member States over their implementation of Directive 76/464/EEC on dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment and other Directives setting levels for individual substances. The Commission referred three cases to the Court in 1996 (Cases C-206/96, C-214/96 and C-285/96); Luxembourg, Spain and Italy had failed to notify the Commission of programmes aimed at reducing the water pollution by dangerous substances on list II in the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC, or their programmes were unsatisfactory. The Court has not yet given judgment in these cases. In 1997 the Commission brought actions against Germany, Belgium and Portugal on similar grounds (Cases C-184/97, C-207/97 and C-213/97). The Commission has now started proceedings against other Member States. It has also brought an action against Portugal before the Court for incorrect transposal of Directive 84/156/EEC on mercury discharges (Case C-208/97).

The Commission notes that inadequate reduction programmes are at the root of many infringements of the Directive (pollution of watercourses through agricultural or industrial discharges) and that a comprehensive approach is the only way of tackling the numerous isolated problems. Furthermore, several Member States do not automatically require prior authorisation to be obtained for discharges. The cases involving Greece now before the Court provide a good example (Lake Vegoritis, C-232/95 and the Gulf of Pagasitikos, C-233/95).

On 7 November 1996 the Court delivered its judgment in Case C-262/95. It found that Germany had failed to fulfil its obligations by using administrative circulars to implement Directives 82/176/EEC (mercury), 83/513/EEC (cadmium), 84/156/EEC (mercury), 84/491/EEC (HCH) and 86/280/EEC (various dangerous substances). Germany has now notified the Commission of a regulation which properly transposes the Directives, thus enabling the proceedings to be terminated.

The Court of Justice has also been asked for two preliminary rulings by the Dutch Raad Van State (Cases C-231/97 and C-232/97) concerning interpretation of Directive 76/464/EEC, and particularly the definition of the term 'discharge` with regard to polluted vapours concentrating directly or indirectly in surface waters and leaching of creosoted wood (creosote is derived from tar and is used as an antiseptic) into surface waters. The second question also relates to the meaning of the term 'pollution from significant sources`, as it appears in Directive 86/280/EEC on limit values for discharges of certain dangerous substances included in List I of the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC.

The Commission has dropped a number of proceedings started against Belgium, France and Spain on the grounds they had not properly implemented Directives 78/659/EEC on freshwaters supporting fish life and 79/923/EEC on shellfish waters. The three Member States have now adopted satisfactory measures. However, Article 171 pre-litigation procedures continue against Italy (83) and Germany (84) in respect of Directive 78/659/EEC: in Italy's case, the problems centred on the designation of areas while Germany had problems with determining binding values and drawing up programmes. Article 169 proceedings continue against the United Kingdom because its implementing measures do not comply.

On 4 December 1997, the Court of Justice gave judgment in Case C-225/96 on Italy's failure to implement Directive 79/923/EEC. The Court found that Italy had not fulfilled its obligations: it had not drawn up programmes to reduce pollution, had not set values (binding or recommended) for certain dangerous substances, and had not designated all waters qualifying as shellfish waters (waters requiring protection or improvement in order to sustain the life and growth of shellfish).

Though the Commission receives many complaints concerning incorrect implementation of Directive 80/778/EEC on the quality of water intended for human consumption, not all of them result in infringement proceedings as the burden of proof is on the Commission and complainants often have problems obtaining evidence. However, in the case concerning undertakings given by the British authorities, the Commission felt that they were unsatisfactory both in substance and in form, and so the matter was referred to the Court, which has yet to deliver a judgment (Case C-340/96). Proceedings are also under way against Portugal for non-compliance. Following the submission of a petition to Parliament, the Commission has also initiated proceedings against France concerning the distribution of water in the département of Eure (nitrates present in water). Lastly, Austria appears to have implemented the Directive incorrectly, with the exception of the provisions relating to nitrates and pesticides.

After the Commission had commenced an action in the Court (Case C-49/97), France withdrew two administrative circulars authorising distribution of water containing nitrates and pesticides far in excess of the limits. Proceedings started against Belgium and Italy for exceeding pesticide limits were also dropped; both have now acted to ensure levels no longer exceed the limits.

A number of infringement proceedings have been initiated with regard to implementation of Directive 80/68/EEC on the protection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances. The Commission dropped the Article 171 proceedings started against Germany for failing to implement the Court's judgment of 28 February 1991 in Case C-131/88 (which found that German legislation did not comply with Community legislation) but it has referred another case, concerning non-compliance by Portugal, to the Court (Case C-183/97). The Commission is still checking whether Irish and French legislation complies. The Commission is also considering infringement proceedings against the United Kingdom. Proceedings against the region of Corinth in Greece have been dropped. In response to an Article 169 letter, Sweden has now notified the Commission of its implementing measures.

The Community has two legislative instruments aimed specifically at combating pollution from phosphates and nitrates, and the resulting eutrophication.

The first, Directive 91/271/EEC, concerns urban waste-water treatment. Member States are required to ensure that, from 1998, 2000 or 2005, depending on population size, all cities have collecting systems for urban waste water. Up to now, the Commission's task has been restricted to checking that implementing measures complied with the Directive. It initiated Article 171 pre-litigation proceedings following confirmation by the Court of Justice that Greece (85), Germany (86) and Italy (87) had not adopted the necessary implementing measures and had thus failed to fulfil their obligations. Though Greece has since rectified the situation, the other two have not. The Commission is also continuing with proceedings against Portugal and Spain. Finland, however, has notified the Commission of its planned action programmes and proceedings have been terminated. This Directive plays a fundamental role in the campaign for clean water and against eutrophication; the Commission is particularly eager to ensure that it is implemented on time. Through the Cohesion Fund, the Community is also supporting the Member States' efforts to install the necessary facilities.

The second anti-eutrophication measure is Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. A large number of infringement proceedings have been initiated to enforce this Directive. They have focused on a number of problems: adoption of implementing measures, designation of vulnerable areas, drawing up of codes of practice for agriculture, drawing up of action programmes and reporting on implementation of the Directive. Four cases have been referred to the Court of Justice. Case C-227/97 against Portugal has been dropped as the problems have now been resolved, but the cases against Spain, Greece and Italy continue (Cases C-71/97, C-173/97 and C-195/97 respectively). There are other proceedings under way against almost all Member States, for failure to comply with one or other of the Directive's provisions.

The Court of Justice was asked for a preliminary ruling by a British court (Case C-293/97) on the definition of 'waters affected by pollution`. Under Article of Directive 91/676/EEC, areas draining into water known to be affected by pollution must be designated as vulnerable zones.

Lastly, it should be pointed out that Community legislation on water is currently being revised to reflect the changes which have taken place in the twenty years since the policy was first formulated. This involves introducing stricter standards and introducing the concept of river basin management. In February 1997, the Commission proposed a framework Directive aimed at harmonising water quality parameters and protecting all types of water. Once adopted and implemented, the Directive will replace a number of existing Directives on groundwater (Directive 80/68/EEC) and surface water to be used for drinking water (Directive 75/440/EEC) or for fish (Directive 78/659/EEC) or shellfish (Directive 79/923/EEC). The regulations set out in Directive 76/464/EEC (discharges into water) and related implementing Directives should also come within the scope of the framework Directive. Other subjects will continue to be dealt with by specific Directives, though changes will be made to them too. The Council has already adopted a common position on a Commission proposal for amendments to Directive 80/778/EEC on drinking water. Directive 76/160/EEC on bathing water is still in the process of being revised; an amended proposal was adopted by the Commission in November 1997. Lastly, Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC), referred to above, contains rules on water pollution.

13.4. Noise

Implementation of Directives on noise poses fewer problems than those in other areas. The Directives in question set standards for new products. They do not apply to ambient noise from multiple sources (for example, noise in cities caused by traffic jams or industrial activity near residential areas). However, the complaints received by the Commission in fact concern ambient noise but since there is no overall Community policy regarding health and the quality of life, they cannot be addressed at Community level. Nevertheless, proceedings were initiated in respect of old and noisy aeroplanes using Brussels (Zaventem) and Ostend airports; this constituted an infringement of Directive 92/14/EEC on the limitation of the operation of certain categories of aeroplanes.

The Commission took Italy and Belgium to the Court of Justice (Cases C-324/97 and C-326/97 respectively) over delays in notifying it of implementing measures for Directive 95/27/EC amending Directive 86/662/EEC on the limitation of noise emitted by hydraulic excavators, rope-operated excavators, dozers, loaders and excavator-loaders. But it dropped proceedings against Ireland, Greece, France and Luxembourg over delays in implementing Directive 95/27/EC, and against Austria over Directive 86/594/EEC on airborne noise emitted by household appliances.

The Court of Justice was asked for a preliminary ruling (Case C-389/96) concerning the relationship between Directive 80/51/EEC (aircraft noise) and Article 30 of the Treaty (free movement of goods), with regard to German regulations banning the registration of aircraft which exceeded certain noise limits but which were already registered in other Member States while allowing the continued use of craft registered in Germany before the regulations came into force. The Court has yet to deliver its ruling.

13.5. Waste

With regard to the Framework Directive on waste (Directive 75/442/EEC amended by Directive 91/156/EEC), Spain and France have still not notified the Commission of measures implementing the amended provisions and the Court of Justice duly acknowledged on 5 June 1997 that they had failed to fulfil their obligations (Cases C-107/96 and C-223/96 respectively). Since neither has complied with the judgments, the Commission is considering Article 171 proceedings.

Several Member States have yet to comply fully with the Directive, though the problems with Ireland have been solved. Most of the difficulties concern application. This is at the root of the large, though shrinking, number of complaints primarily concerned with dumping of waste (proliferation of uncontrolled dumps, controversial siting of planned controlled tips, mismanagement of lawful tips, water pollution caused by directly discharged waste. The Directive requires that prior authorisation be obtained for waste disposal or reprocessing sites; in the case of waste disposal, the authorisation must also lay down operating terms designed to limit the environmental impact.

However, the Commission's scope for action on waste disposal is particularly limited as there is as yet no detailed Community rules specifically addressing the issue. However, the situation is changing: in March 1997 the Commission adopted a proposal for a Directive on waste disposal (88), which is now being examined by the Community legislature.

As it is, the individual cases of illegal dumping which come to light suggest wider problems with implementation of the Directives governing waste; these problems may arise from a lack of satisfactory waste-management plans or, in some cases, any plan at all. The problem with environmentally unsound waste disposal in Kouroupitos in Crete, and the lack of any waste-management plan to deal with it, prompted the Commission to take Greece to the Court of Justice, which, in its judgment of 7 April 1992 in Case C-45/92 found that Greece had infringed Community law. Greece did not properly comply with this judgment, so the Commission decided to refer the matter back to the Court, in accordance with Article 171 of the Treaty. In a similar case in Campania in Italy, the Commission dropped Article 171 infringement proceedings started following the Court's judgment of 13 December 1991 (Case C-33/90). In another case, however, the Commission decided to take Italy to the Court of Justice over an illegal tip in the San Rocco valley.

Given that planning is such an important part of waste management - a point illustrated by the examples above - the Commission decided in October 1997 to start infringement proceedings against all Member States except Austria, the only one to have established a planning system for waste management. The focus of the procedures varies - from the lack of plans required under Article 7 of the framework Directive, to plans for management of dangerous waste, provided for by Article 6 of Directive 91/679/EEC, to packaging waste, for which special planning is required under Article 14 of Directive 94/62/EC. Furthermore, the Commission is continuing with Article 171 proceedings against Germany for failing to implement in full the Court's judgment of 10 May 1995 (Case C-422/92) regarding the lack of management plans for dangerous waste in a number of Länder.

Under Community law, management plans must cover all waste falling within the scope of the Directive, must deal with the type, quantity and origin of the waste to be reprocessed or disposed of, and must contain general technical rules as well as special provisions on particular types of waste and specify what sites and what plants are suitable for waste disposal. Management plans must aim to limit production, reduce the amount of waste, switch to recycling, minimise the environmental risks involved in disposal and create an integrated network of waste-disposal plants with sufficient capacity. It is clear from these ambitious objectives that the Member States need to formulate plans covering their whole territory and to update them regularly.

On two occasions in 1997, the Court of Justice clarified the definition of the term 'waste` as it appears in Article 1 of the Framework Directive, on which all subsequent Directives on waste are based. In its judgment of 25 June 1997 (Joined Cases C-304/94, C-330/94, C-342/94 and C-225/95, Euro Tombesi et al), given in response to a request for a preliminary ruling from an Italian court, the Court of Justice found that 'waste` is not to be understood as excluding substances and objects which are capable of economic re-utilisation, even if the materials in question may be the subject of a transaction or quoted on public or private commercial lists. Following a request for a preliminary ruling from a Belgian court, the Court of Justice, in its judgment of 18 December 1997 (Case C-129/96, asbl Inter-environnement Wallonie contre Région wallonne) found that a substance is not excluded from the definition of waste in Community law by the mere fact that it directly or indirectly forms an integral part of an industrial production process.

Directive 75/442/EEC is supplemented by Directive 97/689/EEC on dangerous waste. The infringement proceedings initiated for failure to notify the Commission of implementing measures have had at least some of the desired effects. It dropped those against Ireland, Sweden, Greece, Italy, Denmark, France, Portugal, Luxembourg and Spain when it was notified of their implementing measures (89).

The Directives on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances (91/157/EEC and 93/86/EEC) are still a source of problems for some Member States.

Firstly, since they were not transposed on time, the Commission took several Member States to the Court of Justice for failure to notify it of implementing measures, and won. Belgium complied with the judgment on 12 December 1996 (Case C-219/96) and notified the Commission of the Belgian implementing measures for Directive 93/86/EEC. Italy took steps to rectify the situation after Article 171 proceedings were started for non-compliance with the judgment of 11 July 1996 (Case C-303/95), establishing that it had not transposed Directive 91/157/EEC. The Court has yet to deliver its judgment in Case C-286/96 concerning Directive 93/86/EEC. In its judgment of 29 May 1997 the Court found that France had not transposed the two Directives (Joined Cases C-282/96 and C-283/96). The Commission will initiate Article 171 proceedings in the hope of enforcing the judgment. Lastly, Germany was also found not to have transposed the two Directives in a judgment of 13 November 1997 (Case C-236/96).

Secondly, the Commission has initiated infringement proceedings against Member States which have not yet set up programmes under Article 6 of Directive 91/157/EEC. Cases involving Spain (Case C-298/97) and Belgium (Case C-347/97) have been referred to the Court, and others involving Greece, France and Italy will be soon. Proceedings against Portugal continue but those against the United Kingdom have been dropped as the Commission has now been notified of a revised programme covering Northern Ireland and Gibraltar.

Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, due to be transposed by 30 June 1996, contains an innovative Article regarding the transposal of Directives. Under Article 16 draft implementing measures must be sent to the Commission and the Member States for scrutiny prior to adoption, in accordance with the procedure laid down by Directive 83/189/EEC (90). The procedure includes a three-month waiting period; only once this has expired can the Member State adopt the draft measure. This gives the Commission and the other Member States time to examine whether the draft is compatible with Community regulations on the free movement of goods and with the Directive itself, and to warn the Member State wishing to adopt it of any potential problems. By bringing together the Commission and the Member States to discuss transposition, Article 16 helps prevent problems with the measure itself or the way in which it is applied.

Member States have, on the whole, observed Article 16, though most of them were late in transposing the Directive and some have still not implemented all its provisions in full. The Commission has initiated infringement proceedings wherever it deemed necessary.

As well as seeing to official transposal of Directive 94/62/EC, the Commission has to ensure that the national implementing measures comply. A number of problems have been cleared up using the Article 16 notification procedure referred to above but, of course, that procedure does not apply to measures adopted before the Directive entered into force (on 31 December 1994). There is nothing to prevent a Member State from notifying the Commission of an old instrument, predating the Directive in question, if, in the Member State's view, it will implement that Directive in full and meet all the obligations arising from it. This is precisely what some Member States have done; others have notified the Commission of new drafts in conjunction with existing legislation and regulations. This approach enabled the Commission to identify problems with Denmark, which had banned metal drink cans and other types of non-reusable packaging. This was not permissible under the Directive, so the Commission initiated infringement proceedings.

The Commission has started proceedings against Germany and France for preventing the transportation of certain types of waste in contravention of Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 on the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community. This Regulation often causes problems in cases where the nature of the waste is at issue, as the rules to be applied differ according to the degree of toxicity of the waste. Similarly, determining the type of processing the waste will undergo once it has been shipped is also a problem: the procedures, and indeed the authorities' power to prohibit shipment differ according to whether the waste is to be disposed of or recycled.

Furthermore, certain courts in the Member States have asked the Court of Justice for preliminary rulings on the interpretation of Regulation (EEC) No 259/93. For example, in Case C-192/96 (91), the Dutch Raad van State asked the Court to rule on what effect sorting and similar measures would have on how the waste was categorised under the Directive and on the powers of the country of dispatch and the country of destination. On certain matters, where the Regulation refers to the Framework Directive, questions concerning the Regulation may also concern the Directive. For instance, in the same case, the Court was asked to rule whether the concept of storage of waste to be recycled by one of the processes referred to in Annex II.B to the Directive included storage pending shipment to a recycling company irrespective of its location, i.e. whether inside or outside the Community.

Lastly, in Case C-203/96 (92), the Court of Justice was asked for a preliminary ruling on whether the principles of self-sufficiency and proximity applied only to the shipment of waste to be disposed of between Member States, or whether it also applied to waste to be recycled. The Court was also asked whether restrictions on the movement of waste to be reused in some way (recycled, composted or incinerated for energy) were any less tight than for waste to be disposed of (incinerated with no use of the energy thus produced, or tipped), or whether Member States could apply the same, more restrictive set of rules to both categories.

Proceedings are also under way against infringements of other, more specialised Directives. Directive 86/278/EEC on the protection of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, rarely gives rise to disputes. Following notification of satisfactory measures, the Commission has dropped Article 171 proceedings against Belgium for failing to comply with the Court's judgment of 3 May 1994 (Case C-260/93), in which the Court found that Belgium had not implemented the Directive in full.

Proceedings continue against Portugal for non-compliance with Directive 75/439/EEC on the disposal of waste oils, the first Community Directive on waste. The Commission also referred a case involving Germany to the Court of Justice (Case C-102/97). The problem concerns regeneration of used oils. The Commission is asking the Court to find that Germany has infringed the Directive by failing to give preference to recycling of used oils over heat treatment even where recycling was technically and economically viable.

Lastly, with regard to the disposal of PCB and PCT, two particularly dangerous products, Directive 96/59/EC (93), which supersedes Directive 76/403/EEC, must be transposed by the Member States by 16 March 1998.

13.6. Nature

There are two major Community Directives aimed at protecting nature: Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds and Directive 92/43/EEC, making increased demands on the Member States with regard to the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.

There has been some progress regarding the transposal of Directive 79/409/EEC, but there have also been some less encouraging developments. The Commission has terminated proceedings against Greece (Case C-330/96) for failing to notify it of national implementing measures for Directive 91/244/EEC amending Directive 79/409/EEC. It has also dropped the pre-litigation proceedings started against Finland for the same reason. But some issues, first and foremost the legal status of measures designed to protect certain species, have not been resolved: national laws still do not comply with Community law in a number of areas (hunting, regulation of species and trade). Article 171 proceedings are under way against Belgium (94) (Articles 5 and 9) and France (95) (Article 5): sixteen years after the Directive entered into force and ten years after the judgments were given, they have still not implemented the Directive properly and in full. The Commission decided to refer the case involving Belgium to the Court of Justice in December 1997, but the situation is likely to have been rectified before the application is submitted, in which case the Commission will drop the case. Article 169 proceedings concerning implementation of the hunting provisions are still open against Spain, France, Italy and Finland. A case involving Germany was referred to the Court of Justice under Article 171 (Germany had failed to comply with the Court's finding that German legislation did not properly implement Article 5 or Article 8) (96). However, when the Saarland adopted new provisions, the Commission was able to terminate the proceedings.

The long line of cases decided by the Court of Justice provides a clear interpretation of Directive 79/409/EEC. In its judgment of 12 December 1996 in Case C-10/96 (Ligue royale belge pour la protection des oiseaux et AVES asbl v. Région Wallone) the Court confirmed its consistently strict interpretation of Articles 5 and 9 of the Directive (97). Case C-10/96 centred on the taking into captivity of protected birds for breeding.

When the transposal deadline for Directive 92/43/EEC expired in June 1994, a number of Member States had not notified the Commission of all, or in some cases, any of the measures required to implement the Directive. The main provisions still to be transposed are Article 6 on the protection of habitats in the special conservation sites which are to be set up, and Articles 12 to 16 on protection of species.

On 26 June 1997, the Court of Justice found in Case C-329/96 that Greece had not fulfilled its obligations by failing to notify the Commission of implementing measures. On 11 December 1997 a similar judgment was given against Germany in Case C-83/97. Cases involving Italy and Portugal were also referred to the Court (C-142/97 and C-88/97 respectively) but were dropped when both adopted satisfactory implementing measures. Infringement proceedings continue against France (Article 6) and Finland (problems with the Åland islands), while proceedings against Ireland were terminated when it adopted new legislation in February 1997. Proceedings are also open against Spain for its failure to implement Article 16 of the Directive.

One practical problem which sometimes arises with implementation of Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC is the potential conflict between the need to protect sites and species on the one hand and economic and social considerations on the other. This accounts for the large number of complaints and infringement proceedings regarding unsatisfactory implementation as a result of very specific and localised problems. At the same time, it is to be welcomed that Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC are two of the best known pieces of Community environment legislation and the practical ways in which they help protect nature are widely acknowledged. The number of complaints concerning implementation of the Directives must be seen both as a measure of their success and an indicator of the work still to be done by the Member States.

There is, however, a growing appreciation of the intentions behind Directive 92/43/EEC. The Directive takes a novel approach: gradual, step-by-step building up of the Natura 2000 network; extensive discussions between the Commission and the Member States; a legal set-up for special conservation sites which paves the way for management plans (possibly even contractually binding ones) and makes allowance for exemptions from the ban on deterioration and disturbance where this conflicts with overriding public interests.

The Commission's main goal in this area is to protect the various types of habitat and the sites containing them. The Community's Natura 2000 network linking all sites set up under Directive 92/43/EEC is an essential step towards achieving this.

In 1997 the Member States made progress in proposing conservation sites within the meaning of Directive 92/43/EEC. (None of them had provided the Commission with a full list of proposed sites by June 1995, the deadline laid down by the Directive.) In particular, Belgium and Greece notified the Commission of lists which the authorities in those countries deemed complete, while most of the other Member States (Portugal, Austria, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom and Sweden) sent in fairly comprehensive, though still incomplete lists. Lagging furthest behind at the end of 1997 were Luxembourg (no sites) and Germany (sites for two Länder only). France has abandoned its policy of refusing even to start the process of selecting sites and has sent in the names of over five hundred proposed sites, though the information provided is insufficient. In many cases, the details given on sites and the species they support are neither complete nor appropriate. This makes it difficult to proceed to the subsequent stages of the plan laid down in Directive 92/43/EEC, but the Commission is pressing ahead and is trying to ensure that the delays do not jeopardise the setting up of the Natura 2000 network.

In an attempt to rectify the situation, the Commission has initiated infringement proceedings against most of the offending Member States. And it will maintain its stricter policy with regard to the grant of Community funding for conservation of sites under the LIFE Regulation on sites being integrated or already integrated into the Natura 2000 network. Furthermore, it scrutinises requests for cofinancing from the Structural Funds (particularly objectives 2 and 5b) very thoroughly for compliance with environmental regulations.

Problems also frequently arise with Article 4 of Directive 79/409/EEC, which requires that sites be designated special protection areas for wild birds wherever the objective ornithological criteria are met. These are sites which provide a habitat for the species referred to in Annex I to the Directive and migratory species. Particular importance is attached to the protection of wetlands, especially those of international significance. There is no question as to the meaning of Article 4, as interpreted by the Court of Justice in its judgment of 11 July 1996 (Case C-44/95) concerning the Lappel Bank site in the Medway estuary near the port of Sheerness in Kent (United Kingdom): special protection sites must be selected and their borders drawn on the basis of ornithological and ecological criteria only; economic and social criteria may not be taken into consideration.

Though the special protection sites for wild birds are set to join the Natura 2000 network, the obligation imposed by Directive 79/409/EEC is legally quite distinct from the obligation under Directive 92/43/EEC concerning the creation, in stages, of the Natura 2000 network linking all sites of Community importance containing any of the species or habitats referred to by Directive 92/43/EEC. Areas should have been designated as special protection sites when the Directive entered into force in 1981. But existing sites in a number of Member States are still too few in number or cover too small an area. In 1998 the Court should deliver its first judgment in an infringement case against the Netherlands (Case C-3/96). The Commission is continuing with proceedings against other Member States.

The Commission is still receiving large numbers of complaints about infringements of Community legislation on nature. The two main problems are the failure to designate areas fulfilling the objective ornithological criteria as special protection areas and projects affecting sites. In the first case, the Commission continues to investigate individual complaints carefully, though it tends to deal with them through the general proceedings referred to above concerning the overall lack of special protection sites. In most cases, the problems complained of are settled while the matter is still being investigated, before Article 169 letters are sent.

Regarding projects with a potential effect on sites which have been or are likely to be designated as special protection sites, Article 6 of Directive 92/43/EEC prohibits significant deterioration or disturbance except under certain conditions. First an impact assessment must be carried out and alternative sites must be sought for the project. If there are no alternatives, the project may be carried out, but only then if there are imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including economic reasons, compensation is provided and the Commission is notified. Many complaints concern the fact that these conditions have not been met.

The Commission is also pressing ahead with infringement proceedings in certain key cases. Following the Court judgment on the Santoña marshes in Spain (98), it is continuing with Article 171 proceedings. These have met with some success but the result is not yet entirely satisfactory. Another case the Commission has referred to the Court (Case C-166/97) involves the Seine estuary: the special protection site is unacceptably small, is not properly protected and is being developed in a way which is incompatible with Article 6. Other proceedings currently under way concern sites in the following locations: Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Spain), the Waddenzee area (Netherlands), Baixo Vouga Lagunar (Portugal) and the Marais Poitevin, the Baie de Canche, the Plaine des Maures, the Vallée de l'Aude and Vingrau (all France). The Commission welcomes France's decision to designate the Loire estuary as a special protection site.

Finland has now notified the Commission of implementing measures for Directive 83/129/EEC concerning the importation of skins of seal pups. The infringement proceedings against it have been dropped.

Directive 79/409/EEC has been amended by Directive 97/49/EC (99). The new Directive, which must be transposed into national law by 30 September 1998, removes the Phalocrocorax carbo sinensis sub-species from Annex I (the list of protected bird species).

The Council adopted Directive 97/62/EC (100) adapting Directive 92/43/EEC to technical and scientific progress by amending Annex I (list of habitat types requiring designation of special conservation areas) and Annex II (species requiring designation of special conservation areas).

Lastly, Regulation (EC) No 338/97 (101) on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein has superseded Regulation (EC) No 3626/82 on the implementation in the Community of the 1973 Washington Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (the 'Cites` Convention). The annexes to the new Regulation, which entered into force on 1 June 1997, have been amended by Regulation (EC) No 938/97 (102) of 26 May 1997 and, following the meeting of the parties to the Cites Convention in Harare in June 1997, by Regulation (EC) No 2307/97 (103) of 18 November 1997. In addition, Regulation (EC) No 939/97 (104) of 26 May 1997 laid down detailed rules concerning implementation of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 with regard to import permits, export permits and re-export certificates.

13.7. Radiation protection

Infringement proceedings continue against Luxembourg and the Netherlands, whose national legislation does not comply with Council Directives 80/836/Euratom or 84/467/Euratom on basic safety standards for health protection against ionising radiation. Proceedings have also been started against the three new Member States, (Austria, Finland and Sweden) for failing to notify the Commission of implementing measures for the same two Directives during the transition period which ended on 1 January 1997. The proceedings against these five countries are somewhat problematic as the Directives are set to be repealed by the new Directive 96/29/Euratom on 13 May 2000.

In September 1997 Portugal finally completed transposal of Council Directive 84/466/Euratom on protection of persons undergoing medical examination or treatment. The Commission withdrew the action it had brought before the Court of Justice (Case C-96/276). In Case C-96/21, the Court found on 9 October 1997 that Spain had failed to implement certain Articles of the Directive. Italy adopted a number of implementing measures in February 1997 and presented draft laws that would complete the process of transposal and Belgium is set to publish a new instrument which will implement the Directive. Proceedings against these two countries are likely to be terminated. Proceedings against Ireland continue, however. The legislation sent to the Commission has not been passed and is undergoing technical revision.

In response to a reasoned opinion concerning Council Directive 89/618/Euratom on information for the general public in the event of a radiological emergency, Germany has passed measures implementing parts of the Directive which it had previously neglected. However, transposal is still not complete. France has produced several draft instruments aimed at implementing the Directive in full and the Commission has made recommendations on them. Proceedings against France will be dropped once these have been adopted. Spain, Finland and Sweden's response to the Article 169 letters addressed to them have yet to be examined.

Belgium, Greece, Spain and Portugal have now notified the Commission of measures implementing Council Directive 90/641/Euratom on protection of outside workers from radiation. Infringement proceedings will be duly terminated. France has issued a new decree but it does not implement the Directive in full, so the infringement proceedings will continue.

Lastly, Council Directive 92/3/Euratom on international shipments of radioactive waste has not yet been transposed by Belgium or Germany, though they have notified the Commission of draft implementing measures. Consequently, the Commission decided in 1997 to refer both cases to the Court of Justice. Austria, Greece and Sweden, on the other hand adopted their implementing measures in 1997. The proceedings against them have been dropped.

13.8. >TABLE>

TRANSPORT

14. INTRODUCTION

Though there was little change in the number of transport Directives compared with 1996, fourteen were repealed and there were nineteen new ones due for transposal. Half of the new Directives whose deadlines for transposal have just expired were aimed at bringing Community rules on the transportation of hazardous goods and maritime safety into line with the new international agreements. Most of the repealed Directives were removed as part of the Commission's rationalisation and clarification campaign which involved consolidating legislation in the interests of openness. For example, Directive 96/26/EC consolidated the legislation governing access to the occupation of road haulage/passenger transport operator and Directive 96/53/EC redrafted the rules on maximum vehicle size and weight. These new Directives should make the rules easier to apply.

Like last year, most Member States were very late adopting national implementing measures and in many cases they did so only after infringement proceedings had been started. No fewer than two thirds of the Member States were the subject of infringement proceedings relating to the nineteen new Directives. Thus the transposal rate is significantly down from 1996.

15. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

15.1. Road transport

The first Community legislation aimed at approximating the Member States' national standards on the transportation of hazardous goods entered into force in 1997. Until then, it had been governed by international rules - the UN's Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by roads (ADR) and the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail's Regulations concerning the carriage of dangerous goods by rail (RID). These agreements did not cover domestic transport within the Member States. In order to keep the international and Community rules together, the ADR and the RID were annexed to the Community Directives.

Directive 94/55/EC on the transportation of dangerous goods by road, as amended by Directive 96/86/EC, applies the ADR to domestic and international transportation alike. The Directive has been transposed into national law by thirteen Member States.

In addition to these two Directives, Directive 95/50/EC strives to harmonise checks on the transportation of dangerous goods by road, in order to enforce safety rules more effectively. Ten Member States have notified the Commission of the national implementing measures for this Directive.

With regard to the maximum size and weight of vehicles, Directive 96/53/EC brings together in a single, new instrument two Directives, both of which had been amended several times, i.e. Directive 85/3/EEC on the weights, dimensions and certain other technical characteristics of certain road vehicles and Directive 86/364/EEC relating to proof of compliance of vehicles with Directive 85/3/EEC. Only Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain have notified the Commission of their national measures implementing the new Directive. Infringement proceedings have been started against all other Member States.

There is concern regarding the transposal of Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences: besides the infringement proceedings started against Austria, France, Germany and Portugal for partial notification, an examination of national implementing measures revealed that they failed to comply with the Directive on a number of points, thus triggering further infringement proceedings. The problems cover a wide range of areas, including minimum age for a vehicle category, renewal of licences for EU citizens no longer residing in the Member States of issue, the criteria for vehicles used for tests, the duration of the practical test, and minimum requirements in terms of physical and mental aptitude. One problem is the automatic registration of licences belonging to drivers who move from one country to another: several Member States have devised procedures which are incompatible with the principle of mutual recognition of driving licences.

With regard to tax matters, the Commission dropped proceedings against Italy and Sweden for failure to notify measures giving effect to Directive 93/89/EEC on taxes, tolls and charges. However, proceedings against France continue, and the Commission has decided to bring an action against Austria before the Court, on the grounds that the decision to increase the toll on the Brenner motorway amounts to incorrect application of the Directive.

Ireland has still not transposed Directive 91/328/EEC on the approximation of Member States' laws relating to roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles. Ireland was given until 1 January 1998 to implement the Directive, but that did not entitle it to delay adoption of implementing measures, and so the infringement proceedings against it will continue. Austria and Portugal are the only Member States not to have notified the Commission of implementing measures for Directive 94/23/EC on the testing of vehicle braking systems. The deadline was 1 January.

The general trend on the road transport front is positive, despite the odd problem with transposal and difficulties concerning the implementation of the new provisions on driving licences. The Commission receives few complaints on application of Community law in this field, which suggests that the older Directives have been properly transposed and implemented.

15.2. Combined transport

All Member States have now transposed Directive 92/106/EEC establishing common rules for certain types of combined goods transport of goods between Member States, and the Commission has withdrawn its action against Belgium in the Court of Justice as it has now been notified of the national implementing measures.

15.3. Inland waterways

The deadline for transposal of Directive 96/75/EC passed in 1997. The Directive, dealing with chartering and pricing systems in national and international inland waterway transport in the Community, sets out gradually to liberalise chartering systems (rotation and fixed price). It allows for a transitional period up to 1 January 2000 during which the Member States must do whatever is required to introduce as much flexibility into the chartering-by-rotation systems as they can. The first legal requirement they have to meet is to ensure that shippers can choose freely between three types of contract by 30 November 1998.

In practice only Belgium, France and the Netherlands have to take action to implement Directive 96/75/EC. The other Member States' rules, if they have any, already comply with the Directive. All the Commission requires in this case is the relevant information from the national authorities. Most Member States, with the exception of Portugal and the United Kingdom, have already sent in this information. Of the three Member States which have to set up new systems, Belgium and France have now notified the Commission of their national implementing measures. Transposal seems to be progressing well.

With regard to Directive 87/540/EEC on access to the occupation of carrier of goods by waterway, infringement proceedings against Germany for non-compliance have now been dropped. So too have proceedings against Austria for failing to notify the Commission of implementing measures for Directive 91/672/EEC on the reciprocal recognition of national boatmasters' certificates for the carriage of goods and passengers by inland waterway.

15.4. Rail transport

The Commission views development of the railways as an essential element in the common transport policy and attaches great importance to enhancing their viability and competitiveness. Consequently, it plans to devise a coherent strategy to help them become both more efficient and more profitable.

Accordingly, Directive 91/440/EEC on railway development has been reinforced by Directive 95/18/EC on the licensing of railway undertakings and Directive 95/19/EC on the allocation of railway infrastructure capacity and the charging of infrastructure fees. The two Directives, which should have been transposed no later than 1997, paved the way for a competition-led revival of rail transport. The Commission regrets that only five Member States (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany and Sweden) have notified it of their implementing measures. It has still to decide on the action to be taken in relation to the other Member States.

Furthermore, there are still major problems in a number of Member States with transposal of Article 10 of Directive 91/440/EEC, concerning access to infrastructure. Reasoned opinions have been sent to France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain and the United Kingdom. This situation is worrying, since transposal of this article, intended gradually to open up the rail networks to competition, is of major importance for the future development of the Community's railway policy. France and the United Kingdom's problems regarding transposal of Article 10 are confined to the Channel tunnel linking the two countries and there are plans to adopt bilateral rules.

15.5. Sea transport

The Commission is persisting with measures to improve safety and prevent pollution of the seas. It is particularly concerned with enforcing international standards for ships more effectively. The Commission therefore regrets the fact that the Member States, with the notable exceptions of Finland and Sweden, are behind with transposal of the relevant Directives.

It took three years for Directive 93/75/EEC to be properly implemented in a majority of the Member States. There are still problems with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the Directive, concerning the application at Community level of international minimum requirements for vessels carrying dangerous or polluting goods, has been amended by Directives 96/39/EC and 97/34/EC, to bring it into line with the most recent international standards. The deadlines for transposing these two new Directives expired in 1997, but most of the Member States have not yet done so.

Some progress has been made on transposing Directive 94/57/EC on common rules and standards to be observed by the Member States and ship-inspection, survey and certification organisations so as to ensure compliance with international conventions on maritime safety and the prevention of maritime pollution. The infringement proceedings started against Austria, Finland, Greece, Sweden and the United Kingdom for non-notification have now been dropped, but the Commission has decided to bring actions against Belgium, Ireland, Italy and the Netherlands before the Court of Justice for the same reason.

All Member States except the Netherlands have now notified the Commission of measures to implement Directive 94/58/EC on the minimum level of training of seafarers, and proceedings have been terminated.

Infringement proceedings were started and reasoned opinions sent to Belgium and Portugal in respect of Regulation (EC) No 2978/94, aimed at promoting use of segregated-ballast oil tankers in order to minimise the risk to the marine environment from pollution from traditional tankers. The proceedings against Portugal were dropped but it was decided that the case against Belgium, for non-notification, should be referred to the Court of Justice.

There are still major problems with Directive 95/21/EC on port state control. The Directive harmonises criteria for inspecting ships, detention rules and grounds for refusing them access to Community ports. Transposal is still not complete and reasoned opinions have been sent to Belgium, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal for failure to notify the Commission of implementing measures. Late notification also seems to be the order of the day for Directive 96/40/EC aimed at introducing a common identity card for inspectors carrying out port state control under Directive 95/21/EC. Reasoned opinions will be sent to Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and Portugal, which have yet to notify the Commission of their implementing measures.

Problems also remain regarding compliance with Community legislation on the registration of vessels and the granting of flag rights. The national rules governing these matters in Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands are still discriminatory. Infringement proceedings continue. Furthermore, the Court of Justice ruled against Ireland on 12 June 1997 and Greece on 27 November 1997 for retaining nationality rules which contravened Community law regarding registration of merchant vessels.

Proceedings have also been started against certain Member States for infringement of Community rules on maritime cabotage. The Commission has sent reasoned opinions to France and Italy, both of which have retained laws allowing only domestic vessels to transport goods between domestic ports. Such laws contravene Regulation (EEC) No 3577/92, which provides for the opening up of maritime cabotage to Community shipowners operating vessels registered in and flying the flag of a Member State, from 1 July 1993.

The situation regarding cargo-sharing agreements between Member States and non-member countries is still far from ideal; the principle of freedom to provide services guaranteed by Regulation (EEC) No 4055/86 is still being flouted. Proceedings are under way against four Member States in respect of nineteen bilateral agreements with non-member countries. Real progress has been made with regard to Spain's agreements with Central and West Africa (the MCWCS): the bilateral agreement with the Côte d'Ivoire has been amended and the agreements with Cameroon, the Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Senegal have been repudiated. The other Member States' agreements with the MCWCS are still causing problems, however: a reasoned opinion has been sent to Italy and the Commission has decided to refer cases involving Belgium, Luxembourg and Portugal to the Court of Justice. Furthermore, the other agreements concluded by these Member States have not yet been amended. Spain has amended its bilateral agreement with Tunisia, but Belgium will be taken to the Court of Justice over its agreements with Togo and the Congo (ex-Zaire), as will Portugal over its agreement with Yugoslavia and Italy over its agreement with Morocco. Actions have also been brought against Belgium and Luxembourg for their agreement with Malaysia.

In spite of the best efforts of the Commission, which strives constantly for more effective implementation of Community law on maritime transport, the overall trend in this particular field still gives cause for concern.

15.6. Air transport

Liberalisation of air transport in the European Union was completed in April 1997: domestic routes within the Member States were opened up to all Community airlines. In the course of 1997 solutions were easily found to the one-off problems detected by the Commission concerning implementation of the third package of measures on computerised reservation systems.

However, the full effects of liberalisation will be felt only if rules are introduced on air-traffic related activities, with the intention of ensuring fair competition between carriers; hence the adoption of Directive 96/67/EC on access to the ground-handling market at Community airports. The purpose of the Directive, which should have been transposed into national law by 25 October 1997, is to open the ground-handling market up to competition, so that the user can choose the company offering the services that best suit its needs. At the same time, the Directive takes account of the different types of services, the social effects of opening the market up to competition and the need to ensure that airports can function properly. Accordingly, it provides for both liberalisation and supporting measures. The Commission deeply regrets that none of the Member States have transposed this Directive within the time allowed. Article 169 letters have been sent to all of them. The first implementing measures were those taken by Germany at the end of 1997.

No solution has yet been found to the problems concerning compliance with Directive 91/670/EEC on civil-aviation personnel licences. However, there has been a significant drop in the number of new complaints for incorrect application. The Commission was pleased to be able to terminate proceedings against Spain following adoption of a ministerial decree ensuring that pilots' licences issued by other Member States would be recognised. The Commission will closely monitor how the decree is applied. Proceedings against France are still open and there are problems with incorrect application in Belgium.

The Commission has dropped proceedings against France and Spain in respect of Directive 93/65/EEC on the definition and use of compatible technical specifications for the procurement of air-traffic-management equipment and systems. However, the Commission has decided to refer a case involving Italy to the Court of Justice and has sent a reasoned opinion to Austria for failing to notify it of national implementing measures. Proper application of this Directive is of major importance for the harmonisation of the Member States' air traffic control systems and for the smooth operation of public procurement in this sector. It is even more important that all Member States implement the Directive properly now that the deadline for transposal of the amendments contained in Directive 97/15/EC (1 December 1997) has passed. The amendments supplement the Directive and bring it into line with the new Eurocontrol standards.

Transposal of Directive 94/56/EC establishing basic principles for the investigation of civil aviation accidents and incidents is still very patchy, and the Commission regrets that only Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom have notified it of their implementing measures.

15.7. Summertime

The last date for transposal of Directive 97/44/EC, the eighth Directive on summertime arrangements, was 31 December 1997. All the Member States have complied.

15.8. >TABLE>

ENERGY

16. INTRODUCTION

On 23 October the Court of Justice gave judgment in the gas and electricity import and export monopoly cases against four Member States. These judgments consider the questions raised by the Commission in its applications as to the form, but do not deal with the issues of substance. The Court also considers the importance of application of Article 90 of the Treaty in the context of economic functions of general interest.

At 89,9 %, the rate of transposal of directives is up on the rate for 1996.

17. SITUATION SECTOR BY SECTOR

17.1. Internal market for electricity and natural gas

Directive 96/92/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity entered into force on 19 February 1997. Work continues on legislation to open up the market in natural gas.

17.2. Energy efficiency

Belgium has now transposed Council Directive 92/42/EEC on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers; transposal is thus complete in all Member States. And only Austria, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have implemented Directive 96/57/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on efficiency requirements for household electric refrigerators, freezers and combinations thereof, despite a transposal deadline of 3 September 1997.

Infringement proceedings continue regarding the Directives implementing framework Directive 92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption.

Commission Directive 94/2/EC regarding household electric refrigerators, freezers and combinations thereof has still not been transposed by Italy. Commission Directive 95/12/EC on household washing machines has yet to be transposed by Belgium, France, Italy and Spain. And Belgium and Italy have not yet implemented Commission Directive 95/13/EC on household electric tumble dryers. The final date for transposal of Commission Directive 96/60/EC on energy labelling of household combined washer-dryers was 15 July 1997, but it has still not been implemented by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg or Sweden. But the Netherlands has already transposed Commission Directive 97/17/EC on household dishwashers, for which the deadline is 15 June 1998.

However, Council Directive 93/76/EEC to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE) has now been transposed by all Member States.

17.3. Oil and gas

Belgium has still not transposed Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on conditions for granting and using authorisations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons.

17.4. >TABLE>

STRUCTURAL FUNDS AND COMMUNITY LAW

The Structural Funds Regulations lay down the principle that projects enjoying Community financial support must comply with Community law (Article 7 of Regulation (EEC) No 2052/88). The impact of the principle is that wherever it is established that Community law is violated the support given from the Structural Funds may be suspended, reduced or withdrawn (Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4253/88 on the Structural Funds and Annex II Article H of Regulation (EEC) No 1164/94 on the Cohesion Fund).

Measures financed by the Funds are managed in partnership, which means that the primary responsibility for monitoring compliance with Community law lies with the national authorities. The Commission, however, retains its enforcement powers under Article 169 of the Treaty and Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4253/88 or the relevant provision in Regulation (EC) No 1164/94.

Community case-law confirms that the infringement procedure and the procedure of Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4253/88 are quite distinct (Case T-461/93, An Taisce, the National Trust for Ireland and WWF, judgment of 23 September 1994), which means that the commencement of infringement proceedings does not automatically trigger the procedure provided for by Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4253/88 (and vice versa).

However, the fact that the two procedures (infringement proceedings and withdrawal of assistance) are not necessarily linked politically or legally does not mean they are mutually exclusive. Thus, if an Article 169 letter is sent as part of the infringement proceedings, there may also be grounds for suspending assistance or, once the reasoned opinion has been issued, starting the procedure to cancel or reduce it in accordance with Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4253/88. Likewise, where Article 169 infringement proceedings are terminated, the Commission does not lose its right to recover the Community contribution.

The basic principle is that the effectiveness of the cohesion policy depends heavily on compliance with Community law and policies. But before taking a decision to reduce or withdraw Community assistance, the Commission assesses the gravity of the infringement on a case-by-case basis. This means that serious infringements must have repercussions in terms of Community cofinancing and that minor infringements will not be allowed to have a disproportionate impact on the development of regions that are lagging behind or in decline.

Infringements connected with operations cofinanced by the ERDF and the Cohesion Funds most commonly relate to compliance with environment directives and the Community rules on public procurement. Complaints typically allege infringement of Directive 85/337/EEC (environmental impact assessment).

Expressed as a proportion of the total number of infringements of environmental and public-procurement rules, the number of suspected or proven infringements which are or may be linked to Community funding is relatively small at 4,7 % for environmental rules and 8,7 % for public procurement.

These figures are given for guidance; they are merely one clue among others as to the scale of the problem. Some infringements go undetected by the Commission while, in other cases, it is hard to establish a clear link between the infringement and Community funding. As a rule, cofinancing from the Structural Funds is generally arranged through comprehensive operational programmes and the choice of projects is primarily the Member States' responsibility. There is also the further problem of a more general infringement (as where a directive is incorrectly transposed) with indirect implications for projects cofinanced by the Funds.

According to available data, the breakdown of proceedings commenced for suspected or established infringements in relation to cofinanced projects is as follows:

>TABLE>

The frequency of established infringements in relation to cofinanced projects would appear to correlate with the scale of the assistance given and the volume of Community cofinancing rather than the specific practices of this or that Member State. Road works and water treatment facilities are the most common types of project.

Even though the number of infringement cases does not appear very high in comparison with the high volume of Community cofinancing, the fact remains that protection of the Community's financial interests is indispensable.

Lastly, it should be remembered that monitoring the application of Community law in connection with Structural and Cohesion Funds financial assistance requires not only that action be taken against infringements but above all that preventive action be taken as a matter of course. This is first and foremost a task for the national authorities, which must take all such measures as are needed to ensure that Community law is observed wherever projects are cofinanced by the Community.

BUDGET MATTERS

Infringement proceedings involving the budget are few and far between. This goes for infringements against Community rules on agriculture, customs and VAT with an impact on own resources, and infringements against financial provisions proper. Member States which are late in paying own resources are required to pay penalty interest, which helps to ensure that disputes are settled quickly and efficiently.

The Commission decided to refer to the Court of Justice a case against Germany, which had infringed Regulations (EEC) No 2252/90 and No 1552/89 by failing to make available own resources (and penalty interest) relating to uncollected agricultural levies.

The Commission decided to start infringement proceedings in two other cases concerning traditional own resources:

- one involving Belgium, which did not make available own resources paid to it in instalments, until the full amount had been recovered; and

- another involving Italy, which, without the Commission's consent and without being able to demonstrate sufficient grounds, deducted amounts from its own resources payments relating to customs duties on imports bound for San Marino.

COMMUNITY STAFF

The infringement proceedings initiated in this field concern the Member States' failure to comply with the Protocol on Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities and to implement national provisions required for the correct application of the Staff Regulations of Officials and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Communities.

In one case, relating to the problems Community staff have had obtaining residence permits in Spain, proceedings are still open.

Spain has now acted upon the reasoned opinion sent to it on 13 September 1996: in January 1997 it started to issue non-Spanish Community staff with a new type of document enabling them to prove they were legally resident in Spain while assigned to a post there. The Commission is looking into whether the new permits do actually solve the problems raised in the reasoned opinion.

Following an Article 169 complaint, the Court of Justice ruled on 17 July 1997 that Spain was failing to fulfil its obligations under Article 11(2) of Annex VIII to the Staff Regulations for officials of the European Communities, relating to the transfer of pension rights.

The Commission also sent Greece a reasoned opinion on the transfer of pension rights. The Greek authorities responded by introducing a bill making transfers possible. The bill, which has won the Commission's approval, is on its way through the Greek Parliament.

The proceedings started against Belgium for non-compliance with the rules on pension transfers have been dropped following the adoption of a new, Commission-endorsed law amending the law of 21 May 1991.

STATISTICS

The Member States' obligations in statistical matters are mainly to supply figures at pre-determined intervals on specific questions. There are no major problems as regards either the application of statistical methods or compliance with deadlines.

However, infringement proceedings against the Spanish and French authorities for failure to submit monthly data on the quantities and average prices of landings of fishery products in the prescribed form (Council Regulation (EEC) No 1318/91) and annual catch statistics (Regulation (EEC) No 3880/91) are still in motion.

The deadlines for transposing Community directives into national law are causing problems. Most of the delays are linked to the institutional and administrative structures in the Member States.

The Commission initiated twenty infringement proceedings against Member States which had failed to notify it of national implementing measures for two Directives. Infringement proceedings were started against France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and the United Kingdom in respect of Council Directive 95/57/EC of 23 November 1995 on the collection of statistics on tourism. The Commission started proceedings against all Member States except Austria over Council Directive 96/16/EC of 19 March 1996 on statistical surveys of milk and milk products.

Most Member States have notified the Commission either of national measures implementing the Directives or at least legislative bills or draft administrative measures which will bring them into line with Community law. The Commission has been asked to terminate proceedings in a number of cases.

(1) COM(97) 619 final.

(2) Ombudsman's Annual Report for 1996, OJ C 272, 8.9.1997, p. 32.

(3) COM(97) 619 final.

(4) This means cases where three conditions are all met: (i) a serious barrier to the free movement of goods; (ii) serious harm to individuals as a result; (iii) need for immediate action to ensure that the barrier and the resultant harm are not continued, extended or aggravated.

(5) COM(97) 596 final.

(6) Amended proposal, Recital 5.

(7) COM(97) 626 final, Better Lawmaking 1997: Commission Report to the European Council, p. 1.

(8) The impact and effectiveness of the Single Market, COM(96) 520 final, 30 October 1996.

(9) Action Plan for the Single Market, CSE(97) 1 final, 4 June 1997.

(10) Council Decision 92/481/EEC, 22 September 1992, OJ L 286, 1.10.1992, p. 65.

(11) Council Decision 91/341/EEC, 20 June 1991, OJ L 187, 13.7.1991, p. 41.

(12) Council Decision 93/588/EEC, 29 October 1993, OJ L 280, 13.11.1993, p. 41.

(13) Joint action of 28 October 1996 (96/636/JHA), OJ L 287, 8.11.1996, p. 3.

(14) Joint action of 28 October 1996 (96/637/JHA), OJ L 287, 8.11.1996, p. 7.

(15) Simpler legislation for the Single market - Commission communication to the Council COM(96) 559 final, 6 November 1996.

(16) Judgment of 9 February 1994 in Case C-119/92.

(17) OJ L 302, 19.10.1992, p. 1, and OJ L 253, 11.10.1993, p. 1.

(18) Case C-102/96. See Thirteenth annual report on monitoring the application of Community law (1995), OJ C 303, 14.10.1996.

(19) Council Directive 83/189/EEC (OJ L 109, 26.4.1983) laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulation, as amended by Council Directive 88/182/EEC (OJ L 81, 26.3.1988) and Directive 94/10/EC of the European Parliament and the Council (OJ L 100, 19.4.1994).

(20) Figure at 31 December 1997.

(21) Figures for regulations reported in 1995 were published in OJ C 309, 18.10.1995.

(22) Figures for regulations reported in 1996 were published in OJ C 311, 11.10.1996.

(23) Provisional figure indicating the number of reasoned opinions received on 15 February 1998. The final figure may be higher given that the deadline for examination of certain draft regulations is 31 March 1998.

(24) Provisional figure indicating the number of reasoned opinions received on 15 February 1998. The final figure may be higher given that the deadline for examination of certain draft regulations is 31 March 1998.

(25) Provisional figure indicating the number of reasoned opinions received on 15 February 1998. The final figure may be higher given that the deadline for examination of certain draft regulations is 31 March 1998.

(26) Provisional figure indicating the number of reasoned opinions received on 15 February 1998. The final figure may be higher given that the deadline for examination of certain draft regulations is 31 March 1998.

(27) Judgment given on 29 May 1977 [1997] ECR I-2649.

(28) Case C-43/95 [1996] ECR I-4661, judgment given on 26 September 1996.

(29) Case C-323/95 [1997] ECR I-1711, judgment given on 20 March 1997.

(30) Case C-122/96, judgment given on 2 October 1997 (not yet reported).

(31) See also the Court's judgment in Perfili [1996] ECR I-161, given on 1 February 1996.

(32) COM(97) 236.

(33) COM(97) 504.

(34) Judgment of 2 May 1996, Case C-311/95 (Greece).

(35) Judgment of 17 July 1997, Case C-43/97 (Italy).

(36) See 14th annual report.

(37) OJ L 338, 28.12.1996, p. 893.

(38) OJ L 170, 9.7.1996, p. 34.

(39) OJ L 102, 5.5.1995, p. 18.

(40) OJ L 145, 13.6.1977, p. 1.

(41) OJ L 316, 31.10.1992.

(42) Judgment given on 23 May 1996, Case C-331/94.

(43) OJ L 76, 23.3.1992, p. 1.

(44) OJ L 316, 31.10.92, p. 21.

(45) OJ L 303, 31.12.1972, p. 1.

(46) OJ L 133, 4.6.1969, p. 6.

(47) OJ L 76, 18.3.1997, p. 19.

(48) Council Directive 96/67/EC of 15 October 1996, OJ L 272, 25.10.1996, p. 36.

(49) OJ L 301, 5.11.1997, p. 27.

(50) This tariff follows the ruling in Case C-18/93 Corsica Ferries Italia/Corpo dei piloti del porto di Genova, [1994] ECR I-1783 and was amended twice after the complaint was filed, on 5 October 1994 and 4 September 1996.

(51) Decision C(97) 3108, OJ L 301, 5.11.1997, p. 17.

(52) Case C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova [1991] ECR I-5889.

(53) Decision of 28 June 1995 pursuant to Article 90(3) (OJ L 216, 12.9.1995, p. 8).

(54) Judgments of 23 October 1997, Cases C-157/94, Commission v the Netherlands, C-158/94 Commission v Italy, C-159/94 Commission v France and C-160/94 Commission v Spain.

(55) COM(95) 134 final.

(56) Judgment given on 1 June 1994.

(57) Judgment given on 4 May 1994.

(58) Case C-35/97.

(59) Judgment given on 26 October 1995.

(60) Case C-326/90, judgment given on 10 November 1992.

(61) Case C-185/96.

(62) Case C-197/96 [1997] ECR I-1489, judgment given on 13 March 1997.

(63) Case C-207/96, not yet reported.

(64) Case C-79/95 Commission v Spain.

(65) Memorandum on applying Article 171 of the Treaty, OJ C 242, 21.8.1996, p. 6; Method of calculating the penalty payments provided for pursuant to Article 171, OJ C 63, 28.2.1997, p. 2.

(66) COM(96) 500, 22 October 1996.

(67) Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control, OJ L 257, 10.10.1996, p. 26.

(68) Articles 69, 84 and 112 of the Act of Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden provide for transitional measures for certain environmental standards.

(69) Classification and labelling of dangerous substances, preparations and pesticides (Directives 67/548/EEC (as amended), 88/379/EEC and 78/631/EEC) in Austria, Finland and Sweden; limit value for mercury in alkaline manganese batteries (Directive 91/157/EEC) in Austria and Sweden; classification, packaging and labelling for the release on the market of plant protection products (Directive 91/414/EEC) in Austria and Finland; different limit values for benzene in petrol (Directive 85/210/EEC) and sulphur in gasoil (Directive 93/12/EEC) in Austria; restrictions on the sale and use of cadmium, arsenic, organostanic compounds and pentachlorophenol (PCP) (Directive 76/769/EEC) in Austria, Finland and Sweden. Likewise, Austria was granted derogations in respect of certain provisions of the Directive on the quality of bathing water (76/160/EEC), which it was required to implement by 1 January 1997.

(70) Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending 85/337/EEC on the assessment of certain public and private projects on the environment, OJ L 73, 14.3.1997, p. 5.

(71) In a judgment given on 24 October 1996 in Case C-72/95 (Aannemerbedrijf P. K. Kraaijeveld BV et al. v Gedeputeerde Staten van Zuid-Holland) following a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Dutch Raad van State, the Court of Justice held that a Member State is exceeding the limits of its discretion to determine which projects are unlikely to have significant effects on the environment, if it excludes in practice any assessment for a whole category of projects, unless this category, when viewed as a whole, can be regarded as not being likely to have significant effects on the environment.

(72) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, signed in Espoo, Finland on 25 February 1991, approved by the Community by Council Decision of 15 October 1996, not yet published in the Official Journal.

(73) Directive 96/62/EC of the Council of 27 September on ambient air quality assessment and management, OJ L 296, 21.11.1996, p. 55.

(74) Directive 96/56/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 3 September 1996 amending Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, OJ L 236, 18.9.1996, p. 35.

(75) Commission Directive 93/21/EEC of 27 April 1993 adapting to technical progress for the 18th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC, OJ L 110, 4.5.1993, p. 20.

(76) Commission Directive 96/54/EC of 30 July 1996 adapting to technical progress for the 22nd time Council Directive 67/548/EEC, OJ L 248, 30.9.1996, p. 1.

(77) Commission Directive 97/69/EC of 5 December 1997 adapting to technical progress for the 23rd time Directive 67/548/EEC, OJ L 343, 13.12.1997, p. 19.

(78) Commission v Belgium, Joined Cases C-218/96, C-220/96, C-221/96 and C-222/96 concerning Directives 93/105/EEC, 92/69/EEC, 93/67/EEC and 92/32/EEC, judgment given on 12 December 1996; the judgment also concerned failure to notify measures implementing Directive 93/86/EC (labelling of batteries) (Case C-219/96).

(79) Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances, OJ L 10, 14.1.1997, p. 13.

(80) Commission Directive 97/35/EC of 18 June 1997 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 90/220/EEC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, OJ L 169, 27.6.1997, p. 72.

(81) More precise rules were laid down in Council Directive 79/869/EEC of 9 October 1979 concerning sampling and analysis.

(82) Commission v United Kingdom, judgment given on 14 July 1993, Case C-56/90.

(83) Judgment given on 9 March 1994, Case C-291/93.

(84) Judgment given on 12 December 1996, Case C-298/95.

(85) Judgment given on 2 March 1996, Case C-161/95.

(86) Judgment given on 12 December 1996, Case C-297/95.

(87) Judgment given on 12 December 1996, Case C-302/95.

(88) COM(97) 105.

(89) The Commission had brought an action before the Court of Justice (Case C-72/97) but withdrew when notified of the measures.

(90) Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 providing for a notification procedure for technical standards and regulations (OJ L 109, 26.4.1983, p. 8), last amended by Directive 94/10/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 March 1994 (OJ L 100, 19.4.1994, p. 30).

(91) Request for a preliminary ruling by the Raad van State of the Netherlands, in Beside BV and I. M. Besselsen v VROM.

(92) Request for a preliminary ruling by the Raad van State of the Netherlands, in Chemische Afvalstoffen Dusseldorp BV et al v VROM.

(93) Council Directive 96/59/EC of 16 September 1996 on the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCB/PCT), OJ L 243, 24.9.1997, p. 31.

(94) Regarding the Court's judgment of 8 July 1987, Case C-247/85.

(95) Regarding the Court's judgment of 27 April 1988, Case C-252/85.

(96) C-121/97, initial judgment delivered on 3 March 1990, Case C-288/88.

(97) E.g. its judgments of 8 July 1987 in Cases C-262, Commission v Italy, and C-247/85, Commission v Belgium.

(98) Judgment of 2 August 1993, Case C-355/90.

(99) Commission Directive 97/49/EC of 29 July 1997 amending Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds, OJ L 223, 13.8.1997, p. 9.

(100) Council Directive 97/62/EC of 27 October 1997 adapting to technical and scientific progress Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, OJ L 305, 8.11.1997, p. 42.

(101) Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein, OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1.

(102) Commission Regulation (EC) No 938/97 of 26 May 1997 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97, OJ L 140, 30.5.1997, p. 1.

(103) Commission Regulation (EC) No 2307/97 of 18 November 1997 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97, OJ L 325, 27.11.1997, p. 1.

(104) Commission Regulation (EC) No 939/97 of 26 May 1997 laying down detailed rules concerning the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97, OJ L 140, 30.5.1997, p. 9.

ANNEX I

SUSPECTED INFRINGEMENTS 1993 TO 1997

Table 1.1.

>TABLE>

Table 1.2.

>TABLE>

Table 1.3.

>TABLE>

ANNEX II

ESTABLISHED INFRINGEMENTS 1993 TO 1997

Table 2.1.

>TABLE>

Table 2.2.

>TABLE>

Table 2.3.

>TABLE>

Table 2.4.

>TABLE>

Table 2.5.

>TABLE>

Table 2.6.

>TABLE>

Table 2.7.

>TABLE>

ANNEX III

INFRINGEMENTS OF TREATIES, REGULATIONS AND DECISIONS

Economic and financial affairs

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Industry

>TABLE>

Competition

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Employment and social policy

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Agriculture

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Transport

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Community staff

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Fisheries

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Internal market and financial services

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Budgets

>TABLE>

Customs and indirect taxation

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

Enterprise policy, commerce, tourism and cooperatives

>TABLE>

ANNEX IV

REPORT ON THE APPLICATION OF DIRECTIVES

NB: This annex includes all directives where no measures have been notified or which have not been properly implemented or applied during 1997, and gives the state of infringement proceedings started by the Commission against Member States at 31 December 1997.

'Failure to notify measures` includes both a complete absence of any notification of national implementing measures and cases of incomplete notification of such measures.

Contents

Page

1. AN AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL FRONTIERS .......... 111

- Removal of technical barriers .......... 111

Technical standards .......... 111

Foodstuffs .......... 111

Pharmaceutical products .......... 117

Chemicals .......... 117

Motor vehicles, tractors and motorcycles .......... 119

Construction products .......... 121

Machinery .......... 121

Cosmetics .......... 123

Textiles .......... 125

Free movement - special arrangements .......... 125

Liability for defective products .......... 125

- Persons .......... 125

Right of residence .......... 125

Right to vote and stand in elections .......... 125

Recognition of qualifications .......... 126

Independent commercial agents .......... 127

- Services .......... 128

Audiovisual media .......... 128

Telecommunications .......... 128

Financial services .......... 129

- Company law .......... 131

- Intellectual and industrial property .......... 133

- Public procurement .......... 133

- Removal of tax barriers .......... 135

Direct taxation .......... 135

Indirect taxation .......... 135

2. CONSUMER PROTECTION AND PRODUCT SAFETY .......... 137

3. COMPETITION .......... 138

4. SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND EMPLOYMENT .......... 138

5. AGRICULTURE .......... 143

6. ENVIRONMENT .......... 172

7. TRANSPORT .......... 181

8. ENERGY .......... 186

9. STATISTICS .......... 187

1. AN AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL FRONTIERS

- Removal of technical barriers

Technical standards

83/0189

Technical standards (amended by Directives 88/0182 and 94/0010)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0182 (DG6)

Technical standards (amending Directive 83/0189)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

Foodstuffs

74/0409

Honey

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0112

Labelling of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0417

Caseins and caseinates

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0424

Caseins

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0107

Additives in foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0612

Foodstuffs for human consumption - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

91/0321

Infant formulae

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0001

Quick-frozen foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0002

Community method of analysis for the control of the temperatures of quick-frozen foods

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0052

Infant formulae for export

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0043

Hygiene of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, IRL

>TABLE>

93/0099

Foodstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0102

Labelling of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0035

Sweeteners in foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

94/0036

Foodstuffs for human consumption - colouring matter

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

94/0052

Extraction solvents used in the production of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

94/0054

Labelling of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

95/0002

Additives in foodstuffs other than colours and sweeteners

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, P

>TABLE>

95/0003

Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, P

>TABLE>

95/0031

Specific purity criteria for sweeteners

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

95/0045

Specific purity criteria for colours

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

96/0003

Hygiene of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, F, IRL, L, A, P, UK

>TABLE>

96/0004

Infant formulae and follow-on formulae

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, EL, E, F, IRL, I, P

>TABLE>

96/0005

Cereal-based foods and baby foods

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, E, F, IRL, I, A, P, UK

>TABLE>

96/0008

Foodstuffs for use in energy-restricted diets

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, F, IRL, I, A, P, UK

>TABLE>

96/0011

Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, P

>TABLE>

96/0021

Labelling of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, F, P

>TABLE>

96/0070

Exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters

Member States which have notified implementing measures: NL, FIN, S

>TABLE>

96/0077

Specific purity criteria for food additives other than colours and sweeteners

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, E, IRL, I, A, P

>TABLE>

96/0083

Sweeteners for use in foodstuffs

Transposed by: DK, EL, FIN, S, UK

No infringement proceedings

96/0084

Foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, E, IRL, I, P, UK

>TABLE>

96/0085

Food additives other than colours and sweeteners

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, F, NL, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

Pharmaceutical products

89/0381

Medicinal products derived from human blood

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0676

Veterinary medicinal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0412

Principles and guidelines of good manufacturing practice for veterinary medicinal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0507

Testing of medicinal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0073

Homeopathic medicinal products for human use

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, F

>TABLE>

92/0074

Homeopathic veterinary medicinal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, F

>TABLE>

93/0039

Medicines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0040

Veterinary medicinal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, F

>TABLE>

Chemicals

90/0035

Packaging - child safety

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

91/0155

Dangerous preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

91/0338

Dangerous substances and preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, NL

>TABLE>

91/0659

Dangerous substances and preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

92/0109

Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F, I

>TABLE>

93/0015

Placing on the market and supervision of explosives for civil uses (deadline for transposal: 30.9.1993 and 30.6.1994)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, E, F, I

>TABLE>

93/0018

Dangerous preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL, I, P

>TABLE>

93/0069

Fertilisers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, EL, F

>TABLE>

93/0112

System of specific information for dangerous preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E, I, P

>TABLE>

94/0060

Restrictions on the marketing of dangerous substances (CMT/aerosols/solvents/creosote)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, F, IRL, I

>TABLE>

95/0008

Fertilisers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F, EL, IRL, L

>TABLE>

96/0065

Use of certain dangerous substances and preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: none

97/0010

Use of certain dangerous substances and preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: UK

97/0016

Use of certain dangerous substances and preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: none

Motor vehicles, tractors and motorcycles

93/0014

Braking systems of two- and three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0029

Identification of controls, tell-tales and indicators for two- and three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0030

Audible warning devices for two- or three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0031

Stands for two- or three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0032

Passenger hand-holds for two- or three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0033

Devices to prevent unauthorised use of two- or three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0034

Statutory markings for two- or three-wheel motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0092

Lighting and light-signalling devices of two- or three-wheeled motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0093

Masses and dimensions of two- or three-wheeled motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

93/0094

Mounting of registration plate for two- or three-wheeled motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

94/0012

Pollution by emissions from motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0068

Windscreen wiper and washer systems of motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

94/0078

Wheel guards of motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

95/0001

Torque and net engine power of two- and three-wheeled motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, E, EL, F, FIN, IRL, I, L

>TABLE>

95/0028

Burning behaviour

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L, NL, P

95/0048

Weights and dimensions of category M1 motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, D, IRL, NL

>TABLE>

95/0056

Devices to prevent the unauthorised use of motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, I, L, UK

>TABLE>

96/0001

Emissions - Small diesel engines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, E, FIN, I, L, NL, S

>TABLE>

96/0020

Sound level of motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, E, FIN, I, IRL, NL, S

>TABLE>

96/0027

Lateral protection of occupants of motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, S

96/0036

Safety belts and restraint systems of motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

96/0037

Interior fittings of motor vehicles (resistance of seats and their anchorages)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, F, IRL, I

96/0038

Anchorages for motor-vehicle safety belts

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, F, IRL, I

96/0044

Emissions from motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, FIN, I

96/0063

Braking devices of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors

Member States which have notified implementing measures: F

96/0064

Motor-vehicle towing devices

Member States which have notified implementing measures: F

Construction products

89/0106

Construction products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, B

>TABLE>

Machinery

69/0493

Crystal glass

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN, S

71/0349

Calibration of the tanks of vessels

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

73/0360

Weighing instruments

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, S

74/0331

Gas volume meters

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

75/0410

Continuous totalising weighing machines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

76/0696

Non-automatic weighing machines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, S

77/0095

Taximeters

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

77/0313

Measuring of liquids

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

78/1031

Automatic checkweighing machines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

82/0623

Gas volume meters

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

82/0624

Alcoholometers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

82/0625

Measuring systems for liquids

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

83/0128

Clinical thermometers - mercury

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

84/0414

Thermometers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

84/0539

Electro-medical equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, B, DK, D, EL, E, F, IRL, I, L, NL, P, UK

86/0217

Pressure gauges

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

89/0336

Electromagnetic compatibility

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL

>TABLE>

89/0617

Units of measurement

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E

>TABLE>

90/0018

Good laboratory practice

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

90/0385

Active implantable medical devices

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

92/0031

Electromagnetic compatibility (amendment)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL

>TABLE>

93/0042

Medical devices

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0068

EC labelling

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, EL, E, F, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

93/0095

Personal protective equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0001

Aerosol dispensers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0009

Electrical equipment in explosive atmosphere

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, IRL, I

>TABLE>

94/0011

Labelling of materials used in footwear

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L

>TABLE>

94/0025

Recreational craft

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, E, IRL

>TABLE>

94/0026

Electrical equipment in explosive atmosphere (amendment 79/0196)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL

>TABLE>

95/0016

Lifts

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, EL, E, NL, A, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

95/0054

Electromagnetic compatibility

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

96/0058

Personal protection equipment (amendment 89/0686)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

Cosmetics

76/0768

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0035

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, E, P

>TABLE>

93/0047

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0073

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0032

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0017

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, NL, A, FIN, S

>TABLE>

95/0032

Cosmetics

>TABLE>

95/0034

Cosmetics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except P

>TABLE>

Textiles

No problems with directives in this field

Free movement - special arrangements

91/0477

Acquisition and possession of weapons

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

>TABLE>

93/0007

Return of cultural goods unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, EL, E, F, IRL, NL, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

96/0100

Return of cultural goods unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State (amendment of 93/0007)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: NL

>TABLE>

Liability for defective products

85/0374

Liability for defective products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

- Persons

Right of residence

90/0364

Right of residence

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0365

Right of residence for workers who have ceased their occupational activity

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0096

Right of residence for students

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

Right to vote and stand in elections

93/0103

Right to vote and stand as candidate for elections to European Parliament for Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0080

Right to vote and stand as candidate for municipal elections for Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, F

>TABLE>

94/0080 as amended by 96/0030 (Member States concerned: A, FIN, S)

Right to vote and stand as candidate for municipal elections for Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

Recognition of qualifications

64/0429

Freedom of establishment - processing industries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

68/0366

Food-manufacturing industries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0362 (consolidated by Directive 93/0016)

Mutual recognition of medical qualifications

>TABLE>

77/0453

Activities of nurses

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0686

Dentists

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0687

Dentists

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0384

Architects

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0432

Pharmacists

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0614

Architects

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0017

Architects

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0048

Mutual recognition of qualifications - higher education

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

89/0594

Recognition of qualifications - doctors, nurses, dentists, veterinary surgeons, midwives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0595

Recognition of qualifications - nurses

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0658 (consolidated by Directive 93/0016)

Recognition of diplomas - German unification

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0051

Mutual recognition of diplomas - second general system

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

94/0038

Amendment of Annexes C and D to Directive 92/0051

Implementing measures not required in some countries which have already transposed Directive 92/0051

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

97/0038

Recognition of diplomas - second general system (amendment of 92/0051)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: F, IRL, L, FIN, S, UK

Independent commercial agents

86/0653

Independent commercial agents

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

- Services

Audiovisual media

89/0552

Television without frontiers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

Telecommunications

91/0263

Telecommunications terminal equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0044

Open network provision - leased lines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, D, E, F, IRL, I, NL, A, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

93/0097

Satellite earth-station equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, E, F, I, L, NL, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

95/0047

Standards for the transmission of television signals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: none

>TABLE>

95/0062

Open network provision - voice telephony

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, E, F, IRL, I, NL, A, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

96/0870

Use of standards for the transmission of television signals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, E, L, FIN, UK

>TABLE>

97/0013

Common framework for general authorisations and individual licences

Member States which have notified implementing measures: F, I, FIN, UK

97/0033

Interconnection

Member States which have notified implementing measures: F, I, A, FIN, UK

97/0051

Amendment of Directives 90/0387 and 92/0044

Member States which have notified implementing measures: FIN, UK

Financial services

77/0092

Freedom of establishment - insurance brokers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0005

Second Directive on motor-vehicle insurance

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0611

Undertakings for collective investment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0635

Annual accounts of banks

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0627

Major holdings in a listed company

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0298

Prospectuses for transferable securities on offer to the public

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0592

Insider dealing

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0232

Third Directive on insurance for motor vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0308

Money laundering

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0371

Implementation of the agreement between the EEC and Switzerland on insurance

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E

>TABLE>

91/0674

Annual accounts of insurance undertakings

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E

>TABLE>

92/0049

Third Directive on insurance other than life assurance

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E

>TABLE>

92/0096

Third Directive on life assurance

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E

>TABLE>

93/0006

Capital adequacy

Member States which have notified implementing measures:

>TABLE>

93/0022

Investment services

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, E, L, P

>TABLE>

94/0019

Deposit guarantee schemes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

95/0026

'Post-BCCI` Directive

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, E, F, IRL, I, L

>TABLE>

96/0010

'Netting` Directive

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

- Company law

68/0151

First Directive on company law

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

77/0091

Second Directive on company law

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

78/0660

Annual accounts of companies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN, UK

>TABLE>

78/0855

Company mergers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

82/0891

Division of companies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

83/0349

Consolidated accounts of companies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN, UK

>TABLE>

84/0253

Auditing of accounting documents

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I, UK

>TABLE>

89/0666

Disclosure requirements for company branches

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

89/0667

Single-member private limited companies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

90/0604

Annual accounts - consolidated accounts publication in ECUs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN, UK

>TABLE>

90/0605

Annual accounts - consolidated accounts scope of application

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, FIN, UK

>TABLE>

92/0101

Maintenance and alteration of the capital of public limited-liability companies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, L, UK

>TABLE>

- Intellectual and industrial property

91/0250

Legal protection of computer programs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0100

Rental and lending right

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL

>TABLE>

93/0083

Copyright relating to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, IRL, P

>TABLE>

93/0098

Term of protection of copyright and certain related rights

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

- Public procurement

88/0295

Public supply contracts (amending Directive 77/0062)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0440

Public works contracts (amending Directive 71/0305)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0665

Public contracts - review procedures

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0531

Public contracts - excluded sectors

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

(EL and P: exemption until 1998)

>TABLE>

92/0013

Public contracts - review procedures (excluded sectors)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A (EL and P: exemption until 1997)

>TABLE>

92/0050

Public service contracts

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, F, A

>TABLE>

93/0036

Public supply contracts

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, F, I

>TABLE>

93/0037

Public works contracts

>TABLE>

93/0038

Public contracts - excluded sectors

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, E, A

(E: exemption until 1997, EL and P: exemption until 1998)

>TABLE>

- Removal of tax barriers

Direct taxation

69/0335

Tax system - Indirect taxes on the raising of capital

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0799

Tax system - Mutual assistance - direct taxes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0434

Tax system - Company mergers and divisions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

Indirect taxation

69/0169

Tax-free allowances for travellers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0388

Sixth VAT Directive

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/1072

Eighth VAT Directive

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0465

18th VAT Directive

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0012

Arrangements for products subject to excise duty

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0077

Approximation of VAT rates

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0083

Excise duty on alcohol

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0084

Excise duty on alcohol

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0007

VAT - simplification measures - application of certain exemptions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

95/0059

Tobacco consolidation directives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

96/0042

VAT - horticulture and floriculture

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

96/0095

Standard rate of VAT

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

2. CONSUMER PROTECTION AND PRODUCT SAFETY

79/0581

Indication of the prices of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0577

Contracts negotiated away from business premises

>TABLE>

87/0102

Consumer credit

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

88/0315

Amendment of Directive 79/0581 - Indication of the prices of foodstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0088

Consumer credit

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0314

Package tours

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0059

General product safety

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, D, EL, E, F, IRL, I, NL, A, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

93/0013

Unfair contract terms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, D, EL, F, IRL, I, L, NL, A, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

94/0047

Time-sharing

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, IRL, NL, A, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

3. COMPETITION

90/0388

Competition in the markets for telecommunications services

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0084

Transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0046

Satellite communications

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L

>TABLE>

96/0019

Full opening to competition

Member States which have not notified all implementing measures:

>TABLE>

4. SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND EMPLOYMENT

64/0221

Public policy and public health

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

68/0360

Abolition of restrictions on movement and residence of workers and their families

>TABLE>

72/0194

Right to reside in the Member States

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0117

Equal pay for men and women

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0129

Collective redundancies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0207

Equal treatment of men and women

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0187

Safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of the transfer of firms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0007

Equal treatment in social security

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0987

Protection of workers - insolvency of employers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0378

Equal treatment of men and women

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, EL, E, F, IRL, I, A, P, FIN, S, UK

89/0654

Health and safety at the workplace

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0655

Health and safety - work equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0656

Personal protective equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0269

Health and safety of workers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0270

Health and safety - display screen equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0394

Protection of workers - carcinogens

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0679

Risks relating to exposure to biological agents at work

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0382

Protection of workers (asbestos)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0383

Health and safety of temporary workers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0533

Obligation to inform employees of the conditions applicable to the employment relationship

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0029

Health and safety on board ships

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, IRL, L

>TABLE>

92/0056

Collective redundancies

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0057

Minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0058

Safety and/or health signs at work

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0085

Safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, L

>TABLE>

92/0091

Protection of workers in extracting industries by drilling

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL

>TABLE>

92/0104

Health and safety of workers in underground and open cast mining industries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0088

Risks relating to exposure to biological agents at work

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

93/0103

Health and safety on board fishing vessels

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, IRL, I

>TABLE>

93/0104

Reorganisation of working time

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, F, I, L, P, UK

>TABLE>

94/0033

Protection of young people at work

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, F, I, L, A, P, UK

>TABLE>

94/0044

Electrical equipment for use in explosive atmospheres

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

94/0045

European Works Council

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L, P

>TABLE>

95/0030

Risks relating to exposure to biological agents at work

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, IRL, I, L, A

>TABLE>

96/0097

Equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: IRL, A, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

5. AGRICULTURE

64/0433

Health problems - trade in meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

66/0400

Beet seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

66/0401

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

66/0402

Cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

66/0403

Seed potatoes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

69/0061

Beet seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

69/0062

Seed potatoes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

69/0063

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

69/0208

Seed of oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

69/0464

Control of potato wart disease

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

69/0465

Control of potato cyst eelworm

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

69/0466

Control of San José scale

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

70/0373

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

70/0457

Common catalogue of varieties of plant species

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

70/0458

Vegetable seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

70/0524

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

71/0118

Health problems - trade in poultry meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

71/0161

Forest reproductive material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

71/0162

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

71/0250

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

71/0285

Health problems - trade in animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

71/0393

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

72/0168

Vegetable varieties

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

72/0180

Agricultural varieties

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

72/0199

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

72/0274

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

72/0418

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

73/0046

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

73/0047

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

73/0438

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

74/0013

Forest reproductive material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

74/0063

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

74/0203

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

74/0268

Fodder-plant and cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

74/0647

Control of carnation leaf-rollers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

75/0084

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0444

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0502

Meadowgrass seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0331

Beet seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0371

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0372

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0895

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0934

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0096

Health problems - import of meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0099

Health problems - meat products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0101

Straight feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

77/0504

Pure-bred cattle for breeding

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

78/0055

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0386

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0387

Cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0388

Seed of oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0511

Fodder-plant and cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0633

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0692

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0816

Seed potatoes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/1020

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0117

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0372

Straight feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0373

Compound feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0641

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0692

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0700

Pesticides in fruit and vegetables - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0797

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0967

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0304

Seed of oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0428

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0502

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0510

Straight feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0511

Compound feedingstuffs in packages

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0695

Compound feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0754

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

81/0036

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

81/0126

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

81/0680

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

81/0715

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0287

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0471

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0475

Labelling of compound feedingstuffs for pet animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0528

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0859

Seed of oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0937

Straight feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0091

Health problems - trade in animals and meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0116

Fodder-plant seed and seed of oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0131

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0201

Health problems - products containing a small percentage of meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0228

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0381

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0004

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0319

Health problems - import of meat - trichinae

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0425

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0443

Products used in feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0038

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0073

Financing of health inspections of fresh meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0298

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0509

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0586

Health problems - trade in animals and meats

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0109

Certified seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0155

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0174

Compound feedingstuffs for poultry

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0214

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0299

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0320

Cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0354

Compound feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0355

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0362

Pesticide residues in cereals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0363

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs of animal origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0469

Examination of meat for the presence of residues

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0530

Products used in feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0120

Seeds and propagating materials

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0153

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0181

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0234

Straight feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0238

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0328

Cattle for breeding

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

87/0477

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0480

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0481

Vegetable seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0095

Beet seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0166

Protection of laying hens kept in battery cages

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, FIN

>TABLE>

88/0182

Technical standards (amending Directive 83/0189)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0289

Health problems - animals and meat from non-member countries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0298

Pesticides in fruit and vegetables and cereals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0380

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0409

Fees for the inspection of meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

88/0485

Products used in feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0661

Pigs for breeding

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

89/0002

Cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0014

Vegetable seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0100

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0186

Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0227

Health problems - meat products - non-member countries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0321

Health problems - import of meat

>TABLE>

89/0361

Sheep and goats for breeding

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

89/0362

Hygiene in milk production holdings

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0365

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0384

Health problems - trade in milk

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0424

Seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0437

Health problems - eggs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0520

Products used in feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0662

Veterinary checks in intra-Community trade

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0044

Compound feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0118

Pure-bred breeding pigs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

90/0119

Hybrid breeding pigs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

90/0167

Medicated feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0335

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0425

Veterinary checks in intra-Community trade

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0427

Zootechnical conditions governing trade in equidae

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

90/0428

Trade in equidae for competitions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

90/0439

Products used in feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0533

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0642

Pesticide residues - products of plant origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0667

Processing of animal waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

90/0675

Veterinary checks on products from non-member countries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0069

Health problems - trade in sheep

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0126

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0132

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0174

Marketing of pure-bred animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

91/0188

Plant protection products containing certain active substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0249

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0334

Compound feedingstuffs for pet animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0336

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0357

Compound feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0414

Placing of plant protection products on the market

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

91/0492

Live bivalve molluscs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0493

Fishery products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0495

Rabbit meat and farmed game meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0496

Veterinary checks for animals from non-member countries

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0497

Fresh meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0508

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0628

Protection of animals during transport

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

91/0629

Protection of calves

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

>TABLE>

91/0630

Protection of pigs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

>TABLE>

91/0682

Material for the propagation of ornamental plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0684

Health problems - egg products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0005

Health problems - meat products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0009

Seed of oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0019

Fodder-plant seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0033

Vegetable propagating material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0034

Fruit-plant propagating material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0040

Avian influenza

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0045

Wild-game meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0046

Milk products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0063

Undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0064

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0065

Semen, ova and embryos not subject to Directive 90/425/EEC

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0070

Recognition of protected zones

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0076

Protected zones exposed to particular plant health risks

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0088

Undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

92/0089

Community methods of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0090

Producers and importers of plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0102

Identification and registration of animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

>TABLE>

92/0107

Oil and fibre plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0116

Health problems affecting trade in fresh poultry meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

92/0117

Zoonoses and zoonotic agents

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, I

>TABLE>

92/0118

Products not subject to specific health requirements

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN

>TABLE>

92/0119

Specific measures relating to swine vesicular disease

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0017

Community grades of seed potatoes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0026

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0027

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0028

Official control of feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except P

>TABLE>

93/0048

Fruit-plant propagating material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0049

Material for the propagation of ornamental plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0050

Organisms harmful to plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0051

Movement of plants in protected zones

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0052

Embryos of domestic bovine animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0053

Control of certain fish diseases

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0054

Animals and products of fish farming

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0055

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0056

Feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0057

Pesticide residues - cereals and foodstuffs of animal origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0058

Pesticide residues - products of plant origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0060

Fresh semen

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0061

Vegetable propagating and planting material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0062

Vegetable propagating material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0063

Ornamental plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0064

Fruit plant propagating material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0070

Official control of feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0071

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0074

Feedingstuffs intended for particular nutritional purposes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

93/0078

Ornamental plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0079

Fruit plant propagating material

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D

>TABLE>

93/0085

Potato ring rot

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

93/0106

Particular plant health risks - protected zones

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0107

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0113

Enzymes and micro-organisms in animal nutrition

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

93/0114

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

93/0117

Official control of feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0118

Financing of veterinary health inspections

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, E, I, A, P

>TABLE>

93/0119

Protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, F, I, A

>TABLE>

93/0120

Health problems - poultry and hatching eggs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, I, P

>TABLE>

93/0121

Health problems - trade in poultry meat

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

94/0003

Interception of harmful organisms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0013

Organisms harmful to plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0014

Feedingstuffs - official control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0016

Undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

94/0017

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0028

Imports from third countries - zootechnical and genealogical conditions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F, IRL, L, A, P

>TABLE>

94/0029

Pesticide residues - cereals and foodstuffs of animal origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0030

Pesticide residues in products of plant origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0037

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, P

>TABLE>

94/0039

Intended uses of feedingstuffs for particular nutritional purposes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

94/0040

Additives - guidelines for evaluation

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0041

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0042

Health problems - live animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

94/0059

Imports from third countries - examination for trichinae

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

94/0065

Minced meat and meat preparations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E, I

>TABLE>

94/0071

Raw milk, heat-treated milk and milk-based products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A

>TABLE>

94/0079

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, P

>TABLE>

95/0006

Cereal seed

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0009

Feedingstuffs intended for particular nutritional purposes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

95/0010

Calculating the energy value of certain dog and cat food

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

95/0011

Feedingstuffs - assessment of additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0022

Aquaculture products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L

>TABLE>

95/0023

Fresh meat - production conditions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

95/0025

Health problems - live animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

95/0029

Protection of animals during transport

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, F, I, L, A, P

>TABLE>

95/0033

Feedingstuffs - products used

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L

>TABLE>

95/0035

Placing of plant protection products on the market

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, P

>TABLE>

95/0036

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, P

>TABLE>

95/0037

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0038

Pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0039

Pesticide residues - cereals and foodstuffs of animal origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0040

Organisms harmful to plants - protected zones

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0041

Organisms harmful to plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0044

Organisms harmful to plants - work for trial or scientific purposes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, L

>TABLE>

95/0061

Pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0065

Organisms harmful to plants - protected zones

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0066

Organisms harmful to plants and plant products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

95/0068

Marketing of meat products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, E, P, UK

>TABLE>

95/0070

Diseases affecting bivalve molluscs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, F, IRL, I, NL, S

>TABLE>

95/0071

Fishery products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, F, IRL, I, P, UK

>TABLE>

96/0006

Feedingstuffs - undesirable substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, I

>TABLE>

96/0007

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

96/0012

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, P

>TABLE>

96/0014

Organisms harmful to plants or plant products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

96/0015

Organisms harmful to plants - protected zones

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

96/0018

Seeds and propagating materials, marketing

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

96/0022

Substances having hormonal or thyrostatic action and â-agonists

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, D, E, NL, A

>TABLE>

96/0023

Substances and residues in live animals and animal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, D, L, NL

>TABLE>

96/0032

Pesticide residues - fruit and vegetables

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except DK, F, L, A

>TABLE>

96/0033

Pesticide residues - foodstuffs of animal origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except DK, F, L, A

>TABLE>

96/0043

Financing of veterinary inspections and controls

Member States which have notified implementing measures: L, UK

>TABLE>

96/0046

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, F, P

>TABLE>

96/0068

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, EL, F, IRL, I, L, P, S

>TABLE>

96/0072

Marketing of seeds and plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, P

>TABLE>

96/0078

Organisms harmful to plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L

>TABLE>

96/0090

Products not subject to specific health requirements

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, EL, NL, A, FIN, S

>TABLE>

96/0093

Certification of animals and animal products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, P, UK

>TABLE>

97/0002

Protection of calves

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, F, NL, P

>TABLE>

97/0006

Feedingstuffs - additives

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL

>TABLE>

97/0014

Organisms harmful to plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except L

>TABLE>

97/0022

Protection against zoonoses and zoonotic agents

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, A, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

97/0047

Labelling of feedingstuffs

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, NL, A

>TABLE>

97/0057

Plant protection products

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, E, I, P, FIN, S

>TABLE>

6. ENVIRONMENT

75/0439

Disposal of waste oils

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0440

Surface water

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

75/0442

Waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

76/0160

Bathing water

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, FIN

>TABLE>

76/0464

Dangerous substances in the sea

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0319

Toxic and dangerous waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

78/0659

Quality of fresh waters

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0409

Conservation of wild birds

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0869

Surface water

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

79/0923

Shellfish waters

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0068

Protection of groundwater

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0778

Drinking water

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0779

Air quality

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

80/0836

Health protection - ionising radiation

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, FIN, S

>TABLE>

82/0176

Mercury discharges

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0501

Major accident hazards

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

82/0884

Lead in the air

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0129

Seal-pup skins

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

83/0513

Cadmium discharges

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0156

Mercury discharges

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0360

Air pollution from industrial plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

84/0466

Radiation protection - patients

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0203

Air quality - nitrogen dioxide

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0337

Assessment of the effects of projects on the environment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0411

Conservation of wild birds

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

85/0444

Seal-pup skins

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0278

Sewage sludge used in agriculture

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0280

Dangerous substances in the sea

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0431

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

86/0609

Protection of animals

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

>TABLE>

87/0217

Pollution by asbestos

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

88/0609

Emissions from large combustion plants

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0369

Incineration of municipal waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except I

>TABLE>

89/0370

Seal-pup skins

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0427

Sulphur dioxide in the air

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0429

Municipal waste incinerators

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

89/0618

Health protection - radiological emergency

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except FIN, S

>TABLE>

90/0219

Genetically modified organisms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0220

Genetically modified organisms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0313

Freedom of access to information on the environment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0641

Radiation protection - outside workers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0156

Waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E, F

>TABLE>

91/0157

Batteries containing dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, F, I

>TABLE>

91/0244

Conservation of wild birds

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0271

Urban waste-water treatment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, I

>TABLE>

91/0410

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

91/0676

Pollution of water by nitrates of agricultural origin

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0689

Hazardous waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except UK

>TABLE>

92/0003

Shipments of radioactive waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D

>TABLE>

92/0014

Operation of aeroplanes

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

92/0032

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

92/0043

Conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, D, EL, F, FIN

>TABLE>

92/0069

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

92/0072

Air pollution by ozone

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except S

>TABLE>

92/0112

Pollution - titanium dioxide

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0012

Sulphur content of liquid fuels

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except E

>TABLE>

93/0021

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

93/0067

Principles for assessment of risks

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, UK

>TABLE>

93/0072

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

93/0086

Batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, F, I

>TABLE>

93/0090

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

93/0101

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

93/0105

Information required for technical dossiers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B

>TABLE>

94/0015

Genetically modified organisms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, L

>TABLE>

94/0051

Genetically modified organisms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, L, P

>TABLE>

94/0062

Packaging and packaging waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, EL, IRL, L, P, FIN, UK

>TABLE>

94/0063

Volatile organic compound emissions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except D, UK

>TABLE>

94/0066

Emissions of pollutants into the air

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0067

Incineration of hazardous waste

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, DK, EL, IRL, I, A, P, FIN, UK

>TABLE>

94/0069

Labelling of dangerous substances

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, IRL, P

>TABLE>

95/0027

Excavators, dozers and excavator-loaders

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, I

>TABLE>

97/0035

Release of genetically modified organisms

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except B, DK, D, EL, F, IRL, A, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

7. TRANSPORT

76/0135

Reciprocal recognition of navigability licences for inland waterway vessels

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, D, F, L, NL, A

79/0115

Pilotage of vessels

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

82/0714

Technical requirements for inland waterway vessels

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, D, F, I, L, NL, A

84/0647

Vehicles hired without drivers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

87/0540

Admission to the occupation of carrier of goods by waterway

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, D, F, I, L, NL, A

>TABLE>

88/0599

Transport by road - social legislation - recording equipment

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

90/0398

Vehicles hired without drivers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0328

Roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except IRL

>TABLE>

91/0439

Driving licences

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, EL, E, IRL, I, L, NL, A, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

91/0440

Development of railways

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0670

Mutual acceptance of personnel licences in civil aviation

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

91/0672

Boatmasters' certificates for inland waterways

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, D, F, L, NL, A

>TABLE>

92/0106

Combined transport

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0065

Air-traffic management systems

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, EL, E, F, IRL, L, NL, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

93/0075

Minimum requirements for vessels bound for or leaving Community ports and carrying dangerous or polluting goods

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0089

Taxes on certain vehicles used for the carriage of goods by road

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F

>TABLE>

94/0023

Roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and minimum standards for testing vehicle braking systems

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except A, P

>TABLE>

94/0055

Carriage of dangerous goods by road

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, D, E, F, I, L, NL, A, P, FIN, S, UK

94/0056

Investigation of civil aviation accidents and incidents

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, IRL, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

94/0057

Ship inspections and surveys

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, EL, E, F, L, A, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

94/0058

Training of seafarers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except NL

>TABLE>

95/0018

Licensing of railway undertakings

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, A, FIN, S

>TABLE>

95/0019

Allocation of railway infrastructure capacity and the charging of infrastructure fees

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, A, P, FIN, S

>TABLE>

95/0021

Ship safety, pollution control and shipboard living and working conditions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, D, EL, E, F, L, A, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

95/0050

Uniform procedures for checks on transport of dangerous goods by road

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, EL, E, I, L, NL, P, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

96/0039

Minimum requirements for vessels bound for or leaving Community ports and carrying dangerous or polluting goods

Member States which have notified implementing measures: E, I, L, A, FIN, S

>TABLE>

96/0040

Common model for an identity card for inspectors carrying out port State control

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, EL, E, F, I, L, FIN, S, UK

>TABLE>

96/0047

Driving licences

Member States which have notified implementing measures: DK, E, L, P, FIN

96/0049

Transport of dangerous goods by rail

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, E, F, NL, A, FIN, S, UK

96/0053

Maximum weights and dimensions for certain road vehicles

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, E, L, P, FIN

>TABLE>

96/0067

Access to the groundhandling market at Community airports

Member States which have notified implementing measures: none

>TABLE>

96/0075

Systems of chartering and pricing in national and international inland waterway transport in the Community

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, F

96/0086

Carriage of dangerous goods by road

Member States which have notified implementing measures: B, DK, D, F, I, NL, A, P, FIN, S

96/0087

Transport of dangerous goods by rail

Member States which have notified implementing measures: D, EL, F, NL, A, FIN, S

97/0015

Definition and use of compatible technical specifications for the procurement of air-traffic-management equipment and systems

Member States which have notified implementing measures: F, IRL, NL, FIN, S, UK

97/0034

Minimum requirements for vessels bound for or leaving Community ports and carrying dangerous or polluting goods

Member States which have notified implementing measures: E, L, NL, A, S

>TABLE>

97/0044

Summertime

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

8. ENERGY

92/0042

Efficiency requirements for hot-water boilers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

93/0076

Carbon dioxide emissions

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all

>TABLE>

94/0002

Energy labelling of refrigerators, freezers and their combinations

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, B, D, DK, EL, E, FIN, F, IRL, NL, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

94/0022

Authorisations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, B, DK, D, E, EL, F, I, NL, P, S, UK (not applicable to Luxembourg)

>TABLE>

95/0012

Energy labelling of household washing machines

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, D, DK, E, EL, FIN, IRL, L, NL, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

95/0013

Energy labelling of household electric tumble dryers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, D, DK, E, EL, F, FIN, IRL, L, NL, P, S, UK

>TABLE>

96/0057

Energy efficiency requirements for refrigerators, freezers and combinations thereof

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, NL, UK

96/0060

Energy labelling of household combined washer-dryers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, D, DK, EL, FIN, IRL, NL, P, S, UK

96/0089

Energy labelling of household washing machines (amending Directive 95/0012)

Member States which have notified implementing measures: A, D, DK, E, EL, FIN, IRL, NL, P, UK

97/0017

Energy labelling of household dishwashers

Member States which have notified implementing measures: NL

9. STATISTICS

95/0057

Tourism statistics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except F, IRL, I, UK

>TABLE>

96/0016

Milk statistics

Member States which have notified implementing measures: all except EL, E, IRL, I, FIN

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

ANNEX V

JUDGMENTS OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE UP TO 31 DECEMBER 1997 NOT YET IMPLEMENTED

BELGIUM

Judgment given on 08/07/87, Case C-247/85

Wild birds

Referral to the Court under Article 171(2) of the Treaty has been decided on. It is accompanied by a request for a periodic penalty payment.

Judgment given on 27/09/88, Case C-42/87

Judgment given on 03/05/94, Case C-47/93

Discrimination in public financing - non-university further education

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 19/02/91, Case C-375/89

Aid for Idealspun/Beaulieu

The Belgian authorities have commenced proceedings in the national courts to recover the unlawful aid.

Judgment was given on 20/09/94. The company has appealed against the substance and against enforcement. The proceedings are still in motion.

Judgment given on 17/02/93, Case C-173/91

Equal treatment of men and women - discrimination based on age

The Belgian authorities have transmitted a draft new Collective-Bargaining Agreement, which seems satisfactory; its publication is still awaited.

Judgment given on 24/03/94, Case C-80/92

Free movement of wireless telephones

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 02/05/96, Case C-133/94

Incomplete transposal of the Council Directive on the assessment of the impact of certain public or private projects on the environment

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 10/09/96, Case C-11/95

Incomplete transposal of Television without frontiers Directive

The Commission has received draft legislative measures to implement the Court judgment; they are under scrutiny.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-218/96

Failure to notify measures transposing the Council Directive on information required for technical files

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced. The Belgian authorities have transmitted draft legislation, which the Commission is now studying.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-220/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Commission Directive 84/449/EEC adapting to technical progress for the sixth time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced. The Belgian authorities have transmitted draft legislation, which the Commission is now studying.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-221/96

Failure to notify measures transposing the Commission Directive on the principles for the evaluation of the risks to man and the environment of substances notified in accordance with Council Directive 67/548/EEC

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced. The Belgian authorities have transmitted draft legislation, which the Commission is now studying.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-222/96

Failure to notify measures transposing the Council Directive on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced. A reply from the Belgian authorities is being studied by the Commission.

Judgment given on 20/02/97, Case C-344/95

Conditions and arrangements for issuing residence permits

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 20/02/97, Case C-135/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 91/659/EEC amending Council Directive 76/769/EEC restricting the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations

The Commission has contacted the Belgian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 20/03/97, Case C-294/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 90/385/EEC on active implantable medical devices

The Commission has contacted the Belgian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 29/05/97, Case C-313/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 93/21/EEC amending Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances

The Commission has contacted the Belgian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 29/05/97, Case C-356/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 91/410/EEC amending Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances

The Commission has contacted the Belgian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 29/05/97, Case C-357/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 15/94/EC amending Council Directive 22/90/EEC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 29/05/97, Case C-358/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Commission Directive 93/90/EEC on the list of substances provided for in the fifth indent of Article 13(1) of Council Directive 67/548/EEC

The Commission has contacted the Belgian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 02/10/97, Case C-208/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 92/119/EEC introducing general Community measures for the control of certain animal diseases and specific measures relating to swine vesicular disease

Recent judgment. Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 11/12/97, Case C-190/97

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 93/101/EEC amending Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 18/12/97, Case C-263/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products

Recent judgment.

GERMANY

Judgment given on 20/09/90

Bug-Alutechnik - repayment of a grant

A new action has been brought in the Bundesverwaltungsgericht.

Judgment given on 17/10/91, Case C-58/89

Surface water, not properly implemented

Following measures taken by the Member State, the Commission has partly withdrawn its Court action; for the remainder, progress is being made.

Judgment given on 10/05/95, Case C-422/92

Waste disposal

Article 171 proceedings have just been commenced.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-297/95

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 91/271/EEC on treatment of urban waste water

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-298/95

Fish and shellfish waters

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 12/06/97, Case C-138/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 92/116/EEC amending and updating Directive 71/118/EEC on health problems affecting trade in fresh poultry meat

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 16/09/97, Case C-139/96

Failure to notify measures implementing the Commission Directives laying down sheets indicating the conditions to be met by fruit plant propagating material (93/48/EEC), ornamental plants (93/49/EEC) and vegetable plants other than seeds (93/61/EEC), and the plants themselves, in order to conform with Council Directives 92/34/EEC, 91/682/EEC and 92/33/EEC

The Commission has contacted the German authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 13/11/97, Case C-236/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Commission Directive 93/86/EEC adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances

The Commission has contacted the German authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 27/11/97, Case C-137/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 91/414/EEC on the placing of plant protection products on the market

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 11/12/97, Case C-83/97

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 16/12/97, Case C-341/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 93/36/EEC coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts

Recent judgment.

GREECE

Judgment given on 15/03/88, Case C-147/86

Judgment given on 30/01/92, Case C-328/90

Ban on opening a private school (Frontistirion); nationality discrimination

Referral to the Court under Article 171(2) of the EC Treaty has been decided on. It is accompanied by a request for a periodic penalty payment.

Judgment given on 08/11/90, Case C-53/88

Protection of workers - insolvency of employers

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 07/04/92, Case C-45/91

Village waste in Crete

Referred to the Court under Article 171(2) of the EC Treaty. It is accompanied by a request for a periodic penalty payment.

Judgment given on 23/03/95, Case C-365/93

Mutual recognition of qualifications - higher education

Referral to the Court under Article 171(2) of the Treaty has been decided upon. It is accompanied by a request for a periodic penalty payment.

Judgment given on 01/06/95, Case C-123/94

Nationality discrimination

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 06/07/95, Case C-259/94

Open network provision - leased lines

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 02/05/96, Case C-311/95

Failure to notify measures transposing the Council Directive on the coordination of procurement procedures for public service contracts

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced and are in motion.

Judgment given on 02/07/96, Case C-290/94

Access to employment - nationality discrimination

The Commission is still studying the measures taken by the Greek authorities to implement the Court judgment.

Judgment given on 26/06/97, Case C-329/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 22/10/97, Case C-375/95

Taxes on second-hand cars

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 27/11/97, Case C-62/96

Licensing and flag rights for fishing vessels and merchant ships

Recent judgment.

SPAIN

Judgment given on 02/08/93, Case C-355/90

Conservation of wild birds at Santoña

The work required to implement the Court judgment is in progress, in cooperation with the relevant Commission technical staff.

Judgment given on 22/03/94, Case C-375/92

Restrictions on freedom to provide services as tourist guides

Progress is being made in the various regions.

Judgment given on 05/06/97, Case C-107/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 91/156/EEC amending Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 17/07/97, Case C-52/96

Transfer of pension rights

The Commission has contacted the Spanish authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 09/10/97, Case C-21/96

Radiological protection of patients subject to medical examination or treatment

Recent judgment. The Spanish authorities have already proposed measures to implement the Court judgment.

Judgment given on 18/12/97, Case C-360/95

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 91/371/EEC on the application of the agreement between the EEC and the Swiss Confederation on direct insurance other than life assurance

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 18/12/97, Case C-361/95

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 92/49/EEC on direct insurance other than life assurance and amending Directives 73/239/EEC and 88/357/EEC

Recent judgment.

FRANCE

Judgment given on 27/04/88, Case C-252/85

Wild birds

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 12/12/90, Case C-263/88

Refusal to grant right of establishment and freedom to provide services in the overseas territories

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 26/02/91, Case C-154/89

Restrictions on freedom to provide services as tourist guides

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 11/06/91, Case C-64/88

Fisheries - failure to monitor compliance with technical conservation measures

Commission departments are making final checks and analysing the results of the inspection missions to ascertain whether the measures adopted are sufficient to implement the Court judgment.

Judgment given on 13/01/93, Case C-293/91

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 85/374/EEC on liability for defective products

Legislative measures have been notified but not yet adopted. They still do not appear to be in conformity with Community law.

Judgment given on 17/11/93, Case C-68/92

VAT on advertising services - double taxation

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 13/03/97, Case C-197/96

Night work for women

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 29/05/97, Case C-282/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances

The Commission has contacted the French authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment. Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 29/05/97, Case C-283/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Commission Directive 93/86/EEC adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances

The Commission has contacted the French authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment. Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 05/06/97, Case C-223/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Directive 91/156/EEC amending Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste

The Commission has contacted the French authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment. Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 09/12/97, Case C-265/95

Barriers to imports of Spanish strawberries

Recent judgment.

IRELAND

Judgment given on 11/08/95, Case C-240/94

Electromagnetic compatibility

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 12/06/97, Case C-151/96

Merchant vessels - flag rights

The Commission has contacted the Irish authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

ITALY

Judgment given on 12/07/88, Case C-322/86

Judgment given on 09/03/94, Case C-291/93

Quality of fishing waters

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 26/02/91, Case C-180/89

Restrictions on freedom to provide services as tourist guides

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 09/03/93, Case C-95/92

Radiation protection - medical examinations

It has been decided to refer this matter to the Court under Article 171. It is accompanied by a request for a periodic penalty payment. Progress is being made. Legislative measures have been notified and are now under scrutiny at the Commission.

Judgment given on 26/04/94, Case C-272/91

Public procurement - computerised lottery systems

Progress is being made. The Commission is making final checks.

Judgment given on 01/06/95, Case C-40/93

Admission to the profession of dentist

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 29/02/96, Case C-307/94

Failure to notify measures transposing the Council Directive coordinating legislation relating to certain activities of pharmacists

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 20/06/96, Case C-237/95

Failure to notify measures transposing the Council Directive on the prevention of atmospheric pollution from existing municipal waste incinerators

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 11/07/96, Case C-303/95

Failure to notify measures transposing the Council Directive on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances

Progress is being made.

Judgment given on 12/12/96, Case C-302/95

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 91/271/EEC on treatment of urban waste water

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 23/01/97, Case C-314/95

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 74/63/EEC fixing maximum levels for undesirable substances and products in feedingstuffs, Council Directive 92/116/EEC amending and updating Directive 71/118/EEC on health problems affecting trade in fresh poultry meat, and Council Directive 92/117/EEC on protection measures against specified zoonoses

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

Judgment given on 17/07/97, Case C-43/97

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 93/36/EEC coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts

The Commission has contacted the Italian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 16/09/97, Case C-279/94

Ban on use of asbestos

The Commission has contacted the Italian authorities to ascertain what measures are planned to comply with the Court's judgment.

Judgment given on 04/12/97, Case C-207/96

Night work for women

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 04/12/97, Case C-225/96

Incorrect application of Directive 79/923/EEC on shellfish waters

Recent judgment.

Judgment given on 16/12/97, Case C-316/96

Failure to notify measures transposing Council Directive 93/53/EEC introducing minimum Community measures for the control of certain fish diseases, Council Directive 93/113/EEC on the use and marketing of enzymes, and Council Directive 93/114/EEC amending Directive 70/524/EEC on additives in feedingstuffs

Recent judgment.

LUXEMBOURG

Judgment given on 15/06/95, Case C-220/94

Open network provision - leased lines

Article 171 proceedings are in motion.

Judgment given on 02/07/96, Case C-473/93

Nationality discrimination - access to employment for nurses in public hospitals, for teachers in public education, for public servants in the field of civilian research, surface transport, posts and telecommunications, and the distribution of water, gas and electricity

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced.

THE NETHERLANDS

Judgment given on 14/07/94, Case C-61/93

Electronic kw/h meters

Progress is being made.

UNITED KINGDOM

Judgment given on 18/02/92, Case C-30/90

Patent licences

The difficulty has been resolved in practice. The legislative process has almost been completed.

Judgment given on 14/07/93, Case C-56/90

Bathing water quality: Blackpool and Southport

Commission departments are making final checks, and the Blackpool local authorities will be putting forward a cleaning-up plan, which will be scrutinised.

Judgment given on 08/06/94, Case C-382/92

Transfers of undertakings

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced. The British authorities have announced their intention of amending the legislation in agreement with the two sides of industry.

Judgment given on 08/06/94, Case C-383/92

Collective redundancies

Article 171 proceedings have been commenced. The British authorities have announced their intention of amending the legislation in agreement with the two sides of industry.

ANNEX VI

APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS

1. Application of Article 177 of the EC Treaty

In 1997 the Court of Justice of the European Communities received requests for preliminary rulings in cases where difficulties arose in the interpretation of Community law or where there were doubts as to the validity of Community instruments.

When references are recorded at the Court of Justice Registry, they are published in full in the Official Journal of the European Communities. The table below shows the number of references from each Member State over the last seven years (1).

>TABLE>

The massive growth in the number of preliminary rulings requested by Austrian courts is particularly striking.

Cases were referred by courts in all Member States.

In 1997, preliminary rulings accounted for about 47 % of the total of 443 cases brought before the Court (111 cases being removed from the Register).

The two tables below show the number of references from each Member State and the number of cases referred by each court of final instance.

>TABLE>

>TABLE>

2. Significant judgments of national courts of final instance

2.1. Introduction

Analysis of the judgments outlined below shows that national supreme courts are paying more and more attention to Community law.

The Commission has again had access to data gathered by the Research and Documentation Department of the Court of Justice. It was thus able to identify decisions which applied Community law, though it should be pointed out that it is not possible, by consulting databases, to identify cases where national courts ought to have applied Community law but where the judgment contains no reference to it. Moreover, the Commission cannot undertake a systematic analysis of the mass of judgments delivered each year by the national supreme courts. Each year, some 1 200 judgments relating to Community law come to the attention of the Research and Documentation Department.

2.2. The research

Research was carried out on the following questions in relation to decisions given or reported for the first time in 1997:

1. Were there cases where decisions against which there was no appeal were taken without a reference for a preliminary ruling even though they turned on a point of Community law whose interpretation was less than perfectly obvious?

Were there any other decisions regarding preliminary rulings that merit attention?

2. Were there cases where courts, contrary to the rule in Case 314/85 Foto-Frost (2), declared an act of a Community institution to be invalid?

To what extent did national courts, applying the principles in Joined Cases 143/88 and 92/89 Zuckerfabrik Süderdithmarschen (3), stay the implementation of a national administrative measure taken on the basis of a Community regulation or decision?

3. Were there any decisions that were noteworthy as setting good or bad examples?

4. Were there any decisions that applied the rulings given in Francovich (4) or in Brasserie de Pêcheur and Factortame III? (5)

Question 1

On 30 December 1996, in a judgment given without reference to the Court of Justice (6), the Dutch Centrale Raad van Beroep upheld the Dutch authorities' refusal to pay invalidity benefits to the daughter of a migrant worker unable to work, on the ground that she did not meet the residence requirement in the Netherlands. The family had resided in the Netherlands but had moved to Belgium, though the father remained covered by the Dutch social security scheme. The Centrale Raad van Beroep, referring to the judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-308/93 Cabanis-Issarte (7), considered the question whether in the circumstances of the case the daughter should be considered as insured in the Netherlands as a member of the family of the migrant worker, who was a Community national, for the purposes of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 (8). In its judgment, which related to retirement pensions, the Court of Justice held that it would be contrary to both the purpose and the spirit of the Regulation to deprive the spouse or survivors of a migrant worker of the benefit of the non-discrimination principle in the payment of old-age benefits to which they would have been entitled, on an equal footing with nationals, if they had remained in the host state (9). The Centrale Raad van Beroep held that it was unlikely that a judgment of the Court of Justice would have any impact on the outcome of the case.

Again in the Netherlands, the Hoge Raad considered the question whether the fact that the Commission had not been notified of certain rules on equipment to be used for testing alcohol, which were technical standards within the meaning of Directive 83/189, was to be taken into account when sentence was passed for an offence. It held that it was not so, since in neither of the two possible situations - the accused refused to submit to checks or agreed to do so - was he required to comply with the rules in question. The Hoge Raad's view was that the obligation of a suspect to submit to checks flowed directly from the Dutch road traffic legislation (10).

On 15 April 1997, in a case turning on the application of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 and the provisions of the Treaty relating to free movement of persons in general, the Austrian Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court) gave a judgment dismissing an application from a worker with Austrian nationality, who received German invalidity benefit following an industrial accident in Germany in 1968, for an invalidity pension in Austria (11). The Court took note that the Regulation had had effect in Austria from 1 January 1994 without retrospective effect and held that neither it nor the provisions of the Treaty relating to free movement of persons could apply to events occurring before that date. It accordingly held that the applicant was not covered by the relevant provisions of Community law and declined to refer a question for a preliminary ruling as the decision on the case did not depend on Community law.

In Germany the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Constitutional Court), in a constitutional action for annulment of a judgment of the Landesarbeitsgericht Hamm dismissing the applicant's appeal against his dismissal, gave a preliminary decision on 13 June 1997 refusing to accept the action (12). The Court declared that the Landesarbeitsgericht had deliberately refused to apply the interpretation of the concept of transfer of undertaking (Article 1(1) of Directive 77/187/EEC (13)) given by the Court of Justice in Case C-392/92 Christel Schmidt (14), and pleaded by the applicant. It dismissed as unfounded the Labour Court's reasoning that it was under no duty to follow the Court of Justice's interpretation since no grounds had been given for it. It held that a national court of last instance cannot depart from an interpretation given by the Court of Justice and must, in the event of doubt, refer a fresh question for preliminary ruling.

However, it refused to accept the constitutional action as, following the judgment given by the Court of Justice in Case C-13/95 Ayse Süzen (15), which clarified the concept of transfer of undertakings as interpreted in Christel Schmidt, the applicant could no longer win the case. If the action was referred back to the Landesarbeitsgericht, that court would have to follow the new decision of the Court of Justice and dismiss the applicant's action.

It is worth noting that Ayse Süzen was also followed by the United Kingdom Court of Appeal in its judgment in Betts v Brintel Helicopters Ltd, considered below under question 3.

Still in Germany, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht gave a judgment on 28 January 1997 on the question of the stage in national proceedings at which a question should properly be referred to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling (16). On an appeal from a judgment of the Hamburg Oberverwaltungsgericht ordering a Turkish national to be expelled, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht held that in the instant case the conditions imposed by German law for an expulsion order were satisfied as the applicant's offences against the Narcotics Act warranted expulsion as a general preventive measure. But the Court went on to consider whether Articles 6(1) and 7 of Decision No 1/80 of the EEC-Turkey Association Council militated against expulsion as a general preventive measure and decided that it could not answer that question without an interpretation of the Decision from the Court of Justice. Since, however, a reference could not be made if the preliminary ruling was not proved to be relevant to the decision to be given by the national court, and since it had not been shown that the applicant was active on the normal labour market within the meaning of Decision 1/80, the Court annulled the judgment of the Oberverwaltungsgericht and referred the case back to it for retrial, possibly involving a reference to the Court of Justice (17).

In a case concerning the compatibility of the rules in French legislation governing the eligibility and disqualification of Members of the European Parliament with the Act concerning the election of representatives of the European Parliament annexed to the Council Decision of 20 September 1976, the French Conseil d'État, upholding the submissions of the Government Commissioner, held that there was no need to refer a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling (18). Its reasoning was that the Act clearly provided that the electoral procedure for representatives to the European Parliament was in all material respects within the jurisdiction of the Member States and that it was for them to determine whether their representatives were disqualified for ineligibility.

On 7 November 1997 the Finnish Korkein hallinto-oikeus (Supreme Administrative Court), without reference to the Court of Justice, held in a case (2942/1/96) concerning public access to documents transmitted to the European Commission in a competition proceeding that Finnish law applied to access to such documents where they were in the possession of the national authorities (National Competition Office). By Article 10 of the Constitution, documents in the possession of the national authorities are public unless publicity is restricted by statute on grounds of overriding considerations. Applying section 9(2) of the Official Documents (Public Access) Act and section 1(1)(2)(a) of the legislative Decree allowing certain exceptions, the Court nevertheless withheld access as it would be prejudicial to sound international cooperation. The decision was taken by majority vote. A minority of the judges would have applied Article 20 of Council Regulation No 17, which requires the Commission and other competent authorities to refrain from divulging information gathered in applying that Regulation where they are by their nature covered by the obligation of professional secrecy.

Question 2

Here mention should be made of the Order made by the Frankfurt Verwaltungsgericht on 24 October 1996 (19). The Court referred to the Bundesverfassungsgericht a question for a preliminary ruling as to the conformity of Articles 17 to 19 and 21(2) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 404/93 of 13 February 1993 on the common organisation of the market in bananas (20) with certain provisions of the Basic Law, even though the Court of Justice had earlier given a preliminary ruling in Case C-466/93 Atlanta Fruchthandelsgesellschaft and others (21) (reference by the Frankfurt Verwaltungsgericht in connection with the same case) to the effect that the provisions were valid in terms of Community law.

The Verwaltungsgericht held that these provisions could not be applied in Germany as they violated the applicants' individual rights as secured by Articles 3(2) (equality), 12(1) (freedom to engage in an occupation) and 14(1) (property rights) of the Basic Law. As grounds for the admissibility of its reference the Verwaltungsgericht adduced decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, and particularly its judgment of 12 October 1993 (22), holding that it alone had jurisdiction to review the applicability of Community secondary legislation in Germany by virtue of a cooperation relationship with the Court of Justice and to secure compliance in Germany with the unassailable standard of fundamental rights provided for by the Basic Law.

The Verwaltungsgericht held that the material provisions of Regulation No 404/93 violated the unassailable standard of fundamental rights provided for by the Basic Law and that the Court of Justice had not protected the applicants' fundamental rights in the preliminary ruling proceeding, with the consequence that the Bundesverfassungsgericht should secure compliance and declare the provisions inapplicable in Germany.

Question 3

In a judgment given on 26 June 1997 the Austrian Verfassungsgerichtshof held that, by failing to discharge its duty to seek a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice pursuant to the third paragraph of Article 177 of the EC Treaty, the Bundesvergabeamt (federal authority with review jurisdiction in public procurement matters) had acted contrary to the principle that nobody may be deprived of access to proper justice (23). The interpretation of Article 2(1)(a) and (b) and (6) of Council Directive 89/665/EEC of 21 December 1985 (24), arose in interlocutory proceedings before the Bundesvergabeamt, the question being whether the award and conclusion of a contract following an invitation to tender are severable actions, attackable either separately or in aggregate; the Verfassungsgerichtshof held that in the Community system of two-tier protection it was for the Court of Justice alone, which had already ruled on the question, to interpret the relevant provisions, which meant that a preliminary ruling should have been sought.

Still in Austria, the Oberster Gerichtshof made an Order on 9 December 1997 in a case turning on the question whether the decision whereby a court of originating jurisdiction stayed proceedings and referred a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling was subject to national redress procedures (25). After considering the decisions of the Court of Justice (26), existing decisions of the Austrian and German courts and academic writings, the Court held that a reference Order could not be set aside by a national court since, for one thing, the Court of Justice had exclusive jurisdiction to consider the admissibility of a reference for a preliminary ruling and, for another, while decisions staying proceedings in constitutional review actions before the Constitutional Court were not reviewable, references for preliminary rulings were. Moreover, the parties to the principal action, being unable to oblige the court to seek a preliminary ruling, were not entitled to have a decision seeking such a ruling set aside by means of purely national procedures.

The judgment given on 26 June 1997 by the Verfassungsgerichtshof (27) concerns access to university education for Austrian nationals who have been awarded a secondary-school leaving certificate in another Member State. The applicant, an Austrian national, was refused admission to study veterinary medicine at Vienna University on the basis of the general certificate of matriculation issued to her in Germany in 1995 on the grounds that she had not received a university admission certificate issued by a competent German authority that would have entitled her to follow university studies in Germany, as required by section 7(1)(b) of the Austrian University Education Act (Allgemeines Hochschulstudiengesetz, AHStG). The Court held that this did not violate the principle of equality enshrined in Austrian constitutional law. The restrictions on university admission were justified by the legislative intention of preventing or containing a massive influx of persons who had obtained their secondary-school leaving certificate in another country but did not meet the specific conditions for admission imposed there and therefore sought admission in Austria. Although the decision might generate injustice in relation to Austrian nationals residing temporarily in another Member State, the Verfassungsgerichtshof found that the nationality criterion was not mentioned in section 7(1)(b) of the Act and held that the section did not violate the Community-law principle of non-discrimination since its purpose was precisely to treat all holders of foreign certificates in the same way as in the country of issuance of the certificate, irrespective of nationality.

Regarding interlocutory proceedings, the Oberster Gerichtshof held that, where a question of interpretation of Community law arose in such proceedings and the same question arose at the same time in another case and was referred to the Court of Justice, it was not possible to stay the interlocutory proceedings pending the ruling from the Court of Justice. Such a stay was not compatible with the very purpose of interlocutory proceedings and would in any case not be appropriate until the mandatory effect erga omnes of the decision to seek the preliminary ruling was established (28).

Although Directive 77/187/EEC (29) has been transposed only in part in Austria and precise transposal provisions have not been enacted, a judgment of the Oberster Gerichtshof given on 23 May 1997 (30), referring to the judgment of the Court of Justice in Joined Cases C-132/91, C-138/91 and C-139/91 Katsikas (31), upheld the right of a worker, being a delegate to the Works Council, to oppose the transfer of his employment relationship to the acquirer of a business.

Also noteworthy is a judgment given by the Oberster Gerichtshof on 11 February 1997 (32), on an application from an employed person suffering from incapacity for work for an invalidity pension in Austria although, after working in Germany for fifteen years, she was receiving an invalidity pension in Germany. The applicant pleaded the bilateral agreement between Austria and Germany and Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 in support of her argument that her entitlement should be determined on the basis of the more generous provisions and that her period worked in Germany should be reckoned for the purposes of pension entitlements in Austria. The Court held that there was no such obligation under the bilateral agreement or under the Regulation and concluded that, in the absence of relevant provisions in the substantive social law of the Community, Austrian law should be applied.

In a judgment given on 25 September 1997 (33) the Verwaltungsgerichtshof acknowledged the direct effect of Article 10 of Council Directive 69/335/EEC concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital (34). Referring to a Court of Justice decision (35), it declared that administrative decisions imposing duties for the registration of capital increases of limited companies in the companies register were unlawful. It felt no need to seek a preliminary ruling as in the circumstances of the case there was no doubt how Community law should be applied (36).

In the United Kingdom, just a fortnight after the Court of Justice gave judgment in Süzen (37) on 11 March 1997, the influence of the judgment was felt in the Court of Appeal's judgment in Betts v Brintel Helicopters Ltd (38). The applicants were employed by Brintel, which supplied Shell with helicopter services. When the contracts for services between the two firms expired, new contracts for the area in which the applicants were working were awarded to KLM, which did not take over the existing staff and equipment and operated from a different heliport. The High Court made a declaration that the applicants had become employees of KLM as the Brintel activities on the heliport it used constituted an undertaking for the purposes of the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 1981 and there had been a transfer of an undertaking since KLM was now providing the same services or activities. The Court of Appeal gave its judgment after the Court of Justice had given judgment in Süzen and allowed KLM's appeal. The Court of Appeal held that Süzen constitutes a shift of emphasis, or at the very least a clarification of the law, and held that although the sector of activity constituted an undertaking or a business entity, the staff were not the only asset and that the assignor had retained the bulk of the assets so that the undertaking could not be considered to have been transferred in such a manner as to keep its identity when in the hands of the new proprietor.

In another transfer of undertakings case - National Union of Teachers and others v Governing Body of St Mary's Church of England (Aided) Junior School and others (39) - the Court of Appeal considered the cases on the direct effect of directives. Three teachers had been made redundant following the closure of the voluntary aided school where they taught. They were not re-engaged by the governing body of the new school, which was also a voluntary aided school. The teachers' union filed complaints for failure to undertake proper consultations in the event of transfer of an undertaking, and the three teachers filed a complaint for unfair dismissal; the Industrial Tribunal decided that the schools were not in the nature of a commercial venture for the purposes of section 2(1) of the 1981 Regulations, which were accordingly not applicable, and since the Board of Governors of a voluntary aided school was not a state authority the applicants could not rely on the direct applicability of Directive 77/187/EEC (40) against such a body. The Employment Appeal Tribunal dismissed the applicants' appeal. The Court of Appeal allowed their further appeal, holding that, where a school acquired voluntary-aided status and became effectively part of the state system, the Board of Governors was a public authority responsible for providing a public service and was subject to the regulatory powers exercised by the local education authority; this made it a state authority for the purposes of Directive 77/187/EEC.

Still in the United Kingdom, the House of Lords followed Court of Justice precedents in Kleinwort Benson v Glasgow City Council (41). The applicant bank had started an action in England for the repayment of sums paid to Glasgow City pursuant to a contract subsequently rescinded. A statute broadly taking over the solutions adopted in the Brussels Convention governs conflicts of jurisdiction between the courts of England and Scotland. Glasgow City considered that the Scottish courts had jurisdiction, and the Court of Appeal sought preliminary rulings on the interpretation of the statute from the Court of Justice (Case C-346/93) to determine restitution actions in the context of the Brussels Convention. The Court of Justice declared that the reference was inadmissible as the Brussels Convention itself was not applicable in the circumstances of the case, even if conflicts of jurisdiction between the English and Scottish courts were governed by rules inspired by it. The English courts must therefore settle the conflict without a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice. The House of Lords held that full regard should be had to decisions of the Court of Justice interpreting the Conventions when the statute fell to be interpreted by the English courts even though the Court of Justice had declined to give a preliminary ruling.

In Germany the Bundesverfassungsgericht, by Order made on 22 January 1996 (42), dismissed a constitutional action against transposal of two Community directives without considering the points of Community law raised by the parties. It held that section 3(1) of the Tobacco Products (Labelling) Regulation, which transposed into German law Article 4 of Directive 89/662/EEC, as amended by Directive 92/41/EEC (43), violated neither the principles of freedom of opinion and freedom to engage in an occupation nor any other of the fundamental rights secured by the Basic Law. The Court held that the Regulation had a legal basis independent of Community law in section 21(1) of the Foodstuffs and Basic Necessities Act (Lebensmittel- und Bedarfsgegenständegesetz), that it was accordingly part of German competition law and that as a result questions of Community law, notably those relating to the direct effect of directives in domestic law and the applicants' right to have them reviewed by the Court of Justice, were not relevant to its decision.

On 20 November 1997 the Bundesarbeitsgericht gave a judgment accepting the applicant's claim that as a professional ice-hockey player he was entitled to compensation for loss sustained when the club that employed him applied the rules governing transfers adopted by the German federation (44). The transfer being between two German clubs, the Court decided on the basis of German law alone that the transfer rules were an unlawful restraint of freedom to engage in an occupation (Article 12(1) of the Basic Law). Moreover, referring to the Court of Justice's decision in Bosman (45) that Article 48 of the EC Treaty precluded rules making the recruitment of a professional sportsman by a club in another Member State dependent on payment of a transfer fee to the club of origin, it held that the interpretation placed on Article 48 by the Court of Justice was founded on the same values as applied to the interpretation of Article 12 of the Basic Law.

In Spain the Sala Primera de lo Civil at the Tribunal Supremo gave judgment on 5 July 1997 (46) acknowledging the direct horizontal effect of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts (47), having earlier implicitly acknowledged such effect. All the cases concerned jurisdiction clauses in standard-form contracts.

In Denmark, where the Supreme Court had declared on 12 August 1996 that an action brought against the Prime Minister by eleven Danish citizens, supported by 777 interveners, concerning the Maastricht Treaty was admissible (48), the Østre Landsret, acting as a court of first instance, gave judgment on 27 June 1997 dismissing the application on the substance (49). The applicants contested the constitutionality of Denmark's ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. Article 20(1) of the Constitution provides that 'the powers conferred on the authorities of the Kingdom by this Constitution may be transferred by statute, and within specified limits, to international authorities established by reciprocal agreements with other States with a view to promoting international cooperation and the international legal order`. The applicants argued that the transfer of powers effected by the Maastricht Treaty was indeterminate and that the transfer was accordingly incompatible with Article 20. The applicants have brought an action to have the judgment annulled in the Supreme Court, which is expected to give judgment in spring 1998.

Regarding the recognition of the supremacy of Community law over national law, the judgment given on 25 November 1997 by the Regeringsrätten, Sweden's Supreme Administrative Court (50), put an end to certain doubts as to the relationship between national law and Community law (51). The judgment recognises the possibility for citizens to seek redress in the administrative courts against individual decisions affecting civil rights and duties (52). Lassagård contested the national authorities' refusal to pay an agricultural aid provided for by Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3887/92 laying down detailed rules for applying the integrated administration and control system for certain Community aid schemes (53). The authority - the Jordbruksverket - rejected the company's application and stated that there was no appeal against its decision since, in accordance with national administrative rules, there was no basis for review in a statute or regulation (54). Successive appeals brought the case up to the Supreme Administrative Court, which, referring to Court of Justice cases (55) and to Article 6 of the European Human Rights Convention (protection of the relevant rights is a full part of Community law), held that Community law prevails over national law and that national law cannot confine an applicant's right to complain of an administrative decision in a national court, as that right flowed directly from Community law.

In a plenary judgment the French Conseil d'État acknowledged that, where the time allowed for transposal of a directive has elapsed, the authorities must disapply provisions of national law that conflict with it, whatever their status and whatever the source of incompatibility (56).

This was a tax case, and the applicant firm's business was subject to VAT as defined by section 256 of the General Tax Code, conforming to the sixth directive (57). The Directive required the Member States to exempt the relevant business but the Code contained no provision doing so. The interesting point about the case was that national legislation did not contain the provisions required by the Directive, rather than containing provisions in conflict with it. The Conseil d'État held that the sections of the General Tax Code whereby insurance brokerage remained subject to VAT were not in conformity with the purpose of the sixth directive, that they should be disapplied in the instant case and that the assessment to tax should accordingly be cancelled for want of a legal basis; it did so without requiring the applicant to have pleaded incompatibility with the directive of the national transposal measure that intervenes between the directive and the individual decision (58).

The Conseil d'État also received an application for annulment of an Order made by the State Secretary from the Ligue Française pour la Protection des Oiseaux, determining the open season for shooting certain species. Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds requires Member States to ensure that protected species 'are not hunted during the rearing season nor during the various stages of reproduction`. The Conseil d'État annulled the Order as the rule had not been respected for certain species and the national authorities had no power to issue regulations conflicting with the objectives of Community directives.

The French Court of Cassation gave a judgment on 12 December 1996 extending the in mitius retroactivity rule, whereby, in the absence of provisions to contrary effect, a criminal statute laying down more favourable provisions applies to acts done before it entered into force where sentence has not yet been passed, to Community regulations on the basis of which an offence was defined by the national legislature (59).

The Italian Consiglio di Stato (60), referring to the judgment of the Court of Justice in Kalanke (61), declared that references to the female condition as a discriminatory factor in access to public-service employment was far from constituting an application of the principle of equal opportunities but was contrary to national and Community provisions excluding sex discrimination and permitting only such forms of discrimination as removed practical barriers to access to employment and career prospects for women; it held that the biological state of maternity could not be taken into account in a recruitment competition for associate teachers when the aptitude of candidates was assessed, as objective criteria alone should be used without regard for personal situations.

Mention should also be made of the judgment given by the Italian Constitutional Court on 11 April 1997 in an action for conflict of jurisdiction between the Umbria and Marches Regions and the State, with respect to circulars issued by the Ministry of Employment concerning support for vocational training schemes financed by the European Social Fund (62). In particular, the Regions argued that the circulars encroached on their powers in matters of vocational training and the implementation of Community regulations. The Court began by confirming that Community law could legitimately depart from constitutional provisions on the distribution of powers between the State and the Regions where this was necessary to meet the needs of the European Union. It then noted that the circulars merely transposed Community instruments which, as such, were not amenable to constitutional review unless they were incompatible with fundamental constitutional principles. It therefore declined jurisdiction to subject the circulars to constitutional review as they enjoyed full 'Community protection` by reason of their origin. Lastly, the Court seemed to suggest that the Regions could prevent their powers being taken away from them by participating in the upstream stages of the process of formulating Community legislation.

A final noteworthy decision is that given by the Italian Court of Cassation in a case (63) in which the Court of Justice had given a ruling on 10 December 1991 (64) declaring that the monopoly of port operations conferred on port companies was incompatible with Articles 86 and 90 of the Treaty. The Italian Court, while confirming its earlier constitutional decisions, ruled on the effects of Court of Justice interpretation rulings in the domestic legal order. It held in particular that the principles enunciated in preliminary rulings given by the Court of Justice in matters of interpretation are immediately applicable and have the effect that national statutes incompatible with the Community legal order are immediately disapplied, subject to respect for the fundamental principles of the Italian constitutional order and human rights. The Italian courts are to respond to the Court of Justice's ruling by disapplying section 110 (last paragraph) and section 112 of the Code of Navigation and by presuming that they no longer have effect.

The Belgian Raad van State heard an interlocutory action against a decision taken by the Monitoring Committee provided for by Community Structural Funds regulations (65). The establishment of the Committee had been provided for in the Single Programming Document presented by the Flemish Government to the Commission, which had approved it. The Committee had selected a firm other than the applicant for performance of a project co-financed by the ERDF.

The Raad van State held that the Monitoring Committee had not been established by a Belgian authority and was not reviewable by such an authority. It declared that the Committee was involved in the exercise of public authority by the European institutions and concluded that it had no jurisdiction to review decisions of those institutions. The fact that certain Belgian authorities were active members of the Committee was not sufficient in the Raad van State's view to warrant a finding that the Committee's decisions were decisions of a Belgian authority (66).

In the Netherlands the National Waddenzee Conservation Association brought an action in the Raad van State against the issue of certain licences by the Environment Ministry without environmental impact assessment. The Raad van State held that national rules excluding refineries from the impact assessment obligation if they had a capacity of less than one million tonnes of crude oil per year were contrary to Directive 85/337/EEC (67). It annulled the licences after repeating that it had had many occasions to declare that the articles of the directive that imposed this obligation had direct effect (68).

Still in the Netherlands, the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven (CBB) received an application from several credit-card companies for annulment of a decision by the Economic Affairs Minister, who had declined to state that a particular rule of Dutch competition law was not applicable to them. The CBB rejected the applicants' argument that the Dutch Minister had no power to act as the case was under scrutiny at the European Commission. It recalled that under the Walt Wilhelm decision (69) the national authorities may act under their national law in an antitrust case, even where the Commission is scrutinising it, provided application of national law does not adversely affect the full and uniform application of Community law or the effect of measures implementing it. On the substance, the CBB observed that the application of this principle placed national authorities under an obligation to see that their decisions were in line with the likely Community decision. The CBB dismissed the action on the basis of letters from Commission DG IV stating that the Commission would probably find the restrictive practice to be contrary to Article 85(1) and ineligible for exemption under Article 85(3).

Question 4

In the United Kingdom, the applicants in R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame and others (No 5) (70) were owners and operators of Spanish fishing vessels who had obtained from the English courts and the Court of Justice a declaration that the Merchant Shipping Act 1988, which imposed nationality requirements for the registration of ship owners and operators, was contrary to Community law. It was common ground that Community law conferred individual rights. The High Court held that the breaches were serious enough for the Secretary of State for Transport to be liable in damages in respect of the loss sustained, if the applicants subsequently proved it. Moreover, among the four factors identified by the Court of Justice, the High Court identified four which, added to the importance of the principle breached, warranted the conclusion that the United Kingdom had manifestly and seriously exceeded its discretionary powers:

- nationality discrimination was the deliberate effect of the residence requirements;

- the Secretary of State was aware that the requirements were bound to cause the applicants to sustain loss as their very purpose was to prevent them from fishing on the United Kingdom quotas;

- the United Kingdom Government had decided to attain its objective by statutory means to ensure that implementation was not delayed by actions for judicial review, making it impossible for the applicants to obtain interim relief without the intervention of the Court of Justice;

- the attitude of the European Commission was hostile to the proposed legislation.

The High Court further held that the applicants were not entitled to exemplary damages under English law since, even if the case could be regarded as sui generis, their action was for breach of statutory duty and exemplary damages were not available in such an action in the absence of a statutory provision to the contrary, and there was no comparing an action for misfeasance in public office with an action for breach of duties under Community law.

On 9 January 1997 the Italian Court of Cassation gave judgment in a case concerning State liability in damages for failure to transpose a directive (71). Legislative Decree No 80/1992, transposing Council Directive 80/987/EEC of 20 October 1980 on the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer (72), provides for a system of protection that varies depending whether the employer's insolvency proceedings commenced before or after the Directive came into force. In the former case, the Decree provides that an action for damages for loss caused by failure to transpose the directive must be brought within one year following the Decree's entry into force. In its approach to the problem of the legal classification of the compensation and the rules governing actions for damages, the Court confirmed its earlier approach (73) that the damage sustained by reason of failure to transpose a directive is not attributable to an unlawful act by the State. The ground for this is that, 'since the two legal orders - the domestic and the Community - are autonomous of each other, the actions of the legislature can be regarded as unlawful in the context of the Community legal order but not in the context of the domestic legal order, given the principles clearly enunciated in the Constitution`. Recalling the principles enunciated by the Court of Justice in connection with State liability for late transposal of directives, the Court of Cassation held that interest due to the applicant on unpaid wages ran from the time when the loss arose, in other words from the date of the employer's insolvency and not from the (later) date when the directive was transposed into Italian law.

(1) The 1995 Report was published in OJ C 332 of 3.11.1997, p. 198.

(2) [1987] ECR 4199.

(3) [1991] ECR 1-534.

(4) Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 [1996] ECR I-5357.

(5) Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 [1996] ECR I-1029.

(6) Centrale Raad van Beroep, Bestuur van de Nieuwe Algemene Bedrijfsvereniging v N.M. [1997] AB 181.

(7) Case C-308/93 [1996] ECR I-2097.

(8) Regulation on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community, OJ L 149, 5.7.1971, p. 2.

(9) Paragraph 30, judgment given on 30 April 1996, Cabanis-Issarte.

(10) Judgment given on 15 November 1997 [1998] AB Rechtspraak Bestuursrecht 49, p. 237.

(11) 10 Ob S2334/96z.

(12) 1 BvR 2102/95 [1997] Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, 575, [1997] Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 1801.

(13) Council Directive of 14 February 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses: OJ L 61, p. 26.

(14) [1994] ECR I-1311.

(15) [1997] ECR I-1259.

(16) 1 C 17/94 [1997] Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht, 1119.

(17) On 1 October 1997 the Court of Justice received a reference for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Decision No 1/80 of the EEC-Turkey Association Council from the Ansbach Verwaltungsgericht in relation to expulsion as a general preventive measure: Case C-340/97, OJ C 357, p. 19 (pending).

(18) Judgment given on 8 January 1997, Tapie [1997] Actualité Juridique Droit Administratif 259, noted by J-H Stahl; [1997] Europe, Act. 100; [1997] Receuil Dalloz, Jur. 295; [1997] Revue française de droit administratif 438; [1997] Droit administratif 58; [1997] Gazette du Palais 271-273 II pan., 135-136.

(19) 1E 798/95 (V) and 1E 2949/93 (V) [1997] Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, p. 182.

(20) OJ L 47, p. 1.

(21) [1995] ECR I-3799, judgment given on 9 November 1995. The Court had already rejected an action by Germany to have the Regulation declared invalid (Case C-280/93 Germany v Council [1994] I-4973, judgment given on 5 October 1994).

(22) 2 BvR 2134/92 and 2 BvR 2159/93 (the Maastricht cases), confirming that the statute ratifying the Treaty on European Union was compatible with the Basic Law subject to certain conditions for the validity of Union legislative instruments in Germany: [1993] Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, 3047/3058.

(23) Case B 3486/96.

(24) On the coordination of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions on the application of review procedures to the award of public supply and public works contracts: OJ L 395, p. 33.

(25) Case 16 Ok 9/96. See also the decision by the Vienna Oberlandesgericht to seek a preliminary ruling in the principal action (26b Kt 630/95/82; Case C-7/97, OJ C 74, p. 15 (pending)).

(26) Case 146/73, Rheinmühlen II [1974] ECR 139 (judgment given on 12 February 1974).

(27) Case B 877/96.

(28) OGH 14 January 1997, 4 Ob 2386/96b and 4 Ob 2391/96p.

(29) Case C-308/93 [1996] ECR I-2097.

(30) 8 Ob A 105/97t.

(31) [1992] ECR I-6577, judgment given on 16 December 1992.

(32) 10 Obs 19/97k.

(33) Cases 97/16/0050, 0061.

(34) OJ L 249; as amended by Directive 85/503/EEC of 10 June 1985, OJ L 156, p. 23.

(35) Joined Cases C-71/91 and C-178/91 Ponente Carni [1993] ECR I-1915.

(36) Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-283/81 CILFIT [1982] ECR 3415, judgment given on 6 October 1982.

(37) Case C-13/95 [1997] ECR I-1259.

(38) Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Betts and others v Brintel Helicopters Ltd and another [1997] ICR 792.

(39) [1997] ICR 334.

(40) Case C-308/93 [1996] ECR I-2097.

(41) [1997] 3WLR 923.

(42) 2 BvR 1915/91: 95 Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 173; [1997] Europarecht 162; [1997] Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift 205; [1997] Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, p. 734.

(43) Council Directive 92/41/EEC of 15 May 1992 amending Directive 89/622/EEC of 13 December 1989 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the labelling of tobacco products, OJ L 158, p. 30.

(44) 5 AZR 518/95 [1997] Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht, p. 647.

(45) Case C-415/93 [1995] ECR I-4921.

(46) Ediciones Océano Exito SA v Antonia C. S. [1997] Repertorio Aranzadi de Jurisprudencia 6151.

(47) OJ L 95, p. 29.

(48) [1996] Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen, p. 1302, mentioned in the fourteenth report (1996).

(49) 3. Afd No B-2131-96.

(50) Case 219/97, Lassagård.

(51) The uncertainties flowed from the Swedish courts' refusal to acknowledge the availability of judicial review of administrative decisions unless provided for by national law or regulation.

(52) Cf. Article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

(53) OJ L 391, p. 36.

(54) Cf. Section 14(1) of the Administrative Tribunals Act (Lagen om allmänna förvaltningsdomstolar), No 1971:289.

(55) In particular Case C-97/91, Oleifici Borelli SpA v European Commission [1992] ECR I-6313.

(56) SA Cabinet Revêt et Badelon [1996] AJDA 1044 (judgment given on 30 October 1996).

(57) Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes, OJ L 145, p. 1.

(58) This decision has been analysed by some commentators as acknowledging the direct substitution effect of directives, meaning that an individual can seek to have rights conferred by the directive enforced if the directive is not transposed or not properly transposed when the time allowed for transposal has elapsed, even though there are no national measures implementing the directive.

For the contrary argument, see Tribunal Administratif, Dijon, SARL Sté nouvelle des Laboratoires Eurotonic [1997] DF 26, Comm. 746 (judgment given on 26 November 1996) [1997] Europe 223, p. 14. For acknowledgement of the direct substitution effect, see Tribunal Administratif, Strasbourg, Soc. Lyonnaise des Eaux v Communauté des Communes du Piémont-du-Barr and SDEA du Bas-Rhin, Req. 97348 (interlocutory order made on 23 May 1997) [1997] Europe 222, p. 13 [1997] AJDA 719.

(59) Cass. Crim., Paul Giusti et Soc. ILS, 12 December 1996 [1996] Bull. Crim. 466, p. 360 [1997] Europe Act. No 215, p. 10.

(60) Sezione VI, 26 February 1997, Case 325 Pompili Pagliari v Ministero della Publica Istruzione [1997] Il Consiglio di Stato I-290.

(61) Case C-450/93 [1995] ECR I-3051 (judgment given on 17 October 1995).

(62) Case 93 [1997] Giur. Cost., p. 923.

(63) Case 2787, Compagnia unica lavoratori merci varie del porto di Genova v Società merci convenzionali porto di Genova, Foro it., I-3275, 3277 (judgment given on 28 March 1997).

(64) Case C-179/90, Merci convenzionali porto di Genova v Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA [1991] ECR I-5889.

(65) Article 25 of Council Regulation No 4253/88 of 19 December 1988 (OJ L 374, p. 1), as last amended by Regulation No 3193/94 (OJ L 337, p. 11).

(66) Raad van State, Administrative Division, judgment 66.661 of 10 June 1997 in Case A.73.283/IV - 16.524.

(67) OJ L 175, p. 40.

(68) Nederlands Juristenblad 3.10.1997, p. 1641-2.

(69) Case 14/68, Wilhelm v Bundeskartellamt [1969] ECR 1.

(70) High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Divisional Court [1997] The Times Law Reports, p. 482 (judgment given on 31 July 1997).

(71) Sezione lavoro, Case 133, INPS v Veronica Campanelli [1997] Foro it., Mass., 14.

(72) OJ L 283, p. 23.

(73) See 14th report: OJ C 332, at p. 205 (judgment given on 19 January 1996).