Definition

Aluminium lakes are prepared by reacting colours complying with the purity criteria set out in the appropriate specification monograph with alumina under aqueous conditions. The alumina is usually freshly prepared undried material made by reacting aluminium sulfate or chloride with sodium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate or ammonia. Following lake formation, the product is filtered, washed with water and dried. Unreacted alumina may also be present in the finished product.

HCl insoluble matter

Not more than 0,5 %

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions)

Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable.

Synonyms

CI Natural Yellow 3, Turmeric Yellow, Diferoyl Methane

Definition

Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of natural strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallisation. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occuring in turmeric may be present.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane.

Class

Dicinnamoylmethane

Colour Index No

75300

Einecs

207-280-5

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters

E1 cm 1 %1 607 at ca 426 nm in ethanol

Description

Orange-yellow crystalline powder

Maximum in ethanol at ca 426 nm

179 °C-182 °C

Solvent residues

Ethylacetate

Acetone

n-butanol

Methanol

Ethanol

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Lactoflavin

Class

Isoalloxazine

Einecs

201-507-1

Chemical names

7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione

7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine

Chemical formula

C17H20N4O6

Molecular weight

376,37

Assay

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

E1 cm 1 % 328 at ca 444 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33

The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39

in aqueous solution

Maximum in water at ca 444 nm

[α]D20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution

Loss on drying

Not more than 1,5 % after drying at 105 °C for 4 hrs

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Primary aromatic amines

Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium

Definition

These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate

Class

Isoalloxazine

Einecs

204-988-6

Chemical names

Monosodium

(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate;

monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

541,36

Assay

Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P·2H2O

E1 cm 1 % 250 at ca 375 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour and a bitter taste

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34

The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40

in aqueous solution

Maximum in water at ca 444 nm

[α]D20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution

Loss on drying

Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hrs in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form

Sulfated ash

Not more than 25 %

Inorganic phosphate

Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)

Subsidiary colouring matters

Primary aromatic amines

Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Yellow 4

Definition

Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

19140

Einecs

217-699-5

Chemical names

Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Chemical formula

C16H9N4Na3O9S2

Molecular weight

534,37

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 530 at ca 426 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Light orange powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 426 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Yellow 13

Definition

Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Chinophthalone

Colour Index No

47005

Einecs

305-897-5

Chemical name

The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component)

Chemical formula

C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)

Molecular weight

477,38 (principal component)

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition:

Of the total colouring matters present:

E1 cm 1 % 865 (principal component) at ca 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution

Description

Yellow powder or granules

Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca 411 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 4,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione

Not more than 4 mg/kg

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Yellow 3, Orange Yellow S

Definition

Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

15985

Einecs

220-491-7

Chemical names

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C16H10N2Na2O7S2

Molecular weight

452,37

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 555 at ca 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Orange-red powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 485 nm at pH 7

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 5,0 %

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I)

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Definition

Carmines and carminic acid are obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa.

The colouring principle is carminic acid.

Aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines) can be formed in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2.

In commercial products the colouring principle is present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess.

Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect, and may also contain free carminate or a small residue of unbound aluminium cations.

Class

Anthraquinone

Colour Index No

75470

Einecs

Cochineal: 215-680-6; carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4

Chemical names

7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid

Chemical formula

C22H20O13 (carminic acid)

Molecular weight

492,39 (carminic acid)

Assay

Content not less than 2,0 % carminic acid in the extracts containing carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.

Description

Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder. Cochineal extract is generally a dark red liquid but can also be dried as a powder.

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca 518 nm

Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca 494 nm for carminic acid

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Red 3

Definition

Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

14720

Einecs

222-657-4

Chemical name

Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H12N2Na2O7S2

Molecular weight

502,44

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 510 at ca 516 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Red to maroon powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 516 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Red 9

Definition

Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

16185

Einecs

213-022-2

Chemical name

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight

604,48

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 440 at ca 520 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Reddish-brown powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 520 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Red 7, New Coccine

Definition

Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

16255

Einecs

220-036-2

Chemical name

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight

604,48

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt.

E1 cm 1 % 430 at ca 505 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Reddish powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 505 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Red 14

Definition

Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Xanthen

Colour Index No

45430

Einecs

240-474-8

Chemical name

Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate

Chemical formula

C20H6I4Na2O5.H2O

Molecular weight

897,88

Assay

Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium salt

E1 cm 1 %1 100 at ca 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Red powder or granules.

Maximum in water at ca 526 nm at pH 7

Inorganic iodides calculated as sodium iodide

Not more than 0,1 %

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters (except fluorescein)

Not more than 4,0 %

Fluorescein

Not more than 20 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Tri-iodoresorcinol

Not more than 0,2 %

2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diodobenzoyl) benzoic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Aluminium Lakes

The hydrochloric acid insoluble matter method is not applicable. It is replaced by a sodium hydroxide insoluble matter, at not more than 0,5 %, for this colour only.

Synonyms

CI Food Red 10, Azogeranine

Definition

Red 2G consists essentially of disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Red 2G is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

18050

Einecs

223-098-9

Chemical name

Disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazo-naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C18H13N3Na2O8S2

Molecular weight

509,43

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 620 at ca 532 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Red powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 532 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Red 17

Definition

Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Monoazo

Colour Index No

16035

Einecs

247-368-0

Chemical name

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C18H14N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight

496,42

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 540 at ca 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Dark red powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 504 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt

Not more than 0,3 %

4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenezene sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene sulfonic acid) disodium salt

Not more than 1,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Blue 5

Definition

Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate and/or calcium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

The potassium salt is also permitted.

Class

Triarylmethane

Colour Index No

42051

Einecs

222-573-8

Chemical names

The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt

Chemical formula

Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca

Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na

Molecular weight

Calcium compound: 579,72

Sodium compound: 582,67

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 %2 000 at ca 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Description

Dark-blue powder or granules

Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Leuco base

Not more than 4,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Blue 1

Definition

Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Indigoid

Colour Index No

73015

Einecs

212-728-8

Chemical names

Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C16H8N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight

466,36

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt;

disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 %

E1 cm 1 % 480 at ca 610 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Dark-blue powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 610 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Blue 2

Definition

Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Triarylmethane

Colour Index No

42090

Einecs

223-339-8

Chemical names

Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C37H34N2Na2O9S3

Molecular weight

792,84

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 %1 630 at ca 630 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Reddish-blue powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 630 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 6,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids

Not more than 1,5 %

3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl) amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,3 %

Leuco base

Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Natural Green 3, Magnesium Chlorophyll, Magnesium Phaeophytin

Definition

Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present co-ordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class

Porphyrin

Colour Index No

75810

Einecs

Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4

Chemical names

The major colouring principles are:

Chemical formula

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5

Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6

Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6

Molecular weight

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51

Chlorophyll a: 871,22

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49

Chlorophyll b: 885,20

Assay

Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 %

E1 cm 1 % 700 at ca 409 nm in chloroform

Description

Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of co-ordinated magnesium

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca 409 nm

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl Ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Natural Green 5, Sodium Chlorophyllin, Potassium Chlorophyllin

Definition

The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class

Porphyrin

Colour Index No

75815

Einecs

287-483-3

Chemical names

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:

Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function.

Magnesium complexes may also be present.

Chemical formula

Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5

Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6

Molecular weight

Chlorophyllin a: 578,68

Chlorophyllin b: 592,66

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Assay

Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca 100 °C for 1 hour.

E1 cm 1 % 700 at ca 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

E1 cm 1 % 140 at ca 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

Description

Dark green to blue/black powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca 405 nm and at ca 653 nm

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Natural Green 3, Copper Chlorophyll, Copper Phaeophytin

Definition

Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class

Porphyrin

Colour Index No

75815

Einecs

Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5

Chemical names

[Phytyl (132 R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a)

[Phytyl (132 R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula

Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6

Molecular weight

Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75

Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73

Assay

Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %.

E1 cm 1 % 540 at ca 422 nm in chloroform

E1 cm 1 % 300 at ca 652 nm in chloroform

Description

Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca 422 nm and at ca 652 nm

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Copper ions

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Total copper

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins

Synonyms

Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin, Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin, CI Natural Green 5

Definition

The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class

Porphyrin

Colour Index No

75815

Einecs

Chemical names

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:

3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a)

and

3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)

Chemical formula

Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6

Molecular weight

Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20

Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Assay

Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h.

E1 cm 1 % 565 at ca 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

E1 cm 1 % 145 at ca 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

Description

Dark green to blue/black powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca 405 nm and at ca 630 nm

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Copper ions

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Total copper

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins

Synonyms

CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS

Definition

Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds.

Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Triarylmethane

Colour Index No

44090

Einecs

221-409-2

Chemical names

Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium;

Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).

Chemical formula

C27H25N2NaO7S2

Molecular Weight

576,63

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 %1 720 at ca 632 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Dark blue or dark green powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 632 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol

Not more than 0,1 %

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone

Not more than 0,1 %

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

Leuco base

Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Definition

Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelization, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.

Einecs

232-435-9

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,01-0,12

Total nitrogen

Not more than 0,1 %

Total sulphur

Not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

Definition

Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.

Einecs

232-435-9

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,05-0,13

Total nitrogen

Not more than 0,3 % (2)

Sulphur dioxide

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

Total sulphur

0,3-3,5 % (2)

Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose

More than 40 %

Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose

19-34

Absorbance ratio

(A 280/560)

Greater than 50

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

Definition

Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.

Einecs

232-435-9

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,08-0,36

Ammoniacal nitrogen

Not more than 0,3 % (2)

4-methylimidazole

Not more than 250 mg/kg (2)

2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole

Not more than 10 mg/kg (2)

Total sulphur

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

Total nitrogen

0,7-3,3 % (2)

Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose

13-35

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

Definition

Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).

Einecs

232-435-9

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,10-0,60

Ammoniacal nitrogen

Not more than 0,6 % (2)

Sulphur dioxide

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

4-methylimidazole

Not more than 250 mg/kg (2)

Total nitrogen

0,3-1,7 % (2)

Total sulphur

0,8-2,5 % (2)

Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate

0,7-2,7

Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate (3)

8-14

Absorbance ratio (A 280/560)

Not more than 50

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Black 1

Definition

Brilliant Black BN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Black BN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Bisazo

Colour Index No

28440

Einecs

219-746-5

Chemical names

Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C28H17N5Na4O14S4

Molecular weight

867,69

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm 1 % 530 at ca 570 nm in solution

Description

Black powder or granules

Maximum in water at ca 570 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 10 % (expressed on the dye content)

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Total not more than 0,8 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Vegetable black

Definition

Vegetable carbon is produced by the carbonization of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The raw material is carbonised at high temperatures. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.

Colour Index No

77266

Einecs

215-609-9

Chemical names

Carbon

Chemical formula

C

Molecular weight

12,01

Assay

Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis

Description

Black powder, odourless and tasteless

Insoluble in water and organic solvents

When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame

Ash (Total)

Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

The extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction apparatus shall be colourless, and the fluorescence of the extract in ultraviolet light shall not be more intense than that of a solution of 0,100 mg of quinine sulfate in 1 000 ml of 0,01 M sulphuric acid.

Loss on drying

Not more than 12 % (120 °C, 4 hrs)

Alkali soluble matter

The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless

Synonyms

CI Food Brown 1

Definition

Brown FK consists essentially of a mixture of:

and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brown FK is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Azo (a mixture of mono-, bis- and trisazo colours)

Einecs

Chemical names

A mixture of:

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters

Of the total colouring matters present the proportions of the components shall not exceed:

Description

Red-brown powder or granules

Orange to reddish solution

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,5 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,7 %

m-phenylenediamine and 4-methyl-m-phenylenediamine

Not more than 0,35 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines other than m-phenylene diamine and 4-methyl-m-phenylene diamine

Not more than 0,007 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Brown 3

Definition

Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Bisazo

Colour Index No

20285

Einecs

224-924-0

Chemical names

Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)

Chemical formula

C27H18N4Na2O9S2

Molecular Weight

652,57

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt.

E1 cm 1 % 403 at ca 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Reddish-brown powder or granules

Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca 460 nm

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 10 % (TLC method)

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,7 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

Mixed carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (4), dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

75130

Einecs

230-636-6

Chemical formula

Beta-carotene: C40H56

Molecular weight

Beta-carotene: 536,88

Assay

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats.

E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Ethanol

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

Mixed carotenes may also be produced from natural strains of the algae Dunaliella salina, grown in large saline lakes located in Whyalla, South Australia. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

75130

Chemical formula

Beta-Carotene: C40H56

Molecular weight

Beta-Carotene: 536,88

Assay

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 %

E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm

Natural tocopherols in edible oil

Not more than 0,3 %

Lead

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

40800

Einecs

230-636-6

Chemical names

Beta-carotene, beta, beta-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,88

Assay

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of natural strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate, or isobutyl acetate followed by isopropyl alcohol, and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

40800

Einecs

230-636-6

Chemical names

Beta-carotene, beta,beta-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,88

Assay

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

Ethanol

Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination

Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %

Isopropyl alcohol: Not more than 0,1 %

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Aflatoxin B1

Absent

Trichothecene (T2)

Absent

Ochratoxin

Absent

Zearalenone

Absent

Moulds

Not more than 100/g

Yeasts

Not more than 100/g

Salmonella

Absent in 25 g

Escherichia coli

Absent in 5 g

Synonyms

CI Natural Orange 4

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Description

Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution

Spectrometry

Definition

Bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane or dichloromethane, carbon dioxide followed by the removal of the solvent.

Norbixin is prepared by hydrolysis by aqueous alkali of the extracted bixin.

Bixin and norbixin may contain other materials extracted from the annatto seed.

The bixin powder contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans- forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.

The norbixin powder contains the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans-forms may be present.

Assay

Content of bixin powders not less than 75 % total carotenoids calculated as bixin.

Content of norbixin powders not less than 25 % total carotenoids calculated as norbixin

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methanol

Hexane

not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Definition

Water soluble annatto is prepared by extraction with aqueous alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.)

Water soluble annatto contains norbixin, the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts, as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans- forms may be present.

Assay

Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as norbixin

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Definition

Annatto extracts in oil, as solution or suspension, are prepared by extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with edible vegetable oil. Annatto extract in oil contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and transforms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.

Assay

Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as bixin

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Paprika Oleoresin

Definition

Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and carbon dioxide.

Class

Carotenoid

Einecs

Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2

Chemical names

Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,k-carotene-6-one

Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-k,k-carotene-6,6′-dione

Chemical formula

Capsanthin: C40H56O3

Capsorubin: C40H56O4

Molecular weight

Capsanthin: 584,85

Capsorubin: 600,85

Assay

Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids

Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids

E1 cm 1 %2 100 at ca 462 nm in acetone

Description

Dark-red viscous liquid

Maximum in acetone at ca 462 nm

A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulfuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

Methanol

Ethanol

Acetone

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Capsaicin

Not more than 250 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Natural Yellow 27

Definition

Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvents may be used: dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol, hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene, minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Beside the other colour pigments the product may contain oils, fats, waxes, and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

75125

Chemical names

Lycopene, ψ,ψ-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,85

Assay

Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters

E1 cm 1 %3 450 at ca 472 nm in hexane

Description

Dark red viscous liquid

Spectrometry

Maximum in hexane at ca 472 nm

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

Methanol

Ethanol

Acetone

Hexane

Propan-2-ol

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 6

Definition

These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Class

Carotinoid

Colour Index No

40820

Einecs

214-171-6

Chemical names

β-apo-8′-carotenal, Trans-β-apo-8′carotene-aldehyde

Chemical formula

C30H40O

Molecular weight

416,65

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters

E1 cm 1 %2 640 at ca 460-462 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal:

not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 7, β-apo-8′-carotenoic ester

Definition

These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Class

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

40825

Einecs

214-173-7

Chemical names

β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, ethyl 8′-apo-β-caroten-8′-oate

Chemical formula

C32H44O2

Molecular weight

460,70

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters

E1 cm 1 %2 550 at ca 449 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Red to violet-red crystals or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at ca 449 nm

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Mixed Carotenoids, Xanthophylls

Definition

Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane and carbon dioxide

Class

Carotenoid

Einecs

204-840-0

Chemical names

3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56O2

Molecular weight

568,88

Assay

Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein

E1 cm 1 %2 550 at ca 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)

Description

Dark, yellowish brown liquid

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) at ca 445 nm

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 8

Definition

These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Class

Carotinoid

Colour Index No

40850

Einecs

208-187-2

Chemical names

β-Carotene-4,4′-dione, canthaxanthin, 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H52O2

Molecular weight

564,86

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin)

Description

Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca 485 nm

Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm

Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

Beet Red

Definition

Beet red is obtained from the roots of natural strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present.

Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.

Class

Betalaine

Einecs

231-628-5

Chemical names

(S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate

Chemical formula

Betanin: C24H26N2O13

Molecular weight

550,48

Assay

Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 %

E1 cm 1 %1 120 at ca 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Description

Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid

Spectrometry

Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca 535 nm

Nitrate

Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Definition

Anthocyanins are obtained by extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the natural strains of vegetables and edible fruits. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material.

Class

Anthocyanin

Einecs

208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin)

Chemical names

3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin)

3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)

Chemical formula

Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl

Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl

Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl

Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl

Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl

Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl

Molecular weight

Cyanidin: 322,6

Peonidin: 336,7

Malvidin: 366,7

Delphinidin: 340,6

Petunidin: 352,7

Pelargonidin: 306,7

Assay

E1 cm 1 % 300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0

Description

Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour

Spectrometry

Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl

Cyanidin: 535 nm

Peonidin: 532 nm

Malvidin: 542 nm

Delphinidin: 546 nm

Petunidin: 543 nm

Pelargonidin: 530 nm

Solvent residues

Methanol

Ethanol

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Sulfur dioxide

Not more than 1 000 mg/kg per percent pigment

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Synonyms

CI Pigment White 18, Chalk

Definition

Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.

Class

Inorganic

Colour Index No

77220

Einecs

Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9

Limestone: 215-279-6

Chemical names

Calcium carbonate

Chemical formula

CaCO3

Molecular weight

100,1

Assay

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

Description

White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder

Solubility

Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.

Loss on drying

Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)

Acid-insoluble substances

Not more than 0,2 %

Magnesium and alkali salts