obligations that require Member States to adopt national cybersecurity strategies and to designate or establish competent authorities, cyber crisis management authorities, single points of contact on cybersecurity (single points of contact) and computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs);

cybersecurity risk-management measures and reporting obligations for entities of a type referred to in Annex I or II as well as for entities identified as critical entities under Directive (EU) 2022/2557;

rules and obligations on cybersecurity information sharing;

supervisory and enforcement obligations on Member States.

services are provided by:

the entity is the sole provider in a Member State of a service which is essential for the maintenance of critical societal or economic activities;

disruption of the service provided by the entity could have a significant impact on public safety, public security or public health;

disruption of the service provided by the entity could induce a significant systemic risk, in particular for sectors where such disruption could have a cross-border impact;

the entity is critical because of its specific importance at national or regional level for the particular sector or type of service, or for other interdependent sectors in the Member State;

the entity is a public administration entity:

public administration entities at local level;

education institutions, in particular where they carry out critical research activities.

entities of a type referred to in Annex I which exceed the ceilings for medium-sized enterprises provided for in Article 2(1) of the Annex to Recommendation 2003/361/EC;

qualified trust service providers and top-level domain name registries as well as DNS service providers, regardless of their size;

providers of public electronic communications networks or of publicly available electronic communications services which qualify as medium-sized enterprises under Article 2 of the Annex to Recommendation 2003/361/EC;

public administration entities referred to in Article 2(2), point (f)(i);

any other entities of a type referred to in Annex I or II that are identified by a Member State as essential entities pursuant to Article 2(2), points (b) to (e);

entities identified as critical entities under Directive (EU) 2022/2557, referred to in Article 2(3) of this Directive;

if the Member State so provides, entities which that Member State identified before 16 January 2023 as operators of essential services in accordance with Directive (EU) 2016/1148 or national law.

the name of the entity;

the address and up-to-date contact details, including email addresses, IP ranges and telephone numbers;

where applicable, the relevant sector and subsector referred to in Annex I or II; and

where applicable, a list of the Member States where they provide services falling within the scope of this Directive.

the Commission and the Cooperation Group of the number of essential and important entities listed pursuant to paragraph 3 for each sector and subsector referred to in Annex I or II; and

the Commission of relevant information about the number of essential and important entities identified pursuant to Article 2(2), points (b) to (e), the sector and subsector referred to in Annex I or II to which they belong, the type of service that they provide, and the provision, from among those laid down in Article 2(2), points (b) to (e), pursuant to which they were identified.

cybersecurity risk-management measures are at least equivalent in effect to those laid down in Article 21(1) and (2); or

the sector-specific Union legal act provides for immediate access, where appropriate automatic and direct, to the incident notifications by the CSIRTs, the competent authorities or the single points of contact under this Directive and where requirements to notify significant incidents are at least equivalent in effect to those laid down in Article 23(1) to (6) of this Directive.

objectives and priorities of the Member State’s cybersecurity strategy covering in particular the sectors referred to in Annexes I and II;

a governance framework to achieve the objectives and priorities referred to in point (a) of this paragraph, including the policies referred to in paragraph 2;

a governance framework clarifying the roles and responsibilities of relevant stakeholders at national level, underpinning the cooperation and coordination at the national level between the competent authorities, the single points of contact, and the CSIRTs under this Directive, as well as coordination and cooperation between those bodies and competent authorities under sector-specific Union legal acts;

a mechanism to identify relevant assets and an assessment of the risks in that Member State;

an identification of the measures ensuring preparedness for, responsiveness to and recovery from incidents, including cooperation between the public and private sectors;

a list of the various authorities and stakeholders involved in the implementation of the national cybersecurity strategy;

a policy framework for enhanced coordination between the competent authorities under this Directive and the competent authorities under Directive (EU) 2022/2557 for the purpose of information sharing on risks, cyber threats, and incidents as well as on non-cyber risks, threats and incidents and the exercise of supervisory tasks, as appropriate;

a plan, including necessary measures, to enhance the general level of cybersecurity awareness among citizens.

addressing cybersecurity in the supply chain for ICT products and ICT services used by entities for the provision of their services;

on the inclusion and specification of cybersecurity-related requirements for ICT products and ICT services in public procurement, including in relation to cybersecurity certification, encryption and the use of open-source cybersecurity products;

managing vulnerabilities, encompassing the promotion and facilitation of coordinated vulnerability disclosure under Article 12(1);

related to sustaining the general availability, integrity and confidentiality of the public core of the open internet, including, where relevant, the cybersecurity of undersea communications cables;

promoting the development and integration of relevant advanced technologies aiming to implement state-of-the-art cybersecurity risk-management measures;

promoting and developing education and training on cybersecurity, cybersecurity skills, awareness raising and research and development initiatives, as well as guidance on good cyber hygiene practices and controls, aimed at citizens, stakeholders and entities;

supporting academic and research institutions to develop, enhance and promote the deployment of cybersecurity tools and secure network infrastructure;

including relevant procedures and appropriate information-sharing tools to support voluntary cybersecurity information sharing between entities in accordance with Union law;

strengthening the cyber resilience and the cyber hygiene baseline of small and medium-sized enterprises, in particular those excluded from the scope of this Directive, by providing easily accessible guidance and assistance for their specific needs;

promoting active cyber protection.

the objectives of national preparedness measures and activities;

the tasks and responsibilities of the cyber crisis management authorities;

the cyber crisis management procedures, including their integration into the general national crisis management framework and information exchange channels;

national preparedness measures, including exercises and training activities;

the relevant public and private stakeholders and infrastructure involved;

national procedures and arrangements between relevant national authorities and bodies to ensure the Member State’s effective participation in and support of the coordinated management of large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises at Union level.

the CSIRTs shall ensure a high level of availability of their communication channels by avoiding single points of failure, and shall have several means for being contacted and for contacting others at all times; they shall clearly specify the communication channels and make them known to constituency and cooperative partners;

the CSIRTs’ premises and the supporting information systems shall be located at secure sites;

the CSIRTs shall be equipped with an appropriate system for managing and routing requests, in particular to facilitate effective and efficient handovers;

the CSIRTs shall ensure the confidentiality and trustworthiness of their operations;

the CSIRTs shall be adequately staffed to ensure availability of their services at all times and they shall ensure that their staff is trained appropriately;

the CSIRTs shall be equipped with redundant systems and backup working space to ensure continuity of their services.

monitoring and analysing cyber threats, vulnerabilities and incidents at national level and, upon request, providing assistance to essential and important entities concerned regarding real-time or near real-time monitoring of their network and information systems;

providing early warnings, alerts, announcements and dissemination of information to essential and important entities concerned as well as to the competent authorities and other relevant stakeholders on cyber threats, vulnerabilities and incidents, if possible in near real-time;

responding to incidents and providing assistance to the essential and important entities concerned, where applicable;

collecting and analysing forensic data and providing dynamic risk and incident analysis and situational awareness regarding cybersecurity;

providing, upon the request of an essential or important entity, a proactive scanning of the network and information systems of the entity concerned to detect vulnerabilities with a potential significant impact;

participating in the CSIRTs network and providing mutual assistance in accordance with their capacities and competencies to other members of the CSIRTs network upon their request;

where applicable, acting as a coordinator for the purposes of the coordinated vulnerability disclosure under Article 12(1);

contributing to the deployment of secure information-sharing tools pursuant to Article 10(3).

incident-handling procedures;

crisis management; and

coordinated vulnerability disclosure under Article 12(1).

identifying and contacting the entities concerned;

assisting the natural or legal persons reporting a vulnerability; and

negotiating disclosure timelines and managing vulnerabilities that affect multiple entities.

information describing the vulnerability;

the affected ICT products or ICT services and the severity of the vulnerability in terms of the circumstances under which it may be exploited;

the availability of related patches and, in the absence of available patches, guidance provided by the competent authorities or the CSIRTs addressed to users of vulnerable ICT products and ICT services as to how the risks resulting from disclosed vulnerabilities can be mitigated.

to provide guidance to the competent authorities in relation to the transposition and implementation of this Directive;

to provide guidance to the competent authorities in relation to the development and implementation of policies on coordinated vulnerability disclosure, as referred to in Article 7(2), point (c);

to exchange best practices and information in relation to the implementation of this Directive, including in relation to cyber threats, incidents, vulnerabilities, near misses, awareness-raising initiatives, training, exercises and skills, capacity building, standards and technical specifications as well as the identification of essential and important entities pursuant to Article 2(2), points (b) to (e);

to exchange advice and cooperate with the Commission on emerging cybersecurity policy initiatives and the overall consistency of sector-specific cybersecurity requirements;

to exchange advice and cooperate with the Commission on draft delegated or implementing acts adopted pursuant to this Directive;

to exchange best practices and information with relevant Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies;

to exchange views on the implementation of sector-specific Union legal acts that contain provisions on cybersecurity;

where relevant, to discuss reports on the peer review referred to in Article 19(9) and draw up conclusions and recommendations;

to carry out coordinated security risk assessments of critical supply chains in accordance with Article 22(1);

to discuss cases of mutual assistance, including experiences and results from cross-border joint supervisory actions as referred to in Article 37;

upon the request of one or more Member States concerned, to discuss specific requests for mutual assistance as referred to in Article 37;

to provide strategic guidance to the CSIRTs network and EU-CyCLONe on specific emerging issues;

to exchange views on the policy on follow-up actions following large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises on the basis of lessons learned of the CSIRTs network and EU-CyCLONe;

to contribute to cybersecurity capabilities across the Union by facilitating the exchange of national officials through a capacity building programme involving staff from the competent authorities or the CSIRTs;

to organise regular joint meetings with relevant private stakeholders from across the Union to discuss activities carried out by the Cooperation Group and gather input on emerging policy challenges;

to discuss the work undertaken in relation to cybersecurity exercises, including the work done by ENISA;

to establish the methodology and organisational aspects of the peer reviews referred to in Article 19(1), as well as to lay down the self-assessment methodology for Member States in accordance with Article 19(5), with the assistance of the Commission and ENISA, and, in cooperation with the Commission and ENISA, to develop codes of conduct underpinning the working methods of designated cybersecurity experts in accordance with Article 19(6);

to prepare reports for the purpose of the review referred to in Article 40 on the experience gained at a strategic level and from peer reviews;

to discuss and carry out on a regular basis an assessment of the state of play of cyber threats or incidents, such as ransomware.

to exchange information about the CSIRTs’ capabilities;

to facilitate the sharing, transfer and exchange of technology and relevant measures, policies, tools, processes, best practices and frameworks among the CSIRTs;

to exchange relevant information about incidents, near misses, cyber threats, risks and vulnerabilities;

to exchange information with regard to cybersecurity publications and recommendations;

to ensure interoperability with regard to information-sharing specifications and protocols;

at the request of a member of the CSIRTs network potentially affected by an incident, to exchange and discuss information in relation to that incident and associated cyber threats, risks and vulnerabilities;

at the request of a member of the CSIRTs network, to discuss and, where possible, implement a coordinated response to an incident that has been identified within the jurisdiction of that Member State;

to provide Member States with assistance in addressing cross-border incidents pursuant to this Directive;

to cooperate, exchange best practices and provide assistance to the CSIRTs designated as coordinators pursuant to Article 12(1) with regard to the management of the coordinated disclosure of vulnerabilities which could have a significant impact on entities in more than one Member State;

to discuss and identify further forms of operational cooperation, including in relation to:

to inform the Cooperation Group of its activities and of the further forms of operational cooperation discussed pursuant to point (j), and, where necessary, request guidance in that regard;

to take stock of cybersecurity exercises, including those organised by ENISA;

at the request of an individual CSIRT, to discuss the capabilities and preparedness of that CSIRT;

to cooperate and exchange information with regional and Union-level Security Operations Centres (SOCs) in order to improve common situational awareness on incidents and cyber threats across the Union;

where relevant, to discuss the peer-review reports referred to in Article 19(9);

to provide guidelines in order to facilitate the convergence of operational practices with regard to the application of the provisions of this Article concerning operational cooperation.

to increase the level of preparedness of the management of large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises;

to develop a shared situational awareness for large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises;

to assess the consequences and impact of relevant large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises and propose possible mitigation measures;

to coordinate the management of large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises and support decision-making at political level in relation to such incidents and crises;

to discuss, upon the request of a Member State concerned, national large-scale cybersecurity incident and crisis response plans referred to in Article 9(4).

a Union-level cybersecurity risk assessment, taking account of the cyber threat landscape;

an assessment of the development of cybersecurity capabilities in the public and private sectors across the Union;

an assessment of the general level of cybersecurity awareness and cyber hygiene among citizens and entities, including small and medium-sized enterprises;

an aggregated assessment of the outcome of the peer reviews referred to in Article 19;

an aggregated assessment of the level of maturity of cybersecurity capabilities and resources across the Union, including those at sector level, as well as of the extent to which the Member States’ national cybersecurity strategies are aligned.

policies on risk analysis and information system security;

incident handling;

business continuity, such as backup management and disaster recovery, and crisis management;

supply chain security, including security-related aspects concerning the relationships between each entity and its direct suppliers or service providers;

security in network and information systems acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling and disclosure;

policies and procedures to assess the effectiveness of cybersecurity risk-management measures;

basic cyber hygiene practices and cybersecurity training;

policies and procedures regarding the use of cryptography and, where appropriate, encryption;

human resources security, access control policies and asset management;

the use of multi-factor authentication or continuous authentication solutions, secured voice, video and text communications and secured emergency communication systems within the entity, where appropriate.

it has caused or is capable of causing severe operational disruption of the services or financial loss for the entity concerned;

it has affected or is capable of affecting other natural or legal persons by causing considerable material or non-material damage.

without undue delay and in any event within 24 hours of becoming aware of the significant incident, an early warning, which, where applicable, shall indicate whether the significant incident is suspected of being caused by unlawful or malicious acts or could have a cross-border impact;

without undue delay and in any event within 72 hours of becoming aware of the significant incident, an incident notification, which, where applicable, shall update the information referred to in point (a) and indicate an initial assessment of the significant incident, including its severity and impact, as well as, where available, the indicators of compromise;

upon the request of a CSIRT or, where applicable, the competent authority, an intermediate report on relevant status updates;

a final report not later than one month after the submission of the incident notification under point (b), including the following:

in the event of an ongoing incident at the time of the submission of the final report referred to in point (d), Member States shall ensure that entities concerned provide a progress report at that time and a final report within one month of their handling of the incident.

providers of public electronic communications networks or providers of publicly available electronic communications services, which shall be considered to fall under the jurisdiction of the Member State in which they provide their services;

DNS service providers, TLD name registries, entities providing domain name registration services, cloud computing service providers, data centre service providers, content delivery network providers, managed service providers, managed security service providers, as well as providers of online marketplaces, of online search engines or of social networking services platforms, which shall be considered to fall under the jurisdiction of the Member State in which they have their main establishment in the Union under paragraph 2;

public administration entities, which shall be considered to fall under the jurisdiction of the Member State which established them.

the name of the entity;

the relevant sector, subsector and type of entity referred to in Annex I or II, where applicable;

the address of the entity’s main establishment and its other legal establishments in the Union or, if not established in the Union, of its representative designated pursuant to Article 26(3);

up-to-date contact details, including email addresses and telephone numbers of the entity and, where applicable, its representative designated pursuant to Article 26(3);

the Member States where the entity provides services; and

the entity’s IP ranges.

the domain name;

the date of registration;

the registrant’s name, contact email address and telephone number;

the contact email address and telephone number of the point of contact administering the domain name in the event that they are different from those of the registrant.

aims to prevent, detect, respond to or recover from incidents or to mitigate their impact;

enhances the level of cybersecurity, in particular through raising awareness in relation to cyber threats, limiting or impeding the ability of such threats to spread, supporting a range of defensive capabilities, vulnerability remediation and disclosure, threat detection, containment and prevention techniques, mitigation strategies, or response and recovery stages or promoting collaborative cyber threat research between public and private entities.

essential and important entities with regard to incidents, cyber threats and near misses;

entities other than those referred to in point (a), regardless of whether they fall within the scope of this Directive, with regard to significant incidents, cyber threats and near misses.

on-site inspections and off-site supervision, including random checks conducted by trained professionals;

regular and targeted security audits carried out by an independent body or a competent authority;

ad hoc audits, including where justified on the ground of a significant incident or an infringement of this Directive by the essential entity;

security scans based on objective, non-discriminatory, fair and transparent risk assessment criteria, where necessary with the cooperation of the entity concerned;

requests for information necessary to assess the cybersecurity risk-management measures adopted by the entity concerned, including documented cybersecurity policies, as well as compliance with the obligation to submit information to the competent authorities pursuant to Article 27;

requests to access data, documents and information necessary to carry out their supervisory tasks;

requests for evidence of implementation of cybersecurity policies, such as the results of security audits carried out by a qualified auditor and the respective underlying evidence.

issue warnings about infringements of this Directive by the entities concerned;

adopt binding instructions, including with regard to measures necessary to prevent or remedy an incident, as well as time-limits for the implementation of such measures and for reporting on their implementation, or an order requiring the entities concerned to remedy the deficiencies identified or the infringements of this Directive;

order the entities concerned to cease conduct that infringes this Directive and desist from repeating that conduct;

order the entities concerned to ensure that their cybersecurity risk-management measures comply with Article 21 or to fulfil the reporting obligations laid down in Article 23, in a specified manner and within a specified period;

order the entities concerned to inform the natural or legal persons with regard to which they provide services or carry out activities which are potentially affected by a significant cyber threat of the nature of the threat, as well as of any possible protective or remedial measures which can be taken by those natural or legal persons in response to that threat;

order the entities concerned to implement the recommendations provided as a result of a security audit within a reasonable deadline;

designate a monitoring officer with well-defined tasks for a determined period of time to oversee the compliance of the entities concerned with Articles 21 and 23;

order the entities concerned to make public aspects of infringements of this Directive in a specified manner;

impose, or request the imposition by the relevant bodies, courts or tribunals, in accordance with national law, of an administrative fine pursuant to Article 34 in addition to any of the measures referred to in points (a) to (h) of this paragraph.

suspend temporarily, or request a certification or authorisation body, or a court or tribunal, in accordance with national law, to suspend temporarily a certification or authorisation concerning part or all of the relevant services provided or activities carried out by the essential entity;

request that the relevant bodies, courts or tribunals, in accordance with national law, prohibit temporarily any natural person who is responsible for discharging managerial responsibilities at chief executive officer or legal representative level in the essential entity from exercising managerial functions in that entity.

the seriousness of the infringement and the importance of the provisions breached, the following, inter alia, constituting serious infringement in any event:

the duration of the infringement;

any relevant previous infringements by the entity concerned;

any material or non-material damage caused, including any financial or economic loss, effects on other services and the number of users affected;

any intent or negligence on the part of the perpetrator of the infringement;

any measures taken by the entity to prevent or mitigate the material or non-material damage;

any adherence to approved codes of conduct or approved certification mechanisms;

the level of cooperation of the natural or legal persons held responsible with the competent authorities.

on-site inspections and off-site ex post supervision conducted by trained professionals;

targeted security audits carried out by an independent body or a competent authority;

security scans based on objective, non-discriminatory, fair and transparent risk assessment criteria, where necessary with the cooperation of the entity concerned;

requests for information necessary to assess, ex post, the cybersecurity risk-management measures adopted by the entity concerned, including documented cybersecurity policies, as well as compliance with the obligation to submit information to the competent authorities pursuant to Article 27;

requests to access data, documents and information necessary to carry out their supervisory tasks;

requests for evidence of implementation of cybersecurity policies, such as the results of security audits carried out by a qualified auditor and the respective underlying evidence.

issue warnings about infringements of this Directive by the entities concerned;

adopt binding instructions or an order requiring the entities concerned to remedy the deficiencies identified or the infringement of this Directive;

order the entities concerned to cease conduct that infringes this Directive and desist from repeating that conduct;

order the entities concerned to ensure that their cybersecurity risk-management measures comply with Article 21 or to fulfil the reporting obligations laid down in Article 23, in a specified manner and within a specified period;

order the entities concerned to inform the natural or legal persons with regard to which they provide services or carry out activities which are potentially affected by a significant cyber threat of the nature of the threat, as well as of any possible protective or remedial measures which can be taken by those natural or legal persons in response to that threat;

order the entities concerned to implement the recommendations provided as a result of a security audit within a reasonable deadline;

order the entities concerned to make public aspects of infringements of this Directive in a specified manner;

impose, or request the imposition by the relevant bodies, courts or tribunals, in accordance with national law, of an administrative fine pursuant to Article 34 in addition to any of the measures referred to in points (a) to (g) of this paragraph.

the competent authorities applying supervisory or enforcement measures in a Member State shall, via the single point of contact, inform and consult the competent authorities in the other Member States concerned on the supervisory and enforcement measures taken;

a competent authority may request another competent authority to take supervisory or enforcement measures;

a competent authority shall, upon receipt of a substantiated request from another competent authority, provide the other competent authority with mutual assistance proportionate to its own resources so that the supervisory or enforcement measures can be implemented in an effective, efficient and consistent manner.