(1)

The euro area is continuing to expand, but there are interconnected risks to the outlook and uncertainty on the horizon. Moreover, the risk of a further prolonged period of low growth and inflation driven by anaemic productivity and ageing populations looms. While the output gap has turned positive since 2017 and stood at 0,7 % of potential gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018, potential growth is set to remain below pre-crisis levels (3). Core inflation remained in the 1–1½ % range in 2018 and 2019, and is forecast to remain at approximately 1½ % in 2020 and 2021. Labour market indicators continue to improve, although at a slower pace, and employment growth is projected to slow further and challenges in terms of job quality remain. Nominal wage growth has firmed, having reached approximately 2¼ % growth in 2018, after several years below 2,0 %, is estimated to be at approximately 2½ % in 2019 and is projected to return to to 2¼ % in the period 2020–2021. In spite of good labour market conditions, real wage growth has increased only slowly and remains low, at below 1 % in 2018, is estimated to be at around the same level in 2019 and projected to be at 0,7 % and 0,8 % for 2020 and 2021 respectively. As stated in the 2020 Alert Mechanism Report adopted by the Commission on 17 December 2019, the euro area current-account surplus is projected to narrow, while remaining close to its peak. Deficit Member States narrowed or reversed their current-account deficits, even if they continue to record large negative net international investment positions (NIIPs).

At the same time, while some Member States narrowed their current-account surpluses, they continue to run persistently high current-account surpluses and therefore increase their NIIP. Current-account balance dynamics in the euro area are affected by weakening external demand, especially for export-oriented Member States with high current-account surpluses, which are highly dependent on foreign export demand. Favourable demand dynamics are also important, and large surplus Member States would also contribute to rebalancing by strengthening the conditions that support wage growth, while respecting the role of social partners, as well as public and private investment.

(2)

Increasing the growth potential while ensuring environmental and social sustainability and driving real convergence among euro area Member States requires structural reforms to enhance sustainable growth and investment in tangible and intangible capital to increase productivity. This would help particularly those Member States whose growth potential is clearly lower than the euro area average. This would also be necessary in order to prevent the euro area economy from falling into a protracted period of low potential growth and productivity, low price inflation and wage growth as well as rising inequality. Reforms and investment remain crucial for ensuring the euro area relaunches its growth momentum, overcomes stronger pressures over the medium to long term stemming also from deteriorating demographics, and facilitates the transformation towards a sustainable economy, helping the euro area and its Member States to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

(3)

The economic impact of climate change, one of the biggest systemic risks facing the world economy, financial systems and societies today, is beginning to be visible. Risks to the global economy from climate change and more broadly from environmental degradation are increasingly present, and these will have a widespread impact, including on the most vulnerable in our societies. If not accompanied by appropriate measures, there could be negative consequences on the resilience of our economies, on inclusiveness and on the long-term growth potential. In that context, investment and creating the regulatory and financial conditions for an orderly transition towards a sustainable economy would be essential. If tackled in the right way, environmental and climate challenges are also an opportunity to revitalise the European economy towards sustainable development. In that direction, the Commission has put forward a European Green Deal as Europe’s growth strategy which will include a proposal for the first European Climate Law to enshrine the 2050 climate-neutrality target into law. At the same time, the green transition will need to take the impact on different parts of society into account. Investment to facilitate transformation towards a sustainable economy will need to be accompanied by carbon pricing, appropriate regulation in all sectors, and investment in skills and support for job transitions to ensure that all citizens reap the benefits of technological change, particularly in the sectors and regions lagging behind in the digital and green transitions.

(4)

Mobilising public and private funds for investing in the green and digital transition can help to sustain growth in the short term and meet the long-term challenges facing our economies. While the digital revolution may entail opportunities in terms of productivity, growth and job creation, it may also give rise to challenges, in particular for less qualified workers, lacking skills to work with new technologies. Different speeds of transition to the digital economy among euro area Member States could prove a significant risk to convergence and macroeconomic stability. That could be reinforced by strong agglomeration effects, often benefiting large cities and winner-takes-all dynamics that are often present in the area of digital technologies, which can add to inequality and have adverse impact on convergence. Investments should be geared towards generating research and innovation but also towards wider diffusion of innovations across the economy.

(5)

A more coordinated investment strategy coupled with a stronger reform effort at the level of the euro area would be instrumental in supporting sustainable growth and responding to the long-term challenges such as the climate transition and technology transformation. The budgetary instrument for convergence and competitiveness (BICC) would provide financial support to euro area Member States for the implementation of proposals which should as a rule consist of packages of reforms and investments. InvestEU, which will also contribute to the Sustainable Europe Investment Plan, also aims to trigger additional investment to further foster innovation and job creation in the Union, including by financing sustainable infrastructure. Cohesion policy funds, which play a crucial role in supporting our regions and rural areas, also play a role in the climate and technological transition by promoting sustainable development. The European Investment Bank already dedicates 25 % of its total financing to climate investment, and has announced its intention to double that share. To achieve the Union’s sustainability objectives, it would be essential to carry out investment projects at national and sub-national level that cover climate adaptation and mitigation, energy transition, decarbonisation or the circular economy. Investment in network industries and infrastructure can help improve the euro area’s competitiveness and foster the transition to more sustainable transport. In addition, investments in intangible assets such as research and development, and skills are also key to preparing the euro area for the challenges ahead.

(6)

The effects of the economic expansion over the last years have not been felt evenly within Member States and across regions and Member States. While disposable income levels have recently risen, they remain below pre-crisis levels in several euro area Member States. The number of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion is declining in most Member States, and is now 5 million below the 2012 peak, but remains above 2008 levels in the euro area. Following a period of increased divergences, some Member States have converged towards the highest performers in GDP-per-capita over the past few years. However, the share of income held by the highest income levels has slowly increased in the past decade, and large divergences remain between Member States. In order to promote upwards convergence within and across Member States, it would be important to promote policies that aim at increasing both efficiency and equity, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Those policies should result in better macroeconomic outcomes with more equally shared benefits for society at large, that also help boost the cohesion of the euro area.

(7)

Consistency and balance in the macroeconomic policy mix of the euro area, including monetary, fiscal and structural policies, are crucial for ensuring robust, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and for responding effectively to persistent low inflation, a weakening outlook and risks to long-term growth. The European Central Bank is maintaining an accommodative monetary policy to help inflation edge towards its medium-term inflation objective, while supporting growth and job creation. Fiscal policy needs to complement the monetary policy stance, as do structural reforms across different sectors, including those necessary to complete the architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).

(8)

Coordination of national fiscal policies with full respect for the Stability and Growth Pact, while taking into account available fiscal space and spillovers across Member States, supports the proper functioning of the EMU. The euro area fiscal stance is expected to be broadly neutral to slightly expansionary in 2020 and 2021. At the same time, national fiscal policies remain insufficiently differentiated. The pursuit of prudent fiscal policies by Member States with high levels of public debt would put public debt on a downward path, reduce vulnerability to shocks, and allow for the full functioning of automatic stabilisers in the event of an economic downturn. On the other hand, further boosting investment and other productive spending in Member States with a favourable budgetary situation would support growth in the short and medium term, while also helping to rebalance the euro area economy. If downside risks were to materialise, fiscal responses should be differentiated, aiming for a more supportive stance at the aggregate level, while ensuring full respect for the Stability and Growth Pact. Country-specific circumstances should be taken into account and pro-cyclicality avoided, to the extent possible. Member States should stand ready to coordinate policies in the Eurogroup.

(9)

Fiscal structural reforms remain crucial for improving fiscal sustainability, strengthening growth potential and allowing for effective counter-cyclical fiscal policies in the event of a downturn. Well-functioning national fiscal frameworks, together with regular and thorough spending reviews and effective and transparent public procurement can strengthen the efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure and improve the credibility and quality of fiscal policies. Improving the composition of national budgets, on both the revenue and expenditure sides, including shifting resources towards public investment in the context of well-designed investment strategies and developing green budgeting tools, would increase the growth impact of public budgets, raise productivity and begin meeting the urgent long-term challenges of the transition towards green and digital economies. Simplifying and modernising tax systems and addressing tax fraud, evasion, and avoidance, namely through measures against aggressive tax planning, taking account of the on-going discussions at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Inclusive Framework on the remaining base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) issues, are essential to making tax systems more efficient and fairer. The ease with which mobile resources can move within the euro area is one of the foundations of the internal market but also increases the scope for tax competition. Coordination among Member States is therefore essential as regards addressing profit-shifting and harmful tax practices and avoiding an overall race to the bottom in terms of corporate taxation.

Working towards an agreement for a common consolidated corporate tax base as well as an agreement on the OECD Inclusive Framework on the remaining BEPS issues to review profit allocation among countries and ensure minimum effective taxation could be instrumental in that endeavour. The tax burden in the euro area is relatively high and skewed towards labour, with property or environmental taxes representing a very small share of tax revenues. The property and environmental taxes, however, can be less detrimental to growth and labour supply and demand. An increased use of environmental taxes can contribute to sustainable growth by incentivising ‘greener’ behaviour by consumers and producers. Taxation would need to take better into account the climate dimension and address emissions and carbon leakage more consistently. Promoting worldwide coordinated action would further increase the effectiveness of those measures. Therefore, in order to help transitioning towards a green economy, fostering the design of budgetary policies conducive to environmental commitments and a review of Council Directive 2003/96/EC (4) will be proposed, as well as a World Trade Organization (WTO)-compliant carbon border adjustment mechanism, if needed to avoid carbon leakage.

(10)

Structural and institutional reforms that increase competition in product markets, promote resource efficiency, improve the business environment and the quality of public administrations, including the effectiveness of justice systems, are important for the resilience of euro area Member States. Resilient economic structures and appropriate policies prevent shocks from having significant and long-lasting effects on income and labour supply, and can facilitate the operation of fiscal and monetary policy and contain divergences, particularly in downturns, creating more favourable conditions for sustainable and inclusive growth. Better coordination and implementation of structural reforms, in particular those prescribed in the country-specific recommendations, can create positive spillovers across Member States. In that respect, the national productivity boards can play an important role in increasing the reform ownership and improving implementation. Reforms are also needed to face urgent long-term challenges such as the climate transition and technological transformation. Deepening single market integration, which has proven to be a major engine of growth and convergence between Member States, can also contribute to fostering productivity growth.

(11)

The European Pillar of Social Rights sets out 20 principles to foster equal opportunities and access to the labour market, fair working conditions and social protection and inclusion. It is designed as a compass to promote upward convergence towards better working and living conditions. Stronger and more inclusive economies and societies can in turn foster the resilience of the Union and the euro area. Reforms and investment in skills, job transitions and more effective social protection are also important to accompany a just and fair transition towards a green and digital economy. The full implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights at all levels with due regard for respective competences will be essential for promoting upward convergence.

(12)

Reforms that increase labour market participation, tackle youth and long-term unemployment, promote quality job creation, support successful labour market transitions, reduce segmentation and promote social dialogue can help boost inclusive growth, improve economic resilience and automatic stabilisation, reduce inequalities, and address poverty and social exclusion. Individualised job transition support, training and requalification are key to promoting the timely reinsertion of job-seekers. Active labour market policies should be well integrated with social policies and promote active inclusion in the labour market and in society. Access to high-quality education and training throughout the life cycle requires adequate investment in order to improve human capital and skills, also in light of the digital and green transition. This contributes to improving employability, productivity, innovation capacity and wages in the medium and longer term, increasing the resilience of the euro area. Employment protection legislation needs to provide for fair and decent working conditions for all workers, especially in view of emerging atypical forms of employment which create new opportunities but also challenges related to job security and social protection.

Effective and sustainable social protection systems are also crucial for ensuring adequate income and access to quality services. Pension reforms and work-life balance policies can importantly foster labour market participation, safeguarding the long-term sustainability of European welfare systems. A shift away from labour taxation could usefully focus in particular on low-income and second earners. Social partners’ involvement in employment, social and economic reforms is crucial for strengthening ownership and supporting reform implementation. Similarly, the involvement of civil society organisations is beneficial. It is important that collective agreements contribute to the objectives of recommendations (1) to (5) below with full respect for social partners’ autonomy.

(13)

The robustness of the euro area financial sector has increased since the crisis, though vulnerabilities remain to be addressed. High corporate and household debt levels, to which the debt bias in many national tax systems contributes, can be a source of risk. The need to adapt banks’ business models, the low-interest-rate environment and increasing competition from other forms of finance continue to exert pressure on banks’ profitability. There has been steady progress in risk reduction, in particular on non-performing loan (NPL) reduction. Nonetheless, where NPL ratios remain high, they require further sustained efforts, and all Member States should put in place appropriate policies to prevent the build-up of NPLs. In March 2018, the Commission presented a risk-reduction package both to facilitate addressing legacy NPLs and to avoid their future build-up. As part of the legislative measures on NPLs, Regulation (EU) 2019/630 of the European Parliament and of the Council (5) was adopted in April 2019, which introduces a statutory ‘prudential backstop’ in order to prevent the risk of under-provisioning of future NPLs; further progress should be made to continue tackling the issue of NPLs, in particular by progressing with the draft Directive on NPLs secondary markets.

Progress has already been achieved to improve the existing framework on anti-money laundering. However, as highlighted in the Commission reports issued in July 2019, a more comprehensive approach to fighting money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities is needed in the Union to address structural shortcomings identified. This requires, in particular, considering ways to increase harmonisation, and improve supervision and enforcement of the rules, through Union action.

(14)

Strengthening the banking union has been a priority undertaking, since 2013, in order to ensure financial stability, reduce financial fragmentation and protect lending to the economy in times of crisis. This has continued to progress, including through the agreement on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) legal framework on the common backstop for the Single Resolution Fund (SRF), but further strengthening is necessary. In that connection, the Euro Summit tasked the Eurogroup to continue to work on the ESM package of reforms, pending national procedures, and to continue work on all elements of the further strengthening of the banking union, on a consensual basis. A high-level working group (HLWG) was set up to work on a roadmap for beginning political negotiations on the European deposit insurance scheme (EDIS). It is important to move forward to unlock the banking union’s benefits in terms of private risk sharing, financial stability and economic growth, while reducing opportunities for arbitrage between Member States. Ultimately, such move should ensure Europe’s financial and economic sovereignty. This calls for continuing to work without delay, on all elements including those discussed in the HLWG on EDIS, and with the same level of ambition. The work on the ESM package of reforms should be finalised, including the introduction of a backstop for the SRF. The backstop for the SRF should be made operational and this should be anticipated, provided sufficient progress has been made in risk reduction.

There should be further work on solutions for overcoming limitations in the current set-up for liquidity provision in resolution. Finally, the Commission delivered on all of the actions announced in the Capital Markets Union (CMU) Action Plan of 2015. However, legal, tax and regulatory obstacles to the establishment of a CMU remain, and renewed efforts are needed to overcome them, in particular as regards the rules on access to finance, certain insolvency and tax divergences, and to achieve high, effective and convergent supervisory standards.

(15)

Strengthening the architecture of the EMU requires delivering on the actions identified in the Statement of the Euro Summit of 13 December 2019 as a matter of priority, while continuing discussions on other aspects. The Commission Communication of 12 June 2019 entitled ‘Deepening Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union: Taking stock four years after the Five Presidents’ Report’ presents the state of play and outlines the Commission view on areas where reform efforts should focus in the short and medium term. There has been some progress on the economic union, with a political agreement on the features of a BICC for the euro area. An agreement in principle, subject to completion of national procedures, was reached on further developing the ESM and revising the ESM Treaty. There has been no consensus in the Council on a euro area fiscal stabilisation function nor on reforming the governance of the euro area.

(16)

Deepening the EMU would result in better macroeconomic outcomes. An incomplete EMU impedes financial integration. That limits financing opportunities for much-needed investment to foster an inclusive, productive, sustainable and stable economy. An incomplete EMU also hinders the smooth transmission of monetary policy across the euro area and limits Europe’s ability to determine its economic destiny. If agreed, a central fiscal stabilisation function would complement the capacity of euro area Member States to conduct counter-cyclical fiscal policy. The Council notes the Commission’s intention to propose a European unemployment benefit reinsurance scheme in order to better protect citizens in cases of economic shocks. Strengthening the EMU, together with sound policies at the European and national levels, is key to enhancing the clout of Europe in the world, to enhancing the international role of the euro and to contributing to an open, multilateral and rules-based global economy. It is important that discussions continue to be held in an open and transparent manner towards non-euro area Member States, while fully respecting the Union’s internal market.

(17)

The Employment Committee and the Social Protection Committee have been consulted on the employment and social aspects of this Recommendation,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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in the merger section of the Competition website of the Commission (http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/). This website provides various facilities to help locate individual merger decisions, including company, case number, date and sectoral indexes,

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in electronic form on the EUR-Lex website (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en) under document number 32020M9803. EUR-Lex is the online access to European law.

a)

The applicant’s geological understanding of the geographical area in question, and how the licensees propose to perform efficient exploration for petroleum.

b)

The relevant technical expertise of the applicant, and how this expertise may actively contribute to cost effective exploration and, as appropriate, the production of petroleum from the geographical area in question.

c)

The applicant’s experience on the Norwegian Continental Shelf or equivalent relevant experience from other areas.

d)

That the applicant has the satisfactory financial capacity to carry out exploration for and, as appropriate, production of petroleum in the geographical area in question.

e)

If the applicant is or has been a licensee in a production licence, the Ministry may take into account any form of inefficiency or lack of accountability demonstrated by the applicant as a licensee. National security considerations may also be taken into account if the Ministry finds that such considerations are relevant.

f)

Production licences will as a main rule be awarded to a joint venture where at least one licensee has drilled at least one well on the Norwegian Continental Shelf as operator or has equivalent relevant operational experience outside the NCS.

g)

Production licences will as a main rule be awarded to two or more licensees, where at least one has experience as mentioned under f).

h)

The appointed operator for production licences in the Barents Sea must have drilled at least one well on the Norwegian Continental Shelf as operator or have equivalent relevant operational experience outside the NCS.

i)

For production licences in deep waters, both the appointed operator and at least one other licensee must have drilled at least one well on the Norwegian Continental Shelf as operator or have equivalent relevant operational experience outside the NCS. In the production licence one licensee must have drilled in deep waters as operator.

j)

For production licences where drilling of exploration wells in high pressure and/or high temperature (HTHP) is expected, the appointed operator and at least one other licensee must have drilled at least one well on the Norwegian Continental Shelf as operator or have equivalent relevant operational experience outside the NCS. In the production licence one licensee must have drilled an HTHP-well as operator.

Ministry of Petroleum and Energy

P.O. Box 8148 Dep.

N-0033 OSLO

NORWAY

The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate

P.O. Box 600

N-4003 STAVANGER

NORWAY

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thin, shiny brown pericarp,

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thin episperm (membrane) which penetrates the seed slightly and is easily removed by peeling,

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sweet taste and firm, non-floury texture,

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moisture content of between 50 % and 60 % in the nut after harvesting,

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the number of nuts per cupule is usually three or less,

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average percentage of carbohydrates is 59,5 % (measured on dry matter), which is higher than in all the other production areas in Spain,

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very low average percentages of splitting (4,5 %) and partitioning (2,1 %). Galician chestnuts have the lowest overall figure for both parameters compared with chestnuts from other Spanish production areas.

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minimum moisture content of 50 % and maximum moisture content of 60 %,

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maximum percentage of partitioned nuts: 12 %,

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minimum percentage of carbohydrates: 55 %,

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maximum number of nuts per kilogram not greater than 120 in the case of fresh produce and 200 in the case of frozen produce.

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province of A Coruña: the comarca of Terra de Melide and the municipalities of Arzúa and Boimorto (comarca of Arzúa),

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the entire province of Lugo, with the exception of the municipalities of O Vicedo, Viveiro, Xove and Cervo (comarca of Mariña Occidental), Burela and Foz (comarca of Mariña Central) and Barreiros and Ribadeo (comarca of Mariña Oriental),

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all municipalities in the province of Ourense,

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province of Pontevedra: the comarcas of Tabeirós-Terra de Montes and Deza, the municipalities of Cotobade, A Lama and Campo Lameiro (comarca of Pontevedra) and the municipality of Cuntis (comarca of Caldas),

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the defined production area has optimum rainfall, temperature and soil conditions, altitudes and temperature/rainfall ratios for the cultivation of quality chestnuts.

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rainfall: the production area has high rainfall with total annual precipitation of around 1 000 mm, but there are also dry summer periods which end in September. Both of these factors contribute to the quality of the chestnuts. The areas of Galicia closest to the coast, where the parameters recommended for cultivation are exceeded, are excluded from the production area,

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temperature: the area has average annual temperatures of 6–14 °C, which are within the limits recommended for chestnuts (3–16 °C), with high summer temperatures that promote nut ripening and development,

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average temperature/rainfall ratios: the eastern half of Galicia has the more favourable average temperature/rainfall ratio for chestnuts, a species which develops better where there is a certain amount of atmospheric humidity, but which must under no circumstances be excessive as this would encourage the development of diseases such as ink disease and chestnut blight,

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altitude: the defined area lies at altitudes to which chestnut trees are best adapted (range of 400–900 m, but not above 1 200 m),

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soils and lithology: the greater part of the area consists of soil on granite and metamorphic rock (schists and shale), of loamy texture, rich in organic matter with low pH and a low active lime content, which is regarded as the most suitable type of soil for growing chestnuts.

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thin episperm, which makes the nut much easier to peel,

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low percentage of partitioned nuts which, like the thin episperm, means that the nut is much easier to peel,

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high moisture content, a much-appreciated factor both when consuming the nuts fresh and when processing them,

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low percentage of splitting, which significantly reduces discards,

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very high starch content, which gives the chestnuts a sweeter taste following conversion (natural hydrolysis through ripening and hydrolysis induced by thermal processes) into sugars.

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the numerous documents kept in Galician monasteries referring to the importance of chestnuts in Galicia in the Middle Ages. These documents are mentioned in books including El priorato benedictino de San Vicenzo de Pombeiro y su colección diplomática en la Edad Media [the Benedictine priory of San Vicenzo de Pombeiro and its diplomatic collection from the Middle Ages] and El monasterio de S. Clodio do Ribeiro en la Edad Media: Estudio y Documentos [the monastery of San Clodio do Ribeiro in the Middle Ages: research and documents] by M. Lucas Álvarez and P. Lucas Domínguez and the Colección Diplomática do mosteiro cisterciense de Sta. María de Oseira [diplomatic collection of the Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria de Oseira] by M. Romaní Martínez,

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the mention by Alexandre Dumas in From Paris to Cadiz, written in 1847, of the quality of Galician chestnuts,

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the fact that chestnut groves are regarded as one of the most important elements in the Galician agricultural landscape, mentioned by Abel Bouhier in his book La Galice. Essai geographique d’analyse et d’interpretation d’un vieux complexe agraire,

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the many references to the fiesta del magosto (a popular festival to celebrate the chestnut, held in many parts of Galicia) such as, for instance, Manuel Murguía’s reference to it in his book Historia de Galicia [History of Galicia] (1865),

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the fact that Galician chestnuts are used in recipes such as those collected by Manuel Puga y Parga (1874–1917) in his book La Cocina Práctica (1905), and the many dishes described by Álvaro Cunqueiro in La Cocina Gallega (1973).