EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels, 9.4.2019
COM(2019) 176 final
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK
on the Implementation of the Strategic Action Plan on Batteries: Building a Strategic Battery Value Chain in Europe
I.WHY EUROPE NEEDS A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO BATTERIES
Driven by the ongoing clean energy transition, demand for batteries is expected to grow very rapidly in the coming years, making this market an increasingly strategic one at global level. According to some sources, the European market potential could be worth up to EUR 250 billion annually from 2025 onwards. 1 This trend is further reinforced by the new and comprehensive legislative and governance framework for the Energy Union, successfully adopted under this Commission to accelerate the transition to a sustainable, secure and competitive EU economy.
Batteries have therefore been identified by the Commission as a strategic value chain, where the EU must step up investment and innovation in the context of a strengthened industrial policy strategy aimed at building a globally integrated, sustainable and competitive industrial base. 2
In its long-term vision for a climate-neutral economy by 2050 – “A Clean Planet for All”, the Commission shows how Europe can lead the way to climate neutrality, providing a solid basis for work towards a modern and prosperous climate-neutral economy by 2050. 3 This vision makes clear that electrification is set to be one of the main technological pathways to reach carbon neutrality. 4 Batteries will be one of the key enablers for this transition given the important role they play in stabilising the power grid and in the roll-out of clean mobility 5 .
Batteries offer a very tangible opportunity to use this deep transformation to create high value jobs and increase economic output. They can become a key driver for the EU’s industrial competitiveness and leadership, notably for Europe’s automotive industry.
Huge investments are needed to this end. It is estimated that 20-30 giga-factories for battery cells production alone will have to be built in Europe and their related ecosystem will need to be considerably strengthened. 6 The scale and speed of investment needed means that the swift leveraging of private investment will be a key success factor.
Today the European share of global cell manufacturing is just 3 per cent, while Asia has an 85 per cent share. 7 If no action is taken to support the creation of a viable battery manufacturing sector, there is a risk that Europe falls irreversibly behind its competitors in the global batteries market, and becomes dependent on imports of battery cells and raw materials used in the supply chain.
To prevent a technological dependence on our competitors and capitalise on the job, growth and investment potential of batteries, Europe has to move fast in the global race to consolidate technological and industrial leadership along the entire value chain. The Commission is working together with many Member States and key industry stakeholders to build a competitive, sustainable and innovative battery ecosystem in Europe, covering the entire value chain.
This is the main objective behind the European Battery Alliance (EBA), an industry-led initiative, which the Commission launched back in October 2017, to support the scaling up of innovative solutions and manufacturing capacity in Europe. The EBA is helping to foster cooperation between industries and across the value chain, with support at both the EU-level and from EU Member States. 8
This approach can be seen as a reference case for EU action in other strategic sectors to continue building collectively on Europe’s industrial and innovation strengths to fill the gaps in its value chain.
In this context, in May 2018, the Commission adopted the Strategic Action Plan on Batteries as part of the third ‘Europe on the Move’ mobility package. 9 This brought together a set of measures to support national, regional and industrial efforts to build a battery value chain in Europe, embracing raw materials extraction, sourcing and processing, battery materials, cell production, battery systems, as well as re-use and recycling .
Less than a year after its adoption, significant progress has been made on the key actions set out in the Strategic Action Plan and industry has announced several major investments. This report provides the state of play on the main actions undertaken so far across the battery value chain and identifies the challenges and opportunities for the EU in this strategic sector for decarbonising and modernising the economy.
The drive for clean mobility will accelerate demand for battery-powered electric vehicles
Transport in general and the automotive sector in particular will dominate growth in demand for battery cells in the mid-term, as is already the case today. 10 This will play a key role in driving down costs on the basis of significant economies of scale. 11 Currently, there are more than 4 million electric vehicles on the road globally. This is forecast to grow to between 50 and 200 million by 2028 and to reach up to 900 million by 2040. 12 Batteries represent up to 40 per cent of the value of a car. 13
Global supply and demand of Li-ion batteries today and in the future and the European share in manufacturing. Source: JRC
Legislative initiatives and enabling measures under the Commission’s Low-Emission Mobility Strategy and the three ‘Europe on the Move’ mobility packages, will have an impact on both the supply and demand for electric vehicles and therefore for batteries. 14 This includes the recently adopted Regulation on CO2 emission standards for new cars 15 and most heavy-duty vehicles 16 , and the revised Clean Vehicles Directive, which sets public procurement targets for low- and zero-emission vehicle fleets. 17 The crisis surrounding car emissions and the high levels of air pollution in some cities is a cause of public concern and is stimulating demand for cleaner vehicles (significant reduction in demand for diesel-powered vehicles). 18 This has prompted action by governments (e.g. banning future sales of combustion engine powered vehicles, diesel vehicle restrictions and bans in urban areas), as well as an overhaul of car manufacturers’ business and investment strategies (e.g. switching production away from diesel to hybrid, electric, and fuel cell vehicles). The restructuring of transport charges and taxes to reflect infrastructure and external costs, including the application of the “polluter pays” principle in road charging, will also drive demand towards low- and zero-emission vehicles. 19
Storage for renewable energy will be a major driver of battery demand
By 2050, the share of electricity in final energy demand will at least double to 53 percent. By 2030, it is expected that around 55 percent of electricity consumed in the EU will be produced from renewables (up from the current level of 29 percent). By 2050, this figure is expected to be more than 80 percent. 20 For an effective integration of this renewable electricity, the whole range of energy storage technologies will be required, including pumped hydro, batteries, and chemical storage (hydrogen). The choice of solutions will depend on the location, capacity required and services to be provided.
By providing the opportunity to store electricity temporarily and to feed it back into the grid, batteries can help society make better use of variable and decentralised renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Batteries will help to balance the electricity grid, complementing flexibility also provided by improved interconnections, demand response and other energy storage technologies. Batteries used for balancing the electricity grid can be stationary or mobile (i.e. the batteries in electric vehicles, provided that they are bi-directional 21 ).
The global expansion of renewable energy over the past decade has already led to massive cost decreases, in particular for solar energy and on- and off-shore wind power. This means, for example, that millions of consumers around the world are now able to produce their own electricity (mostly using solar panels on their rooftops), as well as store it and sell it back to the grid.
The role and importance of energy storage, and in particular battery storage technologies, is set to increase significantly. In the medium-term, stationary batteries are expected to reach about 10 per cent of the battery market, but their role will further grow. In the 2050 perspective, storage will become the principal way of integrating renewables into the power system as thermal generation declines over time and the potential of demand-response is more fully used. Some scenarios which are assessed in the Commission’s Communication on “A Clean Planet for All” suggest that annual electricity storage in 2050 could increase at least tenfold compared to 2015.
By 2050, batteries are expected to play a far more significant role than pumped hydro storage technology, which is currently the main storage technology in the electricity system, accounting for over 90 per cent of the energy storage capacity in the EU. 22
Overcoming Europe’s energy and raw material dependency – a strategic opportunity
Global market forecasts project demand for lithium-ion batteries to grow significantly to up to 660 GWh by 2023, 1 100 GWh by 2028 and could reach up to 4 000 GWh by 2040, compared to only 78 GWh today. 23 As the global market size increases, Europe is forecast to develop a capacity of 207 GWh by 2023, while European demand for electric vehicle batteries alone would be around 400 GWh by 2028 24 , creating at least 3-4 million jobs. 25
However, today the EU’s high dependency on battery cell imports could expose industry to high costs and risks in the supply chain and undermine the automotive industry’s ability to compete with foreign competitors, notably if there is a shortage in the light of the forecast increase in demand.
This dependency is not only limited to battery cell production; access to the five essential battery raw materials (lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and graphite) is also a major challenge for Europe’s security of supply as they are only available from a small number of countries. 26 Battery-grade refining and processing facilities for almost all these materials are also currently concentrated in China, which consequently dominates the lithium-ion battery supply chain. The same applies to value chains of other key materials in electric vehicles, particularly to rare earths for high-energy density permanent magnets, which today are key to producing electric motors with the highest power densities. 27 In some cases, access to these raw materials may be at risk because of political instability, which could lead to access being disrupted (including exposure to high taxes and duties on exports), or being hindered by the prevalent use of unethical and unsustainable mining practices.
Supply dependency of materials along the value chain for electric vehicles’ batteries. Source: JRC
The expansion of the electric vehicle market will very substantially increase the demand for all of these raw materials in the next decade. 28 Therefore, economically and geo-strategically, the EU must make sure that it does not become dependent on primary raw materials and other processed materials along the battery value chain, sourced from abroad. The EU must diversify its sources of these materials, including domestic sources, make full use of its trade policy to ensure sustainable and secure supply, and deepen its shift towards a circular economy through recovery, re-use and recycling.
II.A battery ‘ecosystem’ in Europe: BUILDING COMPETITIVE, SUSTAINABLE AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIC VALUE CHAINS
The Commission’s objective is that the EU becomes an industrial leader and increases its strategic autonomy in the battery sector, across the value chain. Its aim is therefore to lay the ground for a sustainable, competitive and innovative battery ecosystem in the EU. Although it has been an early supporter of the development of batteries, the Commission has identified the need for a more collaborative and comprehensive approach, given the pace of change in this field.
The Commission’s renewed EU Industrial Policy Strategy highlighted the need to build on Europe's strengths in strategic value chains in new technologies and make these more robust. 29 In this context, the Commission has identified batteries as a value chain of strategic importance and has proposed an industry-led approach. It has been supporting the development of cooperation between key industry players, encouraging the formation of European consortia in research, innovation and manufacturing, and facilitating more effective use of existing funding and financing mechanisms, in close partnership with the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the Member States. This approach underpins the European Battery Alliance. 30
The broad nature of the challenges that the battery sector in Europe is facing calls for comprehensive and consistent measures across the value chain. The Commission’s Strategic Action Plan on Batteries has therefore put forward actions covering raw materials extraction, sourcing and refining, battery cell production and battery systems, and recycling and re-use. 31 The measures include securing the supply of primary raw materials for batteries from EU and external sources, increasing the contribution of secondary raw materials, supporting research and innovation, working with investors to promote scalability and manufacturing capacity of innovative solutions, and investing in specialised skills. Developing world-leading recycling technology and capabilities represents a further opportunity. Sustainable batteries – produced with responsible sourcing, the lowest carbon footprint possible and following a circular economy approach, can be at the core of the EU’s competitive advantage. EU-wide requirements and harmonised standards must be developed to underpin our competitive edge in this sector.
The support provided in the context of the Commission’s Strategic Action Plan on Batteries complies fully with the EU’s international commitments, in particular under the World Trade Organisation, and with EU efforts to ensure a level playing field and eliminate market distortions.
Research, innovation and demonstration: designing and deploying the next generation of battery technologies
Europe needs sustained and coordinated efforts to support investments in research and innovation in battery advanced materials and chemistries to enhance its performance on lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell technologies, and to pursue leadership in the next generation of battery technologies. Current state-of-the-art batteries are largely based on lithium-ion chemistry, but the demand for higher energy density and performance requires short- to medium-term improvements, together with more radical changes towards a new generation of post-Li-ion batteries based on new advanced materials. EU companies are well placed to take advantage of these technological developments 32 .
In the area of batteries, the EU is mobilising all its support instruments covering the entire innovation cycle, from fundamental and applied research to demonstration, first deployment and commercialisation.
Coordinating battery-related research activities is key to harnessing the potential of this sector. Building on the collaborative efforts of the Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan 33 and the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (STRIA) 34 , the Commission has launched a European Technology and Innovation Platform (ETIP) “Batteries Europe” 35 to advance battery research priorities bringing together industrial stakeholders, the research community and EU Member States to foster cooperation and synergies between relevant battery research programmes. This platform enables co-operation between the numerous battery-related research programmes launched at EU and national levels, as well as private sector initiatives.
Going forward, ETIP will prepare the ground for a co-programmed research and innovation partnership on batteries with industry proposed by the Commission under the future Research and Innovation Framework Programme, “Horizon Europe”, starting in 2021. The objective of the partnership is to support EU leadership by bringing together all Horizon Europe research and innovation activities under one roof so as to develop a coherent and strategic programme, in cooperation with industrial players and the research community.
The EU budget is already providing important funding opportunities to support research and innovation in batteries. The EU’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation for 2014-2020, Horizon 2020, has granted EUR 1.34 billion to projects for energy storage on the grid and for low-carbon mobility. In 2019, Horizon 2020 added a call to fund, under the European Battery Alliance, battery projects worth EUR 114 million. This will be followed by a call in 2020 amounting to EUR 132 million, covering batteries for transport and energy.
The European Regional Development Fund is also providing support for research and innovation to promote an energy-efficient and decarbonised transport sector.
The EU’s regions have shown an interest in establishing partnerships to take forward joint projects and further develop strong innovation ecosystems in the field of batteries. One such interregional partnership, focusing on advanced battery materials for electro-mobility and energy storage, was launched in October 2018 in the framework of the Smart Specialisation Platform on industrial modernisation. This open partnership 36 has already expanded to include 22 regions and several pilot areas have been established across the value chain to identify battery-related projects that could lead to successful commercial businesses. 37
In addition, demonstration projects and pilots are important to test out the new technologies in near-market conditions, prior to ramping up production on a commercial scale. To support first-of-a-kind commercial scale energy demonstration projects, the European Investment Bank (EIB) provides loans, guarantees and equity-type funding through the InnovFin Energy Demo Projects (EDP) facility. 38 The facility has already provided one loan of EUR 52.5 million to a demonstration plant in Sweden for the manufacturing of advanced Li-ion cells for batteries in transport, stationary storage and industry. 39 Several battery industry projects in Croatia, France, Greece and Sweden have also benefited from support under the European Fund for Strategic Investments. In the next Multiannual Financial Framework, the new InvestEU Fund is expected to bring together under one roof the existing financial instruments which will make EU support more efficient and more flexible also in the field of batteries.
The Innovation Fund established by the EU’s Emission Trading Scheme should provide around EUR 10 billion in the period 2020-2030 to support pre-commercial demonstration projects in low-carbon technologies, including energy storage. 40 It will provide an opportunity to produce, test and demonstrate innovative battery technologies at scale, helping to bridge the gap between research and innovation results (for instance achieved in Horizon 2020), and commercial deployment of battery manufacturing, as aimed for in the European Battery Alliance. It will be implemented in full coordination with other relevant EU programmes, and, through blending could also contribute to Invest EU.
The scale of the investment challenge is such that it cannot be met by public finance alone; hence the importance of effective mechanisms to attract private capital. A combination of public and private sources is therefore essential. 41
Innovative financing schemes involving the public and private sector are being used in line with the EU’s objective on clean energy innovation. In October 2018, the Commission and 'Breakthrough Energy' agreed to launch a new model of public-private cooperation to catalyse more direct private investment into breakthrough European low-carbon technology companies and innovators that provide solutions to climate change. 42 An initial equity commitment of EUR 100 million is envisaged under this joint investment vehicle. This comprises EUR 50 million from 'Breakthrough Energy (or its affiliates) and EUR 50 million provided by the Commission through InnovFin, the Horizon 2020 financial instrument managed by the European Investment Bank.
In addition, the European Battery Alliance is examining the potential for cross-border breakthrough innovation projects with a view to accessing public funding that would be compatible with the EU’s State Aid rules under the Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) framework. 43 Several EU Member States have already launched processes to identify potential consortia and are working together to design one or more IPCEI in this field. 44 They aim to seek approval by the Commission as soon as possible.
Investing in the industrial deployment of innovative solutions along the battery value chain
The European Battery Alliance is acting as a catalyst for creating a battery value chain in Europe. Around 260 industrial and innovation actors have joined this network. EIT InnoEnergy (a Knowledge and Innovation Community of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology) has steered this network and already announced consolidated private investments of up to EUR 100 billion, covering the whole value chain. 45
This includes announcements of production of primary and secondary raw materials in the EU, and planned battery manufacturing investments from several European consortia. The consortium starting construction of a pilot line in Sweden with support from the European Investment Bank is among them. Another is investing in the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries to be followed by lithium-ion solid-state batteries, and could begin production in the next few years. Materials and recycling groups are building plants in Poland and Finland to produce key materials for electric vehicle batteries by 2020.
Setting the standards for clean, safe, competitive and ethically produced batteries
The aim of making Europe a leader in sustainable battery production must be underpinned primarily by a robust legal framework complemented by European harmonised standards. The legal requirements applicable to batteries for them to be placed on the EU market and to the manufacturing processes concerned will greatly influence the development and deployment of batteries technologies and the impact they will have on public health, safety, the climate and the environment.
Future regulatory requirements are likely to address battery characteristics such as safety, connectivity, performance, durability, bi-directionality, re-useability and recyclability, resource efficiency, or even life-cycle impacts such as “carbon footprint”. 46 These will need to be supplemented by broader requirements on the value chain in the areas of responsible sourcing, transport and storage, and waste collection and recycling. In the case of batteries, these requirements could, for example, be set in the framework of the Eco-design Regulation and the EU Battery Directive. 47 The results of the latter’s evaluation by the Commission are being issued together with this report. 48
The Commission has also started the work on developing minimum performance and sustainability requirements for batteries. These criteria must be supported by science-based harmonised standards, which will be used by industry to document compliance with the regulatory requirements laid down in EU legislation. The Commission and the European standardisation bodies (CEN/CENELEC) are working closely together to ensure a co-ordinated and timely approach to standard development.
European battery producers have already shown their readiness to harmonise environmental requirements to calculate the environmental footprint of their products along the entire life- cycle of batteries. These agreed rules are an encouraging basis upon which to build the sustainability of the European battery sector. 49
Labour market and skilled workforce: investing in people
The EU labour force is highly qualified but sufficient specialised battery-related skills are still lacking, especially on applied process design and cells manufacturing. Action at EU and Member State level is being taken to help to close this skills gap and make Europe an attractive location for world-class experts in batteries development and production.
In line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, 50 this requires collaborative efforts between education and training establishments, social partners and the battery value chain stakeholders to design and implement training, re-skilling and upskilling programmes. 51
Therefore, the Commission has included batteries as a key topic for funding as part of the Blueprint for Sectoral Cooperation on Skills under Erasmus+ and the four-year project should start by the end of 2019. 52
In parallel, EIT InnoEnergy is working with a network of competent actors (academia, training centres, etc.) to develop robust Master-level energy transition-related curricula and degrees, together with executive training for companies’ staff.
To enhance the availability of training and research facilities, the Commission’s Strategic Action Plan on Batteries encouraged research centres to offer access to their battery laboratories. To this end, the Commission’s Joint Research Centre has already opened access to the EU’s battery testing laboratories.
A strategic approach to securing sustainable access to battery raw materials
Securing access to battery raw materials is essential to meet the EU’s ambition to become competitive in the global battery sector. Recent estimates indicate that in 2030, just to sustain the future uptake of electro-mobility, EU demand for lithium, cobalt and natural graphite for hybrid and electric vehicles could be very significantly higher than that in 2015. 53 To reduce the EU’s dependence on imports of batteries raw materials, access to primary and secondary EU domestic sources must be facilitated, and a secure and sustainable supply from resource rich countries outside the EU must be ensured. In line with the EU’s commitments under the World Trade Organisation (WTO), measures are necessary so that such outside sourcing is carried out in a fair, sustainable, and ethical way, and is contributing positively to various Sustainable Development Goals. 54 In this context, the use of sustainably produced raw materials is critical for the environmental footprint of the battery and of the entire electric vehicle.
In terms of trade policy, at bilateral level, in addition to having raw materials-related provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with partners such as Canada and Mexico, the EU has proposed provisions on sustainable sourcing of raw materials in ongoing FTA negotiations with important battery material partners such as Chile and Australia. The Commission is also negotiating the removal of export duties and quantitative restrictions on raw materials in bilateral negotiations with Indonesia. At multilateral level in the WTO, the EU has already successfully challenged export restrictions put in place by China. 55
The Commission is moreover examining all tariff suspension requests on a case-by-case basis to make sure that, in compliance with the Union policies, they are granted temporarily where it is clearly demonstrated that there are sound economic reasons for doing so, also in view of ongoing industrial projects to fill existing gaps in the EU value chain.
On the domestic front, the Commission has launched a dialogue with EU Member States to map the availability in Europe of raw materials for batteries, including cobalt, lithium, natural graphite and nickel. The outcome shows that despite having geological potential in Europe, extraction of battery raw materials is limited and concentrated in a few European countries. Greater use of this potential would reduce the risk to security of supply of raw materials for batteries. 56 Furthermore, while processing capacity exists in Europe for cobalt and nickel, there is none for battery-grade lithium compounds or natural graphite. That would mean that even if lithium and natural graphite extraction can be increased in Europe, all materials - at least in the short term - would have to be shipped to countries outside Europe for processing into battery-grade materials. The Commission is working with the European Investment Bank (EIB), key industrial actors and Member States to address this gap in the value chain. 57
Sustainable mining is a prerequisite for clean battery value chains. The Commission will facilitate work to develop a common set of principles for a socially and environmentally sustainable mining sector in Europe and will encourage Member States to integrate these into their raw materials strategies. The Commission will also explore options for including existing sustainable mining benchmarks in the Sustainable Finance taxonomy to guide investors towards mining projects, which comply with high sustainability standards.
Given the high import reliance in this sector, downstream industry plays a major role in creating the necessary market expectations for clean battery raw materials, for example through responsible sourcing. The Commission will help to develop a sustainability code of governance for European Battery Manufacturers that commit to comply with recognised international responsible business conduct and sustainability standards such as the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains. It will explore developing a model contract clause for suppliers in clean battery value chains to promote similar commitments along the battery value chain. The Commission will also look at options for including sustainable sourcing elements with regard to battery minerals in the Non-Financial Reporting Directive and make available the Commission’s SME Support System on Conflict Minerals Due Diligence also to companies in the battery supply chain using other metals and minerals. 58 A Horizon 2020 call in relation to “responsible sourcing of raw materials in global value chains” will provide expertise on how to strengthen existing industry schemes, ensure data transparency for clean battery value chains and monitor progress. The Commission will continue to work closely with the OECD in this area.
Deepening the Circular Economy: securing access to battery secondary materials
Recycling used batteries can significantly aid in securing access to raw materials for batteries. Thus, for instance, the contribution from recycling of electric vehicle batteries to meeting the needs of cobalt within the EU could reach around 10 per cent in 2030, superior to the contribution from the EU mining sector, if an appropriate regulatory framework is in place. 59
Europe has the potential to create a world-leading industry for the safe and environmentally responsible handling of end-of-life batteries. As markets rapidly expand for key types of batteries such as lithium-ion used in electric vehicles (for which recycling is currently almost non-existent), correspondingly large volumes of end-of-life batteries will be generated downstream in Europe and worldwide, prompting the need to manage these waste streams properly and recover valuable materials. The Commission has been assessing the opportunities to develop a circular economy in Europe for these batteries. 60 The Batteries Directive, for example, establishes targets for collecting waste portable batteries and defines minimum levels of efficiency for the recycling of waste batteries, in order to attain a high level of material recovery. The Commission has evaluated whether the Batteries Directive is delivering on its objectives and whether it appropriately covers new batteries technologies and chemistries (e.g. lithium-ion batteries), new uses of batteries, and the second life of batteries. 61 . The Commission also assessed the coherence between Directive’s provisions and EU policies on the circular economy and raw materials. This exercise has included the assessment of the Directive’s contribution to the rational use of resources and to the implementation of low-carbon policies. If appropriate, the Commission will make proposals to revise the Directive.
Re-use of batteries in stationary applications can reduce environmental impacts over the life- cycle. 62 The Commission has, for example, signed an Innovation Deal on batteries to investigate whether current legislation at the EU or Member State level allows the re-use of batteries. 63 In addition, the Commission continually monitors the coherence of other regulatory instruments (e.g. REACH and CLP (classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures) Regulations) relevant for raw materials from recycled batteries.
Regulatory and enabling measures driving demand for batteries for storage and e-mobility
The 2019 State of the Energy Union report shows the progress made on a broad range of regulatory and enabling measures to bring about a transition to a low-carbon, secure and competitive EU economy. 64 These include initiatives adopted as part of the Low-Emission Mobility Strategy and the Clean Energy for all Europeans package that are relevant to batteries for both energy storage and clean mobility.
The revised Renewable Energy Directive will bring to 32 per cent the share of renewables by 2030 with a possible upwards revision in 2023. 65 This is likely to boost demand for batteries as batteries can further contribute to a better use of variable renewable energy sources like wind and solar power, e.g. in the context of large-scale production and self-consumption related to small-scale facilities, such as solar panels on roof tops. Both stationary and mobile batteries will supplement flexibility coming from improved interconnections, demand response and other energy storage technologies.
The EU’s CO2 emissions performance standards for the post-2020 period will push the industry towards developing more zero- and low-emission vehicles, including hybrid or full electric vehicles. Demand for electric vehicles will be further supported as EU Member States, regions and cities increase their clean transport services to citizens by promoting clean vehicles, such as electric buses, in public procurement tenders. At the same time, the new renewable energy legislation stemming from the Clean Energy for All Europeans package will ensure progressive decarbonisation of the electricity mix. This is a key pre-condition for decarbonisation of the transport sector, especially road transport.
Demand for low- and zero-emission vehicles and the roll-out of infrastructure go hand-in-hand. An accelerated market uptake of low- and zero-emission vehicles, including electric vehicles, depends on the availability of an easy-to-use, comprehensive and interoperable recharging infrastructure. Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure already provides a common framework of measures. 66 The Commission will publish its assessment of the performance of this Directive by the end of 2020, with a view to revising it if necessary. It will assess to what extent the current planning for roll-out of alternative fuels infrastructure as stipulated in National Policy Frameworks under that Directive is in line with the expected acceleration of low- and zero-emission vehicle uptake in the period post-2020. It will also assess to what extent infrastructure deployment meets interoperability needs, for example in payment systems, and to what extent services for using the infrastructure are consumer-friendly.
The Commission has also adopted additional measures to accelerate the roll-out of alternative fuels infrastructure. As part of the Second Mobility Package in 2017, the Commission adopted an Action Plan, which included an additional EUR 800 million for financing alternative fuels infrastructure on the main Trans-European Transport Network and nodes under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF). 67 The Commission has granted EUR 317 million to 31 actions in the area of innovation and alternative fuels infrastructure, mobilising up to EUR 2 billion in total investment. Beyond 2021, support for clean energy and transport infrastructure will continue from the CEF and the new InvestEU Fund. In addition, the recently amended Energy Performance in Buildings Directive includes provisions to require the development of the infrastructure necessary for the smart charging of electric vehicles and, eventually, for vehicle-to-building or vehicle-to-grid services. 68
By providing services to the grid, batteries in electric vehicles can not only help to integrate renewables into the electricity system, but also help reduce the operational cost of the vehicle for consumers. In that respect, major progress towards facilitating the clean energy transition was achieved in December 2018 when the co-legislators agreed a new Electricity Regulation and Electricity Directive establishing new rules for making the EU's electricity market work better. These provisions should enable new market players, including energy storage operators, to provide the system flexibility required and benefit from new business opportunities, particularly in the renewable energy sector. However, aspects such as interoperability and access to vehicle battery data may require additional attention at EU level.
III.CONCLUSIONS: THE WAY FORWARD
The Commission’s strategic approach to batteries is helping to ensure that progress is made simultaneously on a variety of interlinked issues in a coordinated way. This includes developments in relation to connected and automated vehicles, energy storage, the deployment of infrastructure, consumer-friendly interoperability, raw materials, trade and investment, as well as jobs and skills. This approach is also helping key actors at different levels – both public and private sector, at EU, national and regional level – to work better together to achieve these objectives. New collaborative platforms and partnerships for cooperation with industry and stakeholders, taking into account the role of cities and regions are proving essential to deliver on these objectives successfully.
Further challenges and opportunities, associated with the emergence of new business models and integration of the energy and mobility sectors lie ahead. EU Member States will now need to carry out significant work to implement the Clean Energy For All Europeans package and, in particular, the electricity market design legislation, which will allow new market players, including storage operators, to benefit from new business opportunities, and which will give consumers an important role in producing and storing renewable energy themselves.
The Commission’s approach to batteries is also a test case for the EU's twenty-first century industrial strategy. In March 2019, the European Council invited the Commission to present, by the end of 2019, a long-term vision for the EU’s industrial future, with concrete measures to implement it. To remain globally competitive in key technologies and strategic value chains, the EU needs to encourage more risk-taking and step up investment in research and innovation, as well as facilitate the implementation of Important Projects of Common European Interest, while ensuring a level playing field, as well as a regulatory environment and State-aid framework that are conducive to innovation. The batteries and energy storage sector present a good example of how to combine the ambition of strong environmental and climate-friendly standards with increased competitiveness across sectors and value chains, as well as the creation of sustainable jobs and growth. It can offer a new deal for consumers, ensuring that mobility in the future is cleaner and affordable for all, and show that climate action and the modernisation of the economy towards circularity are two sides of the same coin.
Finally, it showcases a novel way of working together across different levels of decision-making (including EU, national, regional, and cities), and with a diversity of industrial actors and private investors throughout the value chains, with one overriding objective: to ensure Europe remains a global frontrunner rather than a follower in this strategic sector, thus providing long-term quality jobs and services to European citizens.
EIT Inno Energy is one of the Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KIC) of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (.
European Council Conclusions, 21-22 March 2019
COM(2018) 773 final of 28 November 2018: A Clean Planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy.
https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/publications/other-publications/10-trends-reshaping-climate-and-energy_en
https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/publications/strategic-notes/towards-low-emission-mobility_en
EIT InnoEnergy.
Tsiropoulos I, et.al., Li-ion batteries for mobility and stationary storage applications – Scenarios for costs and market growth, EUR 29440 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018
https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/policy/european-battery-alliance_en
COM(2018) 293 final of 17 May 2018
Today, the electrification of passenger road transport, short sea shipping and inland waterways is most prevalent, but the emergence of new technologies is expected to allow electrification of more modes in the future.
With an increase in mass manufacturing, costs of battery packs are expected to fall at least 50 per cent by 2030 (JRC).
Tsiropoulos I, et.al., Li-ion batteries for mobility and stationary storage applications – Scenarios for costs and market growth, EUR 29440 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018.
Environmental and Energy Study Institute (2017). Factsheet – Plug-in Electric Vehicles. Link: https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-plug-in-electric-vehicles-2017#5
COM(2016) 501 final of 20 July 2016.
COM(2017) 0676 final of 8 November 2017.
COM(2018) 284 final of 17 May 2018.
COM(2017) 0653 final of 8 November 2017.
Air pollution is linked to around 400 000 premature deaths in Europe every year.
COM(2017) 0280 final of 31 May 2017.
COM(2018) 773 of 28 November 2018
Bi-directional battery technology allows power to flow from the electricity grid into the electric vehicle and conversely (vehicle-to-grid).
Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, October 2018.
Reuters, June 2018.
Joint Research Centre.
69 per cent of the global supply of natural graphite originates from China, while 64 per cent of the global of supply of cobalt is sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Commission Staff Working Document, Report on raw materials for battery applications, SWD(2018) 245/2 final.
JOIN(2019) 5 final of 12 March 2019
Blagoeva.D., et al., Assessment of potential bottlenecks along the materials supply chain for the future deployment of low-carbon energy and transport technologies in the EU, EUR 28192 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018.
COM(2017) 479 final of 13 September 2017.
For the launch of this activity, the Commission has been supported by EIT InnoEnergy.
At a meeting in October 2018, organised in the framework of the European Battery Alliance, EU Member States and industry leaders welcomed the approach proposed by the Commission in its Strategic Action Plan and called on all relevant actors to implement it rapidly.
Several European manufacturers aim, for instance, to produce solid-state batteries by 2025.
https://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/index.cfm?pg=policy&policyname=set
https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/stria-roadmaps/transport-electrification
This ETIP is led by the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA), the European Association for Energy Storage (EASE) and EIT InnoEnergy. It was launched in February 2019 as part of the Clean Energy Industrial Forum.
This partnership is open to other regions that may wish to join.
Northvolt ETT-large scale battery plant, EIB press release, 19/09/2018
One attempt in this direction is the current Investment Plan, to be succeeded by InvestEU, which aims at mobilising private financing thanks to guarantees provided by the EU budget.
Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) are projects involving more than one Member State contributing to the Union’s strategic objectives and producing positive spillovers on the European economy and society as a whole. In case of research, development and innovation projects, such projects must be of a major innovative nature, going beyond the state of the art in the sectors concerned – see Commission Communication 2014/C 188/02 of May 2014.
Including calls for interest published in Belgium, France, Germany and Italy
At the time of writing, an investment plan is being set up by some of these private actors to aggregate projects and investors.
Bobba S., et al., Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Application of Automotive Batteries (SASLAB): Final technical report, 2018, JRC112543.
Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC (OJ L 266, 26.9.2006, p. 1)
SWD(2019) 1300 of 9 April 2019
Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) for rechargeable batteries, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/PEFCR_Batteries.pdf
EIT InnoEnergy has made a mapping of the needs for each segment of the value chain, organised a workshop in December 2018, “building a battery workforce”, and is developing a full range of training offers dedicated to batteries and energy storage.
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/resources/documents/erasmus-programme-guide-2019_en
Source: D. T. Blagoeva, et. al; Assessment of potential bottlenecks along the materials supply chain for the future deployment of low-carbon energy and transport technologies in the EU. Wind power, photovoltaic and electric vehicles technologies, time frame: 2015-2030; EUR 28192 EN; Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2016.
See Mancini, L. et al., Mapping the role of Raw Materials in Sustainable Development Goals, EUR 29595 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019
It is projected that in 2025, provided a favourable regulatory and enabling framework is in place, and assuming that all ongoing EU projects are in place, EU lithium production could cover up to 30 per cent of the world total.
With the support of the EIT Raw Materials
Alves Dias P., et., al., Cobalt: demand - supply balances in the transition to electric mobility, EUR 29381 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018.
cf. JRC report on the Circular Economy perspectives for the management of batteries used in electric vehicles.
SWD(2019) 1300 of 9 April 2019
Bobba S., et al., Sustainability Assessment of Second Life Application of Automotive Batteries (SASLAB): Final JRC technical report, 2018, JRC112543.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/law-and-regulations/innovation-friendly-legislation/identifying-barriers_en
COM(2019) 175 final of 9 April 2019
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82–209)
Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure (OJ L 307, 28.10.2014, p. 1–20)
COM(2017) 652 finL of 8 November 2017: Towards the broadest use of alternative fuels - an Action Plan on Alternative Fuels Infrastructure under Article 10(6) of Directive 2014/94/EU, including the assessment of national policy frameworks under Article 10(2) of Directive 2014/94/EU
Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 75–91)
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels, 9.4.2019
COM(2019) 176 final
ANNEX
to the Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank
Building a Strategic Battery Value Chain in Europe
ANNEX
Progress on Key Actions 1
1.SECURING THE SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS
|
Launch a dialogue with Member States through the Raw Materials Supply Group and the High Level Steering Group of the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials (EIP Raw Materials). |
Preliminary analysis was presented in the Commission Staff Working Document “Report on Raw Materials for Battery Applications”, issued in November 2018. 2 This analysis is being complemented and deepened in cooperation with experts from EU Member States within the Raw Materials Supply Group. Recommendations were presented during the European Innovation Partnership(EIP) High Level Conference on 14 November 2018 and its implementation has started, in particular, those on incentives and data collection of mineral exploration activities. Modelling of the current and future value chain for battery raw materials such as cobalt, lithium, natural graphite and nickel is being carried out by the Joint Research Centre. 3 Work on improving EU statistics on industrial production (PRODCOM) relevant for battery raw materials has also been launched and new codes for non-energy raw materials and batteries (primary and secondary battery types; chemical compounds; parts of batteries) have been approved by the PRODCOM Member States’ Working Group. A new International Energy Agency Task Force 40 “Hybrid and Electric Vehicle” (HEV) has been created on "Critical Raw Materials for Electric Vehicles". This is a Technology Collaboration Programme of the Agency, which aims at providing accurate, credible and up to date information on materials which are considered as (potentially) critical for a quick ramp up of electric vehicles sales. Batteries raw materials and Rare Earth Elements (used in permanent magnets for electrical motors) have a central role to play. This is due to report in 2019. JRC is involved in Collaboration Agreement with EGS (EuroGeoSurveys, The Geological Surveys of Europe) and one of the topics for collaboration is sharing geo-scientific information and knowledge in the remit of Raw Materials including sharing of data and information through the Raw Material Information System. The EGS includes 37 National Geological Surveys and some regional Surveys in Europe, therefore assures vast Member State representation in sharing data on raw materials. A key output of the first raw materials mapping exercise by the Commission is that Europe lacks a processing facility for lithium. Since the beginning of 2019, EIT RawMaterials finances two projects in the field: “EuGeLi” aims to extract lithium as a by-product from geothermal brines currently used in electricity generation; “LiRef” aims to install a multifeed processing unit for lithium from multiple European sources. |
2.SUPPORTING PROJECTS COVERING DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE BATTERY VALUE CHAIN, INCLUDING CELL MANUFACTURING
|
Pursue its partnership work with stakeholders across the battery value chain to promote and facilitate large-scale projects leading to manufacturing of the next generation of batteries, and to establish an innovative, integrated, sustainable and competitive battery value chain in Europe. |
Several projects and investments have been announced in the framework of the European Battery Alliance. One is already starting construction of a pilot line in Sweden with support from the European Investment Bank 4 , another is investing in the development of cheaper, more efficient solid-state batteries, which could begin production in seven years, and a materials and recycling group is building a plant in Poland to produce cathode materials, key for electric vehicles batteries, by 2020. Further details on battery-related projects can be found in this Press Release: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/content/eu-battery-alliance-major-progress-establishing-battery-manufacturing-europe-only-one-year_en Two European companies have made significant investment decisions to install two raw materials processing facilities in Finland to produce battery grade precursor materials by 2021. The second High Level Meeting on batteries with 13 Member States and 18 senior representatives from industry was held on 15 October 2018. There was recognition that there had been significant progress since the launch of the Alliance. Member States and industry took the opportunity to highlight planned investments. There was also strong support for the Commission’s Strategic Action Plan. See press release from the European Commission: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6114_en.htm This engagement will continue with the next High Level Meeting with Member States and industry on 30 April 2019. EIT InnoEnergy, which is supporting the Commission in mobilising the European industrial ecosystem on batteries, organised on 29 January 2019 its fifth meeting with notably the aim of facilitating match-making between industrial initiatives and investors (public/private investors). 220 people attended the meeting. The next step is to facilitate deals between these two groups of stakeholders. |
|
Engage in a regular dialogue with the relevant Member States to explore efficient ways to jointly support innovative manufacturing projects going beyond the state-of-the-art, and best pool EU and national resources to that end. This could for instance take the form of an Important Project of Common European Interest. |
The European Battery Alliance is examining the potential for innovative projects related to the battery strategic value chain, including on cell technology and related first industrial deployment to access public funding that could be compatible with the EU’s international commitments and with its State Aid rules under the Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) framework. 5 It is encouraging that some EU Member States have launched processes to identify potential consortia and work together to design one or more IPCEI in this field. 6 They aim to seek approval by the Commission as soon as possible. The Strategic Forum on Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) was set up in May 2018 and has identified nine key strategic value chains of specific importance for industrial competitiveness and decarbonisation. Three of these identified value chains are already addressed by significant initiatives at EU level, with the batteries value chain being among them. For the other six key strategic value chains the Strategic Forum will develop recommendations for well-coordinated or joint investments and actions across several Member States by June 2019. Two of these value chains are relevant to batteries and mobility: Connected, clean and automated vehicles, and Hydrogen Technologies. Within the Strategic Forum initiative the Commission is facilitating cooperation between Member States and industry to encourage large-scale investments in innovation and industrial deployment. |
|
At the request of interested regions and in cooperation with relevant Member States, facilitate the development of an "interregional partnership on batteries" in the framework of the existing Smart Specialisation thematic platforms on energy or industrial modernisation. |
In September 2018, Slovenia proposed to lead a new interregional partnership on “Advanced materials for batteries for electromobility and stationary energy storage”, together with Castille and Leon, Andalusia, the Basques country, Auvergne Rhone Alpes, Eindhoven, and Nouvelle Aquitaine.
With support from the European Commission, this new partnership was successfully launched at a workshop organised by the Commission on 8 October 2018. The workshop gathered over 25 regions interested in joining forces in interregional partnerships for research and innovation on batteries under the Member States' smart specialisation strategies (industrial modernisation thematic platform). Other interested regions across Europe were invited to join the effort. By early 2019, the partnership had grown to include 22 European regions. The mission of this partnership is to accelerate the volume manufacture and deployment of advanced materials and battery cells using sustainable and competitive technologies, for mobility and stationary batteries across Europe between now and 2025. To do so, it will generate a pipeline of business investment projects by building upon existing regional assets to leverage complementary assets available across the partnership. It will identify and address key missing elements in the regional ecosystem and the industrial value chain to reach out to the end user. The partnership has the ambition to represent the regional dimension of the European Battery Alliance stakeholders. The partnership is currently concluding a scoping exercise and common areas of interest identified so far include: 1Innovative cell manufacturing for generation 4 (solid state) - advanced material & manufacturing & cell production (Lead Region: Bavaria)Partner regions: Auvergne Rhone Alpes (FR)/ N. Aquitaine (FR)/ Flanders (BE)/ Brussels (BE)/ Basque Country (ES)/ Valencia (ES)/ Aragon (ES) / Viken (NO)/ Baden-Würtemberg (DE). 2Sustainable raw material extraction & processing (Lead Region: Castilla y León) Partner regions: Nouvelle-Aquitaine (FR), Finland, Vestland (NO), Valencia (ES). 3Recycling of existing Lithium Ion batteries (Lead Region: Bavaria) Partner regions: Flanders (BE). 4Liquid based batteries (stationary) (Lead Regions: Basque/ Valencia) Partner regions: Basque Country (ES)/ Valencia (ES)/ Aragon (ES)/ Slovenia, Finland/ Bavaria (DE). 5Network of research & testing centers (Lead Region: Slovenia) Partner regions: West Slovenia (SL), Hordaland (NO), Viken (NO), Andalusia (ES). 6Improved lithium-ion batteries (Generation 3b) - (Lead Region: Auvergne Rhone Alpes) Partner regions: Auvergne Rhone Alpes (FR)/ N. Aquitaine (FR)/ Flanders (BE)/ Brussels (BE)/ Baden-Würtemberg (DE). The objective is to move towards concrete joint innovation investments in the above areas (and possibly additional ones). The partnership is open to all European regions expressing an interest in becoming a member. |
3.TARGETING RESEARCH AND INNOVATION TO SUPPORT A COMPETITIVE BATTERIES VALUE CHAIN
|
In collaboration with Member States make available, research and innovation funds (H2020) for battery-related innovation projects, according to pre-identified short- and longer-term research priorities across the batteries value chain. This should comprise also innovative deployment projects, including pilot lines for batteries manufacturing and primary / secondary raw materials processing. |
See below for H2020 (Work Programme 2018-2020) From the legislative package proposed by the Commission for Horizon Europe, clear possibilities are identified for energy storage (both electro-mobility counting for 90% of the market and stationary applications) in the cluster 4 (climate, energy, mobility) as well as in cluster 3 (industry). Next milestone will be the draft Strategic Planning to be adopted end of year (SWD). EIT RawMaterials launched a dedicated Lighthouse innovation programme called “Sustainable Materials for Future Mobility”. The programme comprises an annual match-making event, start-up booster calls, educational workshops, and funding for innovation and education projects. EIT InnoEnergy has launched in September 2018 a dedicated call on “electrical storage”, that has collected more than 220 applications. Final selection will take place in Amsterdam on 21 March 2019 ( https://eit.europa.eu/newsroom/eit-innoenergy-call-electrical-storage-start-ups ). |
|
Launch calls for proposals in 2019 and 2020 for proposals for an additional total amount of EUR 110 million for battery-related research and innovation projects (in addition to EUR 250 million already allocated to batteries under Horizon 2020; and EUR 270 million to be allocated in support of smart grids and energy storage projects as announced in the Clean Energy for all European package. |
A new dedicated cross-cutting call "Building a low carbon, climate resilient future: next-generation batteries" was included in the revised H2020 Work Programme 2019 (Annex 20) published in July 2018. In 2019, 7 topics with a budget of EUR 114 M will be published. The opening date for applications is 24 January 2019 with a deadline on 25 April 2019. Projects are estimated to start in January 2020.. The updated 2020 call on batteries will consist of two parts: firstly, four topics on batteries for transport and energy are released (EUR 90 million), and secondly four topics of total amount of EUR 42 million are also foreseen to prepare for a large-scale and long-term research initiative on future battery technologies (see below). The Work Programme 2020 releasing these topics will be published in June 2019. |
|
Support the creation of a new European Technology and Innovation Platform to advance on battery research priorities, define long-term visions, elaborate a strategic research agenda and road-maps. The leadership of the European Technology and Innovation Platform will be taken by the industrial stakeholders, research community and Member States, while Commission services will support the setting-up process and contribute in their respective areas of responsibility. |
The transition from the SET-Plan WG on batteries towards ETIP (the R&I platform of the European Battery Alliance) took place in January 2019 and was officially launched during the Industry Days https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/consolidating-industrial-basis-batteries-europe-launch-european-technology-and-innovation-platform-batteries-2019-feb-05_en . The Commission is financing the Secretariat of the new ETIP through a service contract. The new ETIP follows up on the achievements of the SET Plan and aims at federating all relevant work-streams, including battery strand of STRIA, FET flagship on batteries, and the interregional partnership on advanced battery materials. The ETIP will develop the Strategic Research Agenda and technology roadmaps. New participants are being engaged in particular to strengthen representation of industrial stakeholders. Direct engagement of additional stakeholders will be followed by an open call for expression of interest. Member States and regional representatives will be invited to be involved in the National Stakeholders group of ETIP to ensure better coordination of national and regional research and innovation efforts. Currently provisional leaders for the ETIP technical working groups are being identified and include several experts from the former SET-Plan WG which will help ensure continuity. A major launch event is planned for June 2019 when ETIP membership is complete. |
|
Prepare the launch of a large-scale Future Emerging Technologies Flagship research initiative, which could support long-term research in advanced battery technologies for the 2025+ timeframe. These Future Emerging Technologies Flagships run typically for a period of 10 years with an overall support of around EUR 1 billion, co- funded from the EU budget. |
The first phase of the preparation has been completed with the publication in December 2018 of the Battery 2030+ Manifesto which outlines the vision, rationale, objectives and priorities of this large-scale and long-term research initiative on future battery technologies. The Battery 2030 Manifesto is published on the website http://battery2030.eu/ ). This is the outcome of a number of workshops and meetings that took place in 2018 with academic and industrial research stakeholders. A call for a Coordination and Support Action (CSA) was published in July 2018 under the FET Work Programme 2019 (EUR 0.5 M). This one year action started in March 2019 and will prepare a detailed research roadmap for the Battery 2030 initiative and further mobilise the academic and industrial research community. Funding is foreseen under the H2020 Work Programme 2020 for kickstarting the initiative and providing support to R&I priorities identified in the Battery 2030+ Manifesto. A budget of EUR 42 M is proposed as part of an updated 2020 cross-cutting call on “Next Generation Batteries”. Additional funding support from an ERA-NET is also under discussion (EUR 5 M). Further support will be considered as part of the discussion on Horizon Europe. |
|
Support breakthrough market-creating innovation in areas such as batteries through the pilot of the European Innovation Council. A budget of EUR 2.7 billion is made available for 2018-2020 to support 1,000 potential breakthrough projects and 3,000 feasibility awards. This pilot scheme can be helpful for batteries breakthrough technology (expected to be part of projects for applications in transport, energy system, manufacturing etc.). |
As part of EIC Pilot a EUR 10 M Horizon Prize on “Innovative Batteries for eVehicles” has been published with a deadline in December 2020. |
|
Build on the experience of Joint Technology Initiatives and the European Institute of Technology / Knowledge and Innovation Communitities to explore the feasibility and suitability of different forms of public-private partnerships, including for batteries development. |
Currently, the proposal for a co-programmed research partnership on batteries under Horizon Europe is under discussion at EU level. A dedicated information session on partnerships and European batteries research and innovation is planned during the R&I Days on 24-26 September 2019 in Brussels. |
4.DEVELOPING AND STRENGTHENING A SKILLED WORKFORCE IN ALL PARTS OF THE VALUE CHAIN
|
Open access to the EU's battery testing laboratories hosted by the Commission's Joint Research Centre for skills and capacity-building. Other research centres will be encouraged to follow suit. |
The call to open access to the JRC's battery research infrastructure in Petten (The Netherlands) has been launched - https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research-facility/open-access/calls/relevance/2018-1-RD-BESTEST . The first call deadline is 29 March 2019 and communication of the assessment of proposals will follow. |
|
Propose batteries as a key topic for funding in the framework of the Blueprint for Sectoral cooperation on skills in order to address short and medium term skills needs throughout the battery value chain. |
Following agreement that batteries will be included in the third wave of Blueprint implementation under Erasmus+ the call was launched on 24 October 2018 with a deadline of 28 February 2019. Evaluation of the proposals received is underway and the successful project is expected to be selected during the summer of 2019 with the 4-year project due to start by the end of 2019. This project will also work closely with the existing Blueprint project on automotive skills, ‘DRIVES’, and a recently launched COSME project on identifying best practices for supporting automotive SMEs and their upskilling needs. EIT InnoEnergy has organised on 5 November 2018 a workshop called “Building the battery workforce”: http://www.innoenergy.com/event/eba-skills-brokerage-event/ . Skills in that field is already a clear priority for InnoEnergy, a mapping of the needs along the value chain has been made, and training programmes developed. |
5.MAKING EUROPE THE GLOBAL LEADER IN SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE BATTERY TECHNOLOGY AND SETTING THE PATH FOR SUSTAINABLE BATTERIES IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
|
Launch a study on the key determining factors for the production of safe and sustainable ('green') batteries. |
The Commission launched a preparatory study and impact assessment study in September 2018, with a duration of 10 months. |
|
Put forward battery sustainability 'design and use' requirements for all batteries to comply with when placed on the EU market (this comprises an assessment and suitability of different regulatory instruments such as the Ecodesign Directive and the Energy Labelling Regulation and the EU Batteries Directive ). |
The Commission’s preparatory study is ongoing and its conclusions will provide the basis for the development of European harmonised and other standards to support the implementation of a new legislative framework. A Standardisation Request to the European Standardisation Organisations will be made once the Commission has identified the scope of its legislative proposal.. It will also take account of the Technical Report issued by the Commission’s Joint Research Centre of October 2018 which described existing standards and standards under development relevant to electric vehicle battery performance, degradation and lifetime. It also identified measuring and testing methods, which may be used in the compliance assessment of electric vehicle batteries in order to meet potential requirements. Additionally, gaps and needs not covered by existing standards are being identified. Standards at both European and international level have been analysed, aiming at assessing the feasibility of EU legislation including specific requirements for this product group. The CERA project funded by EIT RawMaterials develops raw materials certification schemes, using three perspectives: Readiness Standards, Performance Standards, and Chain of Custody Standards. The system will allow for a certification of the complete mineral resources recovery chain. |
|
Advance interaction with stakeholders and the European standardisation bodies in order to develop European standards for enabling the safe and sustainable production, (re-)use and recycling of batteries, amongst others through the use of prenormative research. |
In July 2018 the Commission and CEN/CENELEC agreed on the need to develop appropriate standards in support of the Strategic Action Plan on Batteries’ objectives to create a robust competitive and sustainable battery value chain in Europe. As part of this process it was agreed that the JRC and CEN/CENELEC should carry out a screening of the already available standards (at EU or global level). The JRC published its study on 15 October 2018 and the CEN/CENELEC Sector Forum Energy Management is expected to produce its full report shortly. This has been followed by a workshop with CEN/CENELEC, JRC and EIT InnoEnergy on standardisation. The crucial next step will be the proposals from the Commission’s study on standardisation needs for batteries. This will be the basis for developing a standardisation request to CEN/CENELEC for any new standards requirements identified. The CEN/CENELEC eMobility Coordination Group has set up the Working Group on 'Putting e-mobility sciences into standards'. This group aims at identifying "who does what by when" to address the gaps in battery standardisation and in pre-normative research. It covers 4 areas – battery performance, safety, second use and recycling. In addition, the Commission has requested the European Standardisation Organisations to further develop European standards for material-efficient recycling of waste batteries and electronic waste, with the objective of increasing high-quality recycling of Critical Raw Materials. This is a joint action with the Circular Economy Action Plan. |
|
Analyse how best to promote the second-use of advanced batteries and the use of bi-directional batteries. |
Part of the evaluation of the Batteries Directive and any follow-up studies. The Commission will issue its evaluation report in April 2019. The JRC has completed a project on the sustainability assessment of second use application of automotive batteries. The results of this study was disseminated to relevant Commission departments at a workshop held on 5 June 2018 for their consideration on potential policy implications.. Through the Innovation Deals model, a Joint Declaration “From e-mobility to recycling: the virtuous loop of the electric vehicle” was signed on March 2018 between the Commission and a consortia (represented by national authorities and private companies) to identify regulatory obstacles which can hinder second life of batteries. Waste and Energy regulatory frameworks on EU and national levels will be examined. |
|
Assess current collection and recycling targets for batteries at the end of their life, in the context of the review of the EU Batteries Directive including the recovery of materials. |
The Report on the implementation of the Batteries Directive, its impact on the environment and the internal market will be adopted by the Commission in April 2019. The results of the Commission’s evaluation of the Directive will be annexed to this report. The assessment of current collection and recycling targets, their advantages and limitations is an essential part of the evaluation report. A study to identify and assess the feasibility of measures to enhance the impact of the Batteries Directive has been launched (to be completed in Q1 2020). |
|
Identify the possibility of developing a standardised EU life cycle assessment scheme for batteries, in particular by taking into account the results of the "Product Environmental Footprint" pilot project in close cooperation with industry. |
Part of the evaluation of the Batteries Directive and any follow-up studies. The Commission will issue its evaluation report in April 2019. The SUPRIM project funded by EIT RawMaterials aims to deliver life-cycle impact assessment method(s), with a focus on improving Life-Cycle inventory datasets for metal production and data collection schemes from mining companies. Project ends in 2019. |
|
Promote ethical sourcing of raw materials for the batteries industry. |
The Commission will 1) take stock of sustainable mining practices in Europe and assess options for development of a common set of principles; 2) promote sustainable sourcing commitments among European Battery Manufacturers and 3) provide information on sustainable and responsible sourcing as elements for the Action Plan on Sustainable Finance; 4) deliver policy recommendations and network through the Horizon 2020 call on “Responsible sourcing of raw materials in global value chains” (start by end of 2019) and 5) deliver a capacity-building system on sustainability in supply chains for SMEs through SME Support System on Conflict Minerals Due Diligence (beginning 2020). |
This Annex provides an update on those key actions in the Strategic Action Plan where significant progress has been made.
SWD(2018) 245/2 final
Alves Dias P., et., al., Cobalt: demand - supply balances in the transition to electric mobility, EUR 29381 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018.
Northvolt ETT-large scale battery plant, EIB press release, 19/09/2018
Important Projects of Common European Interest are projects involving more than one Member State contributing to the Union’s strategic objectives and producing positive spillovers on the European economy and society as a whole. In case of research, development and innovation projects, such projects must be of a major innovative nature, going beyond the state of the art in the sectors concerned – see Commission Communication 2014/C 188/02 of May 2014.
Including calls for interest published in Belgium, France, Germany and Italy