(4)Several Member States have declared a state of emergency or introduced emergency measures. Any emergency measures should be strictly proportionate, necessary, limited in time, and in line with European and international standards. They should be subject to democratic oversight and independent judicial review.

(5)On 20 March 2020, the Commission adopted a Communication on the activation of the general escape clause of the Stability and Growth Pact 5 . The clause, as set out in Articles 5(1), 6(3), 9(1) and 10(3) of Regulation (EC) 1466/97 and Articles 3(5) and 5(2) of Regulation (EC) 1467/97, facilitates the coordination of budgetary policies in times of severe economic downturn. In its Communication, the Commission shared with the Council its view that, given the expected severe economic downturn resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak, the current conditions permit activation of the clause. On 23 March 2020, the Ministers of Finance of the Member States agreed with the assessment of the Commission. The activation of the general escape clause allows for a temporary departure from the adjustment path towards the medium-term budgetary objective, provided that this does not endanger fiscal sustainability in the medium term. For the corrective arm, the Council may also decide, on a recommendation from the Commission, to adopt a revised fiscal trajectory. The general escape clause does not suspend the procedures of the Stability and Growth Pact. It allows Member States to depart from the budgetary requirements that would normally apply while enabling the Commission and the Council to undertake the necessary policy coordination measures within the framework of the Pact.

(6)Continued action is required to limit and control the spread of the pandemic, strengthen the resilience of the national health systems, mitigate the socio-economic consequences through supportive measures for business and households and to ensure adequate health and safety conditions at the workplace with a view to resuming economic activity. The Union should fully use the various tools at its disposal to support Member States’ efforts in those areas. In parallel, Member States and the Union should work together to prepare the measures necessary to get back to a normal functioning of our societies and economies and to sustainable growth, integrating inter alia the green transition and the digital transformation, and drawing all lessons from the crisis.

(7)The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the flexibility that the single market offers to adapt to extraordinary situations. However, in order to ensure a swift and smooth transition to the recovery phase and the free movement of goods, services and workers, exceptional measures that prevent the single market from functioning normally must be removed as soon as they are no longer indispensable. The current crisis has shown the need for crisis preparedness plans in the health sector, which include in particular improved purchasing strategies, diversified supply chains and strategic reserves of essential supplies. They are key elements for developing broader crisis preparedness plans.

(8)The Union legislator has already amended the relevant legislative frameworks 6 to allow Member States to mobilise all unused resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds so they can address the exceptional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Those amendments will provide additional flexibility, as well as simplified and streamlined procedures. To alleviate cash flow pressures, Member States can also benefit from a 100% co-financing rate from the Union budget in the 2020-2021 accounting year. Czechia is encouraged to make full use of those possibilities to help the individuals and sectors most affected by the challenges.

(9)The socio-economic consequences of the pandemic are likely to be unevenly distributed across regions due to different specialisation patterns. Therefore, the current situation entails a substantial risk of widening regional and territorial disparities within Czechia, or creating new territorial disparities at sub-regional level, aggravating also the already observed trend of widening disparities between the Karlovarský and Ústecký regions and the rest of the country. Combined with the risk of a temporary unravelling of the convergence process between Member States, the current situation calls for targeted policy responses.

(10)On 7 May 2020, Czechia submitted its 2020 National Reform Programme and, on 30 April 2020, its 2020 Convergence Programme. In order to take account of their interlinkages, the two programmes have been assessed at the same time.

(11)Czechia is currently in the preventive arm of the Stability and Growth Pact.

(12)In its 2020 Convergence Programme, the government plans the headline balance to deteriorate from a surplus of 0,3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 to a deficit of 5,1% of GDP in 2020. The deficit is projected to decline to 4,1% of GDP in 2021. After decreasing to 30,8% of GDP in 2019, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to increase to 37% in 2020 according to the 2020 Convergence Programme. The macroeconomic and fiscal outlook are affected by high uncertainty related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

(13)In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and as part of a coordinated Union approach, Czechia has adopted budgetary measures to increase the capacity of its health system, contain the pandemic, and provide relief to those individuals and sectors that have been particularly affected. According to the 2020 Convergence Programme, those budgetary measures amount to 4% of GDP. The measures include compensatory tax bonuses and remission of social and health insurance obligations for six months for the self-employed (1% of GDP), a short-term working scheme (1% of GDP), remission of personal and corporate income tax advance payments due in June 2020 (0,8% of GDP) and health-related measures (0,7% of GDP). In addition, Czechia has announced measures that, while not having an immediate direct budgetary impact, will contribute to support liquidity to businesses. They include mostly guarantee schemes to provide loans to SMEs and large enterprises. However, the Convergence Programme does not quantify the contingent liabilities linked to those new measures. Most of the measures underpinning the Programme were also included in the Commission 2020 spring forecast. A few measures which could not be quantified or were extended beyond the cut-off date could not be included. Overall, the measures taken by Czechia are in line with the guidelines set out in the Commission Communication on a coordinated economic response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The full implementation of those measures, followed by a refocusing of fiscal policies towards achieving prudent medium-term fiscal positions when economic conditions allow, will contribute to preserving fiscal sustainability in the medium term.

(14)Based on the Commission 2020 spring forecast under unchanged policies, Czechia’s general government balance is forecast at -6,7% of GDP in 2020 and -4,0% in 2021. The general government debt ratio is projected to remain below 60% of GDP in 2020 and 2021.

(15)On 20 May 2020, the Commission issued a report prepared in accordance with Article 126(3) of the Treaty due to Czechia’s planned breach of the 3% of GDP deficit threshold in 2020. Overall, the analysis suggests that the deficit criterion as defined in the Treaty and in Regulation (EC) No 1467/1997 is not fulfilled.

(16)Czechia declared a state of emergency between 12 March 2020 and 17 May 2020 to curb the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, closing schools, restricting events and the operation of shops, and significantly limiting gathering of people. Between 15 March 2020 and 17 May 2020 land borders were also partially closed. This has limited outgoing Czech workers and incoming foreign workers, creating local labour bottlenecks notably in manufacturing and seasonal works, and impacted essential supply chains. To help households and firms through the crisis, the government announced a stimulus package involving direct support measures and public guarantees. While this may provide temporary relief, the economy is still expected to be badly hit in 2020, as external demand drops and lockdown measures disrupt economic activity. Real GDP is expected to recover gradually in 2021, but it is unlikely to rebound to 2019 values over the forecast period. The impact on sectors such as transport, hospitality and tourism is expected to be significant. Unemployment will rise but this will be cushioned by a previously tight labour market, the stimulus package, and the low share of temporary contracts. To ensure liquidity support, the authorities launched a number of schemes of state guarantees for enterprises of all sizes. There is also a deferral of consumer loan and mortgage repayments for three or six months for households and firms affected by the crisis. In the process of designing and implementing these measures the resilience of the banking sector needs to be taken into account. The Czech National Bank has also adopted various measures to cushion the impact of the crisis on the financial sector.

(17)Early COVID-19 health-related mitigation efforts have helped to slow the spread of the virus in Czechia. Measures have been taken to increase the supply of medical equipment and ensure the necessary infrastructure and thus prepare the health system to cope with the increased demand. The health status of the Czech population had improved significantly in recent years, getting closer to the EU average. However, there are substantial regional differences in life expectancy, partly determined by socio-economic and behavioural factors. While the overall level of self-reported unmet needs for medical care is among the lowest in the EU, regional disparities persist as regards the distribution of health care resources and personnel, who have faced increased strains. A substantial proportion of the health workforce is expected to retire in the coming years. To mitigate the impact of COVID-19, going forward will require improving the resilience and the crisis preparedness of the health system, while supporting equal access to increased provision of primary care and integrated care to reduce avoidable hospitalisations. This may also improve prevention and mitigate other health conditions. E-health solutions are still limited despite the existence of a 2016-2020 National e-Health Strategy.

(18)Throughout 2019 and early 2020, Czechia’s labour market remained robust, with most indicators showing positive outcomes. The employment rate continued to rise and unemployment fell to its lowest rate ever. Yet, according to the Commission forecast, the latter is expected to rise to 5.0% in 2020 and slighlty decrease to 4.2% in 2021. The government responded promptly to the COVID‑19 outbreak by introducing many measures to protect incomes and employment, with a particular focus on entreprises and the self-employed. However, some vulnerable groups in the labour market (workers in short-term contracts, those hired through temporary work agencies) are not fully protected by the proposed mitigating measures. The closure of childcare and schools during the lockdown may have particularly affected women with significant caring responsibilites. Promoting investment in childcare and long-term care coupled with flexible working arrangements, such as teleworking, should smooth the transition from the crisis. More targeted active labour market policies and skills provision, in consultation with social partners, support both the retention of employees and job transitions. Outreach actions by the public employment services can also facilitate a successful re-entry in the labour market, in particular for vulnerable groups. Easier and faster access to social protection would help avoid poverty traps and housing evictions. Education outcomes continue to be strongly affected by socioeconomic inequalities and low investment. Ensuring equal access to inclusive quality education and training, including in the digital context, can help improve skills levels and expand digital learning. Fostering digital skills, including through support and continuous training for teachers and trainers, is particularly crucial. Public spending per student at all educational levels remains comparatively low. Shortages of qualified teachers indicate the need to raise the attractiveness of the profession, in particular for talented young people.

(19)Czechia is among the countries that could be particularly affected by technological change and that need significant investment in this area. Digital transformation will require support, including in industry and service sectors, through targeted investment in smart solutions and skills. The target for full fixed broadband coverage has been reached but mobile broadband remains relatively expensive. Delays to infrastructure development could particularly affect vulnerable groups and structurally weak regions at greater risk of being isolated. This might have also negative consequences in the epidemic monitoring and control. To address connectivity needs, investment is needed in very high capacity networks, fixed and mobile and appropriate demand-side measures. The timely assignment of 5G spectrum under predictable conditions conducive to investment will be essential to achieve this. Take-up of ultra-fast broadband services is curbed by low demand resulting from multiple variables such as subscription price as well as population purchasing power, age and education. The authorities are committed to the development and integration of new digital technologies, but this is hampered by persistently low skills levels. The authorities are commited to encourage solutions based on artificial intelligence but Czechia still lags behind frontier Member States in terms of research and patent activities in this area.

(20)To foster the economic recovery, it will be important to front-load mature public investment projects and promote private investment, including through relevant reforms. Czechia’s National Energy and Climate Plan reports important investment needs to tackle successfully the climate and energy transition and move towards climate neutrality. This is particularly the case for the promotion of renewable energy resources, energy efficiency, infrastructure and parts of the transmission system. Climate change effects are already visible in the form of droughts and floods, causing significant economic losses. Air pollution is also a perennial problem. At the same time, pollution taxes are very low. Coal continues to dominate the power sector and it remains an important driver of economic activity in three Czech regions. The constrained development capacity of project promoters and the limited advisory support provided by authorities remain a significant bottleneck for developping a robust pipeline of projects implementing the twin climate and digital transitions in these regions. Overall, the transition away from coal is expected to have significant socio-economic consequences and there appear to be little appetite to date for investment in zero- and low- greenhouse gas technologies. The production of renewable energy is below the EU average. The sector lacks financial incentives and an appropriate legal and institutional framework to support its further development. There also seems to be a low awareness about the wider benefits of energy efficiency. The shift to electromobility has been rather slow and road transport is becoming one of the main consumers of energy. Transport taxes are low and not based on the CO2 emissions. The electric vehicle charging infrastructure is still embryonic. Performance in waste management remains moderate in view of more ambitious targets. A comprehensive strategy to develop the circularity potential of the economy is missing. The programming of the Just Transition Fund for the period 2021-2027 could help Czechia to address some of the challenges posed by the transition to a climate neutral economy, in particular in the territories covered by Annex D to the country report 7 . This would allow Czechia to make the best use of that fund.

(21)Access to conventional finance is above the EU average, but risk financing is less developed. Funding for high-risk domestic enterprises, especially at seed and later development stage remains scarce. While some successful innovative initiatives have been brought to market, venture and equity capital financing remain very low. Research and innovation in Czechia are hampered by a need for systemic reform. Although the steady growth of private investment in research and development (R&D) continues, large, mostly foreign-owned firms, invest noticeably more into intangible assets like R&D, than small and medium domestic firms. The medium- and high-tech industry suffers from skills shortages due to low numbers of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduates and inadequate graduate training. At the same time, the promotion of and support for entrepreneurship remains low, hampering productivity growth. A high degree of fragmentation in the research sector results in R&D funding being spread too thinly. Public-private cooperation is hindered by the current researchers’ career assessment practices. Closer cooperation between academia and business, in particular via spin-offs, could accelerate technology transfer and the diffusion of innovation.

(22)The COVID-19 lockdown measures have put a strain on supply chains and many businesses have been unable to operate, while also lacking liquidity reserves. The automotive and the services sectors have been affected most. Market surveillance activities are spread over too many authorities and cooperation and coordination are not optimal. Official schemes to provide firms with state guarantees have been quickly oversubscribed. There is scope for better coordination and faster processes to channel support to companies. Some stakeholders see the measures adopted by the authorities to ease the impact of the COVID-19 crisis as bureaucratic and slow to roll-out in the real economy. There is scope for a better analysis of data necessary for taking fast, informed and optimal decisions on targeted economic recovery strategies and measures. In general, fast-changing legislation and complex administrative procedures are seen by the business sector as obstacles to investment. Administrative burden is particularly problematic for start-ups in terms of licences and permits. The lengthy and heavy procedures to obtain a construction permit is an important barrier. The proposed new construction legislation is facing criticism. Czechia is among the least advanced Member States in terms of using digital public services. The number of e-government users remains far below the EU average. The country is implementing its e-government plan. As of 2020 the country has a new ‘digital constitution’ that gives right, as of 2025 at the latest, to receive nearly all public services electronically. Nonetheless, only around 10% of municipalities offer online solutions. The parliament is currently discussing a change of the tax code, which aims at increasing the digitalisation of the tax system as the rate of electronic filing remains rather low for certain taxes.

(23)While the present recommendations focus on tackling the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic and facilitating the economic recovery, the 2019 country-specific recommendations adopted by the Council on 9 July 2019 also covered reforms that are essential to address medium- to long-term structural challenges. Those recommendations remain pertinent and will continue to be monitored throughout next year’s European Semester annual cycle. That also applies to recommendations regarding investment-related economic policies. The latter recommendations should be taken into account for the strategic programming of cohesion policy funding post-2020, including for mitigating measures and exit strategies with regard to the current crisis.