Commission staff working document - Annex to the Communication from the Commission - Fourth national communication from the European Community under the UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) (required under Article 12 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) {COM(2006) 40 final} /* SEC/2006/0138 */

[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |

Brussels, 08.02.2006

SEC(2006) 138

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

Annex to the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION FOURTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY UNDER THE UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) (required under Article 12 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) {COM(2006) 40 final}

Table of Contents

1. National Circumstances Relevant To Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals 6

1.1. Government structure 6

1.2. Population profile 6

1.3. Geographic profile 8

1.4. Climate profile 9

1.5. Economic profile 11

1.5.1. Changes in overall GDP 11

1.5.2. Development of economic sectors 11

1.5.3. Trade patterns 12

1.5.4. Energy profile 14

1.5.5. Energy Supply 15

1.5.6. Energy consumption in different sectors 19

1.5.7. Liberalisation and privatisation of energy markets 20

1.5.8. Energy Prices 20

1.6. Transport profile 21

1.6.1. Freight transport 22

1.6.2. Passenger transport 22

1.6.3. Taxes on and prices of transport fuels 23

1.7. Industry profile 23

1.8. Waste profile 24

1.9. Building stock and urban structure 26

1.10. Agriculture 28

1.11. Forest 29

2. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Information 31

2.1. Introduction 31

2.2. The EC Monitoring Mechanism 31

2.3. EC greenhouse gas emission trends 32

2.3.1. Contribution of MS to Greenhouse reduction trends 39

2.3.2. Information on indirect greenhouse gas emissions for EU-15 41

3. Policies and Measures 42

3.1. The Policy Framework 42

3.1.1. Policy making process 42

3.1.2. The Lisbon Strategy 43

3.1.3. European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) – The main framework for policy action 43

3.1.4. EU Climate Change Strategy post-2012 44

3.1.5. Environmental Technologies Action Plan 45

3.1.6. Monitoring Mechanism 45

3.1.7. Minimisation of adverse impacts 46

3.2. EU Emissions Trading Scheme 47

3.2.1. Linking project based mechanisms to the emissions trading scheme 50

3.3. Member States’ use of Kyoto mechanisms 50

3.4. Sectoral Policies and Measures 55

3.4.1. Introduction 55

3.4.2. Policies in Energy Demand 57

3.4.3. Policies in the Residential and Tertiary Sector 65

3.4.4. Policies in the Transport Sector 69

3.4.5. Policies in the Industry Sector 74

3.4.6. Policies in Agriculture and Forestry 78

3.4.7. Policies in Waste Management 85

3.5. Policies no longer in place 89

3.5.1. CARNOT 89

4. Projections and the Total Effect of Policies and Measures 90

4.1. Introduction 91

4.2. With measures projection 91

4.2.1. EC wide with measures projection 91

4.2.2. Use of Kyoto mechanisms 95

4.3. With measures projections for CO2 95

4.4. With measures projections in the energy sector 97

4.5. With additional measures projection 98

4.6. Key policies and measures projected to deliver reductions 99

4.7. Model methodology 102

5. Vulnerability assessment, climate change impacts and adaptation measures 103

5.1. Vulnerability and Impacts of Climate Change 103

5.2. Adaptation measures 106

6. Financial Resources and Transfer of Technology 109

6.1. Introduction 109

6.2. Climate Change in Context of Development Cooperation 109

6.3. New and Additional Resources 110

6.4. Resources for development and co-operation in the field of climate change 111

6.4.1. Overview 111

6.4.2. Regional initiatives 121

6.4.3. Mainstreaming environment into development projects 123

6.5. Technology Transfer 123

7. Research and Systematic Observation 140

7.1. General Introduction 140

7.1.1. Background 140

7.1.2. 6th Framework programme (2002-2006) 140

7.1.3. The future for research-7th Framework Programme (2007-2013) 141

7.1.4. International co-operation 143

7.2. Research 143

7.2.1. Cross-cutting research 143

7.2.2. Climate systems studies and modelling 144

7.2.3. Impacts of climate change 146

7.2.4. Socio-economic research 146

7.2.5. Mitigation and adaptation technologies 148

7.3. Systematic observation and global climate observation 152

7.3.1. General approach to systematic observation 152

7.3.2. Meteorological and atmospheric observation 152

7.3.3. Oceanic observations 153

7.3.4. Terrestrial observations 154

7.3.5. Space-based observing programmes 155

8. Education, Training and Public Awareness 156

8.1. Introduction 156

8.2. Information centre 157

8.3. Internet site 157

8.4. Publication programme 158

8.5. Co-operation with the press and audio-visual sector 159

8.6. Co-operation with the business sector, NGO and networks 159

8.7. Subsidies to awareness raising projects 159

8.8. Conferences 160

8.9. Education 161

Annex 1:The EC inventory methodology and data 162

Annex 2: UNFCCC Summary Reports 1. A of the Common Reporting Format for the European Community – EU-15 168

Annex 3: UNFCCC CRF Table 10 for the EU-25 197

1. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES RELEVANT TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS

Developments

1. The European Union’s institutional system is unique, with 25 Member States delegating sovereignty for some matters to independent institutions

2. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the EU-15 has increased by 18 % in real terms from 1995 to 2002 (average annual increase of over 2%), putting an upward pressure on greenhouse gas emissions.

3. Counteracting this trend, the energy intensity has decreased since 1990

4. Renewable energy currently contributes 6% to energy supply and is expected to grow significantly in the next few years

5. Agricultural land use is decreasing but forestry is increasing steadily

1.1. Government structure

The European Union’s institutional system is unique. The Member States (of which there are currently 25) delegate sovereignty for certain matters to independent institutions, which represent the interests of the Union as a whole, its member countries and its citizens[1]. Each national government is represented within a Council of the European Union and its citizens directly elect the European Parliament. The European Commission is the executive body of the Union and is responsible for preparing legislation abd watching over its implementation by Member States. It also represents the Union on the international stage and negotiates international agreements, chiefly in the field of trade and co-operation. The structure is described in detail in the 3rd National Communication.

On 1 May 2004 ten New Member States (NMS) joined the Union:the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Where possible this chapter presents historical data for all Member States.

1.2. Population profile

During the 1990s, the population of the 25 EU Member States has grown by 3.2 %, at an average growth rate of 0.27 % per annum. The accession of the New Member States (NMS) added approximately 74M people to the EU’s total.

Table -1 Aggregate EU-25 population from 1990 to 2002 (millions)

Year | Total population in EU-25 (as of January each year) Millions |

1990 | 438. 7 |

1991 | 440. 5 |

1992 | 442. 2 |

1993 | 444. 1 |

1994 | 445. 4 |

1995 | 446. 4 |

1996 | 447. 4 |

1997 | 448. 4 |

1998 | 449. 2 |

1999 | 450. 1 |

2000 | 451. 2 |

2001 | 452. 2 |

2002 | 452. 8 |

2003 | 454. 8 |

2004 | 456. 9 |

Source:EUROSTAT[2]

Individual EU Member States vary considerably in size and population density, as shown in Table -2.

Table -2 Population, and population density

Country | Population in 2002 (millions) | Population density (inhabitants/km2) |

Belgium | 10. 3 | 338. 6 |

Denmark | 5. 4 | 132 |

Germany | 82. 4 | 124. 7 |

Greece | 11. 0 | 231 |

Spain | 40. 9 | 31. 3 |

France | 59. 3 | 83. 5 |

Ireland | 3. 9 | 81. 6 |

Italy | 57. 0 | 109. 7 |

Luxembourg | 0. 4 | 57. 3 |

Netherlands | 16. 1 | 189. 7 |

Austria | 8. 0 | 124. 7 |

Portugal | 10. 3 | 37. 5 |

Finland | 5. 2 | 53. 1 |

Sweden | 8. 9 | 172. 5 |

United Kingdom | 59. 3 | 109. 2 |

Cyprus | 0. 7 | 1254. 7 |

Czech Republic | 10. 2 | 476. 7 |

Estonia | 1. 4 | 96. 4 |

Hungary | 10. 2 | 122. 3 |

Lithuania | 3. 5 | 112. 8 |

Latvia | 2. 3 | 99. 1 |

Malta | 0. 4 | 109. 7 |

Poland | 38. 2 | 17. 1 |

Slovenia | 2. 0 | 21. 8 |

Slovakia | 5. 4 | 243. 3 |

Source:EUROSTAT

Compared to the majority of all Parties to the Convention, most EU Member States have a relatively high population density. This has implications for settlement and building patterns, and a tendency to relatively short transport distances. However, it facilitates economic integration among communities and regions, resulting in a tendency for higher transport intensity.

1.3. Geographic profile

There is considerable difference in land-use within the Member States as illustrated in Table -3 . Agriculture stills accounts for a considerable portion of land-use but is in general decreasing, with a wide variation in the scale of different types of activities undertaken, for example the level of fallow land compared to crops, pasture etc (also see sections 1.10 and 1.11).

Table -3 Land-use patterns within the EU-25, 2000

EU-25 | 3386 |

EU-15 | 3358 |

Austria | 3569 |

Belgium | 2882 |

Cyprus | 787 |

Czech Republic | 3559 |

Denmark | 3479 |

Estonia | 4420 |

Finland | 5823 |

France | 2494 |

Germany | 3244 |

Greece | 1698 |

Hungary | 2917 |

Ireland | 2916 |

Italy | 2085 |

Latvia | 4243 |

Lithuania | 4071 |

Luxembourg | 3216 |

Malta | 564 |

Netherlands | 2905 |

Poland | 3605 |

Portugal | 1302 |

Slovakia | 3440 |

Slovenia | 3044 |

Spain | 1856 |

Sweden | 5423 |

United Kingdom | 3354 |

Source:EUROSTAT

Since the base year for Kyoto reduction commitments for CO2, 1990, was a warm year relative to the average 1960-1999, it looks possible that in the first commitment period 2008-2012 there will be more heating degree days[3] than 1990, which would exert an additional burden on target fulfilment[4].

1.5. Economic profile

1.5.1. Changes in overall GDP

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the EU-15/25 has increased by 18 % in real terms from 1995 to 2002 (average annual increase of 2.3%).

Table -5 EU-15/25 GDP growth in million € (1995 prices)

EU-15 | EU-25 |

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing | 157 | 2.7% | 176 | 2.8% | 186 | 2.5% |

Total industry (excluding construction) | 1425 | 24.6% | 1529 | 24.1% | 1728 | 23.0% |

Construction | 362 | 6.3% | 373 | 5. 9% | 387 | 5.1% |

Other services:wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and household goods; hotels and restaurants; transport, storage and communication | 1200 | 20.7% | 1338 | 21.1% | 1684 | 22.4% |

Financial intermediation; real estate, renting and business activities | 1391 | 24.0% | 1555 | 24.5% | 1964 | 26.1% |

Public administration and defence, social security; education; health and social work; other community, social and personal service activities; private households with employed persons | 1252 | 21.6% | 1381 | 21.7% | 1565 | 20.8% |

Source:EUROSTAT

Note: Complete data on New Member States prior to 1995 is not available.

The growth in the services sectors has implications for increases in transportation and energy use[5] as the sector:

- tends to have a higher transport intensity (kilometres per gross value added in the sector) than industry.

- does not involve highly energy consuming production processes but tends to have a high, and increasing, use of electrical and electronic equipment, e.g., for IT and communication purposes, heating of buildings etc. .

See section 1.7 on industry patterns for the development of value added in the various industrial sub-sectors.

1.5.3. Trade patterns

Trade between the Member States of the EU is more than 1. 5 times higher than trade of EU Member States with the rest of the world; however, this latter (extra-EU) trade grew significantly in the 1990’s. From 1990 to 2002 it fluctuated between deficit and surplus but in 2002 it was neutral, i.e., total exports almost equalled total imports. The balance of extra-EU trade is significant as having any net imports of goods, particularly energy- intensive goods, can be seen as ‘exporting’ emissions, and having net exports of goods, particularly energy- intensive goods, as ‘importing’ emissions. Whilst any such situation might be interesting to note, there is no mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol for taking it into account. Figure 1-1 shows extra-EU trade for both the EU-15 and the EU-25 (complete data for NMS is only available from 1995 onwards). Extra-EU-25 trade is lower than Extra-EU-15 trade because the EU-15’s trade with NMS accounted for much of their original extra-EU trade.

Figure 1-1 Development of Extra-EU trade

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Source:Eurostat

Figure 1-2 shows that manufactured goods, including machinery, electronics, vehicles and chemical products make up the largest share of exports, while their share in imports is also significant but not as large. Raw materials play a bigger role in imports, including fossil fuels.

Figure 1-2 Composition of Extra-EU-25 trade, 2002

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Source:EUROSTAT.

1.5.4. Energy profile

The most recent comprehensive energy profile of the EU is reported in the European Commission’s Green Paper of 29 November 2000:“Towards a European Strategy for the security of energy supply”[6]. A final report on the green paper[7] was issued on 26 June 2002 summarising views from various parties (Governments, National Energy Agencies, private sector organisations, academia, NGOs etc) on the questions posed in the document[8].

The total energy consumption in the EU is on a slowly growing trend, both in absolute terms and on a per capita basis as seen from Figure 1-3 and Figure 1-4. There is a decline in energy intensity, even against the backdrop of relatively low energy prices during most of the period.

Figure 1-3 Total energy consumption, primary and final, EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

Figure -4 Energy intensity and energy consumption per capita, EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

1.5.5. Energy Supply

The energy supply profile of the EU-25 can be summarised by the following observations:

Solid fuels (coal and lignite) are on a declining curve, from previously being the driver of industrialisation in Member States and from a short revival after the oil price shocks in the 1970s. Solid fuel accounted for around 18% of overall energy supply in the EU-25 in 2002, much of it subsidised for social and employment objectives in the regions where it is produced. Domestic coal production is expected to continue its decline in importance within overall EU supply as subsidies are gradually abandoned and atmospheric emission limits tightened. The EU ETS could also exacerbate the decline in use of solid fuels. Development of ‘clean’ coal technology and carbon capture storage factors could slow the speed of this decline:

Figure -5 Solid fuels in the EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

Oil is still the major energy source in the EU-25 accounting for around 38% of total energy supply in 2002 and more than 60% in some Member States. The percentage has been relatively stable over the last decade, growing slightly in absolute terms.

The present trend reflects the contrasting effect of continued efforts to replace oil as a fuel in industry, electricity generation and domestic heating, with steady growth in the consumption of oil products in the transport sector. Although this trend appears t have leveled out lately. As options for substitution in non-transport sectors are gradually being more utilised, the transport sector will increasingly determine the quantity of oil required, unless strong policy action is taken.

Figure 1-6 shows that EU-25 production during the early 1990’s increased as a proportion of consumption. However, the degree of self-sufficiency has dropped slightly in recent years due to a plateau in the level of production but continued growth in consumption. In addition, the steadily increasing percentage of transport fuels to be produced from crude oil leads to increasingly deep conversion of heavier oils into gasoline, diesel and jet fuel with sharply increasing CO2 emissions per ton of transport fuel produced.

Figure -6 Oil in the EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

Natural gas has become the second largest component, after oil, accounting for around 23% of overall supply, an increase of almost 50% from 1990. Sizeable gas field discoveries in the North Sea and willing sellers on the doorstep of the EU (Russia, Algeria, Norway) have made this development possible and forecasts show a continued, albeit slower, growth in the share of natural gas within overall energy supply.

Aside from cheap, imported coal, natural gas is a very cost-competitive energy source – with additional environmental benefits in the form of lower CO2 emissions and negligible sulphur or particulate emissions.

EU-25 gas production kept pace with rising consumption in the early part of the 1990’s but, as with oil, growth in demand is now rising faster than levels of production. As demand rises and the dependence on imports continues to increase, the gas transport infrastructure and the limited number of physical pipeline connections for imported gas will be important consideration in the overall security of supply.

Figure -7 Gas in the EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

Nuclear energy supplies approximately 15% primary energy in the EU-25, slightly less than solid fuels, and approximately one third of electricity generation. After 2010 the share of nuclear energy in the overall supply pattern may decline if present decommissioning plans are continued without replacement. Any significant decline in production of nuclear energy offers a serious challenge to security of energy supply and future reductions in greenhouse gas emissions unless there is significant growth in the uptake of new technologies and renewable energy.

Renewables provide a modest 6% of overall EU-25 primary energy supply, and around 13% of electricity. The primary sources of renewable energy across the EU-25 are hydropower and biomass, although the relative contribution between Member States varies significantly. This reflects both national policies and measures, and also the distribution of biomass and hydropower resources.

Renewable energy was expected to show strong growth over the next decade towards an agreed EU-25 target of 12% of primary energy. However, latest growth figures are not as high as expected, so further actions are being developed to spur renewables growth. Biomass and wind (there has been a strong increase of wind energy) are seen as having a significant potential to cover part of the increase, whilst hydropower has more limited scope for further expansion. Other sources, such as solar energy, are further away in terms of cost-effectiveness so are seen as an option for the medium to long term in most Member States, although as technological development continues their cost effectiveness may improve considerably.

Figure -8 Percentage of nuclear and renewable energy, in primary energy and electricity consumption, EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

1.5.6. Energy consumption in different sectors

As stated in section 2. 6, overall energy consumption in the EU has shown modest but steady growth from 1990-2002; however, consumption within individual sectors has varied considerably as shown in Figure 1-9 .

The transport sector has experienced strong growth, largely due to a similar increase in GDP and intra and extra EU trade with a limited efficiency improvement. Without a strong policy response this trend will continue over the next decade, particularly so in air transport, a mode which is growing rapidly. This policy response is discussed in Chapter 4.

The industrial sector is using a decreasing share of overall EU energy consumption, due in part to the relative decline of heavy industry, but also to extensive energy efficiency improvement programmes in this sector.

The domestic and tertiary/service sectors show growing energy consumption, particularly due to strong growth in the latter. Although, energy intensity in the tertiary sector is normally far less than in the industrial sector, the potential for energy efficiency improvement in this sector is considered to be significant and is the subject of a number of initiatives at EU level.

Figure -9 Final energy consumption by sector EU-25

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Source:EUROSTAT

Note :Complete data is not available for the EU-25 for services and other for 2001/2002

1.5.7. Liberalisation and privatisation of energy markets

Markets for electricity and gas are in the process of liberalisation in all EU Member States, as a result of the EU Electricity Directive and Gas Directive[9]. In addition, electricity producers and gas suppliers are increasingly privatised. Since the 3rd National Communication further Directives have been passed on the common rules for the internal markets in gas[10] and electricity[11].

1.5.8. Energy Prices

Electricity prices for industrial and domestic consumers have decreased in real terms in almost all Member States due to increased competition. However, due to a number of factors, including increased fuel prices and the introduction of a price for carbon dioxide, electricity prices have recently substantially increased in absolute terms. The most significant price reductions can be found in the Member States with liberalised energy markets. The picture is less clear for gas; markets were liberalised later and the gas price since liberalisation has been significantly influenced by the increase in the crude oil price in the last couple of years and the development in the euro/dollar exchange rate. However, energy prices have been relatively low in real terms and this has had an adverse effect on energy demand reduction and on the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and alternative energy sources.

1.6. Transport profile

Throughout the period 1990 to 2002 both freight and passenger transport have continued to grow strongly. Growth in freight transport up till recently has been exceeding both growth in GDP and industrial production, whilst growth in passenger transport, from the late 1990’s onwards, has grown more slowly relative to GDP. This is particularly important as the transport sector is now the largest consumer of energy within the EU-25 (and this consumption has grown steadily from 1990 to 2002 – see Figure 1-9) and any attempt to limit future greenhouse gas emissions will need to address this sector. There appears to be a trend for decoupling of passenger transport growth from GDP (Figure -10) but more data are needed to confirm this trend.

Figure -10 Transport growth in the EU-15 and EU-25

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Source:DG Transport and Energy, EUROSTAT;

N ote: (1) = passenger cars, buses & coaches, tram metro, railways, air. (2) = road, rail, inland waterways, pipelines, sea (intra-EU + domestic)

1.6.1. Freight transport

Total freight transport in 2002 in the EU-15 was approximately 3076 Gtkm (3412 Gtkm in the EU-25, however no data are available on NMS sea freight transport), equivalent to a 32% increase since 1990. Road freight transport is the largest sector, accounting for 45% of the total freight transport in 2002 in the EU-15. Sea freight transport (both domestic and intra-EU) accounted for 41% in the same year. However, whilst the shares of pipeline, sea and inland waterway transport have remained fairly constant from 1990 to 2002 in the EU-15, the share of rail freight transport has declined relative to road freight transport (the situation is the same throughout the EU-25). This has implications for freight energy consumption, as rail transport is in general more energy efficient than road transport.

Figure -11 Relative share in goods transport by mode (%)

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Source:DG Transport and Energy, EUROSTAT

Note :Sea transport is domestic plus intra-EU-15, no data is available for NMS sea freight transport

There are considerable differences between Member States, with the percentage of rail freight in the NMS higher than in the EU-15, although even in the NMS the trend is moving towards road freight transport.

1.6.2. Passenger transport

Passenger transport has also increased substantially (24% growth from 1990-2002 in the EU-15) amounting to 4927 billion passenger kilometres in 2002 in the EU-15 with tourism and leisure traffic an important driving force behind this development, particularly for air transport.

Passenger cars remain the dominant mode of transport accounting for 79% of all transport miles in the EU-15 in 2002. The most rapid growth has been seen in air transport (a 78% increase from 1990 to 2002 in pkm with the modal share increasing from 4% to 5.7%). This poses particular difficulties for emissions reduction in the transport sector due to the high carbon intensity of air travel relative to other modes.

Figure -12 Relative share in passenger transport by mode (%)

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Source:DG Transport and Energy, EUROSTAT

Note: Air transport is domestic plus intra-EU-15 travel, no data is available for air transport in NMS

Car ownership varies throughout the Member States, from 247 per 1000 inhabitants in Slovakia in 2002 to 542 in Denmark in the same year. All Member States have seen a substantial rise in vehicle ownership from 1990 to 2002, with the highest rate increases in the NMS[12].

The NMS have a higher share of public transport compared to the EU-15. The highest level in 2002 was 38.8% (of all pkm travelled) in Hungary and the lowest 12.9%, in the UK[13].

1.6.3. Taxes on and prices of transport fuels

Both fuel prices and fuel taxes differ from Member State to Member State. However, as an average it can be stated that they are broadly equivalent to Japan but far higher than in the US, Canada and Australia, due to significantly higher taxes on these fuels

1.7. Industry profile

Table -7 highlights the changes within industrial sub-sectors. This is particularly important as sectors with high energy intensity and/or high process emissions of greenhouse gases (such as the chemical industry, pulp and paper, basic metals and ‘other’ non-metallic mineral products) have increased substantially over time. The chemicals, pulp and paper and building materials industries are all expected to expand further.

Table -7 composition of industry based on gross value added €bn (1995 prices)

Sub-sector | EU-15 | EU-25 |

Other mining | 10.8 | 12.3 | 13.0 | 20.2% | 12.7 | 13.6 | 6.6% |

Food products, beverages and tobacco | 144.4 | 155.0 | 167.8 | 16.2% | 162.0 | 176.4 | 8.9% |

Textiles and textile products | 70.2 | 65.6 | 60.5 | -13.8% | 68.5 | 63.8 | -6.8% |

Leather and leather products | 13.8 | 13.0 | 11.4 | -17.7% | 13.6 | 12.0 | -12.0% |

Wood and wood products | 25.1 | 29.2 | 32.6 | 29.7% | 30.5 | 34.5 | 12.9% |

Paper, paper products, publishing and printing | 110.8 | 118.2 | 126.3 | 14.0% | 122.0 | 131.6 | 7.8% |

Coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel | 20.9 | 21.2 | 27.7 | 32.8% | 22.9 | 29.5 | 28.7% |

Chemicals, chemical products and man-made fibres | 118.2 | 132.3 | 153.8 | 30.1% | 137.2 | 160.0 | 16.7% |

Rubber and plastic products | 51.7 | 56.2 | 66.6 | 28.8% | 58.1 | 69.6 | 19.9% |

Other non-metallic mineral products | 54.1 | 61.2 | 64.5 | 19.1% | 63.8 | 68.0 | 6.6% |

Basic metals and fabricated metal products | 162.7 | 167.5 | 186.2 | 14.5% | 174.6 | 194.9 | 11.7% |

Machinery and equipment n. e. c | 141.1 | 135.2 | 146.3 | 3.7% | 140.1 | 152.6 | 8.9% |

Electrical and optical equipment | 148.6 | 145.1 | 188.6 | 26.9% | 150.0 | 197.3 | 31.6% |

Transport equipment | 126.4 | 123.1 | 152.0 | 20.3% | 126.9 | 159.2 | 25.5% |

Other manufacturing | 50.1 | 50.1 | 52.9 | 5.6% | 51.9 | 55.4 | 6.7% |

Source:EUROSTAT;

Note :Complete data is not available for the NMS prior to 1995.

1.8. Waste profile

Trends in waste generation, recovery and recycling are a proxy for resource use, and have both a direct and indirect affect on greenhouse gas emissions. Basic data on the generation and treatment of waste are based on the Joint Eurostat/OECD questionnaire. The data are published on the Eurostat website and in the publication “Waste generated and treated in Europe 1995-2003”[14]. Data collection is done on a voluntary basis and there are considerable gaps and inconsistencies in the data availability. Waste data collected by Eurostat is used by the European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste management (which replaced the previous ETC on Waste in January 2005)[15] for further assessments.

Figure 1-13 gives an overview of total waste generation per capita selected countries. In Western European (WE) countries (EU-15 and others) the average was approximately 4. 4 tonnes per capita in 2000 and 6.3 tonnes in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (NMS and others). Total waste quantities are continuing to increase in most WE countries for which data are available. In CEE, the picture is more mixed:quantities are increasing in some countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) and decreasing in others (Estonia and the Slovak Republic). In general, limited data sets preclude an accurate assessment[16].

Figure -13 Total waste generation per capita in selected countries

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Source: Europe’s Environment:The Third Assessment (2003)

Figure 1-14 gives an overview of waste generation per unit GDP per capita and expresses the link between waste generation and economic activity. The limited data appears to show a decoupling of waste from GDP in countries such as the Netherlands and the majority of the CEE countries. However, in the latter case this reduction may be associated with significant structural changes and industrial decline and more disaggregated data would be needed to explore this further.

Figure -14 Total waste generation per GDP per capita for selected countries

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Source:Europe’s Environment:The Third Assessment (2003)

The treatment of biodegradable waste differs markedly between Members States, but is subject to a Landfill Directive[17], which will lead to lower emissions as it promotes increased recycling, recovery and reuse and requires reductions in landfilling and collection of landfill gas.

1.9. Building stock and urban structure

Energy consumption within buildings forms a significant component of all EU energy consumption. Total energy consumption within both these sectors has been rising since 1990 (as previously shown in Figure 1-9). This is due primarily to increasing economic activity in the service sector, increasing population pressures and a shift towards fewer members per dwelling in the household sector.

The majority of energy consumption is due to space and water heating within households as illustrated within, although the share of consumption of lighting and appliances is rising over time (this situation is similar within the service sector although the share of lighting and appliance consumption is higher than in households due to greater utilisation of ICT equipment).

Figure -15 Total household energy consumption by end-use, EU-15

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Source:EU Odyssee project on energy efficiency indicators[18]

The level of energy consumption within buildings is primarily affected by: the thermal properties of the building (in terms of insulation, building type – e.g.,flat/house); the efficiency of the heating system and the stock/efficiency of the appliances used. In general, newer dwellings are likely to be more energy efficient than older buildings and flats more efficient than houses. There is a considerable difference in housing stock between Member States.

Figure -16 Household energy consumption per dwelling (climate corrected)

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Source:EU Odyssee project on energy efficiency indicators[19]

From 1990 to 2002, the level of energy consumption per dwelling has fallen in some EU-15 countries but has increased in others (illustrated in Figure -). In general older buildings have gradually been improved in terms of heating and thermal efficiency (e.g. double glazing and loft and wall insulation) and new dwellings now have to be constructed to higher energy standards under the terms of the Directive on the energy performance of buildings[20].

However, counteracting factors that have contributed to a rise in energy consumption per dwelling include:increasing energy consumption of appliances (for example, the use of air conditioners within Southern European countries); rising service demand (higher average internal temperature), increasing dwelling area per capita and the size/type of new dwellings (which is not accounted for in Figure -16).

For appliance consumption, higher levels of ownership act to increase the overall level of energy consumption but a focus on improving efficiency of individual appliances has counteracted this to a certain extent.

1.10. Agriculture

Agricultural land use area is continuously decreasing within the EU-25, as illustrated by Table -8, due to an increasing use of land for settlement and/or leisure areas. The use of agriculture land is important for greenhouse gas emissions thanks to its ability to act as a carbon sink. It is also important though due to the emissions associated with it due to energy consumption (e.g., machinery use and energy input to fertilizers) and methane emissions from livestock.

There are considerable differences in the composition of agricultural areas between the Member States. In Finland, Denmark and Sweden, the majority of agricultural land is used for arable crop farming/tillage. In Ireland, by contrast, nearly 65% is used for pasture or as meadows. Permanent cultures (e.g. vineyards) cover considerable areas especially in the Mediterranean countries Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and France[21]. Data also indicates that the composition of livestock is changing, with a decrease of approximately 9% in head of cattle from 1995 to 2002 within the EU-15, and a rise in the number of pigs and poultry by 5% and 3% respectively. The use of fertilisers is also declining trend with a reduction in total consumption of approximately 11% from 1997 to 2001 (from Eurostat data), although this is in absolute terms and coupled with the decline in agriculture land does indicate a decline in the intensity of fertilizer consumption. As a result of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2003 payments to farmers are linked to obligations regarding the environment and provide greater opportunity for funding environmentally sound farming methods which could lead to this trend continuing.

Table -8 Total agriculture land and usage in EU-25

1990 | 2000 |

Austria | Yes | Priority on JI and CDM | No | 7. 0b |

Belgium | Yes | Priority on JI and CDM | No | 8. 4 |

Denmark | Yes | CDM, JI | No | 4. 5 |

Estonia | N | - | Not applicable (Yes for national Kyoto target) | - |

Ireland | Yes | ET | No | 3. 7c |

Italy | Yes | ET, CDM, JI | No | 39. 6 |

Luxembourg | Yes | ET, CDM, JI | No | 3. 0 |

Spain | Yes | Priority on ET and CDM | No | 20. 0 |

Notes:

a The projected emission reduction through the use of Kyoto mechanisms for Austria, Ireland and Luxembourg stems from the Commission decisions on the national allocation plans of those countries (COM(2004) 500 final, COM(2004) 681 final). The Commission has based its decision on information provided in the NAPs and/or in further correspondence during the assessment of the NAPs. The figures for Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain are derived from the questionnaire, the 3rd national communication or the national allocation plan (for details see below).

b Austria assumes in the questionnaire a maximum of 50 % of the efforts required for compliance with its burden sharing target to be accomplished by means of JI and CDM.

c Ireland states in the questionnaire that it intends to purchase 3. 7 million tonnes CO2-equiv. per year from international emissions trading.

d The Netherlands expect in the questionnaire a contribution of 100 million tonnes CO2-equiv. from project based activities in 2008-12 (20. 0 million tonnes CO2-equiv. per year). By the end of 2004 99. 0 million tonnes CO2-equiv. have already been contracted, two thirds of which from CDM projects and the remaining third from JI.

e. Portugal assumes in the questionnaire a maximum of 50% of the additional efforts required (described as the difference, for each of the years of the commitment period, between emissions levels considering the effects of policies and measures, and the burden sharing target) will be accomplished by means of JI and CDM.

Table -17 Preparations for the use of project based mechanisms by EU Member States

Member State | Preparation of JI/CDM programmes | Bilateral / multilateral agreements, memorandum of understanding or contracts arranged with countries | Allocated budget |

JI | CDM |

Belgium | Federal Government:first JI/CDM tender 2005 Flemish region:preparation of legal framework and start of pilot projects in 2003 Walloon region:CDM project currently launched | No arrangements yet | Capital Region:DR Congo Walloon region:agreements with French-speaking African countries | Federal Government: € 25 million per year Capital Region: € 9 million Flemish region: € 25 million proposed Walloon region: € 2 million per year |

Denmark | 5 JI project contracted, several JI projects in progress Several CDM projects are being negotiated | Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland | Moldova, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, China, Thailand, South Africa, Nicaragua, Chile, Argentina | € 152 million for public procurement programme of JI and CDM credits 2003-2008 |

Finland | Pilot programme 9 CDM project ideas and 4 JI projects on-going | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine | China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua | Pilot Programme:€ 9 million PCFc:USD 10 million BASRECb:€ 1. 75 million |

Germany | Participation in BASREC and initiation of climate fund | Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Russia through BASREC | No arrangements yet | € 18 million for climate fund € 5 million for BASREC |

Italy | Multilateral and Regional Financial Institutions:participations in CDCF, ICF5, BCF6, MEDREP7, MEDREC8, Trust Fund for the Environment in Asia and China (GEF), bilateral agreements | Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldavia, Poland, Kazakistan, Slovenia, Romania | Agreed MOUs: Algeria,China, Cyprus Cuba, Egypt, Israel, Morocco, El Salvador, Slovenia, Argentina, Brasil, Mexico, Uruguay,Panama, Congo, Nigeria, Laos, Serbia and Montenegro | € 169. 5 million are already allocated: € 58. 7 million for World Bank funds € 8. 5 million for GEF Trust Fund €10. 3 million for MEDREP[49] € 8. 5 million for MEDREC[50] € 79 million for China-Italian Facility € 4. 5 million for various funds € 1,150 million for the years 2006-2011 [51] |

Netherlands | ERUPT CERUPT Multilateral and Regional Financial Institutions, Participation in PCFc, Community Development Carbon Fund, Private Financial Institutions, bilateral contracts | Memoranda of Understanding Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, New Zealand, participation in PCF | Memoranda of Understanding Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Mexico Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay, participation in PCF | € 606 million |

Sweden | 4 CDM projects in advanced stages of development, several JI proposals are under consideration Participation in PCFh and BASRECi | Bilateral agreements concluded with Romania; negotiations with Estonia, Russia Lithuania in progress. Multilateral agreement in Baltic Sea Region for high quality JI projects with ICE, NOR, SWE, DEN, GER, FIN, EST, LAT, LIT. | No arrangements yet | € 10 million (SEK 94 million) in CDM-SCILIPj € 6. 5 million (SEK 61 million) in JI-SCILIP € 3. 5 million in BASREC USD 10 million in PCFc |

Notes:

a) Amount indicated in PointCarbon 25 March 2004 (“The budget managed by Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH, is worth €1 million in 2003, rising to € 11 million in 2004, € 24 million in 2005 and € 36 million in 2006, although this includes administrative fees. The government expects that it will earmark € 36 million each year from then on until 2012. ”) whereas response to questionnaire and Austrian national strategy foresee annually up to € 36 million starting in 2003.

b) Baltic Sea Region Energy Co-operation Testing Ground Facility

c)&h) Prototype Carbon Fund of the World Bank

d) International Finance Cooperation

e) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

f) Corporación Andina de Fomento

g) Community Development Carbon Fund

i) Baltic Sea Region Energy Co-operation on JI and Emissions Trading

j) Swedish International Climate Investment Programme

3.4. Sectoral Policies and Measures

3.4.1. Introduction

The following sections describe developments in policy since the 3rd National Communication. The full range of climate related measures therefore includes the measures described in the 3rd National Communication as well as those described in these sections. The quantification of the effect of the measures reported in this Communication is mainly through the ECCP programme and relates generally to the technical potential for a measure. Unless otherwise stated the quantification is for the EU-15. Effort is being directed by the Commission to obtain updated estimates of the realisable reductions for the measures, both at the individual level and for aggregate effects of packages of measures but the results are not yet available. The updated revised reduction potentials will be published in a separate report at a later stage.

3.4.1.1. Developing the internal market

The EU continues to liberalise its energy markets and the Commission has introduced and amended a number of directives[52],[53],[54],[55],[56] to continue to help complete the internal market. The Commission intends to review the way the EU’s energy markets operate and will begin an investigation in 2005 to look at the competitiveness of energy markets. The review will consider whether the Commission needs to take enforcement action to increase competitiveness. It is envisaged that the restructuring of the energy markets might help boost the use of environmentally friendlier forms of energy.

3.4.1.2. Taxation of energy products

A Community framework on the taxation of energy products was agreed in October 2003[57]. The Directive sets out minimum levels of taxation to be applied to energy products and electricity, but allows for exemptions or reductions to promote renewable sources of energy.

3.4.1.3. Promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E)

The development of renewable energy sources is a central aim of European Union energy policy, reflecting the clear benefits that clean, sustainable and secure energy supplies will bring. The RES-E directive[58] promotes renewable energy sources for electricity generation.Between 1990 and 2003, wind power production increased by almost 57 times and electricity production from solar photovoltaic cells by 87 times.

A comprehensive EU regulatory framework is now in place and Member States have adopted national targets for green electricity consumption and are working towards them. By creating national targets, the directive gives a quantitative framework within which each Member State can plan and implement the most appropriate measure for their own situation. National indicative targets are included in the Accession Treaty for new Member States. With their accession the 22.1% target set initially for EU-15 for 2010 becomes 21% for the EU-25.

In 2004, as required by the directive, the European Commission produced an assessment of Member States’ progress[59] based on reports submitted by Member States[60]. Four Member States (Denmark, Germany, Spain and Finland) are in line to meet their renewable electricity targets. For the rest of the Member States, further measures will be needed to increase the currently expected achievement of 18-19% in 2010 to the 21% target.

The report emphasises that more must be done for the production of electricity, heat, as well as biofuels for transport (see section 3.4.4.1 for more details), from bio-energy. The Commission will therefore propose a Community action plan for energy from biomass by the end of 2005. As an aid to the development of this the Commission held a public consultation from February to March 2005, the results of which are already available[61].

In addition, the Commission has proposed several concrete actions to take renewable energies forward and to emphasise the deployment of renewable energy in its main financial instruments, the Common Agricultural Policy (direct payments and rural development) and the Structural and Cohesion funds. The development of renewable energy is also supported by other programmes such as ALTENER within Intelligent Energy – Europe and the Campaign for Sustainable Energy (see 3.4.2.3) as well as ongoing community wide standardisation of technologies and products. This includes, amongst others, the development of standards for biodiesel and solar PV through the involvement of the European Standardisation Committee (CEN) and will also be reinforced by the proposed directive on eco-design of energy using products.

Structural Funds and Rural Development support specific investments and local actions to raise the capacities for biofuels and other renewable energy supply and demand. The ongoing process of CAP reform has reduced price support and helped to increase the competitiveness of EU agricultural production in all possible outlets, including biofuels.

The decoupling of price and income support which has been introduced by the CAP reform 2003 is a key instrument to further facilitate supply of energy crops. A specific aid for energy crops has been introduced with CAP reform 2003. For a maximum guaranteed area of 1.5 million hectares a premium of € 45 per ha will be available. This new scheme is subject to a Commission report by 31 December 2006 and appropriate proposals taking into account the implementation of the bio-fuels initiative.

3.4.1.4. Cogeneration directive

Promotion of cogeneration was one of the short-term priority areas identified in the Commission’s Action Plan on energy efficiency. The purpose of the Directive[62] is to create a framework for promotion and development of high efficiency cogeneration based on useful heat demand and primary energy savings.

The Directive defines high-efficiency cogeneration as achieving more than 10% energy savings compared to the separate productions of heat and electricity. In this context the efficiency requirements for a cogeneration plant using renewable sources are less stringent to be qualified as ‘high efficiency’ than for fossil fuel fired plants, thus providing an incentive for the promotion of biomass CHP.

Member States are required to report annually on cogeneration statistics, prepared using a methodology outlined in the Directive. Other provisions include analysis of national potentials and the requirement for Member States to take steps to facilitate access to the electricity grid for CHP.

3.4.2. Policies in Energy Demand

The foundations of policy in the energy sector were set out in the 2000 green paper on security of energy supply[63] discussed in the 3rd National Communication, which was finalised in 2002[64].

Since this point a new green paper on energy efficiency[65] has also been adopted, on 22 June 2005. The Green Paper aims to act as a catalyst, leading to a renewed energy efficiency initiative at all levels of European society – EU, National, regional and local. In addition, the Green Paper seeks to make a significant contribution, by way of example and leadership, to kick-start an international effort to contribute to addressing climate change through energy efficiency. It focuses on three key reasons for a renewed focus on energy efficiency:

- Competitiveness and the Lisbon Strategy. It is estimated that the EU could save up to 20% of its present energy consumption in a cost-effective manner, leading to net savings of up to €60bn per year and increased job creation.

- Environmental protections and the EU’s Kyoto commitments. Energy savings is likely to be the quickest and most cost-effective manner for reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well improving air quality, in particular in heavily populated areas.

- Security of supply. By 2030 it is predicted that the EU will be 90% dependent upon imports for oil and 80% for gas. Rising energy prices and regional instability leading to shortages of supply, could lead to severe impacts on the economy and energy efficiency is one of the key mechanisms to help minimise this risk.

The green paper seeks to identify a number of bottlenecks, such as lack of information or finance that are preventing these cost-effective measures from being taken up. It also suggests a number of key actions that might be taken to overcome these including:

- Establishing annual energy efficiency action plans at a national level.

- Giving citizens better information, through improved labelling and targeted publicity campaigns.

- Better targeting of state aid where public support is appropriate.

- Using public procurement to “kick-start” new energy efficient technologies.

- Using new or improved financing instruments to induce cost-effective improvements.

- Further effort on buildings, including extending existing requirements to smaller premises.

- Speeding the development of a new generation of more fuel-efficient vehicles.

3.4.2.1. Action Plan to Improve Energy Efficiency in the European Community – enhancing demand side reduction measures

As described in the 3rd National Communication, The Energy Efficiency Action Plan[66] was prepared in 2000 to realise the available economic potential for energy efficiency in line with the proposed target for reduced energy intensity of 1% per year above and beyond business-as-usual trends. A set if core policy instruments for implementing the action plan[67] have been agreed.

3.4.2.2. Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services

The proposed Directive[68], still under discussion in the EU institutions, has the objective of increasing end-use energy efficiency using a number of operational measures. Member States are called on to:

- Remove barriers and provide credible information for companies to offer energy services and energy-efficiency programmes.

- Adopt general national targets of annual 1% cumulative savings.

- Ensure that retail suppliers or distributors of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil and district heating offer and actively promote energy services and/or energy audits.

- Ensure that the public sector in each Member State sets a good example with indicative national targets of annual 1.5% cumulative savings.

- Establish energy efficiency programmes.

3.4.2.3. Programmes

Intelligent Energy - Europe

Intelligent Energy – Europe[69] (IEE) supports sustainable development in the energy context. Its objectives are:

- to provide the elements needed for the promotion of energy efficiency, the increased use or renewable energy sources and energy diversification;

- to develop means and instruments to monitor and evaluate the impact of measures adopted by the Community and Member States in these fields; and

- to promote efficient and intelligent patterns of energy production and consumption.

There are four specific fields in the programme:

- SAVE, which concerns the improvement of energy efficiency and rational use of energy.

- ALTENER, which promotes new and renewable energy sources.

- STEER, which concerns support relating to all energy aspects of transport.

- COOPENER, which concerns support for initiatives relating to the promotion of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in developing countries.

The financial framework for the implementation of the programme for the period 2003 to 2006 is approximately €200 million[70].

A decision was also taken[71] on the On 6 April, to adopt a proposal for the continuation of the Intelligent Energy - Europe programme during the period 2007-2013, as part of the Competitiveness and Innovation framework Programme (CIP). The continued IEE programme will provide support in the same fields as the current IEE programme. However, it will also introduce ‘Replication Projects’ throughout the SAVE and ALTENER parts of the programme which aim to help speed commercialisation of particularly innovative process or products that are close to but not yet cost-competitive. The proposed EIE budget from 2007-2013 is €1. 639 billion, with approximately €896 million allocated to replication projects.

Action Plan - Campaign for Sustainable Energy

The new ‘Campaign for Sustainable Energy’ started in mid-2004 and will run until 2007. It is the successor to the previous ‘Renewable Energy Campaign for Take-Off’ (described in the previous 3rd National Communication) that ran from 1999-2003, but now includes both energy efficiency and renewable energy.

The new campaign will continue the efforts of the previous one as well as providing indicative sectoral targets, an extended series of promotional tools and will allow partners to join the common effort of implementing programmes and initiatives in the Union and beyond. Renewable Energy Partnerships were one of the most important parts of the original campaign for take-off. From 2000-2003, 130 renewable energy programmes and projects involving more than 700 partner organisations in the EU joined the Campaign as Renewable Energy Partners and they will continue to operate and expand via the successor Campaign for Sustainable Energy.

3.4.2.4. Non-greenhouse gases

The two measures reported here are aimed at improving air quality but their provisions will affect emissions of non-greenhouse gases through control of combustion. The measures are the National Emissions Ceiling and Large Combustion Plant Directives

National Emissions Ceiling Directive

The National Emissions Ceiling Directive[72] sets upper limits for each Member State for the total emissions in 2010 of the four pollutants responsible for acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone pollution (SO2, NOx, VOCs and ammonia), but leaves it largely to the Member States to decide which measures to take in order to comply.

Large Combustion Plant Directive

The 2001 revised Large Combustion Plants Directive[73] (LCPD) applies to combustion plants with a thermal output of greater than 50 MW and replaces the existing LCPD[74]. The LCPD aims to reduce acidification, ground level ozone and particles throughout Member States by controlling emissions of SO2, NOx and PM from large combustion plants(LCPs).

Table 4. 3. 1 Summary of the policies and measures in the energy sector

Further RES-H measures | Measure to promote the generation of heat from renewables (linked to action below) | Mainly CO2 | - | Planned | - | 36-48 |

3.4.3. Policies in the Residential and Tertiary Sector

The guidelines for European policy on the residential and tertiary sector were set out in the in the Action Plan to improve Energy Efficiency as discussed in the 3rd National Communication.

3.4.3.1. Energy performance of buildings

The residential and tertiary sector, the major part of which is buildings, accounts for more than 40% of final energy consumption in the Community. The Directive on energy performance of buildings adopted in December 2002[77] seeks to promote improvement in energy efficiency in buildings. It lays down requirements for:

- The general framework for a methodology of calculation of the integrated performance of buildings;

- The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings;

- The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of large existing buildings that are subject to major renovation;

- Energy certification of buildings; and

- Regular inspection of boilers and of air-conditioning systems in buildings and an assessment of the heating installation in which boilers are more than 15 years old.

3.4.3.2. Framework Directive for establishing Eco-design requirements for energy-using products

The Framework Directive for establishing Eco-design requirements for energy-using products.Directive 2005/32/EC creates a comprehensive and coherent legislative framework for addressing eco-design requirements with the aim of:

- ensuring the free movement of energy-using products in the EU;

- improving the overall environmental performance of these products;

- contributing to the security of energy supply and enhancing the competitiveness of the EU economy; and

- preserving the interests of both industry and the consumer.

The framework directive will be followed by implementing measures establishing eco-design requirements for specific types of products adopted by the Commission assisted by a regulatory committee. The Directive includes annexes setting out, inter alia, the methods for setting generic and specific eco-design requirements. In terms of implementing measures, the Directive includes a list of products that should be examined with priority that were identified by the ECCP as offering a high potential for cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

The Directive lays down eligibility criteria for adopting implementing measures. For example, a product will be selected only if it represents an important volume of sales in the EU market and an important environmental impact at European level. Another criterion is the potential for improvement, without entailing excessive costs and taking into account both existing legislation and pro-active initiatives from industry.

The level of eco-design requirements should normally be established on the basis of technical, economic and environmental analysis. Flexibility in the method of establishing the level of requirements can make swift improvement of environmental performance easier. Priority should be given to alternative courses of actions such as self-regulation by the industry, where such actions are likely to deliver the policy objectives faster or with less cost than mandatory requirements.

3.4.3.3. Labelling and minimum energy efficiency requirements for household appliances, electrical and electronic end-use equipment

Other developments in the buildings sector include the extension of the "Labelling Directive" (92/75/EEC) via Directives 2002/31/EC, 2002/40/EC and 2003/66/EC with regard to energy labelling of household air-conditioners, household electric ovens, household electric refrigerators, freezers and their combination

3.4.3.4. Non CO2 gases

Both CH4 and N2O emissions from the buildings sector are relatively small and emissions are mainly linked to boiler operation and improve in parallel with the improvement of boiler efficiency and lowering of the demand. In addition, there is a small but increasing contribution of fluorinated gases, mainly due to air conditioning, although this will be in part be affected by the regular audits required under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive as well as the Commission proposal on fluorinated gases discussed in section 3.4.5.1. Fluorinated gases.

Table 4. 3. 2:Summary of the policies and measures in the tertiary sector

Motor challenge programme | to achieve system optimisation in motor driven processes | CO2 | Voluntary | Ongoing | EU | ~30 MTP |

3.4.4. Policies in the Transport Sector

The guidelines for European policy on transport were set out in the transport white paper as discussed in the 3rd National Communication. Clear progress has made on the objectives set out in the white paper but demand in the road transport sector continues to grow, giving higher greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions of air pollutants have however decreased (The European Environment Agency’s 2004 Transport and Environment Report Mechanism (TERM))[84]. The alternative fuels policy is starting to take effect with the use of biofuels increasing, however, still modestly.

DG Environment also undertook a study[85] in 2003 to examine the affect of other EU policies on transport activity, particularly those where the generation of increased transport activity is an avoidable side-effect. Whilst only an initial overview it did provide some general conclusions and recommendations regarding the affects on transport of the following areas: agriculture, competition, environment, internal market, regional policies and taxation (see study for more details).

The strategy for reducing CO2 emissions of passenger cars[86]described in the 3rd National Communication will improve the fuel efficiency of passenger cars through voluntary commitments with car manufacturing associations (ACEA, JAMA, KAMA), labelling and fiscal measures. The voluntary agreements with European, Japanese and Korean car manufacturers signed in 1999, on increased fuel efficiency of new passenger cars aim to achieve total new passenger car fleet average CO2 emissions of 140 g CO2/km by 2012. By 2003, CO2 emissions from new cars in the EU-15 were 12% lower than in 1995[87]. As regards future actions beyond the current commitments in view of the Community’s objective of 120 g CO2/km, the Commission will review, in 2006, the options available to further reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars, subject to an impact assessment and taking into account the work of the CARS21 high-level group.

3.4.4.1. Biofuels

The biofuels directive[88] is one component of an active European energy policy that seeks to safeguard energy supplies and promote sustainability. It requires the substitution of conventional transport fuels by biofuels derived from agricultural crops, notably biodiesel and bioethanol. To achieve this, the directive, accompanied by the energy taxation directive, sets indicative targets for biofuel substitution and then gives a legal framework for fiscal and other national measures to promote biofuels. The indicative targets for the biofuel share in the Union are set at 2% by 2005, and 5.75% by 2010, with Member States setting their own national targets.

Under the directive Member States may choose how to implement its objectives and to promote biofuels. However, it requires them to ensure that such measures are selected and designed with the whole life cycle of the particular biofuel in mind, taking account of the overall carbon balance and other impacts, and giving priority to promoting those fuels that are environmentally cost-effective.

To monitor progress towards the biofuel targets, the directive requires that Member States report yearly on their biofuel promotional measures and the share of biofuels in their national market. Every two years, the European Commission will produce an evaluation report on progress towards the biofuel target. On the basis of the findings of the report, the Commission can propose changes to the system of targets, including mandatory targets if it seems that national targets will be missed.

3.4.4.2. Infrastructure charging for heavy goods vehicles

A directive is proposed to modernise the existing charging system for heavy goods vehicles[89]. The philosophy of the approach recommended by the Commission is that road charges, usually in the form of tolls, should enable Member States to recover the total costs of infrastructure. The charges must also be able to reflect the level of congestion of the road network and the level of pollution of the zone crossed by a major road, to convey a signal to users. Revenues from the charges should also be allocated by Member States to fund improvements in the transport sector. Proposals will also be developed for a common framework for infrastructure user charges, including port and airport charges.

To aid in the development of road charging an additional Directive[90] was created 2004 looking in particular at the interoperability of electronic road toll systems and the standardisation of microwave technology used.

3.4.4.3. Third railway package

Introduction of the new European regulatory framework for rail transport is progressing in line with the reform objectives set out in the White Paper on the common transport policy. The objectives place the revitalisation of the rail sector at the heart of the sustainable mobility strategy and, seek to improve the attractiveness and competitiveness of more environmentally friendly modes of transport[91].

3.4.4.4. Programmes

Marco Polo Programme

In its White Paper, the Commission proposed to take measures which should make the market shares of the modes of transport return, by 2010, to their 1998 levels. This will prepare the ground for a shift of balance from 2010 onwards.

One measure to achieve this objective is the establishment of the Marco Polo Programme with its adoption on 22 July 2003[92]. The Programme's objective is to reduce road congestion and to improve the environmental performance of the freight transport system within the Community and to enhance intermodality, thereby contributing to an efficient and sustainable transport system.

To achieve this objective, the Programme supports actions in the freight transport, logistics and other relevant markets. The Programme runs from 2003 to 2006 with a budget of €100 million for the EU-25.

In 2004 the Commission presented a proposal[93] to establish a second, significantly expanded "Marco Polo" programme from 2007 onwards. Marco Polo II includes new actions such as motorways of the sea and traffic avoidance measures. The programme, which has a budget of €740 million for 2007-2013, has been extended to countries bordering the EU. The Commission estimates that every €1 in grants to Marco Polo will generate at least €6 in social and environmental benefits. The final form of Marco Polo II will depend on the outcome of the negotiations with the European Parliament and the Council.

STEER

As mentioned in section 3.4.2.3, STEER is one of the sub-programmes within Intelligent Energy – Europe, which focuses specifically on transport energy issues. It provides funding in the areas of:

- Alternative fuels and vehicle propulsion.

- Policy measures for efficient use of energy in transport.

- Strengthening the knowledge of local energy agencies in the transport field.

Table 4. 3. 3:Summary of the policies and measures in the transport sector

3.4.5. Policies in the Industry Sector

The guidelines and background for European policy on industrial greenhouse gas emissions were discussed in the 3rd National Communication based upon the Action Plan to improve Energy Efficiency and the Green Paper on Integrated Product Policy[98].

3.4.5.1. Fluorinated gases

There are two elements to the Commission proposal in the Common Position[99] adopted by Council on 20 June 2005[100], which have subsequently been split into two separate legal texts:

- A regulation on containment, recovery, training and certification, prohibitions, use bans and reporting of F-gases;

- A common position on mobile air conditioning in passenger vehicles.

The proposal is to put into place a legislative framework to reduce emissions of fluorinated gases. The primary focus is on new requirements for the containment, recovery, training and certification of personnel involved in maintaining equipment containing fluorinated gases. A secondary aspect is concerned with a limited number of marketing bans for specific fluorinated gases in specified applications. These harmonised restrictions have been agreed on the basis of extensive stakeholder consultation and following cost-benefit analyses. Examples of the restrictions include the use of SF6 in magnesium die casting, vehicle tires and in footwear.

The Common Position on mobile air conditioning systems would prohibit the placing on the market of passenger cars with HFC 134a (a fluorinated gas) mobile air conditioners in new passenger cars from 2011 and in all passenger cars from 2017.

3.4.5.2. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

Compliance with the 2001 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive as outlined in the 3rd National Communication is one of the key prerequisites for European industry to achieve good environmental performance. Successful implementation, including full application of best available techniques by October 2007, is essential to achieve more sustainable production patterns in the European Union.

A communication[101] in 2003 indicated that whilst some good progress had been made on implementation of the directive, this was unevenly spread and a number of Member States needed to accelerate their efforts. A stakeholder consultation on the communication was also undertaken with a summary of the feedback available on the Commission website[102].

To help support the implementation of the directive a number of support structures have been developed and enhanced:

- IMPEL an informal network of authorities responsible for implementation and enforcement of EU environmental law, has devoted a great deal of its activities to the IPPC Directive. A number of relevant projects[103] have been carried out, such the use of energy efficiency in environmental permits[104].

- The IPPC Experts Group is an informal group that was originally created to further discussions between Member States and the Commission on various ambiguities that needed to be dealt with when the Directive was transposed into national law. More recently the group has focused on reporting and on strategic issues.

- The Information Exchange Forum (IEF) has been set up as part of the information exchange on Best Available Techniques established pursuant Article 16(2) of the IPPC Directive. The IEF is composed of representatives of Member States, industry and NGOs. The draft final BAT Reference Documents are presented to the IEF before their adoption by the Commission.

- EPER - The European Pollutant Emission Register[105], which has been running since 2004. This provides access to information on the annual emissions of approximately 10000 industrial facilities in the 15 Member States.

- The PHARE project[106], which is aimed at capacity building for implementation of the IPPC directive as well as the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive[107] in the New Member States

Interaction of IPPC and Emissions Trading

The EU-ETS and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive have synergies in a number of areas such as permitting, coverage, emission limits etc and the ETS Directive has been formed in such a way as to complement this. Due to the lower threshold rating of the installations covered under the ETS (20MW, rather than 50MW under IPPC), the ETS scheme will cover some of the installations that also fall under the IPPC requirements. In these cases CO2 emissions effectively form part of the ETS scheme whilst the installations must still conform to the general requirements of their IPPC permits, for example emission limits for other pollutants such as VOCs (see non-paper by DG Environment[108] for more information).

Review of the IPPC Directive

The Commission has launched a process to review the IPPC Directive. The cornerstones of the review will be the streamlining of IPPC Directive and other pieces of legislation on industrial emissions (in particular the LCP, Waste Incineration and Solvents Directives), the development of incentives for a more dynamic system aimed at improving the environmental performance of installations and the introduction of “technical” amendments (e.g., rectifying inconsistencies, clarifying definitions/concepts, possible extension of the scope, streamlining of reporting). It is expected to complete the review in 2007.

Table 4. 3. 4:Summary of the policies and measures in the industry sector

3.4.6. Policies in Agriculture and Forestry

The foundations of policy in the agricultural and forestry sectors were set out in the 3rd National Communication, primarily in relation to Agenda 2000[111] and reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1999 (Agenda 2000) and in 2003-2004 and the Forestry strategy for the European Union[112].

Effort on quantification emissions reduction potential and future measures has continued via the Working Group on Agriculture and two sub-groups, which delivered reports in 2003 under ECCP activity on carbon Sinks Related to Agricultural Soils[113] and Forest Sinks[114]. The working group on Agriculture identified mitigation potentials linked to extensification (coupled to reduced fertiliser use) and bio-energy production:

- N2O emissions from agricultural soils of 10 MtCO2-eq

- CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation of 0.3 MtCO2-eq

- CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management of 1.7 MtCO2-eq

- Bio-energy production and the replacement of fossil fuels of 200-600 MtCO2eq

The working group identified a mitigation potential for carbon sinks in agricultural soils through conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks by extensification (e.g., organic farming, conservation agriculture) of 60-70 MtCO2-eq.

The working group on Forest Sinks estimated that for the first Kyoto commitment period 2008-2012, the combined potentially accountable carbon credits for the EU from ARD (Afforestation, Reforestation, Deforestation) measures, assuming a continuation of the rate of AR from 1990-2000 would lead to a mitigation potential of around 14Mt CO2 eq/yr. When this is added to the estimated mitigation potential from Forest management (capped under the Protocol at 19Mt CO2eq/yr) it would be equal to approximately 33Mt CO2eq /yr.

3.4.6.1. Policy Actions in Agriculture

As part of the continuing process of CAP reform the Commission adopted a new proposal[115] in 2004 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).

This is aimed at reinforcing the EU’s rural development policy and simplifying its implementation. The proposal, if approved, could increase EU funding, amounting to a total of € 13.7 billion per year for 2007-2013.

CAP reform measures which impact on climate change, and their predicted effect are listed in the following table.

Measure | Expected effect |

Decoupling of single farm payment from production, replacing most of the current direct payments. | Eliminates incentives for intensified production (e.g., reduced soil erosion, fertiliser use, irrigation etc). |

Cuts in direct payments of up to €5bn. Modulation amounts will be used for rural development measures and will be available from 2006 onwards. | Larger budget for Rural Development provides MS with increased margin to support Agri-Environmental Measures, which go beyond Good Farming Practice. |

Partial or entire reduction of direct payments in case of non-respect of: Statutory management requirements in areas such as environment, plant health, animal welfare etc. Maintenance of land in good agricultural and environmental condition (defined by MS on basis of common framework laid down in Annex IV of CAP regulation). Cross-compliance | Provides additional incentive to comply with mandatory requirements on environmental protection. E.g,. Nitrate Directive leading to reduced fertiliser use. |

Carbon credits:45 €/ha for energy crops (contract with processor required) for a maximum guaranteed area of 1. 5 Mio ha. | Incentives for cultivation of energy crops |

Set aside scheme. | Increased carbon sequestration, in particular in non-rotational set aside. |

Non-food crops can be grown on set-aside land – but in these cases would need receive 45 €/ha support. | Incentives for non-food crops including energy crops. |

Rural development support is also being widened by introducing new measures targeted towards the following:

Measure | Expected effect |

Support for participation in food quality schemes using local and traditional resources. | This type of food production is often associated with less intensive production. |

Support to help farmers adapt to new more demanding standards within Community legislation. | Better compliance with environmental standards. |

Farm advisory systems – involving structured and regular stock taking and accounting of material flows and processes relevant for a particular target issue (e.g. animal welfare, environment etc). | Raises awareness of potentially superfluous and negative input in agricultural production. |

Investment in state owned forests for ecological and social reasons. | Enhanced carbon sequestration. |

Market measures – intervention price cuts for rice reducing incentives for intensified production. Abolition of intervention for rye. | Less incentive for intensive production. |

Support for dried fodder to growers will be integrated into single farm payment, and thus be decoupled from drying techniques used. | Reduces incentives for energy consuming drying techniques. |

Support for Organic Farming Action Plan | Less intensive production, lower fertiliser use, higher content of organic matter in soil. |

Increased community support for agri-environmental measures. | Incentives for uptake of measures such as soil conservation, organic farming, etc. |

3.4.6.2. Policy Actions in Forestry

EU Forestry Strategy

In 2005 the Commission reported[116] on progress in implementing the EU’s Forestry Strategy from 1999-2004. A detailed description of the actions and activities implemented over the period 1999–2004 is contained within Commission staff working document attached to the communication[117]. The EU’s Forestry Strategy recognises the importance to climate change mitigation of multi-purpose sustainable forestry. In addition, to their contribution to the protection of biodiversity and the social and economic development of communities, forests function as carbon sinks and reservoirs, and as a sustainable source of biomass for renewable energy and material.

At the EU level, the adoption of the 6th Community Environment Action Programme in 2002 and the reform of the CAP in 2003, which has strengthened rural development policy, are important developments with implications for the forest policies of the Member States. At the Pan-European level, the MCPFE (Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe) has become a well-established process, through which European countries and the European Community have developed a framework for sustainable forestry, and strengthened co-ordination and co-operation.

Substantial progress has been achieved in the preparation and implementation of national forest programmes (NFPs) in the EU. A common approach to NFPs has been developed in the context of the MCPFE, with the aim of establishing a social and political framework for forest management, based on participatory and transparent governance, and in line with international forest-related commitments. The NFPs address issues such as the productive function of forests and the economic viability of sustainable forest management, the contribution of forestry to rural development, the protection and enhancement of biodiversity in forests, climate change mitigation, the protective functions of forests, and social, recreational and cultural aspects.

The rural development policy[118] has been the main instrument for the implementation of the EU Forestry Strategy at Community level. The regulation contains forestry measures including:

- Afforestation.

- Investment in forests aimed at significantly improving their economic, ecological or social value.

- Maintaining and improving the ecological stability of forests.

Financial support from the Community for forestry measures in the context of rural development amounts to €4.8 billion for the period 2000–2006 (approximately 10% of the rural development budget).

The rural development regulation requires "cross-compliance", i.e. EU funding is conditional on meeting all relevant EU legislation, including environment (e.g., those related to biodiversity or water). The rural development programmes are implemented by MS on the basis of their National Rural Development Plans (NRDPs), which must be approved by the Commission. These NRDPs must identify priorities and document the mechanism to achieve cross-compliance. Payments are regularly audited by EU institutions, which further enhances compliance with these rules.

The new Rural Development Regulation[119] to reinforce the EU’s rural development policy for the period 2007–2013, as mentioned in section 3.4.6.1, provides a basis for a fuller integration of forestry into rural development.

Protection Against Forest Fires

The Community measures to support the protection of forests against fires[120] and atmospheric pollution[121] have yielded a considerable amount of information and operational developments. Forest fires continue to be a major concern in many European countries. The Commission has recently set up an expert group to analyse forest fire prevention at Community level and to make recommendations for future actions. The Forest Focus Regulation[122] adopted in 2003 provides an opportunity for the EU to develop a comprehensive and integrated system for monitoring a range of effects that signal damage, or potential damage to forest ecosystems. Monitoring may include new parameters on soils, biodiversity and climate change.

Although the role of the forest sector in climate mitigation was confirmed by the rules of the Kyoto Protocol agreed since the adoption of the Strategy, development of measures to encourage carbon sequestration as an objective of afforestation, reforestation and forest management, has been slower than expected. The use of biomass for energy purposes has increased considerably, especially in some member states, but has not yet been developed to its full potential in the EU. In the future, wood for products may also play an important role as carbon reservoir and may be included within a forest carbon accounting.

There is also an emerging need to evaluate the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and to develop measures to adapt to these impacts. In the future, not only mitigation measures (reduction of greenhouse gases) but also adaptation measures (adaptation of forests to a changed climate) will need to be considered.

The Commission is currently elaborating a future EU Forest Action Plan, to be presented in 2006. Its aims will be to:

- Develop an EU Forest Action Plan, which should provide a coherent framework for the implementation of forest-related actions and serve as an instrument of co-ordination between Community actions and the forest policies of the Member States.

- Review the existing Community means and practices to facilitate co-ordination, communication and co-operation between different policy sectors, which have an influence on forestry, in the light of the increasing complexity of forest policy and of the decision-making processes. This review will also include Council Decision 89/367/EEC of 29 May 1989 setting up the Standing Forestry Committee, and the role this body should play in the implementation of the Action Plan.

Tropical Deforestation

Tropical deforestation, sometimes associated with illegal logging, is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. To build on a commitment taken at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in May 2003 the Commission, with support from the timber trade in its development and implementation, published an Action Plan for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT)[123] aimed at the reduction and eventual elimination of the imports into the EU of illegally harvested timber. Among the many other adverse effects of illegal logging, the action plan recognises that it "can be a contributory factor to the process of deforestation, and it can increase the vulnerability of forests to fires - both of which have climate change implications".

Council Conclusions were adopted in October 2003, and the European Parliament motion on the FLEGT action plan was adopted in February 2004. A proposal for a FLEGT regulation[124] is being debated. When fully implemented, the legislative package will exclude the import of illegally harvested wood to the Community.

Table 4.3.5 Summary of the policies and measures in the agriculture sector

3.4.7. Policies in Waste Management

The background to the various waste policies and their relation to climate change and the ECCP were discussed in the 3rd National Communication.

In 2003, the Commission adopted a Communication[127] towards a thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste. It included an assessment of Community waste policy in relation to prevention and recycling, with a view to identifying means to further develop waste management policy in line with the hierarchy of objectives set out in the Community’s waste strategy. It also focused on the means to promote more sustainable waste management, by minimising the environmental impacts of waste while also taking into account economic and social considerations.

This section outlines developments since the 3rd National Communication. More detail is available in a 2003 communication[128] on Member States’ implementation of Waste Legislation from 1998-2000.

3.4.7.1. Landfill of Waste

The Landfill Directive[129] required implementation at the Member State level by 2001 and a communication in 2005[130] examined national strategies for achieving the Directives requirement to cut down the landfill of biodegradable municipal waste by 65% by 2016. In addition, landfills must collect, treat and where possible produce energy from landfill gases. Where energy production is not possible the gases must be flared.

3.4.7.2. Directive on Waste Packaging

Member States have broadly complied with the recycling and recovery targets set in the Directive on Waste Packaging[131] to be achieved by 2001. Increased recycling and recovery targets have been adopted in 2004[132] to be achieved by 2008, including:

- 60 % as a minimum by weight of packaging waste to be recovered or incinerated at waste incineration plants with energy recovery;

- Between 55 % as a minimum and 80 % as a maximum by weight of packaging waste to be recycled;

The European Parliament and the Council must then decide, by 31 December 2007, on targets for the third five-year phase, 2009 until 2014, based on the practical experience gained in the Member States.

Greece, Ireland and Portugal are, because of their specific situations (such as a large number of small islands, the presence of rural and mountain areas and the current low level of packaging consumption) allowed a period derogation from these and the original targets. The New Member States are also allowed a period of derogation, dependent upon each country, until between 2012 and 2015.

It has been estimated by the EC’s Environment DG (Directorate General) that recycling of waste packaging at 2001 levels reduces emissions by around 25 MtCO2 compared to zero recycling. The impact of the waste packaging directive itself, due to business as usual recycling and legislation predating the directive, is estimated to be 3 MtCO2.

3.4.7.3. Directive on End-of-Life Vehicles

Following the 2000 Directive[133] on End-of-Life Vehicles a number of pieces of secondary legislation[134] have been made, amending sections on items such as material and coding standards, recycling of spare parts etc.

The majority of Member States are on track to meet the 2006 requirements of the directive. The Directive also mandates the separation and treatment of air conditioning fluids.

3.4.7.4. Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

The Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) came into force in 2002. It includes the target that by 31 December 2006 Member States should be achieving separate collection rates of at least 4kg per capita per year of WEEE from private households - to be taken for reuse, recycling etc. The various categories of WEEE are subject to sets of recycling and recovery targets. The directive also mandates the separation and treatment of CFC, HCFC, HFC and HC and refers to the regulation on ozone depleting substances.

3.4.7.5. Incineration of Waste

The Directive on the incineration of waste came into force in 2000[135]. As requested by Parliament in its first reading, the Commission's proposal was merged into a single text. It now covers the incineration of hazardous (formerly Directive 94/67/EC) and non-hazardous (89/369/EEC and 89/429/EEC) waste.

The aim of the Directive is to prevent or - where that is not practicable - to reduce as far as possible negative effects on the environment caused by the incineration and co-incineration of waste. This is to be achieved through stringent operational conditions and technical requirements and by setting up emission limit values for waste incineration and co-incineration plants within the Community.

The Directive aims to cover all waste including pollutants such as SO2 and HCl but the main effect on greenhouse gas emissions will be from the level of energy generation from waste within the energy mix.

The Directive entered into force on 29 December 2000. Transposition into national legislation was necessary by 28 December 2002. From this date on new incinerators will have to comply with the provisions of the Directive; the deadline for existing plants will be 28 December 2005. Then all old Directives (89/369/EEC, 89/429/EEC und 94/67/EC) will be repealed.

Table 4.3.6:Summary of the policies and measures in the waste sector

3.5. Policies no longer in place

3.5.1. CARNOT

The CARNOT Programme ran from 1998-2002 and provided funding for technological actions promoting the clean and efficient use of solid fuels. The primary aim was to limit emissions, including CO2 emissions, from the use of solid fuels and encourage the uptake of advanced clean solid fuel technologies in order to improve Best Available Technologies, at reasonable cost. No provision was allowed for research into cleaner solid fuels within the current 6th Framework Programme (2003-2006) of research funding, with the exception of that associated with carbon capture and sequestration.

However, some research into cleaner coal and other solid fuel technologies has continued separately via funding from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (see section 3.4.2.3).

Current proposals[138] for the 7th Research Framework Programme (2007-2013) have now reintroduced specific funding for clean coal technologies, such as improvement of general plant efficiency, alongside CO2 capture and sequestration.

4. PROJECTIONS[139] AND THE TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES

Developments

1. Emissions of greenhouse gases in the EU-25 are projected to be 5% below 1990 levels in 2010 as a result of measures already implemented.

2. In the EU-15 emissions of greenhouse gases are projected to be 1.6% below base year emissions in 2010 as a result of measures already under implementation. If the reductions that Member States forecast they will achieve through the use of Kyoto mechanisms are included, then projected emissions in 2010 are 4.1%. below base year emissions.

3. The implementation of additional proposed measures is projected to reduce EU-25 GHG emissions to 9.3% below 1990 levels by 2010 and in the EU-15 emissions fall to 6.8% below base year emissions by 2010. The use of Kyoto mechanisms brings the emissions to below 8%, thus meeting the Kyoto targets.

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Notes:

The index on the y axis refers to the base year. This is 1990 for most Member States for CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) but 1995 for fluorinated gases, with the following exceptios:The base year for CO2, CH4 and N2O for Hungary is the average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986 and for Poland 1988; the base year for fluorinated gases is 1990 for France and Finland. This means that for EU-15 and EU-25, the value for 1990 is not exactly 100. Business as usual describes the projected emissions without climate related policies and measures.

4.1. Introduction

This chapter presents projections of greenhouse gases for the European Community (EC) to 2010 under a ‘with measures’ and a ‘with additional measures’ scenario. The projections presented are an aggregate of Member State projections. This aggregation depends on the timeliness and extent of the information provided by Member States under the Monitoring Mechanism. In this report, the detailed discussion concentrates on those elements where most Member States have submitted information.

Further analysis of these aggregated projections is needed as the projections are not necessarily updated at the same time. This further analysis will be carried out in the future as part of the Monitoring Mechanism.

4.2. With measures projection

4.2.1. EC wide with measures projection

The ‘with measures’ emissions projections aim to quantify the impact of all policies and measures implemented by Member States; this includes national measures to implement existing EC wide policies and measures as well as other national policies and measures.

The results of the ‘with measures’ projections are shown for the EU-25 and EU-15, Figure 4-1 and Table -18. The emissions data for the base year are from the projections and have not been calibrated to the emissions reported in the inventory.

In the ‘with measures’ projection, emissions in the EU-25 fall by 5.0% from 1990 levels by 2010. The reduction to 2010 is due in part to a projected 1% fall in CO2 emissions. Despite strong growth in emissions from the transport sector, CO2 emissions fall overall as there is continued fuel switching from coal to gas, an increasing use of renewables in the power generation sector and a reduction in emissions from industry as a result of the shift to less energy intensive industry. The shift to renewable energy is encouraged by both national policies and measures and implementation of directives such as the one on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources.

Another major contribution to the overall reduction in emissions comes from a more than 30% fall in methane emissions due to the continuing phase out of coal mining, continuing reduction in landfill gas emissions from the implementation of the Landfill Gas Directive (99/31/EC) and reduced emissions from livestock as livestock populations decline, and the efficiency of livestock farming increases. Emissions of N2O are also projected to fall, but F-gases rise due to their increased use in refrigeration systems, as replacements for ozone depleting substances whose use is banned under the Montreal Protocol.

Table -18 Aggregate of Member States projections for the various scenarios, including Kyoto mechanisms

1990/ base year1 Mt CO2 eq | 2010 Mt CO2 eq | Change 1990-2010 |

Aggregate of EU-15 MS with measures projections2 | 4145 | 3974 | -4. 1% |

Aggregate of EU-25 MS with measures projections 2,3 | 5150 | 4788 | -7. 0% |

Aggregate of EU-15 MS with additional measures projections | 4145 | 3756 | -9. 4% |

Aggregate of EU-25 MS with additional measures projections2,3 | 5150 | 4564 | -11. 4% |

Notes:

1. The base year for the Member States projection is the aggregate of base years from the projections and has not been adjusted to emissions reported in the latest inventory.

2. Member State (MS) Projections as submitted to the EC Monitoring Mechanism or from Member States 3rd National Communication

3. No projections are available for Cyprus and Malta; 1990 GHG emissions in these countries totalled 8. 2 Mt CO2 eq.

Figure -9 Projected greenhouse gas emissions (excluding LULUCF) in ‘with measures scenario

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Notes:

1. The index on the y axis refers to the base year. This is 1990 for most Member States for CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) but 1995 for fluorinated gases, with the following exceptions:The base year for CO2, CH4 and N2O for Hungary is the average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986 and for Poland 1988; the base year for fluorinated gases is 1990 for France and Finland. This means that for EU-15 and EU-25, the value for 1990 is not exactly 100. Business as usual describes the projected emissions without climate related policies and measures.

2. Reported emissions to 2003. The 1990 reported emissions are below the aggregate base year emissions from Member States projections.

Projections for the EU-15 show a fall in emissions of 1.6% from the base year[140] emissions by 2010, this is despite an increase of CO2 emissions of 4%. This increase comes largely from growing transport emissions. Emissions of HFCs show strong growth due to their increased use in the refrigeration sector, but emissions of the other non-CO2 greenhouse gases fall, with particularly strong reductions in methane emissions due to the continued phase out of coal mining, reduced landfill gas emissions as a result of the landfill directive and reduced agricultural emissions due to improvements in livestock productivity and a decrease in the number of livestock. The overall decline in emissions is greater for the EU-25 than for the EU-15, due to the large fall in CO2 emissions that occurred between 1990 and 2000 in some of the new Member States as a result of economic restructuring.

The reduction in EU-15 emissions by 2010 is not enough to meet the EU-15’s target of an 8% reduction from the base year in the commitment period of 2008 -2012. The Member States forecast they will achieve reductions of over 100 Mt CO2 eq through the use of Kyoto mechanisms, bringing emissions down to 4.1% below 1990 levels by 2010. To reach the Kyoto target further action is therefore required and planned measures are included in the with additional measures projections discussed below.

Figure -10 Projected greenhouse gas emissions (excluding LULUCF) by gas for the ‘with measures’ scenario

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Note: Not all Member States have reported a split of projection by gas and the trends above represent only part coverage of the EU. Coverage for CO2 emissions is near complete, for the F-gases only 17 of the 25 Member States have reported separate projections.

Figure -11 Projected greenhouse gas emissions (excluding LULUCF) by sector for the ‘with measures’ scenario

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Note : Not all Member States have reported a split of projection by sector and the trends above represent only part coverage of the EU. Coverage for emissions from energy is near complete but sectoral projections for Germany are not yet available (Sep. ’05), for the waste and industrial process 18 of the 25 Member States have reported separate projections

4.2.2. Use of Kyoto mechanisms

Information has been gathered from Member States about their intended use of flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto mechanisms: Joint Implementation (JI), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)) and Emissions trading (ET) to achieve their targets for the commitment period 2008–12[141] (EEA, 2005). On the basis of information received from the EU-15 Member States, 11 currently intend to use Kyoto Mechanisms to meet their burden sharing targets, two are as yet undecided, and two will allow companies to use Kyoto mechanisms for compliance with their obligations under the EU emissions trading scheme. Available estimates of projected emissions reductions in 2008-12 through the use of Kyoto mechanisms in the ten relevant Member States total 106.8 million tonnes of CO2-equiv. per year of the commitment period. To achieve these reductions, resources totalling about € 2730 million have been allocated for the 5-year commitment period.

4.3. With measures projections for CO 2

Figure -12 shows CO2 emissions and projections for the ‘with measures’ scenarios.

Figure -12 CO 2 emissions in with measures projections

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EU-25 CO2 emissions fell by 2% between 1990 and 2000 and are projected to remain at that level until 2010. The stabilisation is mainly due to continued fuel switching from coal to gas and an increase in generation from renewables. The increase in generation from renewables is driven by both domestic measures by Member States and directives such as the RES-E Directive described in Chapter 4. For the EU-15, CO2 emission after an initial fall have risen to around 4% above the 1990 level, mainly due to increased transport emissions.

4.4. With measures projections in the energy sector

Figure -13 Greenhouse gas emissions and projections in the energy sector (excluding transport)

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Figure -13 shows the greenhouse gas emissions and projections from the energy sector excluding transport. For both EU-15 and EU-25, emissions have fallen since 1990 mainly due to fuel switching to gas and the restructuring of industry in the new Member States. Emissions have started to rise again since 2000, this is projected to stabilise. Measures such as increased use of renewables driven by EU and Member State policies contribute to these trends, which are to a certain extent counteracted by economic growth in the new Member States.

In the transport sector, Figure 4-6, greenhouse gas emissions have risen since 1990 and are projected to continue to increase, reaching 30% above 1990 levels by 2010 for EU-15 and EU-25. The EU strategy for improving the fuel efficiency of passenger cars is beginning to deliver improvements in the carbon emissions from cars, but growth in demand continues to be strong.

Figure -14 Greenhouse gas emissions and projections in the transport sector

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4.5. With additional measures projection

In the ‘with measures’ projection, the implementation of planned policies and measures and the fuller implementation by Member States of agreed EC wide policies and measures, delivers additional emissions savings. The aggregated Member States ‘with additional measures[142], projection suggests a 6.8% and 9.3% reduction on 1990 levels for the EU-15 and EU-25 respectively by 2010 (Figure 4-7). Together with the flexible mechanisms already planned, the EU-15 aggregated Member States ‘with additional measures’ projection will result in a 9.3% reduction on base year emissions. This reduction is more than is needed to meet the EU-15 Kyoto target.

Figure -15 Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for the ‘with measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios

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Notes:

1. The index on the y axis refers to the base year. This is 1990 for most Member States for CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) but 1995 for fluorinated gases, with the following exceptions: The base year for CO2, CH4 and N2O for Hungary is the average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986 and for Poland 1988; the base year for fluorinated gases is 1990 for France and Finland. This means that for EU-15 and EU-25, the value for 1990 is not exactly 100. Business as usual describes the projected emissions without climate related policies and measures.

2. Reported emissions to 2003. The 1990 reported emissions are below the aggregate base year emissions from Member States projections.

4.6. Key policies and measures projected to deliver reductions

From the information provided in EU-15 Member States projections, six key areas can be identified, where polices and measures in are both widespread, and projected to deliver substantial emissions reductions (Figure -16). These are in:

- the energy supply sector, through the use of renewable energy and CHP;

- the energy use sector, through energy efficient appliances and building standards;

- transport and the EU-wide ACEA agreement; and

- the waste sector, through the Landfill Directive.

Information on the savings achieved from additional policies and measures is only available from four Member States, so does not provide a comprehensive picture of the impact of the additional policies and measures. In total policies and measures in these key areas (including additional policies and measures) are projected to deliver reductions of about 284 Mt CO2 eq. of this, over one third comes from increased use of renewable energy.

The EU Common and Co-ordinated Policies and Measures (CCPMs) in each of these key areas are summarised in Table -19. The aggregate savings in each of the policy areas include the effects of transposition of the relevant CCPMs by the Member States into national policies and measures, together with other domestic polices and measures.

Figure -16 Aggregated savings in 2010 in EU-15 for key policy areas

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Notes:

1. Aggregated savings for existing policies and measures based on information from 12 Member States and savings for additional policies and measures based on information from 4 Member States.

2. The reported effects of single quantified measures do not necessarily sum to the projections for the total effect of all reported measures. Therefore, the amounts for additional domestic measures are not the difference between the with existing domestic measures projections and with additional domestic measures projection.

Source: Information submitted under the EC GHG Monitoring Mechanism, the CCPM questionnaire and in 3rd national communications.

Table -19 CCPMs in Key Policy Areas

Key policy area | EU Common and Co-ordinated Polices and Measures |

Renewable energy | Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market |

CHP | Directive 2004/7/EC on the promotion of cogeneration |

Building standards | Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002on the energy performance of buildings |

Energy efficient appliances | Various Directives on the energy labelling of household appliances 2003/66/EC of 3 July 2003 (refrigerators – freezers) 2002/40/EC of 8 May 2002 (electric ovens) 2002/31/EC of 22 March 2002 (air-conditioners) 99/9/EC of 26 February 1999 amending 97/17/EC (dishwashers) 98/11/EC of 27 January 1998 (lamps) 96/89/EC of 17 December 1996 amending 95/12/EC (washing machines) 96/60/EC of 16 September 1996 (washer-driers) 92/75/EC of 22 September 1992 |

ACEA agreement | Commission Recommendations of 5 February 1999 and 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (voluntary agreement of the car manufacturers from EU, Japan and Korea to reduce fleet average CO2 emissions to 140 g/km by 2008/09) |

Landfill directive | Council directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste |

4.7. Model methodology

The projection is an aggregation of 23 Member States projections; each of the Member State uses its own methodology and models to produce its emissions projections. There is therefore no single overarching model methodology that can be described here. Details of the models and methodologies used by Member States are given in their 3rd National Communications and updates in the 4th National Communications.

5. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES

Developments

1. Predicted sea level rises could impact up to 68 million people

2. Temperatures are expected to increase leading to more deaths due to high temperatures in summer but fewer cold related deaths in winter

3. Northern Europe is expected to have increased precipitation, Southern Europe less with the potential for more droughts

4. The European Commission is already involved in adaptation related activities, through the running of EU wide early warning systems for floods and forest fires

5. New work on adaptation is planned under the next phase of the European Climate Change Programme

5.1. Vulnerability and Impacts of Climate Change

In Europe, recent work by the EEA has outlined the past trends and likely future effects of climate change[143]. The main categories of impacts are described below, and relevant key indicator data for the European Union presented.

Sea level rise

By 2100, an average global sea level rise of 0.09 to 0.88 metres is predicted, with a central value of 0.48m[144]. Sea level rise will cause flooding, coastal erosion and the loss of flat coastal regions. Coastal protection is possible, though this leads to additional costs and may prove uneconomic in some areas or at some levels of sea level rise. Rising sea levels increases the likelihood of storm surges, exacerbates landward intrusion of salt water and endangers coastal ecosystems and wetlands. Estimates in the European Union, where the coastline is about 89 000 km long, indicate that up to 68 million people could be affected by sea level changes147. Although, as outlined above, the predicted rise in sea level is subject to a large degree of variation – with the population affected varying accordingly.

Energy

Higher average temperatures are predicted in Europe, with both warmer summers and milder winters. There are also likely to be changes in seasonal temperature variability, with increased summer peaks (heat waves). The changes in average and peak temperatures will have positive and negative effects on energy use. There is likely to be a decrease in winter energy demand for heating, but this will be offset by an increase in summer energy use for cooling (air conditioning). The pattern of changes in energy use will vary across Europe, with northern latitudes likely to experience more benefits.

Health: thermal stress

More than 20 000 excess deaths attributable to heat, particularly among the aged population, occurred in western and southern Europe during the summer of 2003. Heat waves are projected to become more frequent and more intense during the twenty-first century and hence the number of excess deaths due to heat is projected to increase in the future143. However, rising temperatures will reduce winter excess deaths. This will have particular benefits in northern latitudes of Europe whereas continental Europe will still continue to have relatively cold winters. There are however other factors, such as influenza pandemics, that have to be taken into account when extrapolating winter months deaths. By 2080, it is likely that cold winters in major parts of continental Europe will have disappeared.

Health: disease burden

Changing climates can provide a more fertile breeding ground for a range of disease bearing vectors, increasing both the scale and location of the population at risk. In Europe, tick-borne encephalitis cases increased in the Baltic region and central Europe between 1980 and 1995, and have remained high. Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, such as tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme disease (in Europe called Lyme borreliosis). It is not clear how many of the 85 000 cases of Lyme borreliosis reported annually in Europe are due to the temperature increase over the past decades.

Climate variability is often a cause of health impacts and extreme weather events are likely to increase with global warming. Recent research indicates that much of the occurrence of climate related disease outbreak is caused by specific weather events, in combination with non-climate factors.

Agriculture

Parts of Europe, particularly mid and northern Europe, are expected to have potential benefits to agriculture from increasing CO2 concentrations and rising temperatures. The cultivated area could be expanded northwards, and growing seasons extended. This will lead to increased crop yields (provided there is sufficient water supply). In southern parts of Europe, over the longer term, agriculture may be threatened by climate change due to increased water stress, with reduced yields in hotter and dryer areas. During the heat wave in 2003, many southern European countries suffered drops in yield of up to 30%, while some northern European countries profited from higher temperatures. Bad harvests could become more common due to an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events (droughts, floods, storms, hail). Crops dependent upon seasonal conditions e.g. fruit during the flowering season, may be particularly susceptible. There is also the possibility that any direct yield gain could be partly off-set by losses due to changes in the spatial distribution and intensity of pests and diseases.

Ecosystems and Forestry

There are likely to be significant effects on ecosystems in Europe from climate change. The will include impacts upon forests. For some species, there may be benefits from warmer winters from modest levels of climate change, for example with the survival rate of most bird species likely to increases, and potential benefits from increases in vegetation growth. However, there are also likely to be significant impacts, particularly for sensitive species such as alpine and mountain plant species and vegetation. There are also potential impacts from water shortages, especially if combined with high summer temperature peaks. Recent studies[145] indicate that a rise of up to 1°C above pre-industrial levels will cause up to 10% of ecosystem areas worldwide to shift. The change in sea temperature will also impact upon marine ecosystems.

Water resources, water supply and water quality

There are likely to be significant changes in future European precipitation (rainfall), both in terms of average precipitation, seasonal variations, and the frequency of heavy events. The projections for Europe show increases in precipitation, but there will be seasonal variations, and strong regional differences between northern and southern countries. Northern Europe is likely to see increases in rainfall, and increases in annual river discharges. Southern Europe is likely to see decreases in rainfall and river discharges, which may lead to further stress on water resources. This may have important impacts on agriculture, as soil moisture availability is already often limited in summer.

Strong variations in rainfall and potential water shortages will also have a significant impact on power generation. They could lead to reduced output from hydroelectric plants across much of Europe and also create shortages of water that are essential for cooling in power plants, which may force the plants to be operated at constrained levels of output, or even be taken offline temporarily. However, in northern Europe, the projected increase in rainfall is expected to increase hydropower production.

Water quality is also sensitive to higher temperatures, lower river flows, saline intrusion with sea level rise and changes in storminess. Low flows are already a problem in southern Europe, and this could be exacerbated by climate change. The many local controls on water quality have hindered a global assessment of potential climate change damages.

Drought

Drought will have negative impacts in southern Europe where projections indicate up to 1 % per decade decrease in annual precipitation with decreases of 5 % per decade possible in summer143. These negative effects can cause very heavy economic losses, for example droughts in 1999 caused losses of more than €3 billion in Spain (EEA, 2004).

Floods

Between 1975 and 2001, 238 flood events were recorded in Europe. Over this period the annual number of flood events clearly increased. The number of people affected by floods rose significantly, with adverse physical and psychological human health consequences143. With a 2.0-6.4°C temperature increase the damage from riverine floods will be several times higher than in the no climate change case. In particular, flash floods due to heavy precipitation are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude. The level of impact will also increase with the degree of rise in temperature, with expected damages from a 6.4°C temperature rise much larger than those anticipated from a 2.0°C temperature rise. With a 1.4°C temperature increase coastal floods are projected to increase the number of people at risk by 10 million, 3.2°C will bring 80 million at risk.

Impacts from storm damage and extreme weather

Extreme weather events are also likely to increase, with heat waves, drought, floods, and storms. Changes in both frequency and severity are possible, though these may not be linearly dependent on average climate.

In Europe, 64 % of all catastrophic events since 1980 are directly attributable to weather and climate extremes: floods, storms and droughts / heat waves. 79 % of economic losses caused by catastrophic events result from these weather and climate related events. Economic losses resulting from weather and climate related events have increased significantly in the last 20 years, from an annual average of less than USD 5 billion to about USD 11 billion. This is due both to wealth increase and more frequent events. Four out of the five years with the largest economic losses in this period have occurred since 1997. The average number of annual disastrous weather and climate related events in Europe doubled over the 1990s compared with the previous decade, while non-climatic events such as earthquakes remained stable. Climate change projections show an increasing likelihood of many types of extreme weather events. Thus, an escalation in damage caused is likely.

A new ABI (Association of British Insurers) report outlines “…how climate change could increase the financial costs of extreme weather around the world, based on the best-available scientific assessment of climate change. Even quite small increases in the intensity of major storms (hurricanes, typhoons, windstorms), as predicted by the latest climate change science, could increase damage costs by at least two-thirds by the end of the century. The most extreme storms could become even more destructive, making insurance markets more volatile, as the cost of capital required to cover such events increases. ”[146]

5.2. Adaptation measures

The European ACACIA Project Report[147], published in 2000 by the European Commission and reported in the 3rd National Communication, was a comprehensive report assessing the impacts of climate change, providing a vulnerability assessment, and evaluating the potential for adaptation. Since that time there have been no large-scale studies on adaptation at the EU level, although the European Commission recognised the need to undertake further research and to develop adaptation strategies in their working paper ‘Winning the battle against global climate change’. Most of the policy action currently in this area is undertaken by individual Member States and will be reported in their 4th National Communications. Research projects funded by the European Commission on adaptation in Developing Countries are described in Chapter 8.

However, the Commission is already involved in some adaptation related activities, in particular through the running of an EU wide early warning system for floods (European Flood Alert System - EFAS) and forest fires (European Forest Fire Information System - EFFIS) developed by the Joint Research Center. This will improve responses to natural disasters and assist in preventing damage. Other examples of adaptation related activity in the area of forest fires, which occurs at the European level, includes:

- Prevention . Council Regulation (EEC) No 2158/92 of 23 July 1992[148], on the protection of Community’s forests against fire, established a Community scheme to develop preventative activities against fires. Its measures, together with the monitoring of the occurrence of forest fires[149], will continue to be co-financed until the end of 2006 by the “Forest Focus Regulation”. In the period 2007-2011 monitoring and information measures should then be covered by the new Regulation Life+ (still in draft) managed by DG Environment while prevention measures/infrastructures will be co-financed by the new Rural Development Regulation[150].

- Civil Protection . The Community mechanism to facilitate reinforced cooperation in civil protection assistance interventions, established by Council Decision 2002/792/EC[151], ensures the coordination of assistance intervention in order to provide prompt support and to assist a country (inside and outside the European Union) in need of help, including in the case of forest fires.

- Restoration. The Rural Development Regulation provides support to Member States for restoring forestry production potential damaged by natural disasters and fire linked with the introduction of appropriate prevention instruments. The European Union Solidarity Fund has been established[152] to enable the Community to respond in a rapid, efficient and flexible manner to emergency situations if classified as “major disasters”. Following the huge damages of the exceptional summer 2003 [153] it provided EUR 48.5 million for Portugal and EUR 1.3 million for Spain.

Work is also currently progressing on EC adaptation related activity, under the second phase of the ECCP, the overarching objective of which is to reduce the vulnerability of European society and economy to the adverse affects of climate change. It aims to ensure that adaptation aspects are fully integrated into European climate policy. The expected results are:

- To share and review information on Member States’ approaches to adaptation.

- Identify knowledge gaps and suitable opportunities for additional research programmes.

- Identify good practice and encourage its wider application.

- Define the role of the community in adaptation and examine how to best maximise its added value.

- Encourage Member States to draft national adaptation policies.

As part of this ongoing work a conference was held on 24 October 2005 to launch the second phase of the ECCP, including its new working groups. One of these will be on adaptation and will examine the European dimension of climate change adaptation strategies.

6. FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

Developments

1. The European Union is the world’s largest donor in the development field

2. A strategy has been proposed and an action plan implemented to assist EU development partner countries in meeting the challenges proposed by climate change

3. Nearly 200 projects with a total budget of €300 million have been identified as having a climate change related element

4. Research and scientific technological co-operation with developing countries are key instruments for the implementation of the EU strategy on climate change and development and all partner countries can participate in the Community research programme (6th Framework programme)

6.1. Introduction

The European Union as a whole is the world’s largest donor in the development field, providing more than half of all global development assistance, over €30 billion in 2003. The European Commission manages more than one-fifth of this budget on behalf of the European Community. These funds come from the Community budget as well as the European Development Fund (EDF).

The objective of the EC development co-operation is to foster sustainable development designed to eradicate poverty in partner countries and integrate them into the world economy. The strategic goals are based on the Millennium Development Goals agreed by the world’s leaders at the Millennium Summit in September 2000.

The resources reported in this Chapter are those that come directly from the budget of the Community as a whole, not from individual Member States. Individual Member State contributions are reported in their National Communications.

6.2. Climate Change in Context of Development Cooperation

In 2003, the Commission published a Communication proposing a strategy to assist EU development partner countries in meeting the challenges proposed by climate change[154]. The Council endorsed the strategy in December 2003 and asked that further work be done to develop an Action Plan to accompany the EU Strategy on Climate Change in the Context of Development Cooperation. In December 2004, the Council adopted conclusions together with the EU action plan, whose implementation has already started.

The proposed strategy identifies four strategic priorities:

- Raising the policy profile of climate change, through dialogue and cooperation within the community and with other donors;

- Support to EU partner countries for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change through:

- integrating climate risk management into planning processes; and

- developing research on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation

- Support for mitigation and low GHG development paths through:

- supporting the integration of low-GHG development into the planning process for partner countries;

- supporting partner countries to benefit from the diffusion of environmentally sound technologies; and

- encouraging the private sector to invest in mitigation and low GHG development in partner countries.

- Capacity development and raising public awareness in EU partner countries for the implementation of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.

The Action Plan[155] translates the recommendations of the strategy into concrete actions to be implemented by the Commission, the Member States, partner countries and other stakeholders.

6.3. New and Additional Resources

For overall development, the EU announced in the Monterrey Conference (March 2002) its commitment to increase its overseas development aid (ODA) from the current level of 0.33% of GNP to 0. 39% between now and 2006, which amounts to an extra €7 billion per year. In 2005, the Commission published a communication aimed at accelerating progress towards this target and to the UN target for ODA of 0.7% of Gross National Income by 2015[156].

The EU Action Plan for climate change in the context of development cooperation reaffirms the commitment made in Bonn in July 2001 for the EU to deliver $369 million annually for climate change funding for developing countries by 2005.

The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union’s long-term lending institution. Although the European Commission makes direct funds available to the EIB, e.g. risk capital, interest subsidies under the European Development Fund, most funds are raised on the markets, for financing of capital projects on favourable terms. In 2004, the EIB and The World Bank signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in which the two organizations agreed to cooperate in the development of a Pan-European Carbon Fund (PECF). The PECF would complement carbon trading within the EU ETS, with purchases of greenhouse gas emission reductions through CDM and JI arrangements.

6.4. Resources for development and co-operation in the field of climate change

6.4.1. Overview

The European Community is active in 140 countries and six regions of the world. Many of the projects funded by the EC have climate relevance, although it is not always possible to quantify this. Table -20 shows the financial resources in budget headings most relevant to climate change. The resources shown will not be directed wholly to climate change, and some projects under different headings may have a climate element. This gives a picture though of the overall spending, with a clear indication of the increase between 2002 and 2003.

Table -20 Financial resources relevant to climate change (million €)

Official Development Aid | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 |

Economic infrastructure and services |

Transport | 200. 16 | 318. 72 | 884. 74 |

Energy generation and supply | 134. 12 | 104. 9 | 233. 19 |

Agriculture, forestry and fishing |

Forestry | not available | 29. 54 | 5. 06 |

General Environmental Protection | 132. 57 | 85. 13 | 115. 58 |

Water supply and sanitation | 224. 27 | 100. 9 | 332. 28 |

Total* | 691. 12 | 639. 19 | 1570. 85 |

* This represents the total in these budget headings and is not directed only to climate change

Financial contributions to multilateral institutions are shown in Table 6-2 . It has not been possible to quantify relevant contributions to all the institutions, in some cases contributions will come directly from Member States and not through the European Community Institutions.

Table -21 Financial contributions to multilateral institutions and programmes

Institution or programme | Contribution (millions of €) |

2001 | 2002 | 2003 |

Multilateral Institution |

World Bank* | 1 | 2 |

United Nations Development Programme | 18 | 45 | 176 |

United Nations Environment Programme* | 3 | 3 |

UNITAR | 0.7 | 0.7* |

Multilateral scientific, technological and training programmes |

World wide fund for nature* | 3 | 3 | 3.7 |

* This total is for climate-related projects but is not wholly directed towards climate change.

A more detailed breakdown of the financial contribution to the implementation of the convention is shown in Table -22. The table is in two parts:

- in the first part an estimate has been made of the part of the project that is directly climate related and of the allocation of that budget to the sectors;

- in the second part, projects having a climate change element and the sector to which they relate have been identified but no split of budget can be made.

The EU Action Plan for climate change in the context of development cooperation155 has as one of its strategic objectives to increase the visibility of EU climate change programmes and projects. Progress is on-going, and is demonstrable compared to the 3rd National Communication, but a rigorous system of identification of projects is not in place and the details in Table -22 does not represent an exhaustive list of climate change related projects.

Table -22 Bilateral and regional financial contributions related to the implementation of the Convention (million €)

Purpose The programme forms part of the struggle against desertification in the 9 sahelian member countries of the CILSS, with financial support from the EU. Using the abundant resources of solar energy, it aims to establish a sustainable supply of drinking water to the populations of disenfranchised areas. To achieve this, the programme focuses on: the involvement of the beneficiaries in the implementation of the programme, their involvement in the management of the water supply service, developing the decentralisation of core competences, reinforcing the management capabilities of the operators, and promoting the involvement of the private sector within the Sahel region. |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

Sub-Saharan Africa | Solar/ Water | 73 m€ over 6 years | 2001-2007 |

Description The activities planned include Optimisation of the infrastructure of systems put in place during Phase I (about 210 Drinking Water Supply systems, and 280 community systems), Installation of new Drinking Water Supply systems (465 systems across the 9 countries), Studies looking at support to the implementation of technical and institutional measures for the sustainable management of a drinking water supply service. Regional activities to promote sahelian private sector operators and accompanying measures based on provision of information, education, sanitation, and taking into account the impact on women. |

Indicate factors which led to projects success Learning from Phase I, the RSP II concentrates on the critical success factors for the sustainable management of drinking water supply equipment: Systems will be installed only where there is a clear demand from the local population; Systems will be run by competent private sector managers, Systems will be under the control of the users and the authorities within an appropriate regulatory framework. An effective after-sales service and the guarantee of funding are prerequisites for the viability of the exploitation of these resources on the basis of long term financial stability |

Technology transferred: Under Phase I (1990-1998) of the RSP, 626 pumping systems and 629 community electrification schemes (schools and health centres) were installed – an installed capacity of 1380 kWh at a cost of 34 billion CFA. Phase I demonstrated the relevance of this technology for isolated areas, while showing up serious deficiencies in the management of installations. |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions:Not quantified |

Project/programme title Energy Environment Programme for China |

Purpose The overall programme objectives are improved environmental quality and health conditions within the following strategic orientations: Foster co-operation between Chinese and EU industries in China’s energy markets. To strengthen the security of energy supply in both Asia (China) and Europe. To protect the global environment, in line with international objectives in that sense (in particular in the context of climate change), and to ensure sustainable use of energy. |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

China. | Energy/Capacity Building | €20M | 2003-2008 |

Description The project will undertake three different types of activities: (i) Policy advice to central and local authorities; (ii) Awareness and capacity building (training); (iii) Introduction of new technologies through feasibility studies and demonstration projects. The EEP is conceptually represented by four components (groups of activities) according to the specific topics tackled: 1. Cross sector energy policy development (CSPD) 2. Improve energy efficiency (EE) 3. Increase use of renewable energy (RE) 4. Increase use of natural gas (NG) |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred:Capacity Building, energy related technologies |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions:Not quantified |

Project/programme title CO2 Managers for the Industry in the People's Republic of China |

Purpose The project aims at preparing the ground for the multiplication of the CO2 management approach in China in the larger scale. To this end the project will provide capacity building through the development of expert skills in the field of CO2 management for the Industry in the People's Republic of China. |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

China. | Capacity Building | €0.2M | 2003-2008 |

Description The specific objective of the project is capacity building for CO2 management in China through education and training of about25 advanced Chinese CO2 management experts, who should be able to contribute as multipliers to the long-term and overall objectives of the project: to build up a common understanding of the CO2 problem and the climate change on scientific and political level and the role of world economies, in particular of China, to take responsibility. to develop the theoretical and practical skills to set up CO2 management systems in industries according to international standards. to realize the assets of CO2 management in practical terms to improve the performance of industrial companies. to understand new market-based instruments like emission trading and to set up such international projects in proper and eligible way. to follow up with own CO2 management projects and further capacity building measures using the guideline for CO2 management in China, which will be developed during the project. Being able to make valuable contributions to policy making on governmental respective industrial level by communicating the assets of CO2 management and its various dimensions in professional manner |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred: Capacity Building |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions: Not quantified |

Project/programme title Capacity Building of Developing NGOs to Achieve Sustainable Development through Implementation of Principle 10 |

Purpose The partnership will:provide training; design new interactive assessment tools; support strategic national assessments; facilitate the exchange of best practices through meetings (regional, global) and electronic tools (listservs, websites, a new database); and convene action-oriented national dialogues. |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

Cameroon, Chile, India, Malawi, Paraguay, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe. | Capacity building | 1.3M (only part is climate related) | From 2004 |

Description The specific objectives of the partnership actions include: Building the capacity of developing country NGOs to monitor implementation of Principle 10. The partnership will work to achieve this by training NGOs on the TAI methodology and working with national NGO coalitions in 23 developing countries to conduct comprehensive assessments of implementation of Principle 10. Creating the knowledge base and tools to support informed decisions for the integration of environmental concerns into the development processes in target countries. The partnership will work with developing country NGOs to create new indicator assessment tools, based on the TAI methodology, to assess good governance in the key sectors of water and energy, and to assess how governments involve their citizens in international decision-making processes. Catalyzing commitments by developing country governments, international institutions, and developing country NGOs to implement Principle 10. The partnership will engage governments directly and early in the assessment processes and will convene national dialogues to promote governments’ commitments to closing the gaps identified in the assessments of implementation of Principle 10. Developing a process and broad constituency for consistent action in implementation of Principle 10 and follow-up to the WSSD. The partnership will conduct regional and global meetings to discuss the implications of the assessments, share lessons learned, and document best practices as the partnership helps replicate the process in other countries. |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred: Electronic tools and assessment methodologies |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions: Not quantified |

Project/programme title Capacity building - The UNFCCC: Facilitating implementation and participation in Asia-Pacific (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) |

Purpose The aim of the Action is to ensure in each target country () that the government and key civil society stakeholders are a) informed of the main issues regarding participation in and implementation of the UNFCCC and b) empowered to act. The main target groups include (a) government Ministries especially those that traditionally are not involved in discussions on climate change (b) NGOs, academics and private sector actors who’s core business or field of activity will be impacted by climate change (c) negotiators from the target countries responsible for ensuring that national interests are effectively represented at the UNFCCC negotiations. |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

Tuvalu, Cook Islands, Indonesia and Nepal | Capacity building | 0.75M | From 2004 |

Description The 4 national programmes will focus on the following activities in each country: Raising the awareness of a group of government officials at the national level on the key implementation issues of the UNFCCC and of the barriers and opportunities to participation in the UNFCCC negotiations Identifying and effectively networking members of civil society with a genuine interest, and a stake in climate change – impacts and mitigation. Linking networks of government and civil society to facilitate a multi-stakeholder platform for action on climate change an implementation of the UNFCCC at the national level Utilising the multi-stakeholder platform and a derived ‘Action Core Group’ to support participation within the UNFCCC and national leadership at the international level |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred:Networks and awareness raising |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions: Not quantified |

Project/programme title Environment and community based framework for designing afforestation, reforestation and revegetation projects in the CDM:methodology development and case studies (ENCOFOR) |

Purpose The aim of ENCOFOR is to develop a practical framework for selection, design and evaluation of CDM (Clean Development Mechanism, Kyoto Protocol) AR (Afforestation, Reforestation and Revegetation) projects in (sub)tropical non-annex I countries. |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

Kenya, Uganda, Ecuador, Bolivia | Forestry | 45 months |

Description The objectives are: To develop a framework for the planning and evaluation of CDM AR projects. To use the structural framework for building a toolbox incorporating a series of modules into an Arc View Geographical Information System environment:a land suitability and potential site selection procedure, the GORCAM carbon accounting model, an environmental impact assessment procedure and a community based socio-economic impact assessment To design a logical sequence of data collection, database construction, stakeholder identification, purpose identification (e.g. bioenergy, construction timber or paper pulp), baseline definition and additionality evaluation, carbon balance prediction, local environmental impact evaluation, socio-economic impact evaluation and final project formulation. To test and validate the ENCOFOR toolbox at representative test sites in four developing countries (Kenya, Uganda, Bolivia, Ecuador) with attention for data availability, user friendliness, accuracy and interpretability of output. Information, presentation and promotion of the ENCOFOR tool and the test results to the users/stakeholders community. Feedback from the stakeholders and framework optimisation driven by the users group, animated through the ENCOFOR website. Completed feasibility studies for at least 4 selected project sites including the elaboration of a technical folder, outlines for future negotiation and drafted contract documents. Dissemination of results beyond the direct project environment through the ENCOFOR website, the final symposium and the scientific and technical publications |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred:Information, computer models and data evaluation network |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions: Not quantified |

Project/programme title The Clean Air Initiative in sub-Saharan African Cities aims to reverse the urban air quality deterioration due to vehicle emissions, by far the most important source of urban air pollution in Africa. |

Purpose The five specific objectives of the Clean Air Initiative are to: (a)Raise awareness of the dangers of urban air pollution (b)Measure baseline vehicle emissions, air quality, pollution exposure, and pollution effects; (c)Identify the most cost-effective measures targeting changes in vehicles, fuels, and traffic management; (d)Design, implement, and monitor the impacts of Air Quality Action Plans to reduce pollution, including clear, measurable, and enforceable goals for reducing pollutants; and (e)Strengthen local expertise on air pollution and vehicle and fuel performance |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

Sub-Saharan Africa | Transport | 0.5M from 2003 | 1998 - |

Description The following activities will be carried out in the 2003-2006 1. Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline 2. Reinforcement of Capacity Building and Awareness Campaigns 2. 1. Co-ordination of Sub-Regional Focal Points: 2. 2. Establishment of National and Regional Databases: 2. 3. Promoting Awareness of the Clean Air Initiative: 3. Launching of Research & Dissemination of Information on the Impact of Sulphur in Diesel 4. Case Studies on Air Pollution in Selected Cities and Urban Air Quality Action Plan 5. Dissemination Strategy |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred:Raising awareness, co-operation in the design and implementation of technical, institutional and regulatory measures, and support for the design and implementation of Action Plans. Most of the inputs required for the implementation of the Clean Air Initiative are related to services and capacity building |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions: Not quantified |

Project/programme title Tropical forests and climate change adaptation:Criteria and indicators for adaptive management for reduced vulnerability and long-term sustainability. |

Purpose The aim is to promote adaptation of tropical forests to adverse effect of climate change through the assessment of impacts and costs of climate change, and through the development of criteria and indicators for adaptive forest management for reduced vulnerability |

Recipient country | Sector | Total funding | Years in operation |

South-East Asia (Indonesia); West Africa (Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana); Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica) | Forestry, adaptation | 3M € | 2004 - 2008 |

Description The specific objectives of the project are: To evaluate the impact of climate change and climatic variability on tropical forest ecosystems in selected sites, and to develop maps of critical vulnerable areas and forest types, To develop and test a set of monitoring protocols to assess the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems, forest dependent livelihoods and key forest environmental services (water, carbon and biodiversity) , To develop and test standards and tools (databases, expert systems) on adaptation measures, including analysis of their costs, resistance and resilience , To develop and test criteria and indicators for adaptive management of tropical forests to minimize the negative effects of climate change and climatic variability, To carry out a science-policy dialogue in and across the three pilot regions (South East Asia; West Africa, Central America) in order to test the practicality of developed methods, to diffuse practical and useful information on adaptive forest management to reduce vulnerability, and to build capacities in developing countries through training sessions. |

Indicate factors which led to projects success |

Technology transferred:Expert systems, databases, monitoring protocols, awareness raising |

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions: Not quantified |

1. 7. RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION

Developments

1. The budget for the thematic area that covers climate change in the 6th Framework Programme is €2.12 billion. This is set to increase in the 7th Framework Programme

2. International co-operation is an integral part of the priority thematic areas

3. A wide spectrum of projects related to climate science, impacts, adaptation and mitigation have been supported by the European Union

4. The EU as part of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), is working towards an unprecedented level of coordination and harmonisation of Earth Observation Systems, aimed at the creation of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)

7.1. General Introduction

7.1.1. Background

Scientific research, technological development and innovation are at the heart of the knowledge-based economy. Launched at the Lisbon European Council, the European Research Area has established a reference framework for research, and set an objective of increasing European research effort (both public and private) to 3% of the EU GDP by 2010[164].

The main instruments used by the European Commission to implement research are the framework programmes, managed by DG Research. In addition, the Joint Research Centre (DG JRC) provides research-based policy support, working for the EU policy-maker. Other parts of the Commission, for example DG Transport and Energy, manage demonstration projects.

7.1.2. 6th Framework programme (2002-2006)

The 6th framework programme, which runs from 2002-2006, is investing a budget of €17.5 billion with the aim of supporting collaboration in research, promoting mobility and co-ordinating and investing in mobilising research in support of other EU policies.

The budget for the 6th framework programme represents about 4 to 5% of the overall expenditure on research in EU Member States.

The specific programme strives towards greater integration by promoting research:

- in seven key priority thematic areas of exceptional interest and added value for Europe;

- responding to the special needs of small and medium-sized enterprises;

- in international co-operation with partners in specific groups of third countries.

The thematic area that covers climate change is Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems and has a budget of €2.12 billion. This thematic area comprises:

Sustainable energy systems - €800m

short term – clean energy, efficiency savings, alternative fuels

long term – fuel cells, renewable energy technologies, capture and sequestration of CO2.

Sustainable surface transport - €600m

environmentally friendly and competitive transport systems

safer, more effective and competitive rail and maritime transport

Global change and ecosystems - €700m

greenhouse gases and atmospheric pollution

water cycle and soil

biodiversity

desertification, natural disasters

sustainable land management

modelling and complementary research

An innovative component of the 6th framework programme is ERA-NET, which provides support for trans-national networking and co-ordination of national research programmes. Ultimately it is expected to lead to collaboration of major significance; including strategic planning and design of joint research programmes.

Examples of climate-related research under the 6th framework programme are discussed in the Section 8. 2.

7.1.3. The future for research-7th Framework Programme (2007-2013)

Research is becoming more and more expensive, owing to increasing complexity. As European industrial policy requires the integration of research efforts at the European level and this was recognised in a communication published in June 2004[165]. Six major objectives have been identified to increase the impact of European Union action, and it is proposed to organise future work round these objectives. An increase in the research budget for priority areas, including for climate related research, is also proposed. Stronger co-operation between national programmes and with third countries will further enhance the effectiveness of research. The 7th Framework Programme, that will take forward research based on these objectives from 2007 to 2013, is currently under development[166].

The approval process for the proposed 7th Framework Programme (FP7) for Research Development and Demonstration activities is currently underway, and its details are outlined in COM(2005) 119 final[167]. FP7 is due to run from 2007-2013, with an overall budget of approximately €72.7 billion. It aims to build upon the themes of FP6 and enhance progress towards the goals of the Lisbon Strategy in promoting economic growth, whilst at the same time ensuring social progress and environmental sustainability. The thematic areas most directly linked to climate change (with their indicative budgets) are:

(Theme 5) Energy (€2931M)– with its objective of “ transforming the current fossil-fuel based energy system into a more sustainable one based on a diverse portfolio of energy sources and carriers combined with enhanced energy efficiency, to address the pressing challenges of security of supply and climate change, whilst increasing the competitiveness of Europe’s energy industries ”. The key activities within this theme will focus upon:

- Hydrogen and fuel cells.

- Renewable electricity generation.

- Renewables for heating and cooling.

- CO2 capture and storage technologies for zero emission power generation.

- Clean coal technologies.

- Smart energy networks.

- Energy efficiency and savings.

- Knowledge for energy policy making.

(Theme 6) Environment (including Climate Change) (€2535M)– with its objective of “sustainable management of the environment and its resources through advancing our knowledge on the interactions between the biosphere, ecosystems and human activities, and developing new technologies, tools and services, in order to address in an integrated way global environmental issues”. The key activities within this theme will focus upon:

- Climate change, pollution and risks – in particular looking at pressures on the environment, links to health and natural hazards.

- Sustainable Management of Resources.

- Environmental Technologies – for observation, prevention, mitigation, adaptation, remediation and restoration of the natural and man-made environment.

(Theme 7) Transport (including aeronautics) (€5940M) – with its objective “based on technological advances, develop integrated, “greener” and “smarter” pan-European transport systems for the benefit of the citizen and society, respecting the environment and natural resources; and securing and further developing the leading role attained by the European industries in the global market”. The key related activities within this theme will focus upon:

- The greening of air transport – including reduction of emissions, alternative fuels, traffic management etc.

- The greening of surface transport – including reduction of pollution, promotion of efficient engines, hybrid technology and alternative fuels.

- Encouraging modal shift and decongesting transport corridors.

7.1.4. International co-operation

International co-operation is an integral part of the priority thematic areas, with two main objectives:

- to help European research to access knowledge and expertise existing elsewhere in the world; and

- to ensure Europe’s strong and coherent participation in international research initiatives, to help resolve major global issues, such as climate change

All third country legal entities and international organisations can participate in and eventually benefit from Community financial contributions. A number of initiatives directed toward encouraging international co-operation have been carried out, including visits by senior officials. There also specific activities identified in support of the EU foreign and development aid policies.

7.2. Research

7.2.1. Cross-cutting research

Understanding and accessing the results of research being carried out in the field of global climate change is essential to maximise the impact of existing research and define research needs for the future. The ProPaCC project, funded (with an EC contribution of €0.1M) under the fifth framework programme, created a valuable tool for both researchers and policy-makers[168]. The project gathered information on 160 climate related projects and compiled the information in a user-friendly website accessible through the internet. The project also provided a forum for discussion on global climate change issues. A workshop on the CDM was held in Bangkok in September 2004. The final report from the ProPacCC project168 is a useful source of information on and discussion of the climate-related projects in the fifth framework programme.

7.2.2. Climate systems studies and modelling

The European Union has supported climate change investigations since the 1980s. This support has strengthened over time as EU policies have moved towards placing sustainability at the centre of policy initiatives. Important advances were made, for example in quantifying the carbon cycle, and advanced climate modelling.

Under the 6th framework programme, a wide spectrum of projects is being supported. Operational forecasting, modelling and climate observation systems are included to improve our capacity for documenting on-going changes. Past climate changes are studied to understand better how the various parts of the Earth system interact and to establish a baseline of natural climate variation. Sinks for carbon and nitrogen are studied to understand how carbon sequestration can be promoted.

The funding mechanisms under the 6th framework programme, promote a multi-disciplinary approach bringing together leading research organisations in Europe and internationally.

Examples of research projects are discussed below.

Carbon Cycle

CarboEurope is a network of 15 European research projects with the aim of understanding and quantifying the present terrestrial carbon balance of Europe and the associated uncertainty. The network is a dynamic one, started in 2000 under the fifth framework programme and continuing as CarboEurope-IP[169] in the 6th programme, with the involvement of more than 150 scientists. The budget includes €16.3 million from the Commission and about the same amount from national funding.

The project consists of four components:

- ecosystem level measurements;

- high precision continental scale atmospheric measurements;

- a regional experiment aimed at reducing uncertainty in scaling; and

- merging the various data streams into a comprehensive assessment of the European carbon balance

As a participant in the project, the Joint Research Centre makes use of the results to provide QA/QC to monitoring of carbon sinks and reporting to the EU GHG Inventory System.

The carbon cycle in the oceans is addressed in the Carboocean-IP[170] project. This project aims to reduce uncertainties in the carbon balance in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans in particular, on a timescale from –200 up to 200 years from now, through a mixture of extensive large-scale observations, process studies and advanced computer models.

International projects

The PAN-AMAZONIA[171] project aims to build and strengthen European cooperation with Latin American partners to allow the development of a critical mass of human capacity and techniques for monitoring and understanding the Amazon’s ecosystem role in climate change and biodiversity.

Climate modelling and scenario analysis

The focus in recent years has moved from the development of large-scale climate models to linking these models to policy needs and to validating the results

Three projects from the 5th framework programme brought together expertise from across Europe in the fields of climate modelling:

- PRUDENCE – provided high-resolution climate change scenarios using dynamic downscaling methods[172]

- STARDEX – provided improved downscaling methodologies for the construction of changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events[173]

- MICE – used information taken directly from climate models to explore future changes in extreme events in Europe[174]

In the 6th framework programme, the ENSEMBLES[175] project brings together 70 partners from EU, Switzerland, Australia and the US, with funding from the programme of €15 million. The project aims to develop and validate an ensemble prediction system for climate change and to quantify and reduce the uncertainty in the representation of feedbacks in the Earth System

Deeper understanding of the intrinsic variability and stability properties of the climate will be gained through the DYNAMITE[176] project.

International projects

The CLARIS[177] projects provides for transfer of knowledge and expertise in Earth System Models between Europe and South America and the creation of a high-quality climate database for South America.

7.2.3. Impacts of climate change

Research on the impacts of climate change have been undertaken under the various topics in Global Change and Ecosystems under the 6th framework programme and under previous programmes. During 2000, the results of different projects were brought together in the Acacia project described in the 3rd National Communication.

Dinas-Coast[178] was an integrated modelling project that combined state-of-the-art science and data from a range of different disciplines to help policymakers interpret and evaluate coastal vulnerability. EURO-LIMPACS addresses the impacts on freshwater eco-systems. cCASHh investigates the ways in which climate change affects health. The impacts of floods and heat waves are among the direct effects of weather on health. Food borne diseases that increase in summer, and diseases transmitted by ticks or mosquitoes are indirect effects of climate change through change in seasonal patterns of infectious diseases. [179]

International projects

The AMMA[180] project aims to re-enforce regional environmental monitoring systems to improve the ability to predict the impact of climate change on West African Monsoon variability. Integrated water management systems for twinned river basins in Botswana, Chile, Kazakhstan, UK and Sweden are the subject of a project TWINBAS. The EU’s Joint Research Centre is involved in international research co-operation on monitoring and assessing ecosystem sustainability. One example of such activities is a co-operation project between the EU and Russia on using remote sensing for environmental monitoring. Researchers from the EU and Russia are applying satellite data to detect forest cover changes in north western Russia and in the Far East.

7.2.4. Socio-economic research

EU socio-economic work has and is being used to develop tools and methods to evaluate scientifically the economic, social and environmental impacts of proposed policies. There are three main topics and example projects are discussed below.

Total costs – social and environmental cost of energy system

The consideration of external costs is one way of re-balancing social and environmental dimensions with purely economic ones. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the ExternE network[181] has worked to produce robust and validated external costs associated with energy production and consumption. The work continues in the NEEDS project, which has 65 partners and support of €7 million. METHODEX (with an EC contribution of €1.2M) aims at:advancing best practice in external cost assessment, extending the analysis of external costs to agriculture, industry, waste and other sectors and assist the use of externality studies in these sectors by incorporating this externality information into the ‘Review of Externalities Data’ database[182]. GREENSENSE developed a framework of monetary assessment accounting for efficiency and sustainability. It extended the measurement of physical damage to include other areas such as climate change and biodiversity and estimated emission reductions required and costs to satisfy sustainable development criteria such as stabilization of carbon dioxide concentrations[183].

Forecasting and scenario activity, quantitative and qualitative

Examples of the tools developed under previous programmes include the energy models, PRIMES and POLES, macro economic models such as GEM-E3 and HERMES and databases MURE and SAFIRE. These tools are being developed further and are also being used more widely in the Commission, in particular by its Joint Research Center, to evaluate specific policies and measures, also as part of sustainability impact assessments required for specific policies.

New tools being developed in the energy field include CASCADE MINTS, to be used to develop conclusions on the use of renewable energy sources, hydrogen, and LETIT, to introduce systematic methodologies to identify local sustainable energy opportunities.

WETO-H2 will forecast the world energy outlook for the period to 2050 to support EU energy, technology and environmental policies. The project will:

- Produce long-term energy demand, supply and price reference projections for the main regions of the world, focussing on European issues (renewables and CO2 emissions reductions).

- Evaluate the consequences of technological breakthroughs on energy demand and supply.

- Consider the implications of two EU energy-environment strategies: implementation of a hydrogen-based energy system and reduction of energy-related CO2 emissions by a ‘factor 4’.

Beyond the energy field, methods are also developed that are used for sustainability impact assessments in general and land-use specifically. SENSOR will develop science based ex-ante sustainability impact assessment tools to support decision making on policies related to multifunctional land use in European regions[184]. MOSUS is developing an integrated ecological-economic simulation model to quantify relations between socio-economic driving forces and the state of the environment, and has an EC contribution of approximately €1.3M. The analysis will be based on a multi-country, multi-sectoral macroeconomic framework that integrates material and energy flows (and GHG emissions) as well as land use data in European and global simulations[185]. The project INSEA is analysing the possible role of agriculture and forestry related carbon sinks at the European and international level, it has EC funding of €1.5M. [186]

The objectives of SustainabilityA-Test (Advanced Techniques for the Evaluation of Sustainability Assessment Tools) are to: provide an appraisal of tools for sustainable development assessments for key aspects of sustainable development and to apply a framework for evaluating the tools, it has EC funding of €1.3M[187]. MINIMA-SUD develops a methodology for integrating impact assessment in the field of sustainable development covering impacts on climate change, air pollution, transport, as well as economic impacts and energy-related issues. The EC funding contribution amounts to approximately €0.6M. The core is to construct a tool for policy integration incorporating uncertainty for a large number of objectives that reflect sustainable development indicators such as global temperature change.[188] The purpose of MATISSE is to achieve a step-wise advance in the science and application of Integrated Sustainability Assessment by:developing a systematic inventory of tools and methods and a conceptual framework, improving existing tools and methods and developing new ones and applying these methods in case studies such as agriculture, forestry and land use and dematerialization. The R&D for SD project describes sustainable development scenarios with the NEMESIS econometric model. It assesses the cost of sustainable development policies and their implications for energy use and greenhouse gases emphasizing the role of R&D, innovation and knowledge[189]. EC project funding is approximately €1M.

Finally, the goal of the GECS project was to develop global (world) scenarios in order to analyse the impacts of Post-Kyoto policies under flexibility mechanisms for emission reduction, including options to reduce emissions resulting from land use change and for strengthening carbon sinks[190]. The new GAINS-ASIA project brings together state-of-the-art models on air pollution and climate change to assess policies that maximize synergies and benefits between these policy areas with a special focus on China and India. The new ADAM (ADaptation And Mitigation) project will assess the extent to which mitigation and adaptation policies can achieve a transition to a global climate no warmer than 2°C above pre-industrial levels and identify the associated costs. ADAM will also assess a portfolio of longer term strategic policy options that could contribute to the achievement of the 2°C target as well as adaptation policy. The new TETRIS project aims at exploring the economic and industrial impacts as well as the prospects for achieving technology transfer associated with the implementation of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms and the associated risks.

7.2.5. Mitigation and adaptation technologies

Energy system

Energy use has a number of important social, economic and environmental impacts and significant research resources have been directed towards the energy sector. The European Union’s policy objective of achieving more sustainable energy systems (SES) is of great strategic importance and covers:

- development of cleaner energy systems, including renewable energies

- economical and efficient use of energy

- socio-economic activities.

Current SES research in the EU includes:

- Energy production from renewable sources

- Fuel cells and hydrogen

- Cleaner energy from fossil fuels (CO2 capture and storage)

- Energy storage and distribution

- Reduced energy consumption

- Cross-cutting issues on energy markets

In addition to the more basic research funded under the 6th framework programme[191], the Intelligent Energy for Europe programme supports non-technological actions in the field of energy[192]. Running from 2003-2006, the programme will provide support of around €250 million. It is divided into four fields:

- SAVE aimed at improvement of energy efficiency, in particular in buildings and industry

- ALTENER for promotion of new and renewable energy for heat and electricity;

- STEER to support initiatives related to energy aspects of transport including promotion of new fuels; and

- COOPENER to support initiatives relating to the promotion of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in developing countries

The Joint Research Centre operates a Scientific Technical Reference System on Renewable and End-Use Efficiency, providing data on the progress of the implementation of renewable energies.

Recognising the barriers to the take-up of environmental technologies, the European Commission launched the Environmental Technology Action Plan[193]. Actions were identified to boost the development and deployment of environmental technologies in a range of sectors.

Mitigation in transport has been addressed by several research projects in FP5 and FP6. Reductions in emissions from aeroplanes have for instance been targeted in two major engine research projects:

- EEFAE (Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Aero Engine)

- VITAL (Environmentally Friendly Aero-Engines).

The total costs of the projects amount to more than 200 million Euro and together they attempt to meet the difficult challenge of researching, developing and demonstrating the potential of advanced technologies to reduce substantially the CO2 and nitrogen oxide emitted by aero-engines. These technologies should be available in 2009 and could in the future cut up to 18% of the CO2 emitted compared with the levels achieved by the best engines of 2000, and some 60% or more of the NOx emissions with respect to CAEP2 standards.

Cleaner energy systems and efficient use of energy

More than half the renewable energy research in the EU is done by the public sector, with one quarter of the public spending coming directly from the EU budget[194].

Under the 6th framework programme, the CIVITAS initiative is aimed at help towns to develop a more balanced and cleaner urban mobility. The EU contribution accounts for approximately €100M with the budget for the overall initiative expected to be over €300M. Concerto is also aimed at urban centres, promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy. The potential for hydrogen is to be demonstrated through CUTE , where 27 fuel-cell powered buses are circulated through nine European towns. The total budget is approximately €18.5M.

European research on fuel cells is focussed on reducing the costs and on improving the performance, durability and reliability[195].

Several projects have been funded to look at carbon capture and storage[196]. These include ENCAP to provide pre-combustion de-carbonisation technologies and CASTOR aimed at reducing the costs of capture and storage. The indicative budgets for these projects are €10.7M and €8.5M respectively.

Most of the research activities on energy efficiency are undertaken in the SAVE programme or in integrated projects such as Concerto.

Research Fund for Coal and Steel

The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) expired on 23 July 2002, after 50 years, and the remaining ECSC funds were transferred to the European Community to create a common fund dedicated for research in the coal and steel area.

The Research Programme of the Research Fund for Coal and Steel[197] is managed by DG Research and has open continuous calls for proposals along similar lines to the previous ECSC RTD programme.

Work related to the mitigation of climate change includes:

- Increasing the efficiency and improving the use of coal as a clean energy source.

- Low CO2 steel production processes (which is coordinated with specific funding within the Priority 3[198] area of the 6th Framework Programme for ‘very low CO2 steel processes)

A Steel Technology Platform (STP), launched in 2003, brings together all interested stakeholders to develop a long term vision of technology use and to better integrate the two complementary research frameworks. The first long-term STP project aims to reduce the CO2 emissions of the steel industry. The European steel industry is contributing to the challenge of lowering CO2 emissions by creating the ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking) consortium of industries and of research institutes with the mission of developing innovative processes. This large-scale consortium (48 European participants) plans to develop a steelmaking process that has the potential of significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2020. The full development of the process, from basic concept to fully-fledged industrial implementation would cover both medium- and long-terms and consist of a number of consecutive projects.

Other mitigation

Mitigation in agriculture and forestry is being addressed in INSEA (mentioned in section 7.2.4) and SEAMLESS-IF . INSEA aims to develop a transparent toolbox to help understand how the forestry and agricultural sectors can contribute to the sustainable-development process by adopting mitigation technologies. SEAMLESS-IF will allow ex-ante analysis of the impacts of policies and behavioural changes, through clarification of the benefits, costs and externalities associated with farming system management. Potential mitigation options in dairy farming were calculated in the MIDAIR project funded under the 5th framework project[199], with a budget of approximately €1. 6M.

International projects

Several projects, mainly focussed on Africa, have been financed under the COOPENER programme. Opportunities for Joint Implementation in Central and Eastern Europe and the Clean Development Mechanism in the Mediterranean area were studied in the 5th framework programme[200].

7.3. Systematic observation and global climate observation

7.3.1. General approach to systematic observation

Over the past few decades, Europe has built up considerable experience and technical know-how in the design, production and operation of Earth observing tools. Now, the ad-hoc Group on Earth Observations (GEO), with strong political backing from governments and support from round the world, is working towards an unprecedented level of coordination and harmonisation of Earth Observation Systems, aimed at the creation of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). On 16 February 2005, over 50 countries and 40 international and scientific organisations signed up to create the GEOSS, at a summit hosted by the European Commission in Brussels.

The GEOSS will bring together all available information on the state of the global environment, consolidating existing data from disparate sources. Responding to socio-economic needs, it will facilitate the provision of relevant and meaningful environmental information to policy-makers and the scientific community, improving the decision-making process. During its ten-year implementation period, GEOSS will also provide new impetus for research on EO systems and services.

As with the current programme, significant resources from within the next EU Framework Programme, due to start in 2006, will be available to research on Earth observation. Activities such as the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES)[201] initiative described in the 3rd National Communication will play a key role in furthering earth observation activities, as the main contribution of the EU to GEO. Strong co-operation with both the EU’s Member States and a range of other countries and organisations around the world will continue to be an important part of the programme.

In terms of direct participation in Global Climate Observation systems, the main responsibility lies with individual Member States, although sometimes individual stations will be part of EU projects.

7.3.2. Meteorological and atmospheric observation

The Joint Research Centre operates the World Data Centre for Aerosol under the Global Atmosphere Watch. Current work is concentrating on building up archives of commonly available parameters. Direct contributions to the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) and the GCOS Surface Network (GSN) are from observing stations in individual Member States.

GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) is a joint programme of the European Commission and the European Space Agency, designed to establish a European capacity for the provision and use of operational information for monitoring and management of the environment and for civil security. Europe makes a substantial contribution to the networks of research stations that make regular measurements of a broad range of atmospheric constituents. During 2002-2004, the GMES-GATO consortium defined a strategy for GMES to help develop an integrated global atmospheric observing system by 2008[202].

EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network to Establish an Aerosol Climatology) was funded by the Commission to build a comprehensive statistical database of the distribution of aerosols across the European continent.

The goals of the CREATE and DAEDALUS projects were to advise on the optimum use of aerosol in-situ, ground-based and satellite remote sensing data to:

- deliver data and information to the users;

- make proposals for aerosol monitoring as part of the European capacity;

- be established for GMES; and

- develop the methodologies necessary for delivering operational aerosol products.

On-going action is the Preparation for the Use of Meteosat Second generation satellites in Africa (PUMA).

Future developments

Significant improvements in the co-ordination of ground-based and satellite-based atmospheric measurements are needed. The aims are the continuation, optimisation and analysis of long-term ground-based atmospheric observations, to complement satellite measurement systems.

7.3.3. Oceanic observations

A number of EU funded projects contribute to different aspects of oceanic observations. GRAND is an EU-supported project aimed at bringing together regional alliances of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).

Large-scale observation of the carbon cycle in oceans is the subject of Carboocean-IP described in Section 7.2.2.

The overall objective of MERSEA was to integrate existing spaceborne observations with data from in-situ monitoring networks and systems through ocean modelling and data assimilation system.

Future developments

Research will contribute to the establishment of a permanent European ocean margin observatory network, extending into deep water, capable of monitoring biological, geochemical, geophysical and physical processes. In addition, research will support the consolidation, integration and development of existing networks, including satellite remote-sensing and in-situ observation stations into a single integrated pan-European system, capable of making long-term systematic measurements of ocean parameters.

7.3.4. Terrestrial observations

Terrestrial observation projects in the EU have a number of objectives:

- monitoring the state of soils and understanding the carbon balance

- monitoring land use, land use change and forestry

- understanding and monitoring terrestrial ecosystems

Monitoring land use, land use change and forestry

The objective of the AMESD programme is to help African countries to improve the management of natural resources by providing them with appropriate information on their environment using Earth observation technologies.

The SENSOR project uses a variety of Earth Observation data to develop sustainable impact assessment tools for land-use.

Under the fifth framework programme, BIOPRESS aimed to provide decision makers with quantitative information on how changing land cover/use has affected the environment and biodiversity in Europe. LADAMER sought to identify hot spot areas subject to a high desertification/degradation risk, and to provide a detailed assessment of the present degradation of Mediterranean land.

Terrestrial Ecosystems

The JRC action on Terrestrial Ecosystem Monitoring will provide a long-term picture of the conditions in ecosystems identified according to the priorities of EU aid, development and international environmental policies:monitoring of land management issues in Africa, forest resources assessment and sustainable forest development in Russia. It will also contribute to the updating of the biomass burning emission inventory. These activities hinge on the use of the latest advances in remote sensing science and access to data acquired by various Earth Observing satellites to characterize the state and evolution of the vegetation cover. The action contributes to GMES by providing a scientific support to partner institutions, which have an operational mandate in Europe in the field of low-resolution satellite observations for terrestrial environmental monitoring.

GLORIA-Europe established a long-term monitoring network to study climate change-induced impacts on alpine eco-system.

Future work

The mechanisms of desertification and natural disasters have been identified as an important area for future work, and to understand their relationship to climate change, so as to improve decision-making. Further research aimed at protecting and restoring fragile ecosystems, including techniques for protection against surface water erosion and soil degradation, is also identified as a priority area.

7.3.5. Space-based observing programmes

Europe has successfully developed and launched Earth observation systems, providing a comprehensive set of operational space missions with permanent and continuous observing capabilities of the Earth’s system. The current meteorological component will continue in service until 2015/2020, but the other Earth Observation European satellites currently in orbit have a nominal lifetime terminating in 2007/2008.

JRC builds on in-house research and networking with recognized Centres of Excellence in Europe to develop state of the art optimised algorithms to extract information from space observations in the optical domain. The action also advises Space Agencies on the design of future space instruments to meet the increasingly demanding needs of the user community and contributes directly to the GMES initiative. Specific advanced products to document the spatial and temporal distribution of land surface albedo and vegetation productivity will be generated in house or with the help of data providers to document the state and evolution of terrestrial environments over a multi-year period. This is directly relevant to the estimation of carbon sinks. Initial work in this direction led to the generation and delivery of preliminary biogeophysical products to document the productivity of the terrestrial biosphere for limited areas and periods of time. From 2004, this R&D project is focussed on extending their spatial extent and temporal coverage.

8. EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

Developments

1. The European Commission is committed to the principles of open government and provides a large amount of information to the public in a variety of forms

2. The European Commission internet site provides a comprehensive source of information on Community actions and concerns including climate change

3. The European Awards for the Environment given by the European Commission are designed to recognise and promote companies that make an outstanding contribution to sustainable development

4. Green Week 2005 was entirely devoted to climate change and brought together environmental stakeholders to ‘think aloud’ about the future of global climate change policies

5. EU Member States support activities conducted by the UN under Article 6 of the UNFCCC (Education, training, and public awareness). These activities have included, since 2002, several regional workshops and the preliminary development by the UN of an internet based information clearing house, as well as activities undertaken nationally by individual Member States.

8.1. Introduction

The European Commission is committed to the principles of open government and provides a large amount of information to the public in a variety of forms. Activities in these areas are focused on raising public awareness since most activities in education and training are conducted at the Member State level. The European Commission recognises the crucial importance of education and training and provides support through dissemination of good practice, in some cases through networks which it manages.

The Community’s information policy in relation to the environment, including climate change, has several objectives:

- To promote the results of Community policies and to provide information about proposals and actions

- To make more explicit the links between Community actions and the concerns of citizens facing environmental problems

- To ensure the transparency of European policy

- To encourage debate and partnership and generate feedback on policies.

The main tools used by the Environment Directorate-General are:

- A comprehensive website providing access to a wide range of information tools such as press releases, speeches, reports, studies, policy discussions and legislative texts

- An information centre handling all types of enquiries and visits from the public

- Printed publications for the informed public, general readers and children

- Relationships with the written press and audio-visual media. The Commission gives briefings and press conferences, and provides press releases and memos, a TV news service and targeted audio-visual material such as video news releases

- Co-operation with business, NGOs and networks to disseminate information

- Subsidies for awareness-raising projects

- Conferences, such as Green Week – which this year was entirely devoted to climate change - to raise the visibility of environmental issues and of the European response to them.

The Environment Directorate-General is working on a climate change awareness campaign to take place during 2005-2006. The programme, mainly targeted at the general public, will seek to inform citizens about climate change in general and to convince them that everyone can make a difference and has a responsibility to protect the climate. The campaign will use a variety of media to address different categories of citizens.

8.2. Information centre

The Information Centre provides a focal point for enquiries regarding the environment and is open to the public as well as European Commission staff. Approx. 9,000 publications are held at the Information Centre, including books, studies, publications of the Environment DG and CD ROMs. It also subscribes to newspapers and environmental magazines. It is estimated that around 15% of enquiries from the public relate to climate change.

8.3. Internet site

The European Community internet site provides a comprehensive source of information on Community actions and concerns. Most information on Climate Change issues is accessed through the European Commission’s DG Environment website http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_htm. Other DGs as well as the European Environment Agency (EEA) (http://www.eea.eu.int/) also include information on climate change which can be accessed through their websites. Climate change has dedicated pages on the DG Environment site at http://europa.eu. int/comm/environment/climat/home_en.htm, but, where relevant, information relating to climate change can also be accessed through the other areas. The number of hits on the climate change pages has been steadily increasing, starting from around 2,000 per month in 1999 and reaching over 70,000 per month in 2004.

The DG Environment website as a whole covers a number of areas including:

- Policy areas: pages informing about policy on, for example air, water, land use, nature and biodiversity, resources and waste, environment and health, climate change.

- News:press releases, audiovisual material and news about activities, (upcoming) events, etc.

- Key speeches

- Integration: presentation of the relationships between the environment and other Community policy areas, including links to the environment pages of other DGs.

- Statistics:a variety of indicators and other statistical data on the environment.

- Legislation: information and links to existing and proposed legislation in the environmental field.

- Funding opportunities for environmental projects under a variety of programmes.

- Publications: books, newsletters and reports on aspects of the environment including climate change. Most of the reports and newsletters are downloadable.

- Working together: information about, and access to, initiatives and means for citizens and stakeholders to contribute to policy making.

An ‘Environment for Young Europeans’ section containing information on a range of environmental issues written for a youth audience

In the near future the environment internet site will be transformed into a thematic portal site, integrating through a unique entry a complete range of information and services on the environment.

8.4. Publication programme

The Environment DG has an active publication programme, but the number of publications is decreasing as more information is disseminated electronically through the internet and the audio visual media. Climate change issues are among those covered by the programme. In January 2005 the Environment DG produced a brochure and a video CD explaining the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, a key measure to reduce CO2 emissions. The March 2005 issue of the DG’s “Environment for Europeans” magazine[203] focused on climate change. It covered issues such as the outcome of the COP 10 meeting in Buenos Aires and the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol and its implications. 2005 will also see publications from DG Environment informing children, young adults and the general public on the effects of climate change and the need for action to slow it down. These publications are made available both electronically and on paper.

8.5. Co-operation with the press and audio-visual sector

The written press and the audio-visual media are crucial communication channels which the European Commission serves extensively. Besides daily press briefings where journalists are free to raise any issue they wish, dedicated press conferences and technical briefings on environmental initiatives and issues take place regularly. The Commission produces press releases as well as providing backgrounder (information memos, Questions and Answers), with climate change a frequently covered theme.

The Commission runs a European TV news service, Europe by Satellite http://europa. eu.int/comm/ebs, which provides raw materials to be used by broadcasters. These include live transmissions, unedited pictures and full programmes. The Environment DG also produces 12-15 video news releases (VNRs) per year on environmental policies and issues for use by television stations and networks. Climate change is a regular theme. For the Green Week 2005 event, which will focus on climate change, three VNRs on climate change-related issues are planned. Recently produced VNRs include themes such as the EU emissions trading scheme and a package of three films on renewable energy sources. A CD-rom and video on the EU emissions trading scheme have also been produced.

Press releases and other news items can be found at http://europa.eu. int/comm/environment/press_en.htm while audiovisual content is available from http://www.tvlink.org/home.cfm?dg=env.

8.6. Co-operation with the business sector, NGO and networks

The European Awards for the Environment given by the European Commission are designed to recognise and promote companies that make an outstanding contribution to sustainable development (http://www.eu-environment-awards.org). The awards were created in 1987 and are presented every two years.

The EU has an Action Programme to promote European environmental NGOs. NGOs can apply for funding to support their activities in the field of environmental protection . Successful applicants during the last few years have included Climate Network Europe, a coordinating office for environmental groups in Western Europe working on climate change issues.

The Green Spider network is composed of information and communication officers from the central environmental administrations of Member States, the Environment DG and the European Environment Agency. It is an instrument of information and mutual support between the European Commission and national administrations. The network has recently carried out a comprehensive survey of climate change campaigns run by public administrations and NGOs as a basis for building future partnerships.

8.7. Subsidies to awareness raising projects

The objectives of the funding opportunities are to:

- Increase the general public’s awareness of environmental issues;

- Inform citizens about European environmental policy;

- Encourage the creation of European partnerships;

- Encourage well targeted and creative communication activities at grassroots level.

Some of the climate change awareness raising projects which have received financing are:

- ‘Building awareness of climate change,’ a travelling exhibition on climate change designed and produced by Fondazione IDIS-Città della Scienza.

- An audio visual report (interview with Margot Wallström, then European Commissioner for the Environment) by EuroNews for their magazine programme "Europeans".

- Ocean & Climate Interactive Display For Aquariums and Museums designed and produced by CNM - Centre National de la Mer (France).

- A television campaign in three European countries about sustainable architecture, featuring success stories on low energy homes and buildings.

- Advertising campaign on ‘green electricity’ called ‘Switch to Green Electricity’, climate change and sustainable use of resources done by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) United Kingdom.

- ZOOM - a campaign for children all over the European Union about sustainable mobility and the environment.

- A Union wide information campaign by WWF’s European Policy Office called ‘POWER SWITCH!’ to promote green electricity to businesses and local authorities.

- A call for proposals was launched in spring 2005. It focuses on awareness-raising projects in the field of climate change with special emphasis on European audiovisual productions for television, radio, cinema and internet.

8.8. Conferences

The European Commission organises conferences to discuss existing and future environmental policies, and to disseminate the results of environmental projects. Examples of these conferences are the annual Green Week and Mobility Week events.

Green Week 2005 is entirely devoted to climate change. Green Week brings together environmental stakeholders to ‘think aloud’ about how we can change our behaviour in order to protect the environment and improve the quality of life for this and future generations. Green Week is organised in the week prior to World Environment Day on June 5 and gathers about 4,000 participants. Besides a programme of conferences, Green Week also features a large exhibition by stakeholders.

Mobility Week puts the spotlight on sustainable transport options and the link between air pollution and health in urban areas, particularly focusing on action by local authorities. Mobility Week runs from 16 to 22 September, the latter date being European Car Free Day.

8.9. Education

EU Member States also support programmes undertaken by the UN under Article 6 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which deals with education, training and public awareness. The EU has endorsed the New Delhi Work Programme, which is a non-binding work programme agreed at COP8 in New Delhi (2002). This programme relates to the promotion of international cooperation, education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information. Member States (UK, France, Sweden) submitted information to the UN as part of an intermediate review of the New Delhi Work Programme in 2004. France and the UK have contributed 70,000 and 30,000 Euros respectively to support the development of an internet-based Information Clearing House designed to disseminate information on education, training and public awareness to the public. The EU held a European regional workshop on Article 6 in Belgium in 2002, and has also offered translation services (French) to a subsequent African regional workshop held in the Gambia in January 2004.

Annex 1:The EC inventory methodology and data

Methodology

The EC inventory is compiled, as far as possible, in accordance with the recommendations for inventories set out in the ‘UNFCCC guidelines for the preparation of national communications by parties included in Annex 1 to the Convention, Part 1:UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories’ (FCCC/CP/2002/8)[204]. It is compiled on the basis of the inventories of the 15 or 25 Member States. The emissions of each source category are the sum of the emissions of the respective source and sink categories of the 15 or 25 Member States. This is also provides the base year estimate of the EU-15 GHG inventory. Currently, 13 Member States have indicated they will chose 1995 as the base year for fluorinated gases, while Finland and France have indicated they will chose 1990.

Member States use different national methodologies, national activity data or country-specific emission factors in accordance with IPCC and UNFCCC guidelines. The EC believes that this is consistent with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines and the IPCC good practice guidelines, provided each methodology is consistent with the IPCC good practice guidelines.

In general, no separate methodological information is provided at EC level except summaries of methodologies used by Member States. However, for some sectors quality improvement projects, including expert workshops, have been started with the aim of further improving estimates at Member State level. These sectors include energy background data, emissions from international bunkers, emissions and removals from LULUCF, and emissions from agriculture and uncertainty assessment of GHG inventories. In Spring 2005 a workshop for improving methods related to GHG inventories and projections will be organised for the waste sector.

Table 23 Time series and reporting formats available from MS by 15 April 2005

Belgium | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 1990-2003 | Yes |

Cyprus | 29 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Czech Republic | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990, 1992, 1994-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - | Yes |

Denmark | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 1990-2003 |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Estonia | 4 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - | Yes |

Finland | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 2003 |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 1990-2003 | Yes |

France | 7 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Germany | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 1990-2003 | Mapping |

Greece | 17 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 1990-2003 |

1 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | LUCF | - | Net |

31 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - |

Hungary | 17 Feb 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - |

17 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - | Yes |

Ireland | 17 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Italy | 17 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | LUCF | 1990-2003 |

25 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Net |

7 Apr 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Net |

Latvia | 19 Jan 2005 (earlier to COM) | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Lithuania | 18 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1998, 2001-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | 2003 | - |

18 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1998, 2001-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - | - |

Luxembourg | 11 Apr 2005 | 2003 | 2003 | Limited | - | Yes |

Malta |

Netherlands | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 90, 00, 03 |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | 1990-2003 | Yes |

Poland |

Portugal | 14 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Slovakia | 19 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - |

7 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - | Yes |

Slovenia | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | Full CRF only for 2003. | - |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1986, 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Spain | 1 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

Sweden | 14 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

United Kingdom | 21 Jan 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - |

22 Feb 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | LUCF | 1990-2003 |

11 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | LUCF | 1990-2003 |

15 Mar 2005 | 2003 | 1990-2003 | All | - | Yes |

All = all or almost all (approx. more than 90 %) of the CRF tables; Limited = Sectoral Report Tables, Table 1A(a), Summary 1. A, Summary 3

CRF Tables and Reference Approach

The annex presents greenhouse gas emission data for the European Community (EU-25) in the Summary Tables 1. A of the Common Reporting Format for 1990 to 2003. The complete CRF tables (including all background tables) for individual Member States are available on the EEA website.

Data gap procedure

The EC GHG inventory is compiled by using the inventory submissions of the EC Member States. For data gaps in Member States’ inventory submissions, the following procedure is applied by the ETC/ACC in accordance with the implementing provisions under Council Decision No 280/2004/EC:

- If a consistent time series of reported estimates for the relevant source category is available from the Member State for previous years that has not been subject to adjustments under Article 5. 2 of the Kyoto Protocol, extrapolation of this time series is used to obtain the emission estimate. As far as CO2 emissions from the energy sector are concerned, extrapolation of emissions should be based on the percentage change of Eurostat CO2 emission estimates if appropriate.

- If the estimate for the relevant source category was subject to adjustments under Article 5. 2 of the Kyoto Protocol in previous years and the Member State has not submitted a revised estimate, the basic adjustment method used by the expert review team as provided in the ‘Technical guidance on methodologies for adjustments under Article 5. 2 of the Kyoto Protocol,[205] is used without application of the conservativeness factor.

- If a consistent time series of reported estimates for the relevant source category is not available and if the source category has not been subject to adjustments under Article 5. 2 of the Kyoto Protocol, the estimation should be based on the methodological guidance provided in the ‘Technical guidance on methodologies for adjustments under Article 5. 2 of the Kyoto Protocol’ without application of the conservativeness factor.

Instances where the data gap procedure has been applied are shown in Table 2.

Table 24 Overview of missing data

Member State | CO2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | SF6 |

Cyprus | 1990-2003 | 1990-2003 | 1990-2003 |

Czech Republic | 1991; 1993 | 1991; 1993 | 1991; 1993 | 1990-94 | 1990-94 | 1990-94 |

Estonia | 1990-2003 | 1990-2003 |

Greece | 1990-2003 |

Ireland | 1990-94 |

Lithuania | 1991-97; 1999-2000 | 1991-97; 1999-2000 | 1991-97; 1999-2000 | 1990-2000 | 1990-2003 | 1990-2003 |

Luxembourg | Summary 1A for 1991-93 1; Tables 1, 1A(a), 2(I), 3, 4, 5, 6 for 1990-97; 1999; 2001 | Summary 1A for 1991-1993; Tables 1, 1A(a), 2(I), 3, 4, 5, 6 for 1990-97; 1999; 2001 | Summary 1A for 1991-1993; Tables 1, 1A(a), 2(I), 3, 4, 5, 6 for 1990-97; 1999; 2001 | 1990-97; 1999 | 1990-97; 1999 | 1990-97; 1999 |

Malta | 2001-03 | 2001-03 | 2001-03 | 1990-2003 | 1990-2003 | 1990-2003 |

Poland | 2003 | 2003 | 2003 | 1990-94; 2003 | 1990-94; 2003 | 1990-94; 2003 |

(1)Total CO2 emissions for 1991–93 are available for Luxembourg but without sector and category split.

Differences between EC submissions and Member States’ submissions in 2005

Due to the reporting required in Category 5 of CRF Table Summary 1.A., inconsistencies occur between the EC CRF submission 2004 and the sum of the EC Member States’ submissions in 2005. Footnote 5 of CRF Table Summary 1.A. requires Parties to report net emissions (emissions minus removals) from LUCF in each subcategory 5 and in the total sum of Category 5. Only a single number should be placed in either the CO2 emissions or CO2 removals column, as appropriate. Thirteen Member States reported net removals from LUCF for 2002, two Member States (Portugal and the Netherlands) reported net CO2 emissions. At EC level, CO2 removals were larger than CO2 emissions. Therefore, net removals were reported that resulted from adding the net removals of the 13 Member States and deducting the net emissions of Portugal and the Netherlands.

This means that total CO2 emissions at EC level do not include net emissions from LUCF of Portugal and the Netherlands. (In turn, net emissions from LUCF of Portugal and the Netherlands reduce net removals of the EC. ) The sum of CO2 emissions of the national submissions to the UNFCCC Secretariat includes net emissions of Portugal and the Netherlands and therefore is higher. In turn, the sum of CO2 removals in the national submissions to the UNFCCC is also higher.

International bunkers

International bunker emissions of the EC inventory are the sum of the international bunker emissions of the Member States and all international (including intra-EU) marine and aviation emissions are included in the Memo Item "International Bunkers".

Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures

The quality of EC GHG inventory depends on the quality of the Member States’ inventories, the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures of the Member States and the quality of the compilation process of the EC inventory. Most EC Member States, and also the European Community as a whole, are currently implementing QA/QC procedures to comply with the IPCC good practice guidance.

In October 2004, the QA/QC programme for the inventory of the European Community was adopted in the Climate Change Committee. The European Commission (Directorate General for Environment) is responsible for coordinating QA/QC activities for the EC inventory and ensures that the objectives of the programme are implemented. The European Environment Agency (EEA) is responsible for the annual implementation of QA/QC procedures for the EC inventory. A number of specific objectives have been elaborated to ensure that the EC GHG inventory complies with the UNFCCC inventory principles of transparency, completeness, consistency, comparability, accuracy and timeliness. The QA/QC procedures are discussed in detail in the EC inventory report submitted to the UNFCCC.

Further improvement of QA/QC procedures

In September 2004 a ‘Workshop on quality control and quality assurance of greenhouse gas inventories and the establishment of national inventory systems’ was organised. The Workshop facilitated the exchange of experience of Member States in the implementation of QC/QA procedures and the implementation of the National Inventory System. The workshop brought together experts from 17 Member States, the European Commission (DG ENV, JRC), EEA, ETC/ACC and an observer from the UNFCCC secretariat. More details of the workshop are available within the workshop report available on the website of the ETA/ACC[206].

Uncertainty Evaluation

By 15 April 2005, Tier 1 uncertainty analyses were available from 13 EU-15 Member States. These Member States cover about 95 % of total EU-15 GHG emissions in 2003.

An overview of information provided by Member States on uncertainty estimates in their national inventory reports 2004 or 2005 is contained within the 2005 Submission of the EC to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat. From the remaining Member States, either a national inventory report was available, which did not include quantitative uncertainty analysis, or no national inventory report was available at all.

As part of the ongoing work on uncertainty in greenhouse gas inventories, a workshop was held in Helsinki on 5-6 September 2005.

Annex 2: UNFCCC Summary Reports 1. A of the Common Reporting Format for the European Community – EU-15

EU-15 1990

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1991

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1992

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1993

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1994

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1995

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1996

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1997

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1998

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 1999

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances . Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 2000

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances. Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 2001

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances. Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 2002

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances. Please see Annex 1 for more details.

EU-15 2003

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 1 of 2)

[pic]

SUMMARY 1. A SUMMARY REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (IPCC TABLE 7A) (Sheet 2 of 2)

[pic]

Notes:

In order to obtain a complete inventory for all years the data gap filling procedure has been used in a number of instances. Please see Annex 1 for more details.

Annex 3: UNFCCC CRF Table 10 for the EU-25

CRF Table 10 - EU-25 - Gg CO 2 (sheet 1 of 2)

1. Energy |4,123,441 |4,112,550 |4,003,464 |3,930,718 |3,909,521 |3,914,127 |4,023,336 |3,948,017 |3,943,530 |3,894,190 |3,895,131 |3,970,388 |3,946,388 |4,015,466 | |2. Industrial Processes |351,440 |331,273 |321,461 |311,351 |331,965 |344,301 |345,485 |353,597 |332,557 |299,703 |303,037 |299,006 |293,091 |305,384 | |3. Solvent and Other Product Use |11,555 |11,166 |10,924 |10,561 |10,440 |10,505 |10,764 |10,704 |10,953 |10,777 |10,772 |10,416 |10,351 |10,220 | |4. Agriculture |547,026 |524,135 |509,054 |492,986 |493,962 |494,144 |495,653 |496,803 |493,165 |495,533 |491,371 |482,571 |475,888 |467,803 | |5. Land-Use Change and Forestry |-309,693 |-357,765 |-352,677 |-353,553 |-354,137 |-351,492 |-369,757 |-363,563 |-346,006 |-377,511 |-365,358 |-398,314 |-420,906 |-392,196 | |6. Waste |177,689 |176,436 |177,204 |173,264 |170,916 |166,818 |160,137 |154,021 |153,695 |147,735 |143,167 |130,897 |126,045 |125,368 | |7. Other |640 |615 |608 |556 |692 |710 |709 |558 |720 |750 |730 |690 |720 |830 | |

[1]http://europa.eu.int/institutions/index_en.htm

[2] New Cronos Database of the EU, Eurostat, Luxembourg

[3] The cumulative number of degrees in a month or year by which the mean temperature falls below 18.3°C.They are usually indicators of household energy consumption for space heating.

[4] A sensitivity analysis for 6 of the bigger EU Member States by Fraunhofer-ISI and ECOFYS, assuming the 5 year variability would be at the cold end of the range experienced in the 80s and 90s, resulted in an emission increase of approx.13 MtC in 2008-12.Extrapolating this to the whole EU-15 would result in 18 MtC higher emissions if the first commitment period is relatively cold.

[5] “Environment in the European Union at the turn of the century”, EEA Environmental Assessment Report No 2, 1999.

[6] COM(2000) 769 final-Green Paper - Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply

[7] COM(2002) 321 final-Communication of 26 June 2002 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament-Final report on the Green Paper "Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply

[8] http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/en/lpi_lv_en1.html

[9] European Commission (2001):Completing the internal energy market.Commission Staff Working Paper.SEC(2001) 438.

[10] Directive 2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 98/30/EC

[11] Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC.

[12] Estimates made by DG Transport and Energy

[13] Estimates made by DG Transport and Energy

[14] http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_product_code=KS-69-05-755

[15] http://waste.eionet.eu.int/

[16] Europe’s Environment:The Third Assessment (2003)http://reports.eea.eu.int/environmental_assessment_report_2003_10/en/kiev_chapt_07.pdf

[17] Directive 1999/31/EC on the Landfill of Waste

[18] http://www.odyssee-indicators.org

[19] http://www.odyssee-indicators.org

[20]Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings:http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_001/l_00120030104en00650071.pdf

[21] Landesstelle für landwirtschaftliche Marktkunde (LLM) Schwaebisch Gmuend) (2001):Loseblattsammlung Marktwirtschaftliche Erzeugerberatung; Flächennutzung.Internet pages http://www.landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de/la/lel/llm/meb/Kap311.htm

[22]United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation Forest Resource Assessment 2000.N.B.the 2005 FRA is still currently ongoing.

[23] http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/INSEA/index.html

[24] European Environment Agency, Technical Report No 4/2005 Annual European Community greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2003 and inventory report 2005

[25] http://reports.eea.eu.int/technical_report_2005_4/en/tab_content_RLR

[26] Note that Council Decision No 280/2004/EC entered into force in March 2004.Therefore, the compilation of the inventory report 2004 started under the previous Council Decision 1999/296/EC.

[27]Commission Decision 2005/166/EC - laying down rules implementing Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol.

[28]IPCC 2000, Good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national greenhouse gas inventories, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

[29] IPCC 1997, Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

[30] IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

[31]The EU-15 as a whole needs emission reductions of total GHG of 8 %, i.e.340 million tonnes on the basis of the 2005 inventory in order to meet the Kyoto target.

[32]Note that for Poland data for 2003 have been estimated by gap filling because Poland did not provide GHG emission estimates before the monitoring mechanism data deadline.

[33]TREATY OF NICE

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2002/c_325/c_32520021224en00010184.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/about/abc/abc_22.html

[34]COM(2005)24 of 2 February 2005 – Working together for growth and jobs – A new start for the Lisbon

Strategy.

[35]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/home_en.htm#eccp

[36]COM(2005) 35 final of 9 February 2005 – Winning the battle against global climate change

[37]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/staff_work_paper_sec_2005_180_3.pdf

[38]COM(2004) 38 final - Stimulating Technologies for Sustainable Development:An Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the European Union

[39]COM(2005) 16 final - Report on the implementation of the Environmental Technologies Action Plan in 2004

[40]Decision No 280/2004/EC, 11 February 2004,C oncerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol .

[41]Commission Decision (2005/166/EC) – 10 February 2005 laying down rules implementing Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol.

[42]Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, 13 October 2003.

[43]http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/l_059/l_05920040226en00010074.pdf

[44] Directive 2004/101/EC of 27 October 2004 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol’s project mechanisms

[45] http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/kyotoprotocolimplementation.pdf

[46]COM(2004) 500 final on Commission Decisions of 7 July 2004 concerning national allocation plans for the allocation of greenhouse gas emission allowances of Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in accordance with Directive 2003/87/EC

[47]COM(2004) 681 final on Commission Decisions of 20 October 2004 concerning national allocation plans for the allocation of greenhouse gas emission allowances of Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Latvia, Luxembourg, Portugal, and the Slovak Republic in accordance with Directive 2003/87/EC

[48] An additional ¬ 5 million has An additional € 5 million has been allocated for capacity building

[49] Mediterranean Renewable Energy Program

[50] Mediterranean Renewable Energy Centre

[51] During the negotiation with the Commission for the approval of the NAP Italy committed to allocate additional € 1,150 million for the years 2006-2011 (€ 100 million/a in 2006-2007, € 350 million in 2008 and € 200 million/a in 2009-2011).

[52]Decision No 1229/2003/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 laying down a series of guidelines for trans-European energy networks and repealing Decision No 1254/96/EC

[53]Regulation (EC) No 807/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2236/95 laying down general rules for the granting of Community financial aid in the field of trans-European networks

[54]Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC

[55]Directive 2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 98/30/EC

[56]Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity

[57]Directive 2003/96/EC restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, 27 October 2003

[58]Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity markets, October 2001.

[59]COM (2004) 366 final, Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament ‘The share of renewable energy in the EU’, May 2004

[60]http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/legislation/electricity_en.htm

[61]http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/biomass_action_plan/doc/results_consultation_bap.pdf

[62]Directive 2004/8/EC of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC

[63]Green Paper Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply, http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/en/lpi_lv_en1.html

[64]COM(2002)321 Final report on the Green Paper “Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply.

[65]COM(2005) 265 final of 22 June 2005 – GREEN PAPER on Energy Efficiency or Doing More With Less

[66]http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2000/com2000_0247en01.pdf

[67]http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/demand/overview/measures.htm

[68]Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy end-use efficiency and energy services [COM(2003)453]

[69]Decision 1230/2003/EC adopting a multiannual programme for action in the field of energy:‘Intelligent Energy – Europe’ (2003-2006), 26 June 2003.

[70]http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/intelligent/work_programme/doc/global_wp_%202003_2006_en_final.pdf

[71]COM(2005)121 final - Proposal for a DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (2007-2013)

[72]DIRECTIVE 2001/81/EC – 23/10/2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants.

[73]DIRECTIVE 2001/80/EC – 23/10/2001 – on the limitation of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants

[74]Directive 88/609/EC on the Limitation of Emissions of Certain Pollutants into the Air from Large Combustion Plants

[75]Second ECCP progress report April 2003 - http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf

[76]COM(2004)366 final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004

[77]Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings, 16 December 2002

[78]Unless the measure is already implemented, the timescales are indicative and are largely drawn from the ECCP working groups.These actions do not yet have political agreement.

[79]The figures in the column are measures from the ECCP, the timescale is uncertain and some measures may be agreed and implemented before the end of the first commitment period.

[80]Second ECCP progress report April 2003 - http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf

[81]COM(2004)366 final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004

[82]Maximum technical potential – actual savings will depend upon subsequent Daughter Directives – Second ECCP progress report April 2003.

[83]MURE Database Case Study:Impact of the Introduction of the EU Boiler Directive 92/42/EEC (see www.mure2.com).Scenario B which takes into account future improvements in the building insulation, i.e.a reduced energy demand.

[84]http://reports.eea.eu.int/TERM2004/en/TERM2004web.pdf

[85]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/pdf/policy_legislation.pdf

[86] COM(95)689 final

[87] http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/co2/co2_monitoring.htm

[88]Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels of other renewable fuels for transport, May 2003

[89]Proposal for a Directive amending Directive 1999/62/EC on the charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures,COM(2003) 448, July 2003.

[90]DIRECTIVE 2004/52/EC of 29 April 2004 on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems in the Community

[91]Further integration of the European rail system:third railway package, COM(2004) 140 final, March 2004

[92]Regulation (EC) No 1382/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 2003 on the granting of Community financial assistance to improve the environmental performance of the freight transport system (Marco Polo Programme)

[93]COM(2004) 478 final – 14 July 2004 - establishing the second “Marco Polo” programme for the granting of Community financial assistance to improve the environmental performance of the freight transport system ("Marco Polo II")

[94]The figures in the column are measures from the ECCP, the timescale is uncertain and some measures may be agreed and implemented before the end of the first commitment period.

[95]Second ECCP progress report April 2003 - http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf

[96]This relates to the potential as a whole, implementation is for heavy goods vehicles only to date.

[97]http://www.transport-pricing.net/

[98]COM(2001) 68 final –7/2/2001 Green Paper on Integrated Product Policy

[99]Member States are required to comply with and uphold such positions which have been adopted unanimously at the Council.

[100]Proposal for a Regulation on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases COM(2003) 492 final, 11th August 2003.

[101]COM(2003) 354 final - On the Road to Sustainable Production Progress in implementing Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control

[102]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ippc/pdf/summary_ms_comments.pdf

[103]Completed reports available on:http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/impel/index.htm

Ongoing projects:http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/impel/workprog.htm

[104]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/impel/finnish_energy_efficiency.htm

[105]http://www.eper.cec.eu.int/eper/default.asp

[106]http://www.cowiprojects.com/phare-ippc-eia-training/

[107]Directive 97/11/EC amending DIRECTIVE 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

[108]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/non-paper_ippc_and_et.pdf

[109]The figures in the column are measures from the ECCP, the timescale is uncertain and some measures may be agreed and implemented before the end of the first commitment period.The figures in italics are the potential at a cost of more than 20 Euros per tonne

[110]COM(2003) 492 final

[111]http://europa.eu.int/comm/agenda2000/index_en.htm

[112]"Council Resolution of 15th December 1998 on a forest strategy for the European Union (1999/C 56/01", Dec 98.

[113]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/finalreport_agricsoils.pdf

[114]http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/forest_sinks_final_report.pdf

[115]COM(2004)490 final – 14 July 2004 – Proposal for a Council regulation on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)

[116] COM(2005) 84 final – 10 March 2005 - Reporting on the implementation of the EU forestry strategy

[117]SEC(2005)333-10 March 2005–Annex to COM(2005) 84 final reporting on the implementation of the EU forest strategy.

[118]Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/1999 of 17 May 1999 on support for rural development from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) and amending and repealing certain Regulations)

[119]Council Regulation 9EC) No 1698/2005 on Support for Rural Development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development.

[120]Council Regulation (EEC) No 2158/92 on the protection of the Community’s forests against fire.

[121]Council Regulation (EEC) No 3528/86 on the protection of forests against atmospheric pollution.

[122]Council Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community (Forest Focus)

[123]COM(2003) 251 final - Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Proposal for an EU Action Plan.

[124]COM(2004) 515 final – Proposal for a Council Regulation concerning the establishment of a voluntary FLEGT licensing scheme for imports of timber into the European Community.

[125] From ECCP working group on agriculture and sub-group on carbon sinks related to agricultural soils.Some of potential for bioenergy crops will covered within potential from biofuels, cogeneration from biomass, further promotion of RES-H etc.

[126] From ECCP working group on forest sinks.

[127]COM (2003) 301 – 27 May – 2003 towards a thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste.

[128]COM(2003)250 final/3 – 11 July 2003 – on the implementation of community waste legislation.

[129]Directive 1999/31/EC on the Landfill of Waste

[130]COM(2005) 105 final – 30 March 2005 – On the national strategies for the reduction of biodegradable waste going to landfills pursuant to article 5(1) of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste.

[131] Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste

[132]Directive 2004/12/EC of 11 February 2004 amending Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste

[133] Directive 2000/53/EC - 18 September 2000 on end-of life vehicles

[134] Commission Decisions:2005/63/EC, 2003/138/EC, 2002/151/EC, 2002/525/EC, 2001/753/EC

[135] Directive 2000/76/EC - 4 December 2000 - on the incineration of waste

[136] Second ECCP progress report April 2003 - http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf

[137] Estimate from internal of review of waste packaging recycling by DG Environment 2005.

[138]COM(2005) 119 final-6 April 2005– concerning the seventh framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007-2013)

[139]Due to the limited submission of relevant data from the MS, information on 2015 and 2020 projections is not provided in this report.

[140] Base year is 1990 for all CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions and 1995 for emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6, apart from Finland and France where it is 1990.

[141] EEA (2005), Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2005, EEA (Draft)

[142] Measures already implemented and measures planned but not yet implemented.

[143]Impacts of Europe's Changing Climate, An indicator-based assessment, EEA Report No 2/2004

[144]IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001).

[145]WBGU :Climate Protection Strategies for the 21st Century:Kyoto and beyond Special Report; Berlin 2003

[146]“Financial Risks of Climate Change”, Climate Risk Management Limited, ABI (2005)

[147] “Assessment of the Potential Effects and Adaptations for Climate Change in Europe”, The Europe ACACIA Project, EC Research DG (2000).

[148]OJ L 217, 31.07.1992, p.3.

[149]Commission Regulation (EC) No 804/94 of 11 April 1994 (OJ L93, 12.04.1994, p.11)

[150]Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/99 of 17 May 1999 (OJ L160, 26.06.1999, p.80)

[151]Council Decision of 23 October (2001/792/EC, Euratom) (OJ L297, 15.11.2001, p.7)

[152]Council Regulation (EC) No 2012/2002 of 11 November 2002 (OJ L 311, 14.11.2022, p.3)

[153] according to figures recently released by the Joint Research Centre (Bulletin “Forest fires in Europe – 2003 fire campaign”, http://natural-hazards.jrc.it/fires/) in the 2003 in the five EU Mediterranean countries globally 740.000 hectares of land got burned, of which some 421.000 ha in Portugal and 150.000 in Spain.

[154] COM(2003) 85 “Climate Change in the Context of Development Cooperation”, 2003

[155] Council Conclusions Climate Change in the context of development cooperation 15164/04 November 2004

[156] COM (2005) 133 “Accelerating progress towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals – Financing for Development and Aid Effectiveness” April 2005

[157] http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/ceeca/tacis/

[158]COM(2003) 399 “A new partnership with South East Asia”, July 03

[159]COM(2003) 533 “A maturing partnership – shared interests and challenges in EU-China relations”, September 03

[160] http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/theme/energy/initiative/situation_en.htm

[161]http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/theme/energy/initiative/docs/EUEI_PDF_Website_Information.pdf

[162] Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament of 26 October 2004 on the future development of the EU Energy Initiative and the modalities for the establishment of an Energy Facility for ACP countries [COM (2004) 711 final ].

[163] Official Journal of the EU of 5.5.01 (L125/24),

[164] For more discussion see 3rd National Communication

[165] COM(2004) 353 final, “Science and technology, the key to Europe’s future – Guidelines for future European Union policy to support research”, June 2004

[166] COM(2005) final, “Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the seventh framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007 to 2013)”, 2005

[167] COM(2005) 119 final – of 6 April 2005 – Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the seventh framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007 to 2013).

[168] www-iip.wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de/propacc

[169] http://www.carboeurope.org/

[170] http://www.carboocean.org/

[171] www.geox.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/panamazonia

[172] www.dmi.dk/f+u/klima/prudence

[173] www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/stardex

[174] www.cru.uea.ac.uk/projects/mice/

[175] www.ensembles-eu.org/

[176] http//dynamite.nersc.no

[177] www.claris-eu.org

[178] http://www.dinas-coast.net/

[179] http://www.euro.who.int/ccashh

[180] ttp//www.amma-eu.org

[181] http://www.externe.info/

[182] http://www.methodex.org/

[183] http://staff.bath.ac.uk/hssam/greensense/

[184] http://www.zalf.de/home_ip-sensor/about/index.htm

[185] http://www.mosus.net/project-index.html

[186] http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/INSEA/

[187] http://www.ecologic.de/download/projekte/1900-1949/1941/1941_a-test_brochure.pdf

[188] http://www.e3mlab.ntua.gr/

[189] http://www.e3mlab.ntua.gr/

[190] http://www.upmf-grenoble.fr/iepe/GECS/

[191] http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/nn/nn_pu/article_1078_en.htm

[192] http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/intelligent/index_en.html

[193] http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/etap/

[194] European research spending for renewable energy sources, Project report EUR21346.

[195] http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/pdf/h2fuell_cell_en.pdf

[196] http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/pdf/co2capt_en.pdf

[197]http://www.cordis.lu/coal-steel-rtd/home.html

[198]Nanotechnologies and nano-sciences, knowledge-based multifunctional materials and new production processes and devices.

[199]http://www.energetik-leipzig.de/Bioenergie/Midair/MIDAIR%20summary%20EVK2%20CT%202000%2000096.pdf

[200] Renewable Energy Technologies and the Kyoto Protocol Mechanism, EUR20871, 2003.

[201] COM(2004) 65, Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES):Establishing a GMES capacity by 2008 – (Action Plan 2004-2008) 2004

[202] GMES-GATO A European Strategy for Global Atmospheric Monitoring, EUR 21154, 2004.

[203] http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/news/efe/pdf/news19_en.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/news/efe/20/index_en.htm

[204]At the moment, because of the unique nature of the EC it is not able to provide some of the information required in the guidelines, such as specific sectoral background data tables.

([205]) As included in FCCC/SBSTA/2003/10/Add.2.

[206] http://air-climate.eionet.eu.int/docs/meetings/040902_GHG_MM_QAQC_WS/meeting040902.html

EU-15 2003

EU-15 2002

EU-15 2001

EU-15 2000

EU-15 1999

EU-15 1998

EU-15 1997

EU-15 1996

EU-15 1995

EU-15 1994

EU-15 1993

EU-15 1992

EU-15 1991

EU-15 1990

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