(1)

The assessment whether persons are dealing on own account or are providing investment services in commodity derivatives, emission allowances and derivatives thereof in the Union as an activity ancillary to their main business should be performed at a group level. In line with the definition in Article 2(11) of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (2), a ‘group’ is considered to comprise the parent undertaking and all its subsidiary undertakings. For the purpose of this regulation, it includes entities located in the Union and in third countries regardless of whether the group is headquartered inside or outside the Union.

(2)

The assessment should be performed in the form of three alternative tests (‘ancillary activity tests’), which are based on the trading activity of the persons within the group. The tests should determine whether the persons within the group trade on own account. If those persons provide investment services in commodity derivatives, emission allowances or derivatives thereof in the Union to such a large extent relative to the main business of the group that those activities cannot be considered to be ancillary at group level, those persons should be required to obtain authorisation as an investment firm. In order to take account of the economic reality of the heterogeneous groups that have to undertake the assessment of whether their trading is ancillary to their main business activities, those persons should be allowed to decide which of the three alternative tests to perform in order to determine whether their trading activity is ancillary to the main business of a particular group. If a person’s trading activity is ancillary under any of those tests, it should be considered to be ancillary to the main business for the purpose of Article 2(1)(j) of Directive 2014/65/EU.

(3)

Pursuant to the first alternative test a person’s activity should be ancillary to the main business if its net outstanding notional exposure in commodity derivatives or emission allowances or derivatives thereof for cash settlement traded in the Union, excluding commodity derivatives or emission allowances or derivatives thereof traded on a trading venue, is below an annual threshold of EUR 3 billion (the ‘De-Minimis Threshold Test’).

(4)

The second alternative test compares the size of a person’s trading activity against the overall trading activity of the group in the Union (the ‘Trading Test’). The size of the trading activity of a person should be determined by deducting the sum of the size of the transactions for the purposes of intra-group liquidity or risk management purposes, objectively measurable reduction of risks directly relating to commercial or treasury financing activity or fulfilling obligations to provide liquidity on a trading venue (‘privileged transactions’) from the size of the overall trading activity undertaken by the person. Contracts where the person within the group that is a party to any of those contracts is authorised in accordance with Directive 2014/65/EU or Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (3) should be deducted from the trading activity of a person. The overall trading activity of the group in the Union includes privileged transactions and contracts where the person within the group that is a party to any of those contracts is authorised in accordance with Directive 2014/65/EU or Directive 2013/36/EU.

(5)

The size of the trading activity should be determined by the gross notional value of contracts in commodity derivatives, emission allowances and derivatives thereof in the Union on the basis of a rolling average of the preceding three annual periods.

(6)

The size of the trading activity used as the parameter under the Trading test is taken as a proxy for the commercial activity that the person or group engages in as its main business. This proxy should be easy and cost-efficient for persons to apply as it builds on data already required to be collected for compliance purposes, such as for the reporting of transactions, while at the same time establishing a meaningful test.

(7)

This proxy is appropriate because a rational risk-averse entity, such as a producer, processor or consumer of commodities or emission allowances, is deemed to hedge the volume of the commercial activity of its main business with an equivalent volume of commodity derivatives, emission allowances or derivatives thereof. Therefore, the volume of all its trading activity in commodity derivatives, emission allowances or derivatives thereof measured in the gross notional value of the underlying is an appropriate proxy for the size of the main business of the group. Since groups, whose main business activities are not related to commodities or emission allowances, would not use commodity or emission allowances derivatives as a risk-reducing tool, their trading in commodity derivatives, emission allowances or derivatives thereof should not qualify as hedging.

(8)

The use of commodity derivatives as a risk-reducing tool however cannot be considered a perfect proxy for all the commercial activity that the person or group conducts as its main business since it may not take into account other investments in fixed assets unrelated to derivative markets.

(9)

The second test may not adequately measure the main activity of persons who have significant capital investments, relative to their size, for example in the creation of infrastructure, transportation facilities and production facilities. Neither does it recognise investments that cannot be hedged in financial markets. Therefore it is necessary to provide for a third method that uses a capital employed based metric to measure whether that trading activity is ancillary to the main business of the group.

(10)

The third alternative test, the Capital Employed Test, is provided in order to take into account the economic reality of the heterogeneous groups that need to undertake the assessment of whether their trading is ancillary to their main business, including groups that undertake significant capital investments, relative to their size, for example in the creation of infrastructure, transportation facilities and production facilities, as well as investments which cannot be easily hedged in financial markets. As the three alternative tests cater for the different underlying economic realities of various groups, all tests should constitute equally suitable, alternative and independent methods to determine whether the trading activity is ancillary to the main business of a particular group. If a person’s trading activity is found to be ancillary under any of those tests, it should be ancillary to the main business for the purpose of Article 2(1)(j) of Directive 2014/65/EU.

(11)

The third test uses the estimated capital that a non-financial group would be required to hold against the market risk inherent in its positions arising from trading in commodity derivatives, emission allowances and derivatives thereof in the Union, other than those from privileged transactions, as a proxy for the amount of ancillary activities undertaken by the persons in a group. The framework developed under the auspices of the Basel Committee in Banking Supervision and implemented in the Union through Directive 2013/36/EU is used to apply a proportionate notional capital weighting to positions. Within this framework, the net position in a commodity derivative, an emission allowance or a derivative thereof in the Union should be determined by netting long and short positions in a particular type of commodity derivative contract, emission allowance or derivative contract thereof, such as a future, option, forward or warrants. In determining the net position, netting should take place irrespective of where the contract is traded, the contract’s counterparty or its maturity. The gross position in a relevant commodity derivative, emission allowance contract or a derivative contract thereof should, on the other hand, be calculated by adding the net positions of types of contracts that relate to a particular commodity or, emission allowance or derivative thereof. In this context, net positons in a particular type of commodity derivative contract, emission allowance contract or derivative contract thereof should not be netted against each other.

(12)

Under the third test, the amount of the estimated capital of a group should be compared to the actual amount of capital employed of that group that should reflect the size of its main activity. The capital employed should be calculated on the basis of the sum of the total assets of the group minus its current debt. That current debt should comprise debt that is due to be settled within 12 months.

(13)

The rationale of the ancillary activity tests is to check whether persons within a group that are not authorised in accordance with Directive 2014/65/EU should apply for an authorisation due to the relative or absolute size of their activity in commodity derivatives, emission allowances and derivatives thereof in the Union. The ancillary activity tests determine the size of activities in commodity derivatives, emission allowances and derivatives thereof in the Union that persons within a group may carry out without authorisation in accordance with Directive 2014/65/EU due to those activities being ancillary to the group’s main business. It is therefore appropriate to calculate the size of the ancillary activity of the group by using criteria that exclude for all three tests the activity carried out by group members that are authorised in accordance with that Directive in order to assess the size of genuine ancillary activity carried out by unauthorised group members.

(14)

In order to allow market participants to plan and operate their business in a reasonable way and to take into account seasonal patterns of activity, the calculation of the alternative tests determining when an activity is considered to be ancillary to the main business should be based on a period of three years. Therefore, entities should perform the assessment whether they breach one of the three thresholds of the three alternative tests on an annual basis by calculating a simple average of three years on a rolling basis. This obligation should be without prejudice to the right of the competent authority to request at any time a person to report the basis on which that person has assessed its activity, for the purposes of Article 2(1)(j), points (i) and (ii), of Directive 2014/65/EU, to be ancillary to its main business.

(15)

Transactions objectively measurable as reducing risks directly relating to commercial activity or treasury financing activity and intra-group transactions should be considered in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (4). However, in relation to transactions in derivatives which are objectively measurable as reducing risks directly relating to the commercial activity or treasury financing activity, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 149/2013 (5) only refers to derivatives not traded on regulated markets while Article 2(4) of Directive 2014/65/EU covers derivatives traded on trading venues. Therefore, when the ancillary activity tests equally cover derivatives traded on regulated markets and derivatives not traded on regulated markets, it is appropriate to take into account derivatives traded on regulated markets in relation to transactions that are deemed to be objectively measurable as reducing risks directly related to commercial or treasury financing activity.

(16)

In some circumstances, for example when existing market liquidity is insufficient or a corresponding derivative contract is not available, it may not be possible to hedge a commercial risk by using a directly related commodity derivative contract, that is to say a contract with exactly the same underlying and settlement date as the risk being covered. In such case, the person should be permitted to use proxy hedging through a closely correlated instrument to cover its exposure, such as an instrument with a different but very close underlying. Additionally, macro or portfolio hedging is permitted to be used by persons, which enter into commodity derivative contracts to hedge a risk in relation to their overall risks or the overall risks of the group. Those macro, portfolio or proxy hedging commodity derivative contracts should constitute hedging for the purpose of the ancillary activity tests. When a person applying the ancillary activity tests uses portfolio or macro hedging, it may not be able to establish a one-to-one link between a specific transaction in a commodity derivative and a specific risk directly related to the commercial and treasury financing activities entered into to hedge it. The risks directly related to the commercial and treasury financing activities may be of a complex nature, for example several geographic markets, several products, time horizons or entities. The portfolio of commodity derivative contracts entered into to mitigate those risks may derive from complex risk management systems. In such cases the risk management systems should prevent non-hedging transactions from being categorised as hedging and provide for a sufficiently disaggregate view of the hedging portfolio so that speculative components are identified and counted towards the thresholds. Positions should not qualify as reducing risks related to commercial activity solely on the grounds that they form part of a risk-reducing portfolio on an overall basis.

(17)

A risk may evolve over time and, in order to adapt to the evolution of the risk, commodity or emission allowance derivatives initially executed for reducing risk related to commercial activity may have to be offset through the use of additional commodity or emission allowance derivative contracts. As a result, hedging of a risk may be achieved by a combination of commodity or emission allowance derivative contracts, including offsetting commodity derivative contracts that offset those commodity derivative contracts that have become unrelated to the commercial risk. Additionally the evolution of a risk that has been addressed by the entering into of a position in a commodity or emission allowance derivative for the purpose of reducing that risk should not subsequently give rise to the re-evaluation of that position as being not a privileged transaction ab initio.

(18)

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/592 (6) supplements Directive 2014/65/EU with regard to criteria to establish when an activity is considered to be ancillary to the main business. That Directive has been amended 16 February 2021 by Directive (EU) 2021/338 of the European Parliament and of the Council (7), setting out new provisions regarding the ancillary activity exemption and the ancillary activity tests, and empowering the Commission to adopt a delegated act specifying the criteria for establishing when an activity is to be considered to be ancillary to the main business at group level. In particular, the Overall Market Test has been removed as the commodity derivatives landscape in the Union has changed to such an extent that the Overall Market Test would render entities no longer eligible to the ancillary activity exemption even with no change to their business conduct. Furthermore, the De-Minimis Threshold Test is introduced and the thresholds for the Trading Test and the Capital Employed Test are changed. Therefore, Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/592 should be repealed and replaced by this Regulation,

(a)

commodity derivatives which relate to a commodity or an underlying referred to in points (5), (6), (7) and (10) of Section C of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU;

(b)

emission allowances referred to in Annex I, Section C 11, to Directive 2014/65/EU or emission allowances derivatives referred to in Annex I, Section C 4 to Directive 2014/65/EU.