ANNEX
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
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IAS 1
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Presentation of Financial Statements |
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IAS 7
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Statement of Cash Flows |
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IAS 8
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Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors |
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IAS 10
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Events after the Reporting Period |
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IAS 16
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Property, Plant and Equipment |
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IAS 20
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Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance |
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IAS 21
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The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates |
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IAS 24
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Related Party Disclosures |
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IAS 26
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Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans |
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IAS 27
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Separate Financial Statements |
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IAS 28
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Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures |
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IAS 29
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Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies |
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IAS 32
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Financial Instruments: Presentation |
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IAS 33
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Earnings per Share |
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IAS 34
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Interim Financial Reporting |
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IAS 36
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Impairment of Assets |
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IAS 37
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Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets |
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IAS 39
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Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement |
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IAS 40
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Investment Property |
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IFRS 1
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First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards |
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IFRS 2
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Share-based Payment |
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IFRS 3
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Business Combinations |
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IFRS 5
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Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations |
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IFRS 6
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Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources |
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IFRS 7
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Financial Instruments: Disclosures |
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IFRS 8
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Operating Segments |
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IFRS 9
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Financial Instruments |
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IFRS 10
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Consolidated Financial Statements |
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IFRS 11
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Joint Arrangements |
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IFRS 12
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Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities |
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IFRS 13
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Fair Value Measurement |
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IFRS 15
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Revenue from Contracts with Customers |
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IFRS 17
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Insurance Contracts |
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IFRIC 1
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Changes in Existing Decommissioning, Restoration and Similar Liabilities |
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IFRIC 2
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Members' Shares in Cooperative Entities and Similar Instruments |
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IFRIC 5
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Rights to Interests arising from Decommissioning, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation Funds |
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IFRIC 6
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Liabilities arising from Participating in a Specific Market — Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment |
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IFRIC 7
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Applying the Restatement Approach under IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies |
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IFRIC 10
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Interim Financial Reporting and Impairment |
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IFRIC 12
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Service Concession Arrangements |
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IFRIC 14
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IAS 19 — The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction |
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IFRIC 16
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Hedges of a Net Investment in a Foreign Operation |
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IFRIC 17
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Distributions of Non-cash Assets to Owners |
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IFRIC 19
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Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments |
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IFRIC 20
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Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine |
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IFRIC 22
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Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration |
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IFRIC 23
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Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments |
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SIC-7
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Introduction of the Euro |
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SIC-10
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Government Assistance — No Specific Relation to Operating Activities |
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SIC-25
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Income Taxes — Changes in the Tax Status of an Entity or its Shareholders |
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SIC-29
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Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures |
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SIC-32
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Intangible Assets — Web Site Costs |
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Reproduction allowed within the European Economic Area. All existing rights reserved outside the EEA, with the exception of the right to reproduce for the purposes of personal use or other fair dealing. Further information can be obtained from the IASB at www.iasb.org
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 1
Presentation of Financial Statements
OBJECTIVE
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1
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This Standard prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements to ensure comparability both with the entity’s financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities. It sets out overall requirements for the presentation of financial statements, guidelines for their structure and minimum requirements for their content.
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SCOPE
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2
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An entity shall apply this Standard in preparing and presenting general purpose financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).
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3
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Other IFRSs set out the recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements for specific transactions and other events.
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4
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This Standard does not apply to the structure and content of condensed interim financial statements prepared in accordance with IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting. However, paragraphs 15–35 apply to such financial statements. This Standard applies equally to all entities, including those that present consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and those that present separate financial statements in accordance with IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements.
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5
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This Standard uses terminology that is suitable for profit-oriented entities, including public sector business entities. If entities with not-for-profit activities in the private sector or the public sector apply this Standard, they may need to amend the descriptions used for particular line items in the financial statements and for the financial statements themselves.
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6
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Similarly, entities that do not have equity as defined in IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation (e.g. some mutual funds) and entities whose share capital is not equity (e.g. some co-operative entities) may need to adapt the financial statement presentation of members’ or unitholders’ interests.
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DEFINITIONS
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7
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The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
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Accounting policies are defined in paragraph 5 of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, and the term is used in this Standard with the same meaning.
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General purpose financial statements (referred to as financial statements) are those intended to meet the needs of users who are not in a position to require an entity to prepare reports tailored to their particular information needs.
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Impracticable Applying a requirement is impracticable when the entity cannot apply it after making every reasonable effort to do so.
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International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) are Standards and Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). They comprise:
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(a)
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International Financial Reporting Standards;
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(b)
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International Accounting Standards;
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(c)
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IFRIC Interpretations; and
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(d)
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SIC Interpretations (1).
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Material:
Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity.
Materiality depends on the nature or magnitude of information, or both. An entity assesses whether information, either individually or in combination with other information, is material in the context of its financial statements taken as a whole.
Information is obscured if it is communicated in a way that would have a similar effect for primary users of financial statements to omitting or misstating that information. The following are examples of circumstances that may result in material information being obscured:
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(a)
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information regarding a material item, transaction or other event is disclosed in the financial statements but the language used is vague or unclear;
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(b)
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information regarding a material item, transaction or other event is scattered throughout the financial statements;
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(c)
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dissimilar items, transactions or other events are inappropriately aggregated;
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(d)
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similar items, transactions or other events are inappropriately disaggregated; and
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(e)
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the understandability of the financial statements is reduced as a result of material information being hidden by immaterial information to the extent that a primary user is unable to determine what information is material.
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Assessing whether information could reasonably be expected to influence decisions made by the primary users of a specific reporting entity’s general purpose financial statements requires an entity to consider the characteristics of those users while also considering the entity’s own circumstances.
Many existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors cannot require reporting entities to provide information directly to them and must rely on general purpose financial statements for much of the financial information they need. Consequently, they are the primary users to whom general purpose financial statements are directed. Financial statements are prepared for users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and who review and analyse the information diligently. At times, even well-informed and diligent users may need to seek the aid of an adviser to understand information about complex economic phenomena.
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Notes contain information in addition to that presented in the statement of financial position, statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows. Notes provide narrative descriptions or disaggregations of items presented in those statements and information about items that do not qualify for recognition in those statements.
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Other comprehensive income comprises items of income and expense (including reclassification adjustments) that are not recognised in profit or loss as required or permitted by other IFRSs.
The components of other comprehensive income include:
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(a)
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changes in revaluation surplus (see IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment and IAS 38 Intangible Assets);
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(b)
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remeasurements of defined benefit plans (see IAS 19 Employee Benefits);
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(c)
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gains and losses arising from translating the financial statements of a foreign operation (see IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates);
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(d)
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gains and losses from investments in equity instruments designated at fair value through other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraph 5.7.5 of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments;
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(da)
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gains and losses on financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraph 4.1.2A of IFRS 9;
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(e)
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the effective portion of gains and losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge and the gains and losses on hedging instruments that hedge investments in equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraph 5.7.5 of IFRS 9 (see Chapter 6 of IFRS 9);
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(f)
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for particular liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss, the amount of the change in fair value that is attributable to changes in the liability's credit risk (see paragraph 5.7.7 of IFRS 9);
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(g)
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changes in the value of the time value of options when separating the intrinsic value and time value of an option contract and designating as the hedging instrument only the changes in the intrinsic value (see Chapter 6 of IFRS 9);
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(h)
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changes in the value of the forward elements of forward contracts when separating the forward element and spot element of a forward contract and designating as the hedging instrument only the changes in the spot element, and changes in the value of the foreign currency basis spread of a financial instrument when excluding it from the designation of that financial instrument as the hedging instrument (see Chapter 6 of IFRS 9);
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(i)
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insurance finance income and expenses from contracts issued within the scope of IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts excluded from profit or loss when total insurance finance income or expenses is disaggregated to include in profit or loss an amount determined by a systematic allocation applying paragraph 88(b) of IFRS 17, or by an amount that eliminates accounting mismatches with the finance income or expenses arising on the underlying items, applying paragraph 89(b) of IFRS 17; and
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(j)
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finance income and expenses from reinsurance contracts held excluded from profit or loss when total reinsurance finance income or expenses is disaggregated to include in profit or loss an amount determined by a systematic allocation applying paragraph 88(b) of IFRS 17.
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Owners are holders of instruments classified as equity.
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Profit or loss is the total of income less expenses, excluding the components of other comprehensive income.
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Reclassification adjustments are amounts reclassified to profit or loss in the current period that were recognised in other comprehensive income in the current or previous periods.
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Total comprehensive income is the change in equity during a period resulting from transactions and other events, other than those changes resulting from transactions with owners in their capacity as owners.
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Total comprehensive income comprises all components of ‘profit or loss’ and of ‘other comprehensive income’.
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8
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Although this Standard uses the terms ‘other comprehensive income’, ‘profit or loss’ and ‘total comprehensive income’, an entity may use other terms to describe the totals as long as the meaning is clear. For example, an entity may use the term ‘net income’ to describe profit or loss.
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8A
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The following terms are described in IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and are used in this Standard with the meaning specified in IAS 32:
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(a)
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puttable financial instrument classified as an equity instrument (described in paragraphs 16A and 16B of IAS 32)
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(b)
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an instrument that imposes on the entity an obligation to deliver to another party a pro rata share of the net assets of the entity only on liquidation and is classified as an equity instrument (described in paragraphs 16C and 16D of IAS 32).
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Purpose of financial statements
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9
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Financial statements are a structured representation of the financial position and financial performance of an entity. The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements also show the results of the management’s stewardship of the resources entrusted to it. To meet this objective, financial statements provide information about an entity’s:
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(d)
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income and expenses, including gains and losses;
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(e)
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contributions by and distributions to owners in their capacity as owners; and
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This information, along with other information in the notes, assists users of financial statements in predicting the entity’s future cash flows and, in particular, their timing and certainty.
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Complete set of financial statements
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10
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A complete set of financial statements comprises:
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(a)
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a statement of financial position as at the end of the period;
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(b)
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a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period;
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(c)
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a statement of changes in equity for the period;
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(d)
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a statement of cash flows for the period;
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(e)
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notes, comprising material accounting policy information and other explanatory information;
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(ea)
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comparative information in respect of the preceding period as specified in paragraphs 38 and 38A; and
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(f)
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a statement of financial position as at the beginning of the preceding period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements in accordance with paragraphs 40A–40D.
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An entity may use titles for the statements other than those used in this Standard. For example, an entity may use the title ‘statement of comprehensive income’ instead of ‘statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income’.
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10A
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An entity may present a single statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, with profit or loss and other comprehensive income presented in two sections. The sections shall be presented together, with the profit or loss section presented first followed directly by the other comprehensive income section. An entity may present the profit or loss section in a separate statement of profit or loss. If so, the separate statement of profit or loss shall immediately precede the statement presenting comprehensive income, which shall begin with profit or loss.
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11
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An entity shall present with equal prominence all of the financial statements in a complete set of financial statements.
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13
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Many entities present, outside the financial statements, a financial review by management that describes and explains the main features of the entity’s financial performance and financial position, and the principal uncertainties it faces. Such a report may include a review of:
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(a)
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the main factors and influences determining financial performance, including changes in the environment in which the entity operates, the entity’s response to those changes and their effect, and the entity’s policy for investment to maintain and enhance financial performance, including its dividend policy;
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(b)
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the entity’s sources of funding and its targeted ratio of liabilities to equity; and
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(c)
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the entity’s resources not recognised in the statement of financial position in accordance with IFRSs.
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14
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Many entities also present, outside the financial statements, reports and statements such as environmental reports and value added statements, particularly in industries in which environmental factors are significant and when employees are regarded as an important user group. Reports and statements presented outside financial statements are outside the scope of IFRSs.
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General features
Fair presentation and compliance with IFRSs
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15
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Financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of transactions, other events and conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for assets, liabilities, income and expenses set out in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework). The application of IFRSs, with additional disclosure when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation.
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16
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An entity whose financial statements comply with IFRSs shall make an explicit and unreserved statement of such compliance in the notes. An entity shall not describe financial statements as complying with IFRSs unless they comply with all the requirements of IFRSs.
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17
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In virtually all circumstances, an entity achieves a fair presentation by compliance with applicable IFRSs. A fair presentation also requires an entity:
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(a)
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to select and apply accounting policies in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. IAS 8 sets out a hierarchy of authoritative guidance that management considers in the absence of an IFRS that specifically applies to an item.
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(b)
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to present information, including accounting policies, in a manner that provides relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable information.
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(c)
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to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in IFRSs is insufficient to enable users to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position and financial performance.
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18
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An entity cannot rectify inappropriate accounting policies either by disclosure of the accounting policies used or by notes or explanatory material.
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19
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In the extremely rare circumstances in which management concludes that compliance with a requirement in an IFRS would be so misleading that it would conflict with the objective of financial statements set out in the Conceptual Framework, the entity shall depart from that requirement in the manner set out in paragraph 20 if the relevant regulatory framework requires, or otherwise does not prohibit, such a departure.
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20
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When an entity departs from a requirement of an IFRS in accordance with paragraph 19, it shall disclose:
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(a)
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that management has concluded that the financial statements present fairly the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows;
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(b)
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that it has complied with applicable IFRSs, except that it has departed from a particular requirement to achieve a fair presentation;
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(c)
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the title of the IFRS from which the entity has departed, the nature of the departure, including the treatment that the IFRS would require, the reason why that treatment would be so misleading in the circumstances that it would conflict with the objective of financial statements set out in the Conceptual Framework, and the treatment adopted; and
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(d)
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for each period presented, the financial effect of the departure on each item in the financial statements that would have been reported in complying with the requirement.
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21
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When an entity has departed from a requirement of an IFRS in a prior period, and that departure affects the amounts recognised in the financial statements for the current period, it shall make the disclosures set out in paragraph 20(c) and (d).
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22
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Paragraph 21 applies, for example, when an entity departed in a prior period from a requirement in an IFRS for the measurement of assets or liabilities and that departure affects the measurement of changes in assets and liabilities recognised in the current period’s financial statements.
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23
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In the extremely rare circumstances in which management concludes that compliance with a requirement in an IFRS would be so misleading that it would conflict with the objective of financial statements set out in the Conceptual Framework, but the relevant regulatory framework prohibits departure from the requirement, the entity shall, to the maximum extent possible, reduce the perceived misleading aspects of compliance by disclosing:
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(a)
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the title of the IFRS in question, the nature of the requirement, and the reason why management has concluded that complying with that requirement is so misleading in the circumstances that it conflicts with the objective of financial statements set out in the Conceptual Framework; and
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(b)
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for each period presented, the adjustments to each item in the financial statements that management has concluded would be necessary to achieve a fair presentation.
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24
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For the purpose of paragraphs 19–23, an item of information would conflict with the objective of financial statements when it does not represent faithfully the transactions, other events and conditions that it either purports to represent or could reasonably be expected to represent and, consequently, it would be likely to influence economic decisions made by users of financial statements. When assessing whether complying with a specific requirement in an IFRS would be so misleading that it would conflict with the objective of financial statements set out in the Conceptual Framework, management considers:
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(a)
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why the objective of financial statements is not achieved in the particular circumstances; and
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(b)
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how the entity’s circumstances differ from those of other entities that comply with the requirement. If other entities in similar circumstances comply with the requirement, there is a rebuttable presumption that the entity’s compliance with the requirement would not be so misleading that it would conflict with the objective of financial statements set out in the Conceptual Framework.
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Going concern
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25
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When preparing financial statements, management shall make an assessment of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. An entity shall prepare financial statements on a going concern basis unless management either intends to liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. When management is aware, in making its assessment, of material uncertainties related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt upon the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, the entity shall disclose those uncertainties. When an entity does not prepare financial statements on a going concern basis, it shall disclose that fact, together with the basis on which it prepared the financial statements and the reason why the entity is not regarded as a going concern.
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26
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In assessing whether the going concern assumption is appropriate, management takes into account all available information about the future, which is at least, but is not limited to, twelve months from the end of the reporting period. The degree of consideration depends on the facts in each case. When an entity has a history of profitable operations and ready access to financial resources, the entity may reach a conclusion that the going concern basis of accounting is appropriate without detailed analysis. In other cases, management may need to consider a wide range of factors relating to current and expected profitability, debt repayment schedules and potential sources of replacement financing before it can satisfy itself that the going concern basis is appropriate.
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Accrual basis of accounting
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27
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An entity shall prepare its financial statements, except for cash flow information, using the accrual basis of accounting.
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28
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When the accrual basis of accounting is used, an entity recognises items as assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses (the elements of financial statements) when they satisfy the definitions and recognition criteria for those elements in the Conceptual Framework.
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Materiality and aggregation
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29
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An entity shall present separately each material class of similar items. An entity shall present separately items of a dissimilar nature or function unless they are immaterial.
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30
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Financial statements result from processing large numbers of transactions or other events that are aggregated into classes according to their nature or function. The final stage in the process of aggregation and classification is the presentation of condensed and classified data, which form line items in the financial statements. If a line item is not individually material, it is aggregated with other items either in those statements or in the notes. An item that is not sufficiently material to warrant separate presentation in those statements may warrant separate presentation in the notes.
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30A
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When applying this and other IFRSs an entity shall decide, taking into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances, how it aggregates information in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity shall not reduce the understandability of its financial statements by obscuring material information with immaterial information or by aggregating material items that have different natures or functions.
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31
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Some IFRSs specify information that is required to be included in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity need not provide a specific disclosure required by an IFRS if the information resulting from that disclosure is not material. This is the case even if the IFRS contains a list of specific requirements or describes them as minimum requirements. An entity shall also consider whether to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in IFRS is insufficient to enable users of financial statements to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity's financial position and financial performance.
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Offsetting
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32
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An entity shall not offset assets and liabilities or income and expenses, unless required or permitted by an IFRS.
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33
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An entity reports separately both assets and liabilities, and income and expenses. Offsetting in the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income or financial position, except when offsetting reflects the substance of the transaction or other event, detracts from the ability of users both to understand the transactions, other events and conditions that have occurred and to assess the entity’s future cash flows. Measuring assets net of valuation allowances — for example, obsolescence allowances on inventories and doubtful debts allowances on receivables — is not offsetting.
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34
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IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers requires an entity to measure revenue from contracts with customers at the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services. For example, the amount of revenue recognised reflects any trade discounts and volume rebates the entity allows. An entity undertakes, in the course of its ordinary activities, other transactions that do not generate revenue but are incidental to the main revenue-generating activities. An entity presents the results of such transactions, when this presentation reflects the substance of the transaction or other event, by netting any income with related expenses arising on the same transaction. For example:
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(a)
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an entity presents gains and losses on the disposal of non-current assets, including investments and operating assets, by deducting from the amount of consideration on disposal the carrying amount of the asset and related selling expenses; and
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(b)
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an entity may net expenditure related to a provision that is recognised in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and reimbursed under a contractual arrangement with a third party (for example, a supplier’s warranty agreement) against the related reimbursement.
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35
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In addition, an entity presents on a net basis gains and losses arising from a group of similar transactions, for example, foreign exchange gains and losses or gains and losses arising on financial instruments held for trading. However, an entity presents such gains and losses separately if they are material.
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Frequency of reporting
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36
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An entity shall present a complete set of financial statements (including comparative information) at least annually. When an entity changes the end of its reporting period and presents financial statements for a period longer or shorter than one year, an entity shall disclose, in addition to the period covered by the financial statements:
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(a)
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the reason for using a longer or shorter period, and
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(b)
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the fact that amounts presented in the financial statements are not entirely comparable.
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37
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Normally, an entity consistently prepares financial statements for a one-year period. However, for practical reasons, some entities prefer to report, for example, for a 52-week period. This Standard does not preclude this practice.
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Comparative information
Minimum comparative information
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38
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Except when IFRSs permit or require otherwise, an entity shall present comparative information in respect of the preceding period for all amounts reported in the current period’s financial statements. An entity shall include comparative information for narrative and descriptive information if it is relevant to understanding the current period’s financial statements.
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38A
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An entity shall present, as a minimum, two statements of financial position, two statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, two separate statements of profit or loss (if presented), two statements of cash flows and two statements of changes in equity, and related notes.
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38B
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In some cases, narrative information provided in the financial statements for the preceding period(s) continues to be relevant in the current period. For example, an entity discloses in the current period details of a legal dispute, the outcome of which was uncertain at the end of the preceding period and is yet to be resolved. Users may benefit from the disclosure of information that the uncertainty existed at the end of the preceding period and from the disclosure of information about the steps that have been taken during the period to resolve the uncertainty.
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Additional comparative information
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38C
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An entity may present comparative information in addition to the minimum comparative financial statements required by IFRSs, as long as that information is prepared in accordance with IFRSs. This comparative information may consist of one or more statements referred to in paragraph 10, but need not comprise a complete set of financial statements. When this is the case, the entity shall present related note information for those additional statements.
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38D
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For example, an entity may present a third statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income (thereby presenting the current period, the preceding period and one additional comparative period). However, the entity is not required to present a third statement of financial position, a third statement of cash flows or a third statement of changes in equity (ie an additional financial statement comparative). The entity is required to present, in the notes to the financial statements, the comparative information related to that additional statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
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Change in accounting policy, retrospective restatement or reclassification
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40A
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An entity shall present a third statement of financial position as at the beginning of the preceding period in addition to the minimum comparative financial statements required in paragraph 38A if:
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(a)
|
it applies an accounting policy retrospectively, makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements or reclassifies items in its financial statements; and
|
|
(b)
|
the retrospective application, retrospective restatement or the reclassification has a material effect on the information in the statement of financial position at the beginning of the preceding period.
|
|
|
40B
|
In the circumstances described in paragraph 40A, an entity shall present three statements of financial position as at:
|
(a)
|
the end of the current period;
|
|
(b)
|
the end of the preceding period; and
|
|
(c)
|
the beginning of the preceding period.
|
|
|
40C
|
When an entity is required to present an additional statement of financial position in accordance with paragraph 40A, it must disclose the information required by paragraphs 41–44 and IAS 8. However, it need not present the related notes to the opening statement of financial position as at the beginning of the preceding period.
|
|
40D
|
The date of that opening statement of financial position shall be as at the beginning of the preceding period regardless of whether an entity’s financial statements present comparative information for earlier periods (as permitted in paragraph 38C).
|
|
41
|
If an entity changes the presentation or classification of items in its financial statements, it shall reclassify comparative amounts unless reclassification is impracticable. When an entity reclassifies comparative amounts, it shall disclose (including as at the beginning of the preceding period):
|
(a)
|
the nature of the reclassification;
|
|
(b)
|
the amount of each item or class of items that is reclassified; and
|
|
(c)
|
the reason for the reclassification.
|
|
|
42
|
When it is impracticable to reclassify comparative amounts, an entity shall disclose:
|
(a)
|
the reason for not reclassifying the amounts, and
|
|
(b)
|
the nature of the adjustments that would have been made if the amounts had been reclassified.
|
|
|
43
|
Enhancing the inter-period comparability of information assists users in making economic decisions, especially by allowing the assessment of trends in financial information for predictive purposes. In some circumstances, it is impracticable to reclassify comparative information for a particular prior period to achieve comparability with the current period. For example, an entity may not have collected data in the prior period(s) in a way that allows reclassification, and it may be impracticable to recreate the information.
|
|
44
|
IAS 8 sets out the adjustments to comparative information required when an entity changes an accounting policy or corrects an error.
|
Consistency of presentation
|
45
|
An entity shall retain the presentation and classification of items in the financial statements from one period to the next unless:
|
(a)
|
it is apparent, following a significant change in the nature of the entity’s operations or a review of its financial statements, that another presentation or classification would be more appropriate having regard to the criteria for the selection and application of accounting policies in IAS 8; or
|
|
(b)
|
an IFRS requires a change in presentation.
|
|
|
46
|
For example, a significant acquisition or disposal, or a review of the presentation of the financial statements, might suggest that the financial statements need to be presented differently. An entity changes the presentation of its financial statements only if the changed presentation provides information that is reliable and more relevant to users of the financial statements and the revised structure is likely to continue, so that comparability is not impaired. When making such changes in presentation, an entity reclassifies its comparative information in accordance with paragraphs 41 and 42.
|
STRUCTURE AND CONTENT
Introduction
|
47
|
This Standard requires particular disclosures in the statement of financial position or the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, or in the statement of changes in equity and requires disclosure of other line items either in those statements or in the notes. IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows sets out requirements for the presentation of cash flow information.
|
|
48
|
This Standard sometimes uses the term ‘disclosure’ in a broad sense, encompassing items presented in the financial statements. Disclosures are also required by other IFRSs. Unless specified to the contrary elsewhere in this Standard or in another IFRS, such disclosures may be made in the financial statements.
|
Identification of the financial statements
|
49
|
An entity shall clearly identify the financial statements and distinguish them from other information in the same published document.
|
|
50
|
IFRSs apply only to financial statements, and not necessarily to other information presented in an annual report, a regulatory filing, or another document. Therefore, it is important that users can distinguish information that is prepared using IFRSs from other information that may be useful to users but is not the subject of those requirements.
|
|
51
|
An entity shall clearly identify each financial statement and the notes. In addition, an entity shall display the following information prominently, and repeat it when necessary for the information presented to be understandable:
|
(a)
|
the name of the reporting entity or other means of identification, and any change in that information from the end of the preceding reporting period;
|
|
(b)
|
whether the financial statements are of an individual entity or a group of entities;
|
|
(c)
|
the date of the end of the reporting period or the period covered by the set of financial statements or notes;
|
|
(d)
|
the presentation currency, as defined in IAS 21; and
|
|
(e)
|
the level of rounding used in presenting amounts in the financial statements.
|
|
|
52
|
An entity meets the requirements in paragraph 51 by presenting appropriate headings for pages, statements, notes, columns and the like. Judgement is required in determining the best way of presenting such information. For example, when an entity presents the financial statements electronically, separate pages are not always used; an entity then presents the above items to ensure that the information included in the financial statements can be understood.
|
|
53
|
An entity often makes financial statements more understandable by presenting information in thousands or millions of units of the presentation currency. This is acceptable as long as the entity discloses the level of rounding and does not omit material information.
|
Statement of financial position
Information to be presented in the statement of financial position
|
54
|
The statement of financial position shall include line items that present the following amounts:
|
(a)
|
property, plant and equipment;
|
|
(d)
|
financial assets (excluding amounts shown under (e), (h) and (i));
|
|
(da)
|
portfolios of contracts within the scope of IFRS 17 that are assets, disaggregated as required by paragraph 78 of IFRS 17;
|
|
(e)
|
investments accounted for using the equity method;
|
|
(f)
|
biological assets within the scope of IAS 41 Agriculture;
|
|
(h)
|
trade and other receivables;
|
|
(i)
|
cash and cash equivalents;
|
|
(j)
|
the total of assets classified as held for sale and assets included in disposal groups classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5
Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations;
|
|
(k)
|
trade and other payables;
|
|
(m)
|
financial liabilities (excluding amounts shown under (k) and (l));
|
|
(ma)
|
portfolios of contracts within the scope of IFRS 17 that are liabilities, disaggregated as required by paragraph 78 of IFRS 17;
|
|
(n)
|
liabilities and assets for current tax, as defined in IAS 12 Income Taxes;
|
|
(o)
|
deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, as defined in IAS 12;
|
|
(p)
|
liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5;
|
|
(q)
|
non-controlling interests, presented within equity; and
|
|
(r)
|
issued capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parent.
|
|
|
55
|
An entity shall present additional line items (including by disaggregating the line items listed in paragraph 54), headings and subtotals in the statement of financial position when such presentation is relevant to an understanding of the entity's financial position.
|
|
55A
|
When an entity presents subtotals in accordance with paragraph 55, those subtotals shall:
|
(a)
|
be comprised of line items made up of amounts recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS;
|
|
(b)
|
be presented and labelled in a manner that makes the line items that constitute the subtotal clear and understandable;
|
|
(c)
|
be consistent from period to period, in accordance with paragraph 45; and
|
|
(d)
|
not be displayed with more prominence than the subtotals and totals required in IFRS for the statement of financial position.
|
|
|
56
|
When an entity presents current and non-current assets, and current and non-current liabilities, as separate classifications in its statement of financial position, it shall not classify deferred tax assets (liabilities) as current assets (liabilities).
|
|
57
|
This Standard does not prescribe the order or format in which an entity presents items. Paragraph 54 simply lists items that are sufficiently different in nature or function to warrant separate presentation in the statement of financial position. In addition:
|
(a)
|
line items are included when the size, nature or function of an item or aggregation of similar items is such that separate presentation is relevant to an understanding of the entity’s financial position; and
|
|
(b)
|
the descriptions used and the ordering of items or aggregation of similar items may be amended according to the nature of the entity and its transactions, to provide information that is relevant to an understanding of the entity’s financial position. For example, a financial institution may amend the above descriptions to provide information that is relevant to the operations of a financial institution.
|
|
|
58
|
An entity makes the judgement about whether to present additional items separately on the basis of an assessment of:
|
(a)
|
the nature and liquidity of assets;
|
|
(b)
|
the function of assets within the entity; and
|
|
(c)
|
the amounts, nature and timing of liabilities.
|
|
|
59
|
The use of different measurement bases for different classes of assets suggests that their nature or function differs and, therefore, that an entity presents them as separate line items. For example, different classes of property, plant and equipment can be carried at cost or at revalued amounts in accordance with IAS 16.
|
Current/non-current distinction
|
60
|
An entity shall present current and non-current assets, and current and non-current liabilities, as separate classifications in its statement of financial position in accordance with paragraphs 66–76 except when a presentation based on liquidity provides information that is reliable and more relevant. When that exception applies, an entity shall present all assets and liabilities in order of liquidity.
|
|
61
|
Whichever method of presentation is adopted, an entity shall disclose the amount expected to be recovered or settled after more than twelve months for each asset and liability line item that combines amounts expected to be recovered or settled:
|
(a)
|
no more than twelve months after the reporting period, and
|
|
(b)
|
more than twelve months after the reporting period.
|
|
|
62
|
When an entity supplies goods or services within a clearly identifiable operating cycle, separate classification of current and non-current assets and liabilities in the statement of financial position provides useful information by distinguishing the net assets that are continuously circulating as working capital from those used in the entity’s long-term operations. It also highlights assets that are expected to be realised within the current operating cycle, and liabilities that are due for settlement within the same period.
|
|
63
|
For some entities, such as financial institutions, a presentation of assets and liabilities in increasing or decreasing order of liquidity provides information that is reliable and more relevant than a current/non-current presentation because the entity does not supply goods or services within a clearly identifiable operating cycle.
|
|
64
|
In applying paragraph 60, an entity is permitted to present some of its assets and liabilities using a current/non-current classification and others in order of liquidity when this provides information that is reliable and more relevant. The need for a mixed basis of presentation might arise when an entity has diverse operations.
|
|
65
|
Information about expected dates of realisation of assets and liabilities is useful in assessing the liquidity and solvency of an entity. IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures requires disclosure of the maturity dates of financial assets and financial liabilities. Financial assets include trade and other receivables, and financial liabilities include trade and other payables. Information on the expected date of recovery of non-monetary assets such as inventories and expected date of settlement for liabilities such as provisions is also useful, whether assets and liabilities are classified as current or as non-current. For example, an entity discloses the amount of inventories that are expected to be recovered more than twelve months after the reporting period.
|
Current assets
|
66
|
An entity shall classify an asset as current when:
|
(a)
|
it expects to realise the asset, or intends to sell or consume it, in its normal operating cycle;
|
|
(b)
|
it holds the asset primarily for the purpose of trading;
|
|
(c)
|
it expects to realise the asset within twelve months after the reporting period; or
|
|
(d)
|
the asset is cash or a cash equivalent (as defined in IAS 7) unless the asset is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
|
An entity shall classify all other assets as non-current.
|
|
67
|
This Standard uses the term ‘non-current’ to include tangible, intangible and financial assets of a long-term nature. It does not prohibit the use of alternative descriptions as long as the meaning is clear.
|
|
68
|
The operating cycle of an entity is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. When the entity's normal operating cycle is not clearly identifiable, it is assumed to be 12 months. Current assets include assets (such as inventories and trade receivables) that are sold, consumed or realised as part of the normal operating cycle even when they are not expected to be realised within 12 months after the reporting period. Current assets also include assets held primarily for the purpose of trading (examples include some financial assets that meet the definition of held for trading in IFRS 9) and the current portion of non-current financial assets.
|
Current liabilities
|
69
|
An entity shall classify a liability as current when:
|
(a)
|
it expects to settle the liability in its normal operating cycle;
|
|
(b)
|
it holds the liability primarily for the purpose of trading;
|
|
(c)
|
the liability is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or
|
|
(d)
|
it does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period (see paragraph 73). Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.
|
An entity shall classify all other liabilities as non-current.
|
|
70
|
Some current liabilities, such as trade payables and some accruals for employee and other operating costs, are part of the working capital used in the entity’s normal operating cycle. An entity classifies such operating items as current liabilities even if they are due to be settled more than twelve months after the reporting period. The same normal operating cycle applies to the classification of an entity’s assets and liabilities. When the entity’s normal operating cycle is not clearly identifiable, it is assumed to be twelve months.
|
|
71
|
Other current liabilities are not settled as part of the normal operating cycle, but are due for settlement within 12 months after the reporting period or held primarily for the purpose of trading. Examples are some financial liabilities that meet the definition of held for trading in IFRS 9, bank overdrafts, and the current portion of non-current financial liabilities, dividends payable, income taxes and other non-trade payables. Financial liabilities that provide financing on a long-term basis (ie are not part of the working capital used in the entity's normal operating cycle) and are not due for settlement within 12 months after the reporting period are non-current liabilities, subject to paragraphs 74 and 75.
|
|
72
|
An entity classifies its financial liabilities as current when they are due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, even if:
|
(a)
|
the original term was for a period longer than twelve months, and
|
|
(b)
|
an agreement to refinance, or to reschedule payments, on a long-term basis is completed after the reporting period and before the financial statements are authorised for issue.
|
|
|
73
|
If an entity expects, and has the discretion, to refinance or roll over an obligation for at least twelve months after the reporting period under an existing loan facility, it classifies the obligation as non-current, even if it would otherwise be due within a shorter period. However, when refinancing or rolling over the obligation is not at the discretion of the entity (for example, there is no arrangement for refinancing), the entity does not consider the potential to refinance the obligation and classifies the obligation as current.
|
|
74
|
When an entity breaches a provision of a long-term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand, it classifies the liability as current, even if the lender agreed, after the reporting period and before the authorisation of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach. An entity classifies the liability as current because, at the end of the reporting period, it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for at least twelve months after that date.
|
|
75
|
However, an entity classifies the liability as non-current if the lender agreed by the end of the reporting period to provide a period of grace ending at least twelve months after the reporting period, within which the entity can rectify the breach and during which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment.
|
|
76
|
In respect of loans classified as current liabilities, if the following events occur between the end of the reporting period and the date the financial statements are authorised for issue, those events are disclosed as non-adjusting events in accordance with IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period:
|
(a)
|
refinancing on a long-term basis;
|
|
(b)
|
rectification of a breach of a long-term loan arrangement; and
|
|
(c)
|
the granting by the lender of a period of grace to rectify a breach of a long-term loan arrangement ending at least twelve months after the reporting period.
|
|
Information to be presented either in the statement of financial position or in the notes
|
77
|
An entity shall disclose, either in the statement of financial position or in the notes, further subclassifications of the line items presented, classified in a manner appropriate to the entity’s operations.
|
|
78
|
The detail provided in subclassifications depends on the requirements of IFRSs and on the size, nature and function of the amounts involved. An entity also uses the factors set out in paragraph 58 to decide the basis of subclassification. The disclosures vary for each item, for example:
|
(a)
|
items of property, plant and equipment are disaggregated into classes in accordance with IAS 16;
|
|
(b)
|
receivables are disaggregated into amounts receivable from trade customers, receivables from related parties, prepayments and other amounts;
|
|
(c)
|
inventories are disaggregated, in accordance with IAS 2 Inventories, into classifications such as merchandise, production supplies, materials, work in progress and finished goods;
|
|
(d)
|
provisions are disaggregated into provisions for employee benefits and other items; and
|
|
(e)
|
equity capital and reserves are disaggregated into various classes, such as paid-in capital, share premium and reserves.
|
|
|
79
|
An entity shall disclose the following, either in the statement of financial position or the statement of changes in equity, or in the notes:
|
(a)
|
for each class of share capital:
|
(i)
|
the number of shares authorised;
|
|
(ii)
|
the number of shares issued and fully paid, and issued but not fully paid;
|
|
(iii)
|
par value per share, or that the shares have no par value;
|
|
(iv)
|
a reconciliation of the number of shares outstanding at the beginning and at the end of the period;
|
|
(v)
|
the rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to that class including restrictions on the distribution of dividends and the repayment of capital;
|
|
(vi)
|
shares in the entity held by the entity or by its subsidiaries or associates; and
|
|
(vii)
|
shares reserved for issue under options and contracts for the sale of shares, including terms and amounts; and
|
|
|
(b)
|
a description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within equity.
|
|
|
80
|
An entity without share capital, such as a partnership or trust, shall disclose information equivalent to that required by paragraph 79(a), showing changes during the period in each category of equity interest, and the rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each category of equity interest.
|
|
80A
|
If an entity has reclassified
|
(a)
|
a puttable financial instrument classified as an equity instrument, or
|
|
(b)
|
an instrument that imposes on the entity an obligation to deliver to another party a pro rata share of the net assets of the entity only on liquidation and is classified as an equity instrument
|
between financial liabilities and equity, it shall disclose the amount reclassified into and out of each category (financial liabilities or equity), and the timing and reason for that reclassification.
|
Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
|
81A
|
The statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income (statement of comprehensive income) shall present, in addition to the profit or loss and other comprehensive income sections:
|
(b)
|
total other comprehensive income;
|
|
(c)
|
comprehensive income for the period, being the total of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
|
If an entity presents a separate statement of profit or loss it does not present the profit or loss section in the statement presenting comprehensive income.
|
|
81B
|
An entity shall present the following items, in addition to the profit or loss and other comprehensive income sections, as allocation of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period:
|
(a)
|
profit or loss for the period attributable to:
|
(i)
|
non-controlling interests, and
|
|
(ii)
|
owners of the parent.
|
|
|
(b)
|
comprehensive income for the period attributable to:
|
(i)
|
non-controlling interests, and
|
|
(ii)
|
owners of the parent.
|
|
If an entity presents profit or loss in a separate statement it shall present (a) in that statement.
|
Information to be presented in the profit or loss section or the statement of profit or loss
|
82
|
In addition to items required by other IFRSs, the profit or loss section or the statement of profit or loss shall include line items that present the following amounts for the period:
|
(a)
|
revenue, presenting separately:
|
(i)
|
interest revenue calculated using the effective interest method; and
|
|
(ii)
|
insurance revenue (see IFRS 17);
|
|
|
(aa)
|
gains and losses arising from the derecognition of financial assets measured at amortised cost;
|
|
(ab)
|
insurance service expenses from contracts issued within the scope of IFRS 17 (see IFRS 17);
|
|
(ac)
|
income or expenses from reinsurance contracts held (see IFRS 17);
|
|
(ba)
|
impairment losses (including reversals of impairment losses or impairment gains) determined in accordance with Section 5.5 of IFRS 9;
|
|
(bb)
|
insurance finance income or expenses from contracts issued within the scope of IFRS 17 (see IFRS 17);
|
|
(bc)
|
finance income or expenses from reinsurance contracts held (see IFRS 17);
|
|
(c)
|
share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method;
|
|
(ca)
|
if a financial asset is reclassified out of the amortised cost measurement category so that it is measured at fair value through profit or loss, any gain or loss arising from a difference between the previous amortised cost of the financial asset and its fair value at the reclassification date (as defined in IFRS 9);
|
|
(cb)
|
if a financial asset is reclassified out of the fair value through other comprehensive income measurement category so that it is measured at fair value through profit or loss, any cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in other comprehensive income that is reclassified to profit or loss;
|
|
(ea)
|
a single amount for the total of discontinued operations (see IFRS 5).
|
|
Information to be presented in the other comprehensive income section
|
82A
|
The other comprehensive income section shall present line items for the amounts for the period of:
|
(a)
|
items of other comprehensive income (excluding amounts in paragraph (b)), classified by nature and grouped into those that, in accordance with other IFRSs:
|
(i)
|
will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss; and
|
|
(ii)
|
will be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss when specific conditions are met.
|
|
|
(b)
|
the share of the other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method, separated into the share of items that, in accordance with other IFRSs:
|
(i)
|
will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss; and
|
|
(ii)
|
will be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss when specific conditions are met.
|
|
|
|
85
|
An entity shall present additional line items (including by disaggregating the line items listed in paragraph 82), headings and subtotals in the statement(s) presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income when such presentation is relevant to an understanding of the entity's financial performance.
|
|
85A
|
When an entity presents subtotals in accordance with paragraph 85, those subtotals shall:
|
(a)
|
be comprised of line items made up of amounts recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS;
|
|
(b)
|
be presented and labelled in a manner that makes the line items that constitute the subtotal clear and understandable;
|
|
(c)
|
be consistent from period to period, in accordance with paragraph 45; and
|
|
(d)
|
not be displayed with more prominence than the subtotals and totals required in IFRS for the statement(s) presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
|
|
|
85B
|
An entity shall present the line items in the statement(s) presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income that reconcile any subtotals presented in accordance with paragraph 85 with the subtotals or totals required in IFRS for such statement(s).
|
|
86
|
Because the effects of an entity’s various activities, transactions and other events differ in frequency, potential for gain or loss and predictability, disclosing the components of financial performance assists users in understanding the financial performance achieved and in making projections of future financial performance. An entity includes additional line items in the statement(s) presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income and it amends the descriptions used and the ordering of items when this is necessary to explain the elements of financial performance. An entity considers factors including materiality and the nature and function of the items of income and expense. For example, a financial institution may amend the descriptions to provide information that is relevant to the operations of a financial institution. An entity does not offset income and expense items unless the criteria in paragraph 32 are met.
|
|
87
|
An entity shall not present any items of income or expense as extraordinary items, in the statement(s) presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income or in the notes.
|
Profit or loss for the period
|
88
|
An entity shall recognise all items of income and expense in a period in profit or loss unless an IFRS requires or permits otherwise.
|
|
89
|
Some IFRSs specify circumstances when an entity recognises particular items outside profit or loss in the current period. IAS 8 specifies two such circumstances: the correction of errors and the effect of changes in accounting policies. Other IFRSs require or permit components of other comprehensive income that meet the Conceptual Framework’s definition of income or expense to be excluded from profit or loss (see paragraph 7).
|
Other comprehensive income for the period
|
90
|
An entity shall disclose the amount of income tax relating to each item of other comprehensive income, including reclassification adjustments, either in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income or in the notes.
|
|
91
|
An entity may present items of other comprehensive income either:
|
(a)
|
net of related tax effects, or
|
|
(b)
|
before related tax effects with one amount shown for the aggregate amount of income tax relating to those items.
|
If an entity elects alternative (b), it shall allocate the tax between the items that might be reclassified subsequently to the profit or loss section and those that will not be reclassified subsequently to the profit or loss section.
|
|
92
|
An entity shall disclose reclassification adjustments relating to components of other comprehensive income.
|
|
93
|
Other IFRSs specify whether and when amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss. Such reclassifications are referred to in this Standard as reclassification adjustments. A reclassification adjustment is included with the related component of other comprehensive income in the period that the adjustment is reclassified to profit or loss. These amounts may have been recognised in other comprehensive income as unrealised gains in the current or previous periods. Those unrealised gains must be deducted from other comprehensive income in the period in which the realised gains are reclassified to profit or loss to avoid including them in total comprehensive income twice.
|
|
94
|
An entity may present reclassification adjustments in the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income or in the notes. An entity presenting reclassification adjustments in the notes presents the items of other comprehensive income after any related reclassification adjustments.
|
|
95
|
Reclassification adjustments arise, for example, on disposal of a foreign operation (see IAS 21) and when some hedged forecast cash flow affect profit or loss (see paragraph 6.5.11(d) of IFRS 9 in relation to cash flow hedges).
|
|
96
|
Reclassification adjustments do not arise on changes in revaluation surplus recognised in accordance with IAS 16 or IAS 38 or on remeasurements of defined benefit plans recognised in accordance with IAS 19. These components are recognised in other comprehensive income and are not reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods. Changes in revaluation surplus may be transferred to retained earnings in subsequent periods as the asset is used or when it is derecognised (see IAS 16 and IAS 38). In accordance with IFRS 9, reclassification adjustments do not arise if a cash flow hedge or the accounting for the time value of an option (or the forward element of a forward contract or the foreign currency basis spread of a financial instrument) result in amounts that are removed from the cash flow hedge reserve or a separate component of equity, respectively, and included directly in the initial cost or other carrying amount of an asset or a liability. These amounts are directly transferred to assets or liabilities.
|
Information to be presented in the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income or in the notes
|
97
|
When items of income or expense are material, an entity shall disclose their nature and amount separately.
|
|
98
|
Circumstances that would give rise to the separate disclosure of items of income and expense include:
|
(a)
|
write-downs of inventories to net realisable value or of property, plant and equipment to recoverable amount, as well as reversals of such write-downs;
|
|
(b)
|
restructurings of the activities of an entity and reversals of any provisions for the costs of restructuring;
|
|
(c)
|
disposals of items of property, plant and equipment;
|
|
(d)
|
disposals of investments;
|
|
(e)
|
discontinued operations;
|
|
(f)
|
litigation settlements; and
|
|
(g)
|
other reversals of provisions.
|
|
|
99
|
An entity shall present an analysis of expenses recognised in profit or loss using a classification based on either their nature or their function within the entity, whichever provides information that is reliable and more relevant.
|
|
100
|
Entities are encouraged to present the analysis in paragraph 99 in the statement(s) presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
|
|
101
|
Expenses are subclassified to highlight components of financial performance that may differ in terms of frequency, potential for gain or loss and predictability. This analysis is provided in one of two forms.
|
|
102
|
The first form of analysis is the ‘nature of expense’ method. An entity aggregates expenses within profit or loss according to their nature (for example, depreciation, purchases of materials, transport costs, employee benefits and advertising costs), and does not reallocate them among functions within the entity. This method may be simple to apply because no allocations of expenses to functional classifications are necessary. An example of a classification using the nature of expense method is as follows:
|
Revenue
|
|
X
|
|
Other income
|
|
X
|
|
Changes in inventories of finished goods and work in progress
|
X
|
|
|
Raw materials and consumables used
|
X
|
|
|
Employee benefits expense
|
X
|
|
|
Depreciation and amortisation expense
|
X
|
|
|
Other expenses
|
X
|
|
|
Total expenses
|
|
(X)
|
|
Profit before tax
|
|
X
|
|
|
103
|
The second form of analysis is the ‘function of expense’ or ‘cost of sales’ method and classifies expenses according to their function as part of cost of sales or, for example, the costs of distribution or administrative activities. At a minimum, an entity discloses its cost of sales under this method separately from other expenses. This method can provide more relevant information to users than the classification of expenses by nature, but allocating costs to functions may require arbitrary allocations and involve considerable judgement. An example of a classification using the function of expense method is as follows:
|
Revenue
|
X
|
|
Cost of sales
|
(X)
|
|
Gross profit
|
X
|
|
Other income
|
X
|
|
Distribution costs
|
(X)
|
|
Administrative expenses
|
(X)
|
|
Other expenses
|
(X)
|
|
Profit before tax
|
X
|
|
|
104
|
An entity classifying expenses by function shall disclose additional information on the nature of expenses, including depreciation and amortisation expense and employee benefits expense.
|
|
105
|
The choice between the function of expense method and the nature of expense method depends on historical and industry factors and the nature of the entity. Both methods provide an indication of those costs that might vary, directly or indirectly, with the level of sales or production of the entity. Because each method of presentation has merit for different types of entities, this Standard requires management to select the presentation that is reliable and more relevant. However, because information on the nature of expenses is useful in predicting future cash flows, additional disclosure is required when the function of expense classification is used. In paragraph 104, ‘employee benefits’ has the same meaning as in IAS 19.
|
Statement of changes in equity
Information to be presented in the statement of changes in equity
|
106
|
An entity shall present a statement of changes in equity as required by paragraph 10. The statement of changes in equity includes the following information:
|
(a)
|
total comprehensive income for the period, showing separately the total amounts attributable to owners of the parent and to non-controlling interests;
|
|
(b)
|
for each component of equity, the effects of retrospective application or retrospective restatement recognised in accordance with IAS 8; and
|
|
(d)
|
for each component of equity, a reconciliation between the carrying amount at the beginning and the end of the period, separately (as a minimum) disclosing changes resulting from:
|
(ii)
|
other comprehensive income; and
|
|
(iii)
|
transactions with owners in their capacity as owners, showing separately contributions by and distributions to owners and changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries that do not result in a loss of control.
|
|
|
Information to be presented in the statement of changes in equity or in the notes
|
106A
|
For each component of equity an entity shall present, either in the statement of changes in equity or in the notes, an analysis of other comprehensive income by item (see paragraph 106(d)(ii)).
|
|
107
|
An entity shall present, either in the statement of changes in equity or in the notes, the amount of dividends recognised as distributions to owners during the period, and the related amount of dividends per share.
|
|
108
|
In paragraph 106, the components of equity include, for example, each class of contributed equity, the accumulated balance of each class of other comprehensive income and retained earnings.
|
|
109
|
Changes in an entity’s equity between the beginning and the end of the reporting period reflect the increase or decrease in its net assets during the period. Except for changes resulting from transactions with owners in their capacity as owners (such as equity contributions, reacquisitions of the entity’s own equity instruments and dividends) and transaction costs directly related to such transactions, the overall change in equity during a period represents the total amount of income and expense, including gains and losses, generated by the entity’s activities during that period.
|
|
110
|
IAS 8 requires retrospective adjustments to effect changes in accounting policies, to the extent practicable, except when the transition provisions in another IFRS require otherwise. IAS 8 also requires restatements to correct errors to be made retrospectively, to the extent practicable. Retrospective adjustments and retrospective restatements are not changes in equity but they are adjustments to the opening balance of retained earnings, except when an IFRS requires retrospective adjustment of another component of equity. Paragraph 106(b) requires disclosure in the statement of changes in equity of the total adjustment to each component of equity resulting from changes in accounting policies and, separately, from corrections of errors. These adjustments are disclosed for each prior period and the beginning of the period.
|
Statement of cash flows
|
111
|
Cash flow information provides users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the entity to utilise those cash flows. IAS 7 sets out requirements for the presentation and disclosure of cash flow information.
|
Notes
Structure
|
112
|
The notes shall:
|
(a)
|
present information about the basis of preparation of the financial statements and the specific accounting policies used in accordance with paragraphs 117–124;
|
|
(b)
|
disclose the information required by IFRSs that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements; and
|
|
(c)
|
provide information that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements, but is relevant to an understanding of any of them.
|
|
|
113
|
An entity shall, as far as practicable, present notes in a systematic manner. In determining a systematic manner, the entity shall consider the effect on the understandability and comparability of its financial statements. An entity shall cross-reference each item in the statements of financial position and in the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, and in the statements of changes in equity and of cash flows to any related information in the notes.
|
|
114
|
Examples of systematic ordering or grouping of the notes include:
|
(a)
|
giving prominence to the areas of its activities that the entity considers to be most relevant to an understanding of its financial performance and financial position, such as grouping together information about particular operating activities;
|
|
(b)
|
grouping together information about items measured similarly such as assets measured at fair value; or
|
|
(c)
|
following the order of the line items in the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and the statement of financial position, such as:
|
(i)
|
statement of compliance with IFRSs (see paragraph 16);
|
|
(ii)
|
material accounting policy information (see paragraph 117);
|
|
(iii)
|
supporting information for items presented in the statements of financial position and in the statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, and in the statements of changes in equity and of cash flows, in the order in which each statement and each line item is presented; and
|
|
(iv)
|
other disclosures, including
|
(1)
|
contingent liabilities (see IAS 37) and unrecognised contractual commitments; and
|
|
(2)
|
non-financial disclosures, eg the entity's financial risk management objectives and policies (see IFRS 7).
|
|
|
|
|
116
|
An entity may present notes providing information about the basis of preparation of the financial statements and specific accounting policies as a separate section of the financial statements.
|
Disclosure of accounting policies
|
117
|
An entity shall disclose material accounting policy information (see paragraph 7). Accounting policy information is material if, when considered together with other information included in an entity’s financial statements, it can reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements.
|
|
117A
|
Accounting policy information that relates to immaterial transactions, other events or conditions is immaterial and need not be disclosed. Accounting policy information may nevertheless be material because of the nature of the related transactions, other events or conditions, even if the amounts are immaterial. However, not all accounting policy information relating to material transactions, other events or conditions is itself material.
|
|
117B
|
Accounting policy information is expected to be material if users of an entity’s financial statements would need it to understand other material information in the financial statements. For example, an entity is likely to consider accounting policy information material to its financial statements if that information relates to material transactions, other events or conditions and:
|
(a)
|
the entity changed its accounting policy during the reporting period and this change resulted in a material change to the information in the financial statements;
|
|
(b)
|
the entity chose the accounting policy from one or more options permitted by IFRSs—such a situation could arise if the entity chose to measure investment property at historical cost rather than fair value;
|
|
(c)
|
the accounting policy was developed in accordance with IAS 8 in the absence of an IFRS that specifically applies;
|
|
(d)
|
the accounting policy relates to an area for which an entity is required to make significant judgements or assumptions in applying an accounting policy, and the entity discloses those judgements or assumptions in accordance with paragraphs 122 and 125; or
|
|
(e)
|
the accounting required for them is complex and users of the entity’s financial statements would otherwise not understand those material transactions, other events or conditions—such a situation could arise if an entity applies more than one IFRS to a class of material transactions.
|
|
|
117C
|
Accounting policy information that focuses on how an entity has applied the requirements of the IFRSs to its own circumstances provides entity-specific information that is more useful to users of financial statements than standardised information, or information that only duplicates or summarises the requirements of the IFRSs.
|
|
117D
|
If an entity discloses immaterial accounting policy information, such information shall not obscure material accounting policy information.
|
|
117E
|
An entity’s conclusion that accounting policy information is immaterial does not affect the related disclosure requirements set out in other IFRSs.
|
|
122
|
An entity shall disclose, along with material accounting policy information or other notes, the judgements, apart from those involving estimations (see paragraph 125), that management has made in the process of applying the entity's accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements.
|
|
123
|
In the process of applying the entity's accounting policies, management makes various judgements, apart from those involving estimations, that can significantly affect the amounts it recognises in the financial statements. For example, management makes judgements in determining:
|
(b)
|
when substantially all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of financial assets and, for lessors, assets subject to leases are transferred to other entities;
|
|
(c)
|
whether, in substance, particular sales of goods are financing arrangements and therefore do not give rise to revenue; and
|
|
(d)
|
whether the contractual terms of a financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
|
|
|
124
|
Some of the disclosures made in accordance with paragraph 122 are required by other IFRSs. For example IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities requires an entity to disclose the judgements it has made in determining whether it controls another entity. IAS 40 Investment Property requires disclosure of the criteria developed by the entity to distinguish investment property from owner-occupied property and from property held for sale in the ordinary course of business, when classification of the property is difficult.
|
Sources of estimation uncertainty
|
125
|
An entity shall disclose information about the assumptions it makes about the future, and other major sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year. In respect of those assets and liabilities, the notes shall include details of:
|
(b)
|
their carrying amount as at the end of the reporting period.
|
|
|
126
|
Determining the carrying amounts of some assets and liabilities requires estimation of the effects of uncertain future events on those assets and liabilities at the end of the reporting period. For example, in the absence of recently observed market prices, future-oriented estimates are necessary to measure the recoverable amount of classes of property, plant and equipment, the effect of technological obsolescence on inventories, provisions subject to the future outcome of litigation in progress, and long-term employee benefit liabilities such as pension obligations. These estimates involve assumptions about such items as the risk adjustment to cash flows or discount rates, future changes in salaries and future changes in prices affecting other costs.
|
|
127
|
The assumptions and other sources of estimation uncertainty disclosed in accordance with paragraph 125 relate to the estimates that require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgements. As the number of variables and assumptions affecting the possible future resolution of the uncertainties increases, those judgements become more subjective and complex, and the potential for a consequential material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities normally increases accordingly.
|
|
128
|
The disclosures in paragraph 125 are not required for assets and liabilities with a significant risk that their carrying amounts might change materially within the next financial year if, at the end of the reporting period, they are measured at fair value based on a quoted price in an active market for an identical asset or liability. Such fair values might change materially within the next financial year but these changes would not arise from assumptions or other sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period.
|
|
129
|
An entity presents the disclosures in paragraph 125 in a manner that helps users of financial statements to understand the judgements that management makes about the future and about other sources of estimation uncertainty. The nature and extent of the information provided vary according to the nature of the assumption and other circumstances. Examples of the types of disclosures an entity makes are:
|
(a)
|
the nature of the assumption or other estimation uncertainty;
|
|
(b)
|
the sensitivity of carrying amounts to the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying their calculation, including the reasons for the sensitivity;
|
|
(c)
|
the expected resolution of an uncertainty and the range of reasonably possible outcomes within the next financial year in respect of the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities affected; and
|
|
(d)
|
an explanation of changes made to past assumptions concerning those assets and liabilities, if the uncertainty remains unresolved.
|
|
|
130
|
This Standard does not require an entity to disclose budget information or forecasts in making the disclosures in paragraph 125.
|
|
131
|
Sometimes it is impracticable to disclose the extent of the possible effects of an assumption or another source of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period. In such cases, the entity discloses that it is reasonably possible, on the basis of existing knowledge, that outcomes within the next financial year that are different from the assumption could require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset or liability affected. In all cases, the entity discloses the nature and carrying amount of the specific asset or liability (or class of assets or liabilities) affected by the assumption.
|
|
132
|
The disclosures in paragraph 122 of particular judgements that management made in the process of applying the entity’s accounting policies do not relate to the disclosures of sources of estimation uncertainty in paragraph 125.
|
|
133
|
Other IFRSs require the disclosure of some of the assumptions that would otherwise be required in accordance with paragraph 125. For example, IAS 37 requires disclosure, in specified circumstances, of major assumptions concerning future events affecting classes of provisions. IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement requires disclosure of significant assumptions (including the valuation technique(s) and inputs) the entity uses when measuring the fair values of assets and liabilities that are carried at fair value.
|
Capital
|
134
|
An entity shall disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate the entity’s objectives, policies and processes for managing capital.
|
|
135
|
To comply with paragraph 134, the entity discloses the following:
|
(a)
|
qualitative information about its objectives, policies and processes for managing capital, including:
|
(i)
|
a description of what it manages as capital;
|
|
(ii)
|
when an entity is subject to externally imposed capital requirements, the nature of those requirements and how those requirements are incorporated into the management of capital; and
|
|
(iii)
|
how it is meeting its objectives for managing capital.
|
|
|
(b)
|
summary quantitative data about what it manages as capital. Some entities regard some financial liabilities (e.g. some forms of subordinated debt) as part of capital. Other entities regard capital as excluding some components of equity (e.g. components arising from cash flow hedges).
|
|
(c)
|
any changes in (a) and (b) from the previous period.
|
|
(d)
|
whether during the period it complied with any externally imposed capital requirements to which it is subject.
|
|
(e)
|
when the entity has not complied with such externally imposed capital requirements, the consequences of such non-compliance.
|
The entity bases these disclosures on the information provided internally to key management personnel.
|
|
136
|
An entity may manage capital in a number of ways and be subject to a number of different capital requirements. For example, a conglomerate may include entities that undertake insurance activities and banking activities and those entities may operate in several jurisdictions. When an aggregate disclosure of capital requirements and how capital is managed would not provide useful information or distorts a financial statement user’s understanding of an entity’s capital resources, the entity shall disclose separate information for each capital requirement to which the entity is subject.
|
Puttable financial instruments classified as equity
|
136A
|
For puttable financial instruments classified as equity instruments, an entity shall disclose (to the extent not disclosed elsewhere):
|
(a)
|
summary quantitative data about the amount classified as equity;
|
|
(b)
|
its objectives, policies and processes for managing its obligation to repurchase or redeem the instruments when required to do so by the instrument holders, including any changes from the previous period;
|
|
(c)
|
the expected cash outflow on redemption or repurchase of that class of financial instruments; and
|
|
(d)
|
information about how the expected cash outflow on redemption or repurchase was determined.
|
|
Other disclosures
|
137
|
An entity shall disclose in the notes:
|
(a)
|
the amount of dividends proposed or declared before the financial statements were authorised for issue but not recognised as a distribution to owners during the period, and the related amount per share; and
|
|
(b)
|
the amount of any cumulative preference dividends not recognised.
|
|
|
138
|
An entity shall disclose the following, if not disclosed elsewhere in information published with the financial statements:
|
(a)
|
the domicile and legal form of the entity, its country of incorporation and the address of its registered office (or principal place of business, if different from the registered office);
|
|
(b)
|
a description of the nature of the entity’s operations and its principal activities;
|
|
(c)
|
the name of the parent and the ultimate parent of the group; and
|
|
(d)
|
if it is a limited life entity, information regarding the length of its life.
|
|
TRANSITION AND EFFECTIVE DATE
|
139
|
An entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity adopts this Standard for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
139A
|
IAS 27 (as amended in 2008) amended paragraph 106. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies IAS 27 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendment shall be applied for that earlier period. The amendment shall be applied retrospectively.
|
|
139B
|
Puttable Financial Instruments and Obligations Arising on Liquidation (Amendments to IAS 32 and IAS 1), issued in February 2008, amended paragraph 138 and inserted paragraphs 8A, 80A and 136A. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact and apply the related amendments to IAS 32, IAS 39, IFRS 7 and IFRIC 2 Members’ Shares in Co-operative Entities and Similar Instruments at the same time.
|
|
139C
|
Paragraphs 68 and 71 were amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
139D
|
Paragraph 69 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in April 2009. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
139F
|
Paragraphs 106 and 107 were amended and paragraph 106A was added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2010. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2011. Earlier application is permitted.
|
|
139H
|
IFRS 10 and IFRS 12, issued in May 2011, amended paragraphs 4, 119, 123 and 124. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 10 and IFRS 12.
|
|
139I
|
IFRS 13, issued in May 2011, amended paragraphs 128 and 133. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 13.
|
|
139J
|
Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income (Amendments to IAS 1), issued in June 2011, amended paragraphs 7, 10, 82, 85–87, 90, 91, 94, 100 and 115, added paragraphs 10A, 81A, 81B and 82A, and deleted paragraphs 12, 81, 83 and 84. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2012. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
139K
|
IAS 19 Employee Benefits (as amended in June 2011) amended the definition of ‘other comprehensive income’ in paragraph 7 and paragraph 96. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IAS 19 (as amended in June 2011).
|
|
139L
|
Annual Improvements 2009–2011 Cycle, issued in May 2012, amended paragraphs 10, 38 and 41, deleted paragraphs 39–40 and added paragraphs 38A–38D and 40A–40D. An entity shall apply that amendment retrospectively in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies that amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
139N
|
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued in May 2014, amended paragraph 34. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 15.
|
|
139O
|
IFRS 9, as issued in July 2014, amended paragraphs 7, 68, 71, 82, 93, 95, 96, 106 and 123 and deleted paragraphs 139E, 139G and 139M. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 9.
|
|
139P
|
Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), issued in December 2014, amended paragraphs 10, 31, 54–55, 82A, 85, 113–114, 117, 119 and 122, added paragraphs 30A, 55A and 85A–85B and deleted paragraphs 115 and 120. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. Earlier application is permitted. Entities are not required to disclose the information required by paragraphs 28–30 of IAS 8 in relation to these amendments.
|
|
139Q
|
IFRS 16 Leases, issued in January 2016, amended paragraph 123. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 16.
|
|
139R
|
IFRS 17, issued in May 2017, amended paragraphs 7, 54 and 82. Amendments to IFRS 17, issued in June 2020, further amended paragraph 54. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 17.
|
|
139S
|
Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards, issued in 2018, amended paragraphs 7, 15, 19–20, 23–24, 28 and 89. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020. Earlier application is permitted if at the same time an entity also applies all other amendments made by Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards. An entity shall apply the amendments to IAS 1 retrospectively in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. However, if an entity determines that retrospective application would be impracticable or would involve undue cost or effort, it shall apply the amendments to IAS 1 by reference to paragraphs 23–28, 50–53 and 54F of IAS 8.
|
|
139T
|
Definition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8), issued in October 2018, amended paragraph 7 of IAS 1 and paragraph 5 of IAS 8, and deleted paragraph 6 of IAS 8. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies those amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
139V
|
Disclosure of Accounting Policies, issued in February 2021, amended paragraphs 7, 10, 114, 117 and 122, added paragraphs 117A–117E and deleted paragraphs 118, 119 and 121. It also amended IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements. An entity shall apply the amendments to IAS 1 for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies those amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact.
|
WITHDRAWAL OF IAS 1 (REVISED 2003)
|
140
|
This Standard supersedes IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements revised in 2003, as amended in 2005.
|
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 2
Inventories
OBJECTIVE
|
1
|
The objective of this standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be recognised as an asset and carried forward until the related revenues are recognised. This standard provides guidance on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories.
|
SCOPE
|
2
|
This Standard applies to all inventories, except:
|
(b)
|
financial instruments (see IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments); and
|
|
(c)
|
biological assets related to agricultural activity and agricultural produce at the point of harvest (see IAS 41 Agriculture).
|
|
|
3
|
This standard does not apply to the measurement of inventories held by:
|
(a)
|
producers of agricultural and forest products, agricultural produce after harvest, and minerals and mineral products, to the extent that they are measured at net realisable value in accordance with well-established practices in those industries. When such inventories are measured at net realisable value, changes in that value are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change;
|
|
(b)
|
commodity broker-traders who measure their inventories at fair value less costs to sell. When such inventories are measured at fair value less costs to sell, changes in fair value less costs to sell are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change.
|
|
|
4
|
The inventories referred to in paragraph 3(a) are measured at net realisable value at certain stages of production. This occurs, for example, when agricultural crops have been harvested or minerals have been extracted and sale is assured under a forward contract or a government guarantee, or when an active market exists and there is a negligible risk of failure to sell. These inventories are excluded from only the measurement requirements of this standard.
|
|
5
|
Broker-traders are those who buy or sell commodities for others or on their own account. The inventories referred to in paragraph 3(b) are principally acquired with the purpose of selling in the near future and generating a profit from fluctuations in price or broker-traders' margin. When these inventories are measured at fair value less costs to sell, they are excluded from only the measurement requirements of this standard.
|
DEFINITIONS
|
6
|
The following terms are used in this standard with the meanings specified:
|
|
Inventories are assets:
|
(a)
|
held for sale in the ordinary course of business;
|
|
(b)
|
in the process of production for such sale; or
|
|
(c)
|
in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.
|
|
|
|
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
|
|
|
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (See IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement.)
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|
|
7
|
Net realisable value refers to the net amount that an entity expects to realise from the sale of inventory in the ordinary course of business. Fair value reflects the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the same inventory in the principal (or most advantageous) market for that inventory would take place between market participants at the measurement date. The former is an entity-specific value; the latter is not. Net realisable value for inventories may not equal fair value less costs to sell.
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|
8
|
Inventories encompass goods purchased and held for resale including, for example, merchandise purchased by a retailer and held for resale, or land and other property held for resale. Inventories also encompass finished goods produced, or work in progress being produced, by the entity and include materials and supplies awaiting use in the production process. Costs incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer that do not give rise to inventories (or assets within the scope of another Standard) are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
|
MEASUREMENT OF INVENTORIES
|
9
|
Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.
|
Cost of inventories
|
10
|
The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
|
Costs of purchase
|
11
|
The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase.
|
Costs of conversion
|
12
|
The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production, such as direct labour. They also include a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. Fixed production overheads are those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings, equipment and right-of-use assets used in the production process, and the cost of factory management and administration. Variable production overheads are those indirect costs of production that vary directly, or nearly directly, with the volume of production, such as indirect materials and indirect labour.
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|
13
|
The allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity is the production expected to be achieved on average over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance. The actual level of production may be used if it approximates normal capacity. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is not increased as a consequence of low production or idle plant. Unallocated overheads are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost. Variable production overheads are allocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of the production facilities.
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|
14
|
A production process may result in more than one product being produced simultaneously. This is the case, for example, when joint products are produced or when there is a main product and a by-product. When the costs of conversion of each product are not separately identifiable, they are allocated between the products on a rational and consistent basis. The allocation may be based, for example, on the relative sales value of each product either at the stage in the production process when the products become separately identifiable, or at the completion of production. Most by-products, by their nature, are immaterial. When this is the case, they are often measured at net realisable value and this value is deducted from the cost of the main product. As a result, the carrying amount of the main product is not materially different from its cost.
|
Other costs
|
15
|
Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. For example, it may be appropriate to include non-production overheads or the costs of designing products for specific customers in the cost of inventories.
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|
16
|
Examples of costs excluded from the cost of inventories and recognised as expenses in the period in which they are incurred are:
|
(a)
|
abnormal amounts of wasted materials, labour or other production costs;
|
|
(b)
|
storage costs, unless those costs are necessary in the production process before a further production stage;
|
|
(c)
|
administrative overheads that do not contribute to bringing inventories to their present location and condition; and
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|
|
17
|
IAS 23 Borrowing costs identifies limited circumstances where borrowing costs are included in the cost of inventories.
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|
18
|
An entity may purchase inventories on deferred settlement terms. When the arrangement effectively contains a financing element, that element, for example a difference between the purchase price for normal credit terms and the amount paid, is recognised as interest expense over the period of the financing.
|
Cost of agricultural produce harvested from biological assets
|
20
|
In accordance with IAS 41 Agriculture inventories comprising agricultural produce that an entity has harvested from its biological assets are measured on initial recognition at their fair value less costs to sell at the point of harvest. This is the cost of the inventories at that date for application of this Standard.
|
Techniques for the measurement of cost
|
21
|
Techniques for the measurement of the cost of inventories, such as the standard cost method or the retail method, may be used for convenience if the results approximate cost. Standard costs take into account normal levels of materials and supplies, labour, efficiency and capacity utilisation. They are regularly reviewed and, if necessary, revised in the light of current conditions.
|
|
22
|
The retail method is often used in the retail industry for measuring inventories of large numbers of rapidly changing items with similar margins for which it is impracticable to use other costing methods. The cost of the inventory is determined by reducing the sales value of the inventory by the appropriate percentage gross margin. The percentage used takes into consideration inventory that has been marked down to below its original selling price. An average percentage for each retail department is often used.
|
Cost formulas
|
23
|
The cost of inventories of items that are not ordinarily interchangeable and goods or services produced and segregated for specific projects shall be assigned by using specific identification of their individual costs.
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|
24
|
Specific identification of cost means that specific costs are attributed to identified items of inventory. This is the appropriate treatment for items that are segregated for a specific project, regardless of whether they have been bought or produced. However, specific identification of costs is inappropriate when there are large numbers of items of inventory that are ordinarily interchangeable. In such circumstances, the method of selecting those items that remain in inventories could be used to obtain predetermined effects on profit or loss.
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|
25
|
The cost of inventories, other than those dealt with in paragraph 23, shall be assigned by using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or weighted average cost formula. An entity shall use the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the entity. For inventories with a different nature or use, different cost formulas may be justified.
|
|
26
|
For example, inventories used in one operating segment may have a use to the entity different from the same type of inventories used in another operating segment. However, a difference in geographical location of inventories (or in the respective tax rules), by itself, is not sufficient to justify the use of different cost formulas.
|
|
27
|
The FIFO formula assumes that the items of inventory that were purchased or produced first are sold first, and consequently the items remaining in inventory at the end of the period are those most recently purchased or produced. Under the weighted average cost formula, the cost of each item is determined from the weighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of a period and the cost of similar items purchased or produced during the period. The average may be calculated on a periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is received, depending upon the circumstances of the entity.
|
Net realisable value
|
28
|
The cost of inventories may not be recoverable if those inventories are damaged, if they have become wholly or partially obsolete, or if their selling prices have declined. The cost of inventories may also not be recoverable if the estimated costs of completion or the estimated costs to be incurred to make the sale have increased. The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expected to be realised from their sale or use.
|
|
29
|
Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. In some circumstances, however, it may be appropriate to group similar or related items. This may be the case with items of inventory relating to the same product line that have similar purposes or end uses, are produced and marketed in the same geographical area, and cannot be practicably evaluated separately from other items in that product line. It is not appropriate to write inventories down on the basis of a classification of inventory, for example, finished goods, or all the inventories in a particular operating segment.
|
|
30
|
Estimates of net realisable value are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made, of the amount the inventories are expected to realise. These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or cost directly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent that such events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period.
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|
31
|
Estimates of net realisable value also take into consideration the purpose for which the inventory is held. For example, the net realisable value of the quantity of inventory held to satisfy firm sales or service contracts is based on the contract price. If the sales contracts are for less than the inventory quantities held, the net realisable value of the excess is based on general selling prices. Provisions may arise from firm sales contracts in excess of inventory quantities held or from firm purchase contracts. Such provisions are dealt with under IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets.
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|
32
|
Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will be incorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost. However, when a decline in the price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds net realisable value, the materials are written down to net realisable value. In such circumstances, the replacement cost of the materials may be the best available measure of their net realisable value.
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|
33
|
A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period. When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the amount of the write-down is reversed (i.e. the reversal is limited to the amount of the original write-down) so that the new carrying amount is the lower of the cost and the revised net realisable value. This occurs, for example, when an item of inventory that is carried at net realisable value, because its selling price has declined, is still on hand in a subsequent period and its selling price has increased.
|
RECOGNITION AS AN EXPENSE
|
34
|
When inventories are sold, the carrying amount of those inventories shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is recognised. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realisable value and all losses of inventories shall be recognised as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of any write-down of inventories, arising from an increase in net realisable value, shall be recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in which the reversal occurs.
|
|
35
|
Some inventories may be allocated to other asset accounts, for example, inventory used as a component of self-constructed property, plant or equipment. Inventories allocated to another asset in this way are recognised as an expense during the useful life of that asset.
|
DISCLOSURE
|
36
|
The financial statements shall disclose:
|
(a)
|
the accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the cost formula used;
|
|
(b)
|
the total carrying amount of inventories and the carrying amount in classifications appropriate to the entity;
|
|
(c)
|
the carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell;
|
|
(d)
|
the amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period;
|
|
(e)
|
the amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34;
|
|
(f)
|
the amount of any reversal of any write-down that is recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34;
|
|
(g)
|
the circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write-down of inventories in accordance with paragraph 34; and
|
|
(h)
|
the carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities.
|
|
|
37
|
Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is useful to financial statement users. Common classifications of inventories are merchandise, production supplies, materials, work in progress and finished goods.
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|
38
|
The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period, which is often referred to as cost of sales, consists of those costs previously included in the measurement of inventory that has now been sold and unallocated production overheads and abnormal amounts of production costs of inventories. The circumstances of the entity may also warrant the inclusion of other amounts, such as distribution costs.
|
|
39
|
Some entities adopt a format for profit or loss that results in amounts being disclosed other than the cost of inventories recognised as an expense during the period. Under this format, an entity presents an analysis of expenses using a classification based on the nature of expenses. In this case, the entity discloses the costs recognised as an expense for raw materials and consumables, labour costs and other costs together with the amount of the net change in inventories for the period.
|
EFFECTIVE DATE
|
40
|
An entity shall apply this standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
40C
|
IFRS 13, issued in May 2011, amended the definition of fair value in paragraph 6 and amended paragraph 7. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 13.
|
|
40E
|
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued in May 2014, amended paragraphs 2, 8, 29 and 37 and deleted paragraph 19. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 15.
|
|
40F
|
IFRS 9, as issued in July 2014, amended paragraphs 2 and deleted paragraphs 40A, 40B and 40D. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 9.
|
|
40G
|
IFRS 16 Leases, issued in January 2016, amended paragraph 12. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 16.
|
WITHDRAWAL OF OTHER PRONOUNCEMENTS
|
41
|
This standard supersedes IAS 2 Inventories (revised in 1993).
|
|
42
|
This standard supersedes SIC-1 Consistency — Different Cost Formulas for Inventories.
|
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 7
Statement of Cash Flows
(2)
OBJECTIVE
Information about the cash flows of an entity is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the entity to utilise those cash flows. The economic decisions that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their generation.
The objective of this standard is to require the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of an entity by means of a statement of cash flows which classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities.
SCOPE
|
1
|
An entity shall prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with the requirements of this standard and shall present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are presented.
|
|
2
|
This standard supersedes IAS 7 Statement of Changes in Financial Position, approved in July 1977.
|
|
3
|
Users of an entity's financial statements are interested in how the entity generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the entity's activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed as the product of the entity, as may be the case with a financial institution. Entities need cash for essentially the same reasons however different their principal revenue-producing activities might be. They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations, and to provide returns to their investors. Accordingly, this standard requires all entities to present a statement of cash flows.
|
BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
|
4
|
A statement of cash flows, when used in conjunction with the rest of the financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an entity, its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flows of different entities. It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different entities because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events.
|
|
5
|
Historical cash flow information is often used as an indicator of the amount, timing and certainty of future cash flows. It is also useful in checking the accuracy of past assessments of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing prices.
|
DEFINITIONS
|
6
|
The following terms are used in this standard with the meanings specified:
|
|
Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits.
|
|
|
Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
|
|
|
Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents.
|
|
|
Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities.
|
|
|
Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents.
|
|
|
Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity.
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
7
|
Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. Equity investments are excluded from cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred shares acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date.
|
|
8
|
Bank borrowings are generally considered to be financing activities. However, in some countries, bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand form an integral part of an entity's cash management. In these circumstances, bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents. A characteristic of such banking arrangements is that the bank balance often fluctuates from being positive to overdrawn.
|
|
9
|
Cash flows exclude movements between items that constitute cash or cash equivalents because these components are part of the cash management of an entity rather than part of its operating, investing and financing activities. Cash management includes the investment of excess cash in cash equivalents.
|
PRESENTATION OF A STATEMENT OF A CASH FLOWS
|
10
|
The statement of cash flows shall report cash flows during the period classified by operating, investing and financing activities.
|
|
11
|
An entity presents its cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities in a manner which is most appropriate to its business. Classification by activity provides information that allows users to assess the impact of those activities on the financial position of the entity and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents. This information may also be used to evaluate the relationships among those activities.
|
|
12
|
A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently. For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital, the interest element may be classified as an operating activity and the capital element is classified as a financing activity.
|
Operating activities
|
13
|
The amount of cash flows arising from operating activities is a key indicator of the extent to which the operations of the entity have generated sufficient cash flows to repay loans, maintain the operating capability of the entity, pay dividends and make new investments without recourse to external sources of financing. Information about the specific components of historical operating cash flows is useful, in conjunction with other information, in forecasting future operating cash flows.
|
|
14
|
Cash flows from operating activities are primarily derived from the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity. Therefore, they generally result from the transactions and other events that enter into the determination of profit or loss. Examples of cash flows from operating activities are:
|
(a)
|
cash receipts from the sale of goods and the rendering of services;
|
|
(b)
|
cash receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenue;
|
|
(c)
|
cash payments to suppliers for goods and services;
|
|
(d)
|
cash payments to and on behalf of employees;
|
|
(f)
|
cash payments or refunds of income taxes unless they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities; and
|
|
(g)
|
cash receipts and payments from contracts held for dealing or trading purposes.
|
Some transactions, such as the sale of an item of plant, may give rise to a gain or loss that is included in recognised profit or loss. The cash flows relating to such transactions are cash flows from investing activities. However, cash payments to manufacture or acquire assets held for rental to others and subsequently held for sale as described in paragraph 68A of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment are cash flows from operating activities. The cash receipts from rents and subsequent sales of such assets are also cash flows from operating activities.
|
|
15
|
An entity may hold securities and loans for dealing or trading purposes, in which case they are similar to inventory acquired specifically for resale. Therefore, cash flows arising from the purchase and sale of dealing or trading securities are classified as operating activities. Similarly, cash advances and loans made by financial institutions are usually classified as operating activities since they relate to the main revenue-producing activity of that entity.
|
Investing activities
|
16
|
The separate disclosure of cash flows arising from investing activities is important because the cash flows represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intended to generate future income and cash flows. Only expenditures that result in a recognised asset in the statement of financial position are eligible for classification as investing activities. Examples of cash flows arising from investing activities are:
|
(a)
|
cash payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets. These payments include those relating to capitalised development costs and self-constructed property, plant and equipment;
|
|
(b)
|
cash receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets;
|
|
(c)
|
cash payments to acquire equity or debt instruments of other entities and interests in joint ventures (other than payments for those instruments considered to be cash equivalents or those held for dealing or trading purposes);
|
|
(d)
|
cash receipts from sales of equity or debt instruments of other entities and interests in joint ventures (other than receipts for those instruments considered to be cash equivalents and those held for dealing or trading purposes);
|
|
(e)
|
cash advances and loans made to other parties (other than advances and loans made by a financial institution);
|
|
(f)
|
cash receipts from the repayment of advances and loans made to other parties (other than advances and loans of a financial institution);
|
|
(g)
|
cash payments for futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts and swap contracts except when the contracts are held for dealing or trading purposes, or the payments are classified as financing activities; and
|
|
(h)
|
cash receipts from futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts and swap contracts except when the contracts are held for dealing or trading purposes, or the receipts are classified as financing activities.
|
When a contract is accounted for as a hedge of an identifiable position, the cash flows of the contract are classified in the same manner as the cash flows of the position being hedged.
|
Financing activities
|
17
|
The separate disclosure of cash flows arising from financing activities is important because it is useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of capital to the entity. Examples of cash flows arising from financing activities are:
|
(a)
|
cash proceeds from issuing shares or other equity instruments;
|
|
(b)
|
cash payments to owners to acquire or redeem the entity's shares;
|
|
(c)
|
cash proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, notes, bonds, mortgages and other short-term or long-term borrowings;
|
|
(d)
|
cash repayments of amounts borrowed; and
|
|
(e)
|
cash payments by a lessee for the reduction of the outstanding liability relating to a lease.
|
|
REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
|
18
|
An entity shall report cash flows from operating activities using either:
|
(a)
|
the direct method, whereby major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed; or
|
|
(b)
|
the indirect method, whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows.
|
|
|
19
|
Entities are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows and which is not available under the indirect method. Under the direct method, information about major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments may be obtained either:
|
(a)
|
from the accounting records of the entity; or
|
|
(b)
|
by adjusting sales, cost of sales (interest and similar income and interest expense and similar charges for a financial institution) and other items in the statement of comprehensive income for:
|
(i)
|
changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables;
|
|
(ii)
|
other non-cash items; and
|
|
(iii)
|
other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows.
|
|
|
|
20
|
Under the indirect method, the net cash flow from operating activities is determined by adjusting profit or loss for the effects of:
|
(a)
|
changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables;
|
|
(b)
|
non-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, deferred taxes, unrealised foreign currency gains and losses, and undistributed profits of associates; and
|
|
(c)
|
all other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows.
|
Alternatively, the net cash flow from operating activities may be presented under the indirect method by showing the revenues and expenses disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income and the changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables.
|
REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES
|
21
|
An entity shall report separately major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments arising from investing and financing activities, except to the extent that cash flows described in paragraphs 22 and 24 are reported on a net basis.
|
REPORTING CASH FLOWS ON A NET BASIS
|
22
|
Cash flows arising from the following operating, investing or financing activities may be reported on a net basis:
|
(a)
|
cash receipts and payments on behalf of customers when the cash flows reflect the activities of the customer rather than those of the entity; and
|
|
(b)
|
cash receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amounts are large, and the maturities are short.
|
|
|
23
|
Examples of cash receipts and payments referred to in paragraph 22(a) are:
|
(a)
|
the acceptance and repayment of demand deposits of a bank;
|
|
(b)
|
funds held for customers by an investment entity; and
|
|
(c)
|
rents collected on behalf of, and paid over to, the owners of properties.
|
|
|
23A
|
Examples of cash receipts and payments referred to in paragraph 22(b) are advances made for, and the repayment of:
|
(a)
|
principal amounts relating to credit card customers;
|
|
(b)
|
the purchase and sale of investments; and
|
|
(c)
|
other short-term borrowings, for example, those which have a maturity period of three months or less.
|
|
|
24
|
Cash flows arising from each of the following activities of a financial institution may be reported on a net basis:
|
(a)
|
cash receipts and payments for the acceptance and repayment of deposits with a fixed maturity date;
|
|
(b)
|
the placement of deposits with and withdrawal of deposits from other financial institutions; and
|
|
(c)
|
cash advances and loans made to customers and the repayment of those advances and loans.
|
|
FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH FLOWS
|
25
|
Cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency shall be recorded in an entity's functional currency by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the cash flow.
|
|
26
|
The cash flows of a foreign subsidiary shall be translated at the exchange rates between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the dates of the cash flows.
|
|
27
|
Cash flows denominated in a foreign currency are reported in a manner consistent with IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. This permits the use of an exchange rate that approximates the actual rate. For example, a weighted average exchange rate for a period may be used for recording foreign currency transactions or the translation of the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary. However, IAS 21 does not permit use of the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period when translating the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary.
|
|
28
|
Unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in foreign currency exchange rates are not cash flows. However, the effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents held or due in a foreign currency is reported in the statement of cash flows in order to reconcile cash and cash equivalents at the beginning and the end of the period. This amount is presented separately from cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities and includes the differences, if any, had those cash flows been reported at end of period exchange rates.
|
INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS
|
31
|
Cash flows from interest and dividends received and paid shall each be disclosed separately. Each shall be classified in a consistent manner from period to period as either operating, investing or financing activities.
|
|
32
|
The total amount of interest paid during a period is disclosed in the statement of cash flows whether it has been recognised as an expense in profit or loss or capitalised in accordance with IAS 23 Borrowing Costs.
|
|
33
|
Interest paid and interest and dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flows for a financial institution. However, there is no consensus on the classification of these cash flows for other entities. Interest paid and interest and dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of profit or loss. Alternatively, interest paid and interest and dividends received may be classified as financing cash flows and investing cash flows respectively, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources or returns on investments.
|
|
34
|
Dividends paid may be classified as a financing cash flow because they are a cost of obtaining financial resources. Alternatively, dividends paid may be classified as a component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an entity to pay dividends out of operating cash flows.
|
TAXES ON INCOME
|
35
|
Cash flows arising from taxes on income shall be separately disclosed and shall be classified as cash flows from operating activities unless they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities.
|
|
36
|
Taxes on income arise on transactions that give rise to cash flows that are classified as operating, investing or financing activities in a statement of cash flows. While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transaction. Therefore, taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities. However, when it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow with an individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activities the tax cash flow is classified as an investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed.
|
INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES, ASSOCIATES AND JOINT VENTURES
|
37
|
When accounting for an investment in an associate, a joint venture or a subsidiary accounted for by use of the equity or cost method, an investor restricts its reporting in the statement of cash flows to the cash flows between itself and the investee, for example, to dividends and advances.
|
|
38
|
An entity that reports its interest in an associate or a joint venture using the equity method includes in its statement of cash flows the cash flows in respect of its investments in the associate or joint venture, and distributions and other payments or receipts between it and the associate or joint venture.
|
CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP INTERESTS IN SUBSIDIARIES AND OTHER BUSINESSES
|
39
|
The aggregate cash flows arising from obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses shall be presented separately and classified as investing activities.
|
|
40
|
An entity shall disclose, in aggregate, in respect of both obtaining and losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses during the period each of the following:
|
(a)
|
the total consideration paid or received;
|
|
(b)
|
the portion of the consideration consisting of cash and cash equivalents;
|
|
(c)
|
the amount of cash and cash equivalents in the subsidiaries or other businesses over which control is obtained or lost; and
|
|
(d)
|
the amount of the assets and liabilities other than cash or cash equivalents in the subsidiaries or other businesses over which control is obtained or lost, summarised by each major category.
|
|
|
40A
|
An investment entity, as defined in IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, need not apply paragraphs 40(c) or 40(d) to an investment in a subsidiary that is required to be measured at fair value through profit or loss.
|
|
41
|
The separate presentation of the cash flow effects of obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses as single line items, together with the separate disclosure of the amounts of assets and liabilities acquired or disposed of, helps to distinguish those cash flows from the cash flows arising from the other operating, investing and financing activities. The cash flow effects of losing control are not deducted from those of obtaining control.
|
|
42
|
The aggregate amount of the cash paid or received as consideration for obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses is reported in the statement of cash flows net of cash and cash equivalents acquired or disposed of as part of such transactions, events or changes in circumstances.
|
|
42A
|
Cash flows arising from changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control shall be classified as cash flows from financing activities, unless the subsidiary is held by an investment entity, as defined in IFRS 10, and is required to be measured at fair value through profit or loss.
|
|
42B
|
Changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control, such as the subsequent purchase or sale by a parent of a subsidiary’s equity instruments, are accounted for as equity transactions (see IFRS 10, unless the subsidiary is held by an investment entity and is required to be measured at fair value through profit or loss. Accordingly, the resulting cash flows are classified in the same way as other transactions with owners described in paragraph 17.
|
NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS
|
43
|
Investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of cash or cash equivalents shall be excluded from a statement of cash flows. Such transactions shall be disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements in a way that provides all the relevant information about these investing and financing activities.
|
|
44
|
Many investing and financing activities do not have a direct impact on current cash flows although they do affect the capital and asset structure of an entity. The exclusion of non-cash transactions from the statement of cash flows is consistent with the objective of a statement of cash flows as these items do not involve cash flows in the current period. Examples of non-cash transactions are:
|
(a)
|
the acquisition of assets either by assuming directly related liabilities or by means of a lease;
|
|
(b)
|
the acquisition of an entity by means of an equity issue; and
|
|
(c)
|
the conversion of debt to equity.
|
|
CHANGES IN LIABILITIES ARISING FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
|
44A
|
An entity shall provide disclosures that enable users of financial statements to evaluate changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, including both changes arising from cash flows and non-cash changes.
|
|
44B
|
To the extent necessary to satisfy the requirement in paragraph 44A, an entity shall disclose the following changes in liabilities arising from financing activities:
|
(a)
|
changes from financing cash flows;
|
|
(b)
|
changes arising from obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses;
|
|
(c)
|
the effect of changes in foreign exchange rates;
|
|
(d)
|
changes in fair values; and
|
|
|
44C
|
Liabilities arising from financing activities are liabilities for which cash flows were, or future cash flows will be, classified in the statement of cash flows as cash flows from financing activities. In addition, the disclosure requirement in paragraph 44A also applies to changes in financial assets (for example, assets that hedge liabilities arising from financing activities) if cash flows from those financial assets were, or future cash flows will be, included in cash flows from financing activities.
|
|
44D
|
One way to fulfil the disclosure requirement in paragraph 44A is by providing a reconciliation between the opening and closing balances in the statement of financial position for liabilities arising from financing activities, including the changes identified in paragraph 44B. Where an entity discloses such a reconciliation, it shall provide sufficient information to enable users of the financial statements to link items included in the reconciliation to the statement of financial position and the statement of cash flows.
|
|
44E
|
If an entity provides the disclosure required by paragraph 44A in combination with disclosures of changes in other assets and liabilities, it shall disclose the changes in liabilities arising from financing activities separately from changes in those other assets and liabilities.
|
COMPONENTS OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
|
45
|
An entity shall disclose the components of cash and cash equivalents and shall present a reconciliation of the amounts in its statement of cash flows with the equivalent items reported in the statement of financial position.
|
|
46
|
In view of the variety of cash management practices and banking arrangements around the world and in order to comply with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, an entity discloses the policy which it adopts in determining the composition of cash and cash equivalents.
|
|
47
|
The effect of any change in the policy for determining components of cash and cash equivalents, for example, a change in the classification of financial instruments previously considered to be part of an entity's investment portfolio, is reported in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
|
OTHER DISCLOSURES
|
48
|
An entity shall disclose, together with a commentary by management, the amount of significant cash and cash equivalent balances held by the entity that are not available for use by the group.
|
|
49
|
There are various circumstances in which cash and cash equivalent balances held by an entity are not available for use by the group. Examples include cash and cash equivalent balances held by a subsidiary that operates in a country where exchange controls or other legal restrictions apply when the balances are not available for general use by the parent or other subsidiaries.
|
|
50
|
Additional information may be relevant to users in understanding the financial position and liquidity of an entity. Disclosure of this information, together with a commentary by management, is encouraged and may include:
|
(a)
|
the amount of undrawn borrowing facilities that may be available for future operating activities and to settle capital commitments, indicating any restrictions on the use of these facilities;
|
|
(b)
|
the aggregate amount of cash flows that represent increases in operating capacity separately from those cash flows that are required to maintain operating capacity; and
|
|
(c)
|
the amount of the cash flows arising from the operating, investing and financing activities of each reportable segment (see IFRS 8 Operating Segments).
|
|
|
51
|
The separate disclosure of cash flows that represent increases in operating capacity and cash flows that are required to maintain operating capacity is useful in enabling the user to determine whether the entity is investing adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity. An entity that does not invest adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity may be prejudicing future profitability for the sake of current liquidity and distributions to owners.
|
|
52
|
The disclosure of segmental cash flows enables users to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the cash flows of the business as a whole and those of its component parts and the availability and variability of segmental cash flows.
|
EFFECTIVE DATE
|
53
|
This standard becomes operative for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 1994.
|
|
54
|
IAS 27 (as amended in 2008) amended paragraphs 39-42 and added paragraphs 42A and 42B. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies IAS 27 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period. The amendments shall be applied retrospectively.
|
|
55
|
Paragraph 14 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply paragraph 68A of IAS 16.
|
|
56
|
Paragraph 16 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in April 2009. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
57
|
IFRS 10 and IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements, issued in May 2011, amended paragraphs 37, 38 and 42B and deleted paragraph 50(b). An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 10 and IFRS 11.
|
|
58
|
Investment Entities (Amendments to IFRS 10, IFRS 12 and IAS 27), issued in October 2012, amended paragraphs 42A and 42B and added paragraph 40A. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014. Earlier application of Investment Entities is permitted. If an entity applies those amendments earlier it shall also apply all amendments included in Investment Entities at the same time.
|
|
59
|
IFRS 16 Leases, issued in January 2016, amended paragraphs 17 and 44. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 16.
|
|
60
|
Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 7), issued in January 2016, added paragraphs 44A–44E. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017. Earlier application is permitted. When the entity first applies those amendments, it is not required to provide comparative information for preceding periods.
|
|
61
|
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, issued in May 2017, amended paragraph 14. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 17.
|
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 8
Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
OBJECTIVE
|
1
|
The objective of this standard is to prescribe the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, together with the accounting treatment and disclosure of changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and corrections of errors. The standard is intended to enhance the relevance and reliability of an entity's financial statements, and the comparability of those financial statements over time and with the financial statements of other entities.
|
|
2
|
Disclosure requirements for accounting policies, except those for changes in accounting policies, are set out in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.
|
SCOPE
|
3
|
This standard shall be applied in selecting and applying accounting policies, and accounting for changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and corrections of prior period errors.
|
|
4
|
The tax effects of corrections of prior period errors and of retrospective adjustments made to apply changes in accounting policies are accounted for and disclosed in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes.
|
DEFINITIONS
|
5
|
The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
|
|
Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.
|
|
|
Accounting estimates are monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty.
|
|
|
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) are Standards and Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). They comprise:
|
(a)
|
International Financial Reporting Standards;
|
|
(b)
|
International Accounting Standards;
|
|
(c)
|
IFRIC Interpretations; and
|
|
(d)
|
SIC Interpretations (3).
|
|
|
|
Material is defined in paragraph 7 of IAS 1 and is used in this Standard with the same meaning.
|
|
|
Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity's financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:
|
(a)
|
was available when financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue; and
|
|
(b)
|
could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements.
|
|
|
|
Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.
|
|
|
Retrospective application is applying a new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions as if that policy had always been applied.
|
|
|
Retrospective restatement is correcting the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts of elements of financial statements as if a prior period error had never occurred.
|
|
|
Impracticable Applying a requirement is impracticable when the entity cannot apply it after making every reasonable effort to do so. For a particular prior period, it is impracticable to apply a change in an accounting policy retrospectively or to make a retrospective restatement to correct an error if:
|
(a)
|
the effects of the retrospective application or retrospective restatement are not determinable;
|
|
(b)
|
the retrospective application or retrospective restatement requires assumptions about what management's intent would have been in that period; or
|
|
(c)
|
the retrospective application or retrospective restatement requires significant estimates of amounts and it is impossible to distinguish objectively information about those estimates that:
|
(i)
|
provides evidence of circumstances that existed on the date(s) as at which those amounts are to be recognised, measured or disclosed; and
|
|
(ii)
|
would have been available when the financial statements for that prior period were authorised for issue;
|
from other information.
|
|
|
|
Prospective application of a change in accounting policy and of recognising the effect of a change in an accounting estimate, respectively, are:
|
(a)
|
applying the new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions occurring after the date as at which the policy is changed; and
|
|
(b)
|
recognising the effect of the change in the accounting estimate in the current and future periods affected by the change.
|
|
|
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Selection and application of accounting policies
|
7
|
When an IFRS specifically applies to a transaction, other event or condition, the accounting policy or policies applied to that item shall be determined by applying the IFRS.
|
|
8
|
IFRSs set out accounting policies that the IASB has concluded result in financial statements containing relevant and reliable information about the transactions, other events and conditions to which they apply. Those policies need not be applied when the effect of applying them is immaterial. However, it is inappropriate to make, or leave uncorrected, immaterial departures from IFRSs to achieve a particular presentation of an entity's financial position, financial performance or cash flows.
|
|
9
|
IFRSs are accompanied by guidance to assist entities in applying their requirements. All such guidance states whether it is an integral part of IFRSs. Guidance that is an integral part of IFRSs is mandatory. Guidance that is not an integral part of IFRSs does not contain requirements for financial statements.
|
|
10
|
In the absence of an IFRS that specifically applies to a transaction, other event or condition, management shall use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is:
|
(a)
|
relevant to the economic decision-making needs of users; and
|
|
(b)
|
reliable, in that the financial statements:
|
(i)
|
represent faithfully the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the entity;
|
|
(ii)
|
reflect the economic substance of transactions, other events and conditions, and not merely the legal form;
|
|
(iii)
|
are neutral, i.e. free from bias;
|
|
(v)
|
are complete in all material respects.
|
|
|
|
11
|
In making the judgement described in paragraph 10, management shall refer to, and consider the applicability of, the following sources in descending order:
|
(a)
|
the requirements in IFRSs dealing with similar and related issues; and
|
|
(b)
|
the definitions, recognition criteria and measurement concepts for assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework) (4).
|
|
|
12
|
In making the judgement described in paragraph 10, management may also consider the most recent pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies that use a similar conceptual framework to develop accounting standards, other accounting literature and accepted industry practices, to the extent that these do not conflict with the sources in paragraph 11.
|
Consistency of accounting policies
|
13
|
An entity shall select and apply its accounting policies consistently for similar transactions, other events and conditions, unless an IFRS specifically requires or permits categorisation of items for which different policies may be appropriate. If an IFRS requires or permits such categorisation, an appropriate accounting policy shall be selected and applied consistently to each category.
|
Changes in accounting policies
|
14
|
An entity shall change an accounting policy only if the change:
|
(a)
|
is required by an IFRS; or
|
|
(b)
|
results in the financial statements providing reliable and more relevant information about the effects of transactions, other events or conditions on the entity's financial position, financial performance or cash flows.
|
|
|
15
|
Users of financial statements need to be able to compare the financial statements of an entity over time to identify trends in its financial position, financial performance and cash flows. Therefore, the same accounting policies are applied within each period and from one period to the next unless a change in accounting policy meets one of the criteria in paragraph 14.
|
|
16
|
The following are not changes in accounting policies:
|
(a)
|
the application of an accounting policy for transactions, other events or conditions that differ in substance from those previously occurring; and
|
|
(b)
|
the application of a new accounting policy for transactions, other events or conditions that did not occur previously or were immaterial.
|
|
|
17
|
The initial application of a policy to revalue assets in accordance with IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment or IAS 38 Intangible Assets is a change in an accounting policy to be dealt with as a revaluation in accordance with IAS 16 or IAS 38, rather than in accordance with this Standard.
|
|
18
|
Paragraphs 19-31 do not apply to the change in accounting policy described in paragraph 17.
|
Applying changes in accounting policies
|
19
|
Subject to paragraph 23:
|
(a)
|
an entity shall account for a change in accounting policy resulting from the initial application of an IFRS in accordance with the specific transitional provisions, if any, in that IFRS; and
|
|
(b)
|
when an entity changes an accounting policy upon initial application of an IFRS that does not include specific transitional provisions applying to that change, or changes an accounting policy voluntarily, it shall apply the change retrospectively.
|
|
|
20
|
For the purpose of this standard, early application of an IFRS is not a voluntary change in accounting policy.
|
|
21
|
In the absence of an IFRS that specifically applies to a transaction, other event or condition, management may, in accordance with paragraph 12, apply an accounting policy from the most recent pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies that use a similar conceptual framework to develop accounting standards. If, following an amendment of such a pronouncement, the entity chooses to change an accounting policy, that change is accounted for and disclosed as a voluntary change in accounting policy.
|
Retrospective application
|
22
|
Subject to paragraph 23, when a change in accounting policy is applied retrospectively in accordance with paragraph 19(a) or (b), the entity shall adjust the opening balance of each affected component of equity for the earliest prior period presented and the other comparative amounts disclosed for each prior period presented as if the new accounting policy had always been applied.
|
Limitations on retrospective application
|
23
|
When retrospective application is required by paragraph 19(a) or (b), a change in accounting policy shall be applied retrospectively except to the extent that it is impracticable to determine either the period-specific effects or the cumulative effect of the change.
|
|
24
|
When it is impracticable to determine the period-specific effects of changing an accounting policy on comparative information for one or more prior periods presented, the entity shall apply the new accounting policy to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as at the beginning of the earliest period for which retrospective application is practicable, which may be the current period, and shall make a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of each affected component of equity for that period.
|
|
25
|
When it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect, at the beginning of the current period, of applying a new accounting policy to all prior periods, the entity shall adjust the comparative information to apply the new accounting policy prospectively from the earliest date practicable.
|
|
26
|
When an entity applies a new accounting policy retrospectively, it applies the new accounting policy to comparative information for prior periods as far back as is practicable. Retrospective application to a prior period is not practicable unless it is practicable to determine the cumulative effect on the amounts in both the opening and closing statement of financial position for that period. The amount of the resulting adjustment relating to periods before those presented in the financial statements is made to the opening balance of each affected component of equity of the earliest prior period presented. Usually the adjustment is made to retained earnings. However, the adjustment may be made to another component of equity (for example, to comply with an IFRS). Any other information about prior periods, such as historical summaries of financial data, is also adjusted as far back as is practicable.
|
|
27
|
When it is impracticable for an entity to apply a new accounting policy retrospectively, because it cannot determine the cumulative effect of applying the policy to all prior periods, the entity, in accordance with paragraph 25, applies the new policy prospectively from the start of the earliest period practicable. It therefore disregards the portion of the cumulative adjustment to assets, liabilities and equity arising before that date. Changing an accounting policy is permitted even if it is impracticable to apply the policy prospectively for any prior period. Paragraphs 50-53 provide guidance on when it is impracticable to apply a new accounting policy to one or more prior periods.
|
Disclosure
|
28
|
When initial application of an IFRS has an effect on the current period or any prior period, would have such an effect except that it is impracticable to determine the amount of the adjustment, or might have an effect on future periods, an entity shall disclose:
|
(a)
|
the title of the IFRS;
|
|
(b)
|
when applicable, that the change in accounting policy is made in accordance with its transitional provisions;
|
|
(c)
|
the nature of the change in accounting policy;
|
|
(d)
|
when applicable, a description of the transitional provisions;
|
|
(e)
|
when applicable, the transitional provisions that might have an effect on future periods;
|
|
(f)
|
for the current period and each prior period presented, to the extent practicable, the amount of the adjustment:
|
(i)
|
for each financial statement line item affected; and
|
|
(ii)
|
if IAS 33 Earnings per Share applies to the entity, for basic and diluted earnings per share;
|
|
|
(g)
|
the amount of the adjustment relating to periods before those presented, to the extent practicable; and
|
|
(h)
|
if retrospective application required by paragraph 19(a) or (b) is impracticable for a particular prior period, or for periods before those presented, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the change in accounting policy has been applied.
|
Financial statements of subsequent periods need not repeat these disclosures.
|
|
29
|
When a voluntary change in accounting policy has an effect on the current period or any prior period, would have an effect on that period except that it is impracticable to determine the amount of the adjustment, or might have an effect on future periods, an entity shall disclose:
|
(a)
|
the nature of the change in accounting policy;
|
|
(b)
|
the reasons why applying the new accounting policy provides reliable and more relevant information;
|
|
(c)
|
for the current period and each prior period presented, to the extent practicable, the amount of the adjustment:
|
(i)
|
for each financial statement line item affected; and
|
|
(ii)
|
if IAS 33 applies to the entity, for basic and diluted earnings per share;
|
|
|
(d)
|
the amount of the adjustment relating to periods before those presented, to the extent practicable; and
|
|
(e)
|
if retrospective application is impracticable for a particular prior period, or for periods before those presented, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the change in accounting policy has been applied.
|
Financial statements of subsequent periods need not repeat these disclosures.
|
|
30
|
When an entity has not applied a new IFRS that has been issued but is not yet effective, the entity shall disclose:
|
(b)
|
known or reasonably estimable information relevant to assessing the possible impact that application of the new IFRS will have on the entity's financial statements in the period of initial application.
|
|
|
31
|
In complying with paragraph 30, an entity considers disclosing:
|
(a)
|
the title of the new IFRS;
|
|
(b)
|
the nature of the impending change or changes in accounting policy;
|
|
(c)
|
the date by which application of the IFRS is required;
|
|
(d)
|
the date as at which it plans to apply the IFRS initially; and
|
|
(e)
|
either:
|
(i)
|
a discussion of the impact that initial application of the IFRS is expected to have on the entity's financial statements; or
|
|
(ii)
|
if that impact is not known or reasonably estimable, a statement to that effect.
|
|
|
ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
|
32
|
An accounting policy may require items in financial statements to be measured in a way that involves measurement uncertainty—that is, the accounting policy may require such items to be measured at monetary amounts that cannot be observed directly and must instead be estimated. In such a case, an entity develops an accounting estimate to achieve the objective set out by the accounting policy. Developing accounting estimates involves the use of judgements or assumptions based on the latest available, reliable information. Examples of accounting estimates include:
|
(a)
|
a loss allowance for expected credit losses, applying IFRS 9 Financial Instruments;
|
|
(b)
|
the net realisable value of an item of inventory, applying IAS 2 Inventories;
|
|
(c)
|
the fair value of an asset or liability, applying IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement;
|
|
(d)
|
the depreciation expense for an item of property, plant and equipment, applying IAS 16; and
|
|
(e)
|
a provision for warranty obligations, applying IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.
|
|
|
32A
|
An entity uses measurement techniques and inputs to develop an accounting estimate. Measurement techniques include estimation techniques (for example, techniques used to measure a loss allowance for expected credit losses applying IFRS 9) and valuation techniques (for example, techniques used to measure the fair value of an asset or liability applying IFRS 13).
|
|
32B
|
The term ‘estimate’ in IFRSs sometimes refers to an estimate that is not an accounting estimate as defined in this Standard. For example, it sometimes refers to an input used in developing accounting estimates.
|
|
33
|
The use of reasonable estimates is an essential part of the preparation of financial statements and does not undermine their reliability.
|
Changes in accounting estimates
|
34
|
An entity may need to change an accounting estimate if changes occur in the circumstances on which the accounting estimate was based or as a result of new information, new developments or more experience. By its nature, a change in an accounting estimate does not relate to prior periods and is not the correction of an error.
|
|
34A
|
The effects on an accounting estimate of a change in an input or a change in a measurement technique are changes in accounting estimates unless they result from the correction of prior period errors.
|
|
35
|
A change in the measurement basis applied is a change in an accounting policy, and is not a change in an accounting estimate. When it is difficult to distinguish a change in an accounting policy from a change in an accounting estimate, the change is treated as a change in an accounting estimate.
|
Applying changes in accounting estimates
|
36
|
The effect of a change in an accounting estimate, other than a change to which paragraph 37 applies, shall be recognised prospectively by including it in profit or loss in:
|
(a)
|
the period of the change, if the change affects that period only; or
|
|
(b)
|
the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both.
|
|
|
37
|
To the extent that a change in an accounting estimate gives rise to changes in assets and liabilities, or relates to an item of equity, it shall be recognised by adjusting the carrying amount of the related asset, liability or equity item in the period of the change.
|
|
38
|
Prospective recognition of the effect of a change in an accounting estimate means that the change is applied to transactions, other events and conditions from the date of that change. A change in an accounting estimate may affect only the current period's profit or loss, or the profit or loss of both the current period and future periods. For example, a change a loss allowance for expected credit losses affects only the current period's profit or loss and therefore is recognised in the current period. However, a change in the estimated useful life of, or the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in, a depreciable asset affects depreciation expense for the current period and for each future period during the asset's remaining useful life. In both cases, the effect of the change relating to the current period is recognised as income or expense in the current period. The effect, if any, on future periods is recognised as income or expense in those future periods.
|
Disclosure
|
39
|
An entity shall disclose the nature and amount of a change in an accounting estimate that has an effect in the current period or is expected to have an effect in future periods, except for the disclosure of the effect on future periods when it is impracticable to estimate that effect.
|
|
40
|
If the amount of the effect in future periods is not disclosed because estimating it is impracticable, an entity shall disclose that fact.
|
ERRORS
|
41
|
Errors can arise in respect of the recognition, measurement, presentation or disclosure of elements of financial statements. Financial statements do not comply with IFRSs if they contain either material errors or immaterial errors made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation of an entity's financial position, financial performance or cash flows. Potential current period errors discovered in that period are corrected before the financial statements are authorised for issue. However, material errors are sometimes not discovered until a subsequent period, and these prior period errors are corrected in the comparative information presented in the financial statements for that subsequent period (see paragraphs 42-47).
|
|
42
|
Subject to paragraph 43, an entity shall correct material prior period errors retrospectively in the first set of financial statements authorised for issue after their discovery by:
|
(a)
|
restating the comparative amounts for the prior period(s) presented in which the error occurred; or
|
|
(b)
|
if the error occurred before the earliest prior period presented, restating the opening balances of assets, liabilities and equity for the earliest prior period presented.
|
|
Limitations on retrospective restatement
|
43
|
A prior period error shall be corrected by retrospective restatement except to the extent that it is impracticable to determine either the period-specific effects or the cumulative effect of the error.
|
|
44
|
When it is impracticable to determine the period-specific effects of an error on comparative information for one or more prior periods presented, the entity shall restate the opening balances of assets, liabilities and equity for the earliest period for which retrospective restatement is practicable (which may be the current period).
|
|
45
|
When it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect, at the beginning of the current period, of an error on all prior periods, the entity shall restate the comparative information to correct the error prospectively from the earliest date practicable.
|
|
46
|
The correction of a prior period error is excluded from profit or loss for the period in which the error is discovered. Any information presented about prior periods, including any historical summaries of financial data, is restated as far back as is practicable.
|
|
47
|
When it is impracticable to determine the amount of an error (e.g. a mistake in applying an accounting policy) for all prior periods, the entity, in accordance with paragraph 45, restates the comparative information prospectively from the earliest date practicable. It therefore disregards the portion of the cumulative restatement of assets, liabilities and equity arising before that date. Paragraphs 50-53 provide guidance on when it is impracticable to correct an error for one or more prior periods.
|
|
48
|
Corrections of errors are distinguished from changes in accounting estimates. Accounting estimates by their nature are approximations that may need changing as additional information becomes known. For example, the gain or loss recognised on the outcome of a contingency is not the correction of an error.
|
Disclosure of prior period errors
|
49
|
In applying paragraph 42, an entity shall disclose the following:
|
(a)
|
the nature of the prior period error;
|
|
(b)
|
for each prior period presented, to the extent practicable, the amount of the correction:
|
(i)
|
for each financial statement line item affected; and
|
|
(ii)
|
if IAS 33 applies to the entity, for basic and diluted earnings per share;
|
|
|
(c)
|
the amount of the correction at the beginning of the earliest prior period presented; and
|
|
(d)
|
if retrospective restatement is impracticable for a particular prior period, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the error has been corrected.
|
Financial statements of subsequent periods need not repeat these disclosures.
|
IMPRACTICABILITY IN RESPECT OF RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION AND RETROSPECTIVE RESTATEMENT
|
50
|
In some circumstances, it is impracticable to adjust comparative information for one or more prior periods to achieve comparability with the current period. For example, data may not have been collected in the prior period(s) in a way that allows either retrospective application of a new accounting policy (including, for the purpose of paragraphs 51-53, its prospective application to prior periods) or retrospective restatement to correct a prior period error, and it may be impracticable to recreate the information.
|
|
51
|
It is frequently necessary to make estimates in applying an accounting policy to elements of financial statements recognised or disclosed in respect of transactions, other events or conditions. Estimation is inherently subjective, and estimates may be developed after the reporting period. Developing estimates is potentially more difficult when retrospectively applying an accounting policy or making a retrospective restatement to correct a prior period error, because of the longer period of time that might have passed since the affected transaction, other event or condition occurred. However, the objective of estimates related to prior periods remains the same as for estimates made in the current period, namely, for the estimate to reflect the circumstances that existed when the transaction, other event or condition occurred.
|
|
52
|
Therefore, retrospectively applying a new accounting policy or correcting a prior period error requires distinguishing information that
|
(a)
|
provides evidence of circumstances that existed on the date(s) as at which the transaction, other event or condition occurred, and
|
|
(b)
|
would have been available when the financial statements for that prior period were authorised for issue;
|
from other information. For some types of estimates (eg a fair value measurement that uses significant unobservable inputs), it is impracticable to distinguish these types of information. When retrospective application or retrospective restatement would require making a significant estimate for which it is impossible to distinguish these two types of information, it is impracticable to apply the new accounting policy or correct the prior period error retrospectively.
|
|
53
|
Hindsight should not be used when applying a new accounting policy to, or correcting amounts for, a prior period, either in making assumptions about what management's intentions would have been in a prior period or estimating the amounts recognised, measured or disclosed in a prior period. For example, when an entity corrects a prior period error in calculating its liability for employees' accumulated sick leave in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits, it disregards information about an unusually severe influenza season during the next period that became available after the financial statements for the prior period were authorised for issue. The fact that significant estimates are frequently required when amending comparative information presented for prior periods does not prevent reliable adjustment or correction of the comparative information.
|
EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
|
54
|
An entity shall apply this standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
54C
|
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement, issued in May 2011, amended paragraph 52. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 13.
|
|
54E
|
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, as issued in July 2014, amended paragraph 53 and deleted paragraphs 54A, 54B and 54D. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 9.
|
|
54F
|
Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards, issued in 2018, amended paragraphs 6 and 11(b). An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020. Earlier application is permitted if at the same time an entity also applies all other amendments made by Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards. An entity shall apply the amendments to paragraphs 6 and 11(b) retrospectively in accordance with this Standard. However, if an entity determines that retrospective application would be impracticable or would involve undue cost or effort, it shall apply the amendments to paragraphs 6 and 11(b) by reference to paragraphs 23–28 of this Standard. If retrospective application of any amendment in Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards would involve undue cost or effort, an entity shall, in applying paragraphs 23–28 of this Standard, read any reference except in the last sentence of paragraph 27 to ‘is impracticable’ as ‘involves undue cost or effort’ and any reference to ‘practicable’ as ‘possible without undue cost or effort’.
|
|
54G
|
If an entity does not apply IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts, the entity shall, in applying paragraph 11(b) to regulatory account balances, continue to refer to, and consider the applicability of, the definitions, recognition criteria, and measurement concepts in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (5) instead of those in the Conceptual Framework. A regulatory account balance is the balance of any expense (or income) account that is not recognised as an asset or a liability in accordance with other applicable IFRS Standards but is included, or is expected to be included, by the rate regulator in establishing the rate(s) that can be charged to customers. A rate regulator is an authorised body that is empowered by statute or regulation to establish the rate or a range of rates that bind an entity. The rate regulator may be a third-party body or a related party of the entity, including the entity’s own governing board, if that body is required by statute or regulation to set rates both in the interest of the customers and to ensure the overall financial viability of the entity.
|
|
54H
|
Definition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8), issued in October 2018, amended paragraph 7 of IAS 1 and paragraph 5 of IAS 8, and deleted paragraph 6 of IAS 8. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies those amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
54I
|
Definition of Accounting Estimates, issued in February 2021, amended paragraphs 5, 32, 34, 38 and 48 and added paragraphs 32A, 32B and 34A. An entity shall apply these amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. Earlier application is permitted. An entity shall apply the amendments to changes in accounting estimates and changes in accounting policies that occur on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period in which it applies the amendments.
|
WITHDRAWAL OF OTHER PRONOUNCEMENTS
|
55
|
This Standard supersedes IAS 8 Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Rrrors and Changes in Accounting Policies, revised in 1993.
|
|
56
|
This Standard supersedes the following Interpretations:
|
(a)
|
SIC-2 Consistency — Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs; and
|
|
(b)
|
SIC-18 Consistency — Alternative Methods.
|
|
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 10
Events after the Reporting Period
OBJECTIVE
|
1
|
The objective of this Standard is to prescribe:
|
(a)
|
when an entity should adjust its financial statements for events after the reporting period; and
|
|
(b)
|
the disclosures that an entity should give about the date when the financial statements were authorised for issue and about events after the reporting period.
|
The standard also requires that an entity should not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis if events after the reporting period indicate that the going concern assumption is not appropriate.
|
SCOPE
|
2
|
This Standard shall be applied in the accounting for, and disclosure of, events after the reporting period.
|
DEFINITIONS
|
3
|
The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
|
|
Events after the reporting period are those events, favourable and unfavourable, that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue. Two types of events can be identified:
|
(a)
|
those that provide evidence of conditions that existed at theend of the reporting period (
adjusting events after the reporting period
); and
|
|
(b)
|
those that are indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period (
non-adjusting events after the reporting period
).
|
|
|
|
4
|
The process involved in authorising the financial statements for issue will vary depending upon the management structure, statutory requirements and procedures followed in preparing and finalising the financial statements.
|
|
5
|
In some cases, an entity is required to submit its financial statements to its shareholders for approval after the financial statements have been issued. In such cases, the financial statements are authorised for issue on the date of issue, not the date when shareholders approve the financial statements.
Example
The management of an entity completes draft financial statements for the year to 31 December 20X1 on 28 February 20X2. On 18 March 20X2, the board of directors reviews the financial statements and authorises them for issue. The entity announces its profit and selected other financial information on 19 March 20X2. The financial statements are made available to shareholders and others on 1 April 20X2. The shareholders approve the financial statements at their annual meeting on 15 May 20X2 and the approved financial statements are then filed with a regulatory body on 17 May 20X2.
The financial statements are authorised for issue on 18 March 20X2 (date of board authorisation for issue).
|
|
6
|
In some cases, the management of an entity is required to issue its financial statements to a supervisory board (made up solely of non-executives) for approval. In such cases, the financial statements are authorised for issue when the management authorises them for issue to the supervisory board.
Example
On 18 March 20X2, the management of an entity authorises financial statements for issue to its supervisory board. The supervisory board is made up solely of non-executives and may include representatives of employees and other outside interests. The supervisory board approves the financial statements on 26 March 20X2. The financial statements are made available to shareholders and others on 1 April 20X2. The shareholders approve the financial statements at their annual meeting on 15 May 20X2 and the financial statements are then filed with a regulatory body on 17 May 20X2.
The financial statements are authorised for issue on 18 March 20X2 (date of management authorisation for issue to the supervisory board).
|
|
7
|
Events after the reporting period include all events up to the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue, even if those events occur after the public announcement of profit or of other selected financial information.
|
RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT
Adjusting events after the reporting period
|
8
|
An entity shall adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements to reflect adjusting events after the reporting period.
|
|
9
|
The following are examples of adjusting events after the reporting period that require an entity to adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements, or to recognise items that were not previously recognised:
|
(a)
|
the settlement after the reporting period of a court case that confirms that the entity had a present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The entity adjusts any previously recognised provision related to this court case in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets or recognises a new provision. The entity does not merely disclose a contingent liability because the settlement provides additional evidence that would be considered in accordance with paragraph 16 of IAS 37;
|
|
(b)
|
the receipt of information after the reporting period indicating that an asset was impaired at the end of the reporting period, or that the amount of a previously recognised impairment loss for that asset needs to be adjusted. For example:
|
(i)
|
the bankruptcy of a customer that occurs after the reporting period usually confirms that the customer was credit-impaired at the end of the reporting period; and
|
|
(ii)
|
the sale of inventories after the reporting period may give evidence about their net realisable value at the end of the reporting period;
|
|
|
(c)
|
the determination after the reporting period of the cost of assets purchased, or the proceeds from assets sold, before the end of the reporting period;
|
|
(d)
|
the determination after the reporting period of the amount of profit-sharing or bonus payments, if the entity had a present legal or constructive obligation at the end of the reporting period to make such payments as a result of events before that date (see IAS 19 Employee Benefits);
|
|
(e)
|
the discovery of fraud or errors that show that the financial statements are incorrect.
|
|
Non-adjusting events after the reporting period
|
10
|
An entity shall not adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements to reflect non-adjusting events after the reporting period.
|
|
11
|
An example of a non-adjusting event after the reporting period is a decline in fair value of investments between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue. The decline in fair value does not normally relate to the condition of the investments at the end of the reporting period, but reflects circumstances that have arisen subsequently. Therefore, an entity does not adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements for the investments. Similarly, the entity does not update the amounts disclosed for the investments as at the end of the reporting period, although it may need to give additional disclosure under paragraph 21.
|
Dividends
|
12
|
If an entity declares dividends to holders of equity instruments (as defined in IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation) after the reporting period, the entity shall not recognise those dividends as a liability at the end of the reporting period.
|
|
13
|
If dividends are declared after the reporting period but before the financial statements are authorised for issue, the dividends are not recognised as a liability at the end of the reporting period because no obligation exists at that time. Such dividends are disclosed in the notes in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.
|
GOING CONCERN
|
14
|
An entity shall not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis if management determines after the reporting period either that it intends to liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or that it has no realistic alternative but to do so.
|
|
15
|
Deterioration in operating results and financial position after the reporting period may indicate a need to consider whether the going concern assumption is still appropriate. If the going concern assumption is no longer appropriate, the effect is so pervasive that this standard requires a fundamental change in the basis of accounting, rather than an adjustment to the amounts recognised within the original basis of accounting.
|
|
16
|
IAS 1 specifies required disclosures if:
|
(a)
|
the financial statements are not prepared on a going concern basis; or
|
|
(b)
|
management is aware of material uncertainties related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt upon the entity's ability to continue as a going concern. The events or conditions requiring disclosure may arise after the reporting period.
|
|
DISCLOSURE
Date of authorisation for issue
|
17
|
An entity shall disclose the date when the financial statements were authorised for issue and who gave that authorisation. If the entity's owners or others have the power to amend the financial statements after issue, the entity shall disclose that fact.
|
|
18
|
It is important for users to know when the financial statements were authorised for issue, because the financial statements do not reflect events after this date.
|
Updating disclosure about conditions at the end of the reporting period
|
19
|
If an entity receives information after the reporting period about conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period, it shall update disclosures that relate to those conditions, in the light of the new information.
|
|
20
|
In some cases, an entity needs to update the disclosures in its financial statements to reflect information received after the reporting period, even when the information does not affect the amounts that it recognises in its financial statements. One example of the need to update disclosures is when evidence becomes available after the reporting period about a contingent liability that existed at the end of the reporting period. In addition to considering whether it should recognise or change a provision under IAS 37, an entity updates its disclosures about the contingent liability in the light of that evidence.
|
Non-adjusting events after the reporting period
|
21
|
If non-adjusting events after the reporting period are material, non-disclosure could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. Accordingly, an entity shall disclose the following for each material category of non-adjusting event after the reporting period:
|
(a)
|
the nature of the event; and
|
|
(b)
|
an estimate of its financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made.
|
|
|
22
|
The following are examples of non-adjusting events after the reporting period that would generally result in disclosure:
|
(a)
|
a major business combination after the reporting period (IFRS 3 Business combinations requires specific disclosures in such cases) or disposing of a major subsidiary;
|
|
(b)
|
announcing a plan to discontinue an operation;
|
|
(c)
|
major purchases of assets, classification of assets as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, other disposals of assets, or expropriation of major assets by government;
|
|
(d)
|
the destruction of a major production plant by a fire after the reporting period;
|
|
(e)
|
announcing, or commencing the implementation of, a major restructuring (see IAS 37);
|
|
(f)
|
major ordinary share transactions and potential ordinary share transactions after the reporting period (IAS 33 Earnings per Share requires an entity to disclose a description of such transactions, other than when such transactions involve capitalisation or bonus issues, share splits or reverse share splits all of which are required to be adjusted under IAS 33);
|
|
(g)
|
abnormally large changes after the reporting period in asset prices or foreign exchange rates;
|
|
(h)
|
changes in tax rates or tax laws enacted or announced after the reporting period that have a significant effect on current and deferred tax assets and liabilities (see IAS 12 Income Taxes);
|
|
(i)
|
entering into significant commitments or contingent liabilities, for example, by issuing significant guarantees; and
|
|
(j)
|
commencing major litigation arising solely out of events that occurred after the reporting period.
|
|
EFFECTIVE DATE
|
23
|
An entity shall apply this standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.
|
|
23A
|
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement, issued in May 2011, amended paragraph 11. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 13.
|
|
23B
|
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, as issued in July 2014, amended paragraph 9. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies IFRS 9.
|
|
23C
|
Definition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8), issued in October 2018, amended paragraph 21. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies those amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies the amendments to the definition of material in paragraph 7 of IAS 1 and paragraphs 5 and 6 of IAS 8.
|
WITHDRAWAL OF IAS 10 (REVISED 1999)
|
24
|
This standard supersedes IAS 10 Events After the Balance Sheet Date (revised in 1999).
|
INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 12
Income Taxes
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for income taxes. The principal issue in accounting for income taxes is how to account for the current and future tax consequences of:
|
(a)
|
the future recovery (settlement) of the carrying amount of assets (liabilities) that are recognised in an entity's statement of financial position; and
|
|
(b)
|
transactions and other events of the current period that are recognised in an entity's financial statements.
|
It is inherent in the recognition of an asset or liability that the reporting entity expects to recover or settle the carrying amount of that asset or liability. If it is probable that recovery or settlement of that carrying amount will make future tax payments larger (smaller) than they would be if such recovery or settlement were to have no tax consequences, this standard requires an entity to recognise a deferred tax liability (deferred tax asset), with certain limited exceptions.
This standard requires an entity to account for the tax consequences of transactions and other events in the same way that it accounts for the transactions and other events themselves. Thus, for transactions and other events recognised in profit or loss, any related tax effects are also recognised in profit or loss. For transactions and other events recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity), any related tax effects are also recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively). Similarly, the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities in a business combination affects the amount of goodwill arising in that business combination or the amount of the bargain purchase gain recognised.
This standard also deals with the recognition of deferred tax assets arising from unused tax losses or unused tax credits, the presentation of income taxes in the financial statements and the disclosure of information relating to income taxes.
SCOPE
|
1
|
This standard shall be applied in accounting for income taxes.
|
|
2
|
For the purposes of this standard, income taxes include all domestic and foreign taxes which are based on taxable profits. Income taxes also include taxes, such as withholding taxes, which are payable by a subsidiary, associate or joint arrangement on distributions to the reporting entity.
|
|
4
|
This standard does not deal with the methods of accounting for government grants (see IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance) or investment tax credits. However, this standard does deal with the accounting for temporary differences that may arise from such grants or investment tax credits.
|
DEFINITIONS
|
5
|
The following terms are used in this standard with the meanings specified:
|
|
Accounting profit is profit or loss for a period before deducting tax expense.
|
|
|
Taxable profit (tax loss) is the profit (loss) for a period, determined in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities, upon which income taxes are payable (recoverable).
|
|
|
Tax expense (tax income) is the aggregate amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in respect of current tax and deferred tax.
|
|
|
Current tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period.
|
|
|
Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.
|
|
|
Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of:
|
(a)
|
deductible temporary differences;
|
|
(b)
|
the carryforward of unused tax losses; and
|
|
(c)
|
the carryforward of unused tax credits.
|
|
|
|
Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its tax base. Temporary differences may be either:
|
(a)
|
taxable temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled; or
| | |
