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(4)Several Member States have declared a state of emergency or introduced emergency measures. Any emergency measures should be strictly proportionate, necessary, limited in time, and in line with European and international standards. They should be subject to democratic oversight and independent judicial review.

(5)On 20 March 2020, the Commission adopted a Communication on the activation of the general escape clause of the Stability and Growth Pact 5 . The clause, as set out in Articles 5(1), 6(3), 9(1) and 10(3) of Regulation (EC) 1466/97 and Articles 3(5) and 5(2) of Regulation (EC) 1467/97, facilitates the coordination of budgetary policies in times of severe economic downturn. In its Communication, the Commission shared with the Council its view that, given the expected severe economic downturn resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak, the current conditions permit activation of the clause. On 23 March 2020, the Ministers of Finance of the Member States agreed with the assessment of the Commission. The activation of the general escape clause allows for a temporary departure from the adjustment path towards the medium-term budgetary objective, provided that this does not endanger fiscal sustainability in the medium term. For the corrective arm, the Council may also decide, on a recommendation from the Commission, to adopt a revised fiscal trajectory. The general escape clause does not suspend the procedures of the Stability and Growth Pact. It allows Member States to depart from the budgetary requirements that would normally apply while enabling the Commission and the Council to undertake the necessary policy coordination measures within the framework of the Pact.

(6)Continued action is required to limit and control the spread of the pandemic, strengthen the resilience of the national health systems, mitigate the socio-economic consequences through supportive measures for business and households and to ensure adequate health and safety conditions at the workplace with a view to resuming economic activity. The Union should fully use the various tools at its disposal to support Member States’ efforts in those areas. In parallel, Member States and the Union should work together to prepare the measures necessary to get back to a normal functioning of our societies and economies and to sustainable growth, integrating inter alia the green transition and the digital transformation, and drawing all lessons from the crisis.

(7)The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the flexibility that the single market offers to adapt to extraordinary situations. However, in order to ensure a swift and smooth transition to the recovery phase and the free movement of goods, services and workers, exceptional measures that prevent the single market from functioning normally must be removed as soon as they are no longer indispensable. The current crisis has shown the need for crisis preparedness plans in the health sector, which include in particular improved purchasing strategies, diversified supply chains and strategic reserves of essential supplies. They are key elements for developing broader crisis preparedness plans.

(8)The Union legislator has already amended the relevant legislative frameworks 6 to allow Member States to mobilise all unused resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds so they can address the exceptional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Those amendments will provide additional flexibility, as well as simplified and streamlined procedures. To alleviate cash flow pressures, Member States can also benefit from a 100% co-financing rate from the Union budget in the 2020-2021 accounting year. Latvia is encouraged to make full use of those possibilities to help the individuals and sectors most affected by the challenges.

(9)The socio-economic consequences of the pandemic are likely to be unevenly distributed across sectors and regions due to different specialisation patterns. This entails a risk of widening disparities within Latvia. Combined with the risk of a temporary unravelling of the convergence process between Member States, the current situation calls for targeted policy responses.

(10)On 30 April 2020, Latvia submitted its 2020 National Reform Programme and its 2020 Stability Programme. In order to take account of their interlinkages, the two programmes have been assessed at the same time.

(11)Latvia is currently in the preventive arm of the Stability and Growth Pact.

(12)In its 2020 Stability Programme, the government plans the headline balance to deteriorate from a deficit of 0,2% of GDP in 2019 to 9,4% of GDP in 2020. The government deficit is projected to decline to 5,0% in 2021 and to 2,7% of GDP by 2023, under unchanged policies. After decreasing to 36,9% of GDP in 2019, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to peak at around 53% in 2022, based on the 2020 Stability Programme. The macroeconomic and fiscal outlook is affected by high uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

(13)In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and as part of a coordinated Union approach, Latvia has adopted budgetary measures to increase the capacity of its health system, contain the pandemic, and provide relief to those individuals and sectors that have been particularly affected. According to the 2020 Stability Programme, those budgetary measures amounted to 3,0% of GDP. The measures include tax deferral options for up to 3 years, expanded coverage of State-paid sick leave, support for specific sectors and additional health spending. In addition, Latvia has adopted liquidity support to businesses through guarantees and loans amounting to 3,2% of GDP. Overall, the measures taken by Latvia are in line with the guidelines set out in the Commission Communication on a coordinated economic response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The full implementation of those measures, followed by a refocusing of fiscal policies towards achieving prudent medium-term fiscal positions when economic conditions allow, will contribute to preserving fiscal sustainability in the medium term.

(14)Based on the Commission 2020 spring forecast under unchanged policies, Latvia’s general government balance is forecast at -7,3% of GDP in 2020 and -4,5% in 2021. This reflects a broadly similar effect of the stimulus measures as in the Stability Programme, but the drop in employment is projected to be lower and automatic stabilisers on the expenditure side are also assumed to be lower. The general government debt ratio is projected to remain below 60% of GDP in 2020 and 2021.

(15)On 20 May 2020, the Commission issued a report prepared in accordance with Article 126(3) of the Treaty due to Latvia’s projected breach of the 3% of GDP deficit threshold in 2020. Overall, the analysis suggests that the deficit criterion as defined in the Treaty and in Regulation (EC) No 1467/1997 is not fulfilled.

(16)Latvia declared the state of emergency on 13 March 2020 and extended it until 9 June 2020. The government limited the movement of persons across Latvia’s borders by air, rail and sea, closed schools and universities, prohibited all public events, enforced social distancing measures, restricted sales on weekends and promoted digital public services. Considering the improved epidemiological situation, the authorities loosened national restrictions as of 12 May 2020 and agreed to reopen borders with Lithuania and Estonia as of 15 May 2020. According to the Commission forecast, unemployment is expected to rise to 8,6% in 2020 and slightly recover to 8,3% in 2021. The economy is projected to decline by 7% in 2020 with investments and export taking the largest hit amid declining foreign demand and growing uncertainty. Employment is expected to decrease by 2,5%, taking into account the fact that the negative impact on employment will be considerably cushioned by the government-subsidised employee furlough scheme and salary subsidies in export-oriented sectors. In response to the crisis, Latvia developed a comprehensive fiscal and economic policy response to the crisis. The authorities have targeted the response in three directions: (1) support to workers; (2) support to businesses; and (3) support to the hardest-hit economic sectors. Labour policy measures, aimed at maintaining employment and strengthening the social safety net include inter alia salary subsidies of up to 75% of a person’s gross wage, coverage of sick leave if a worker is diagnosed with COVID-19 or in quarantine, and extension of unemployment benefits. Support to businesses, facing temporary difficulties has aimed to extend liquidity to viable firms and to quickly boost supply of vital goods and services.

(17)The COVID-19 outbreak required unprecedented measures to contain the spread and impact of the disease. COVID-19 amplified the structural weaknesses in Latvia’s health system, which are directly related to the limited financial and human resources available to it and to reforms that are only slowly progressing. Access to quality and affordable healthcare and the effectiveness of the health system are affected by low public financing. This leads to high self-reported unmet needs for healthcare, significant out-of-pocket payments, especially for vulnerable groups, as well as inequality of access. Unhealthy lifestyles are another important reason for the poor health outcomes. In addition, health workforce shortages constitute a complex challenge and hamper the delivery of health services. To boost efficiency and quality in healthcare, it is crucial to accelerate the ongoing reforms which remain in an early stage including effective prevention measures, stronger primary care, a rationalised hospital sector and targeted quality management. The extent of the impact of these reforms and the opportunities to improve health outcomes also depend significantly on the amount of public financing for health. In order to be able to manage similar crises in the future, it is important to ensure investments into effective and well-resourced public health measures to prevent, contain and mitigate the spread of infectious diseases and to manage their impact on the health system’s performance. Investments could aim at providing the necessary equipment, robust e-health services, facilities and human resources for healthcare and at ensuring the capacity to deliver all expected regular health services alongside care for COVID-19 patients.

(18)Latvia has taken measures to extend income support for workers and to avoid dismissals during the emergency situation. However, the support is limited in coverage and adequacy, mainly because it is dependent on social contribution payments and restrictive eligibility criteria. The scheme also does not allow for partial idle time. A more gradual transition from income support to work income would allow for a greater labour market flexibility during the downtime period and the economic recovery. Continuous efforts are needed to improve the adequacy, duration and coverage of the social safety net for all. However, these efforts are constrained by the low tax revenue as a share of GDP. Despite some slight improvement, the adequacy of the guaranteed minimum income, of minimum pensions and of income support for persons with disabilities remains low. Latvia has introduced the unemployment aid benefit for the most vulnerable, yet the unemployed are at a high risk of poverty, particularly when the duration of unemployment increases. Coverage gaps in access to social protection, including unemployment insurance, for self-employed and non-standard workers exist and could be tackled. While its share is decreasing, undeclared work and envelope wages remain widespread, weakening affected workers’ social protection and increasing occupational risks. Vulnerable groups are likely to face the most difficulties in finding a job again. The integration of employment, education, health and social services and the provision of social services remains low. The share of people facing severe housing deprivation and that of people facing overcrowding are among the highest in the Union, while social housing is scarce.

(19)Providing support to small and medium-sized enterprises to help them quickly develop flexible work and teleworking capacities may significantly help mitigate the impact of the crisis. Low registration with public employment services and the low level of involvement of the unemployed in active labour market measures are of particular concern. The delivery and composition of active labour market measures have to be reinforced and adapted to reduce the duration of the unemployment spells and facilitate transitions back to work. Equipping people with the right skills is even more important to improve the resilience of the labour force in times of an economic downturn. Effective and easily accessible adult learning, reskilling and upskilling measures, together with the provision of social services and mobility support, could provide more people with the skills necessary for the labour market. Digital skills also need to be improved as only 43% of Latvians have basic or above basic digital skills. The COVID-19 emergency also highlighted the need to develop quality digital education and training and to ensure equal access to all learners. Strengthening the capacity of social partners is also important to ensure their meaningful and timely involvement in the COVID-19 crisis response and recovery.

(20)A sizable liquidity support scheme was quickly set up and deployed through the national development institution, Altum. It has helped restructure loan repayment schedules for businesses and provided liquidity support through new loans. At the same time, most restructurings of bank loans take place without involvement of state guarantees. However, the eligibility conditions for state guarantees are relatively strict. As a result, there is a risk that smaller companies with weaker financial position or overdue tax payments will not receive support. Restaurants and hotels, which are among the hardest hit industries in this crisis, experience difficulties accessing liquidity because of their weak collateral and financial position. At the same time, it is important to sustain the resilience of the banking sector.

(21)To foster the economic recovery, it will be important to front-load mature public investment projects and promote private investment, including through relevant reforms. Policies to support the country’s digital transformation and green transition should take into account the significant regional disparities. Most urban areas in Latvia have excellent digital infrastructure, but fixed broadband coverage in rural areas, especially last-mile connections, is low. Continued and strengthened efforts to deploy very high-speed broadband will help further improve the digital infrastructure. In order to tackle the challenges posed by the transition to a climate neutral economy, investments are needed to diversify the economy and make it more modern and competitive, including by strengthening investment in research and innovation and human capital and to alleviate the socio-economic costs of the transition. Latvia’s environmental sustainability rests on making progress towards improved energy efficiency, implementing its National Energy and Climate Plan, including in particular in transport and buildings, and mainstreaming environmental sustainability considerations in other economic sectors, notably in agriculture and forestry. Improving intermodal transport infrastructure within and around Riga would both facilitate labour mobility and help curb growing energy consumption from passenger cars. Furthermore, the Rail Baltica project and the energy interconnection projects are Latvia’s key investment priorities aimed at improving its safety and integration into the single market. Making further investments in renewable energy, in particular wind power, and promoting the transition to a circular economy with significantly higher recycling rates can also improve both environmental and economic outcomes and help achieve climate change mitigation targets. The programming of the Just Transition Fund for 2021-2027 could help Latvia address some of the challenges posed by the transition to a climate neutral economy, in particular in the territories covered by Annex D to the country report. This would allow Latvia to make the best use of that fund.

(22)Latvia has significantly reduced the flow of risky money through its banks and overhauled its anti-money laundering system. In particular, Latvia banned the servicing of non-resident shell companies and amended a number of laws. The capacity and capability of key supervisory, financial intelligence and law enforcement institutions has been strengthened. While supervision of financial institutions has been tightened considerably, it could be better targeted and become more efficient with improved risk assessment. Moreover, while the capacity and cooperation between law enforcement bodies has been improved, their capacity to investigate and prosecute money laundering cases could be further strengthened.

(23)While the present recommendations focus on tackling the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic and facilitating the economic recovery, the 2019 country-specific recommendations adopted by the Council on 9 July 2019 also covered reforms that are essential to address medium- to long-term structural challenges. Those recommendations remain pertinent and will continue to be monitored throughout next year’s European Semester annual cycle. That also applies to recommendations regarding investment-related economic policies. The latter recommendations should be taken into account for the strategic programming of cohesion policy funding post-2020, including for mitigating measures and exit strategies with regard to the current crisis.