EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Brussels, 20.7.2021
SWD(2021) 711 final
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
2021 Rule of Law Report
Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Finland
Accompanying the
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
2021 Rule of Law Report
The rule of law situation in the European Union
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Abstract
The Finnish justice system continues to enjoy a very high level of perceived judicial independence. The recently established National Courts Administration has become fully operational and, apart from performing its regular tasks, assisted the courts in their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The reform of the National Prosecution Service has helped to increase its efficiency by enabling centralisation, development of uniform practices, better cooperation and more even distribution of resources. The authorities are undertaking several projects to improve the digitalisation of the justice system and to make the system of legal aid more accessible.
Finland continues to be perceived as one of the least corrupt countries in the EU and the world. A dedicated comprehensive Government strategy to fight corruption was adopted on 27 May 2021. The Strategy aims to strengthen the fight against corruption, including through the clarification of responsibilities, awareness raising and prevention, the improvement of transparency and of the effectiveness of anti-corruption legislation, as well as relevant research. While the authorities place a strong emphasis on fighting financial crime and have taken steps to address foreign bribery, detection and prosecution of the latter remains a challenge. Lobbying remains currently unregulated, however, the Government is drafting legislation that would provide for a transparency register. Legislative initiatives are also being discussed to address concerns over revolving doors between the public administration and private interests. A revised system for asset declaration for public officials is under discussion and the proposal to regulate whistleblower protection in a new standalone law is expected to enter into force by the end of 2021.
Finland generally enjoys a free and protected environment for journalists and media professionals. The main media regulatory authority, the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency, is perceived as fair and transparent but its economic situation continues to be challenging. New specific legislation has been adopted obliging media service providers to make publicly accessible information on their ownership structure. A preparatory working group has been appointed in view of further extending the constitutionally guaranteed access to documents by enforcing compliance and covering more information. The Government is also planning changes in the Criminal Code to facilitate the prosecution of unlawful threats and targeting of vulnerable victims, such as freelance journalists. To address hate speech directed towards female journalists, the Government is preparing another change in the Criminal Code for gender to be added among the motives that constitute grounds for increasing the punishment for (any) crime. Moreover, the Government is reflecting on a permanent aid mechanism to support journalism in Finland besides a temporary support scheme that was specifically linked to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Government has adopted an Action Plan on Better Regulation, which aims at improving the quality, planning and transparency of legislation. Most of the measures taken in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were adopted based on ordinary legislation. Where emergency powers were used, the approval of Parliament and ex ante constitutionality review were required. The reform process to clarify the tasks of the Chancellor of Justice and the Ombudsman, two key independent authorities involved in safeguarding fundamental rights, is supported by both authorities and is planned to be presented to Parliament in autumn 2021. A new Advisory Board for Civil Society Policy, a platform that has been facilitating fruitful interaction between public authorities and civil society, will be elected in the autumn 2021.
I.Justice System
The Finnish justice system is composed of the ordinary judiciary, with 20 district courts, five courts of appeal and the Supreme Court, and the administrative judiciary with six regional administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. There are three specialised courts
. The independent National Courts Administration is in charge of the administration of courts, including management of budgets, buildings and ICT systems
. The independent Judicial Appointments Board
prepares proposals for appointments of judges to the Government, while proposals for Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges are made by these courts themselves
. Judges are formally appointed by the President of the Republic
. The National Prosecution Authority is an independent state authority
, led by a Prosecutor General, who is appointed by the President on the proposal of the Ministry of Justice and can be dismissed or suspended by the Government
. The Finnish Bar Association
is an independent body tasked with the supervision of professional activities of attorneys. Disciplinary proceedings against lawyers
are conducted by the Disciplinary Board, an independent supervisory body functioning alongside the Finnish Bar Association
. Finland participates in the European Public Prosecutor’s Office.
Independence
The Finnish justice system is characterised by a very high level of perceived independence. The perceived independence of courts and judges is very high, with 83% of the general public and 86% of companies perceiving it as ‘fairly or very good’
. The level remains consistently very high for both the general public and the companies since 2016. As regards the general public, it has steadily increased until 2019 and as regards companies, it has increased for the past two years.
The National Courts Administration became operational in January 2020 and has established itself as an important institution facilitating the work of the courts. After its creation in January 2020, noted in the 2020 Rule of Law Report, the National Courts Administration (NCA), a new independent agency responsible for the administration of the courts
, has in its first year in office established itself by building its own structures and consolidating its procedures. At the same time, it has been performing its regular tasks related to providing the central administrative function of all courts and organising trainings for judges in cooperation with the Judicial Training Board
. It has actively communicated with the courts, facilitating a regular meeting with leadership of all courts in order to assess their needs. Stakeholders report that the NCA took an active role in supporting the courts
. Its establishment has enabled the courts to focus their resources on key tasks and has further strengthened the independence of the judiciary
.
Quality
The reform of the Prosecution Service has begun to produce results in terms of increased efficiency and specialisation. As of September 2019, the Office of the Prosecutor General and eleven local prosecution offices were merged into a single National Prosecution Authority
. The reorganisation has enabled centralisation and development of uniform national prosecution practices, better cooperation within the Prosecution Service and a more even distribution of resources
. It also allowed for greater specialisation of prosecutors
. This led to an improvement in efficiency as evidenced among others by an increase of the number of cases solved per prosecutor
. The reform also has significance for the fight against corruption (see Section II). The Prosecution Service reported a backlog of cases partially caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and received additional funding intended to help resolve this backlog
.
The authorities are undertaking several projects to improve the digitalisation of the justice system. A new case management system for the administrative and special courts, prepared in cooperation with judges, was finalised in December 2020 and has been introduced in all the respective courts, although some technical issues have appeared. Among others, the system allows users to file complaints, to be served documents, and to check the state of proceedings online. It also enables producing judgments in a machine readable format. A similar case management system for ordinary courts is under development and it is expected to be completed by the end of 2022. Furthermore, at the end of 2020 the Ministry of Justice finished a system which allows for automatic anonymization and annotation of decisions of courts and other authorities, which is expected to increase the electronic availability of documents
. Additionally, the Ministry of Justice is developing a new reporting tool to be used by courts and some other authorities, which should increase usability of collected information
.
The authorities commissioned projects to make the system of legal aid more accessible. The costs of judicial proceedings are on average considered to be high, which can hinder access to justice, especially in case of medium income earners
. Following the Program of the Government to look into the possibility of raising income limits for legal aid so as to improve accessibility of legal aid to medium income earners
, a research project was initiated by the Ministry of Justice in June 2020 to examine access to legal aid
. The Ministry of Justice has also launched a project to examine the possibilities to create a central National Legal Aid and Guardianship Authority. The new authority would centralise the administration of legal aid in order to ensure that it is provided in sufficient and equal manner across the country
. The preparation of an on-call legal aid service launched in in 2019
is on hold while authorities inquire into the options of funding
.
The National Courts Administration continued to actively support the courts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NCA made particular efforts to assist the courts in their response to the pandemic
. Among others, the agency provided assistance in crisis communication, published a guide on using remote connections at trials and arranged the provision of IT equipment
. The regular meetings with the management of the courts (see above) enabled them to discuss methods to address concrete issues and to share their experiences with colleagues.
Efficiency
The justice system continues to perform efficiently. The justice system performs at an average level when it concerns the estimated time to resolve both litigious civil and commercial cases and administrative cases. The clearance rate for the former category has decreased somewhat since 2016, but still remains at 100%
, while the clearance rate for administrative cases has decreased from 112% in 2018 to 100% in 2019
. The number of pending cases is particularly low for litigious civil and commercial cases and average for administrative cases, showing that the justice system overall copes well with its caseload
. Although the courts have in general managed to continue their activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, stakeholders have reported delays in proceedings and some courts now deal with a backlog of cases.
II.Anti-Corruption Framework
Finland has no dedicated anti-corruption agency and the responsibility for the fight against corruption is shared among different authorities and bodies. These include the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Police, the Tax Administration, the Competition and Consumer Authority, the Parliamentary Ombudsman and Chancellor of Justice, among others. The Ministry of Justice’s Department of Criminal Policy and Criminal Law continues overseeing efforts to prevent anti-corruption and coordinates the anti-corruption network consisting of representatives of the relevant Ministries, the Police, the Prosecution Service, business and industry and non-governmental organisations.
The perception among experts and business executives is that Finland is one of the least corrupt countries in the world. In the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, Finland scores 85/100 and ranks 2nd in the European Union and 3rd globally. However, this perception has deteriorated over the past five years.
The first national anti-corruption strategy was adopted on 27 May 2021
. In November 2019, the Ministerial Working Group on Internal Security and Strengthening the Rule of Law decided to launch further preparation of an anti-corruption strategy. On 23 April 2020, the Ministry of Justice appointed a preparation and steering group to draft an anti-corruption strategy and action plan for Finland to improve the effectiveness of anti-corruption and prevention measures. The Strategy is comprehensive, covering both preventive and reactive aspects, and aims to strengthen the fight against corruption, its awareness raising and prevention, to further clarify responsibilities and enhance cooperation between authorities, and to improve the efficiency of anti-corruption legislation as well as relevant research
. The Strategy is accompanied by a detailed Action Plan for the period 2021-2023, covering all domains of the Strategy, establishing precise actions and assigning responsible authorities. The preparatory process itself has contributed to increasing public awareness and broadening consensus on the need for improved availability of information on the subject.
While there are no specialised units for the prosecution of corruption
, the reform of the Prosecution Service allowed for greater specialisation of individual prosecutors. The restructuring of the Prosecution Service in 2019 enhanced the consistency of the prosecution practices and allowed for greater specialisation of prosecutors (see Section I)
. Currently, six specialized prosecutors have corruption as an area of expertise. In addition, there are 19 prosecutors specialized in prosecuting offences committed in office. All local prosecutors are competent to prosecute minor corruption cases
. Cooperation between the authorities responsible for the fight against corruption is reportedly effective across the board and cooperation extends to the regional level. The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) is closely involved in investigation of suspected cases of corruption.
The average annual number of cases of prosecuted corruption and economic crime offenses has remained relatively stable over the ten-year reporting period with an average of ten cases per year
. In recent years, a very high percentage of corruption cases were ultimately dismissed by the courts. The majority of corruption offences prosecuted by the authorities occur in the area of economic crimes.
Steps to address shortcomings in prevention, detection and prosecution of foreign bribery have been taken. The OECD reports that no foreign bribery case has been detected, investigated or prosecuted since 2017. The Government indicated that it is carrying out a comprehensive assessment of the issue and has launched preventive activities. Training programmes for judges, prosecutors and law enforcement officials are under way. Finland has also developed a detailed guidance document for small and medium-sized enterprises that covers corruption risks, including foreign bribery. The guidance aims to raise awareness about corruption risks and consequences within the private sector when operating in domestic or international markets, and provides companies with practical tools for dealing with corruption.
Concerns have been raised regarding the framework for investigation of members of the Government. Ministers can only be held accountable for an official misconduct via a special constitutional process where decisions to bring charges are taken by the Parliament after hearing the opinion of the Constitutional Law Committee
. The Group of States against Corruption of the Council of Europe (GRECO) has raised concerns on the limited investigation and prosecution powers of this process, which could generate difficulties in the context of high-level corruption cases.
The Code of Conduct for civil servants and top executive functions which consolidates existing guidelines, has been published on 7 May 2021. Until now, the ethical framework for public officials had been unconsolidated and spread among several acts
. The Code of Conduct unifies rules on values, general duties, secondary occupations, gifts and benefits and is binding for all civil servants, including top executives but excluding Ministers
. The Ministry of Finance has also updated on 1 May 2021 the guidance document on hospitality, benefits and gifts received by civil servants. In autumn 2020, Ministers were provided with guidance on gifts and their registration.
Lobbying remains unregulated in Finland and legislation on a transparency register is being prepared. The Ministry of Justice has recently published a report examining lobbying practices in Finland
. The report identifies lobbying as a widespread practice which often remains in the dark. A dedicated parliamentary working group continues the work on legislation on a transparency register with the aim to improve the decision-making process and to boost public trust. As a first step, it is envisaged to impose an obligation to register on lobbyists that influence decisions at the central government level, excluding local and regional governments, although the scope might later be extended
. The act on the transparency register is expected to enter into force in 2023 with the goal to simultaneously introduce an electronic register
.
The Government is preparing legislative proposals for stricter regulation of revolving doors. A governmental proposal to extend the cooling-off period from six to 12 months for civil servants is expected to be submitted to the Parliament in autumn 2021. As for Ministers, the Government is currently preparing a legislative project on limiting revolving doors to tackle potential conflicts of interests arising after their leaving public office. This proposal was planned to be submitted to the Parliament in spring 2021
. The revolving door phenomenon has been widely discussed due to some cases reported in national media. Conflict of interest remains undefined in the legislation, although recommendations have previously been made to establish or enhance a formal system for review of the declarations of Ministers and disclosures of other persons entrusted with top executive functions.
A parliamentary working group is reviewing legislation on political parties and electoral funding. Political party financing is overseen by the National Audit Office. However, there are concerns that the current rules contain loopholes that would make it possible not to disclose the origin of all financial contributions. A parliamentary working group under the National Democracy Programme is reviewing the development of the electoral, party and party funding legislation and will issue its report in 2021
.
The asset disclosure system is under revision. Asset disclosure for senior government officials is regulated in the Act on Public Officials in Central Government
. A legislative amendment, which would extend the obligation to declare assets also to special advisers to Ministers, is expected to be submitted to the Parliament in the course of 2021. Amendments are also envisaged for civil servants to limit their discretion as to the information to be included in their declaration of interests and the extent to which information must be considered relevant for assessing their capacity to perform duties independently
.
Legislation on protection of whistleblowers is under preparation. There is no general legislation on whistleblower protection and cases of reported breaches of law have been addressed via specific legislation, such as labour law and criminal law. Finland is currently preparing new legislation on the protection of whistleblowers to implement nationally the EU directive on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law. The entry into force is expected in mid-December 2021. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance has appointed a working group in March 2021 to prepare a technical reporting channel for irregularities to Government organisations, which relates to the implementation of the EU directive on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law.
Anti-corruption legislation and other measures have been applied as usual during the COVID-19 pandemic. The National Bureau of Investigation is following and analysing the impact on corruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas, in general, corruption is not seen as a major issue in the Finnish health sector, the responsible authorities are aware of the increased risk level during the COVID-19 pandemic and a strategy is being developed under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance in cooperation with municipalities on better and more sustainable public procurement practices to reduce the risk
.
III.Media Pluralism and Media Freedom
In Finland, freedom of expression is protected by the Constitution, guaranteeing also access to public documents. Finland requires media service providers to make publicly accessible information concerning their ownership structure. The tasks and powers of the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom), the media regulatory authority, are ensured by law. Legislation has been adopted to transpose the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive
.
The media regulatory authority – the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom) – functions independently and effectively, but its economic situation continues to be challenging
. The latest edition of the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM 2021) assesses the media regulator to be fair and transparent. According to the MPM, risks are only elevated due to the government’s partial budgetary control over the agency and its insufficient budget. The authority has communicated potential lay-offs of up to 56 people out of close to 1,000 members of staff. Despite these challenges, Traficom has recently experienced a slight improvement in human resources for its media supervision tasks. In turn, the National Audiovisual Institute, another independent media body with more specialist functions
, reports a slight improvement in their resources compared to the previous year and has been able to recruit new personnel.
New legislation has improved transparency of media ownership
. As part of the national transposition of the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD)
, new regulations have entered into force in Finland in January 2021
, obliging media service providers to make publicly accessible information concerning their ownership structure. Previously, there were no specific rules governing transparency of media ownership, although voluntary disclosure was common, and general publicity rules for limited liability companies were applied to media companies
. The MPM notes that news media concentration in Finland continues to be very high.
The Government has issued support grants in an attempt to help the media sector through the COVID-19 crisis. In October 2020, the Government issued a grant of 7.5 million euros aimed at supporting the content production media affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing the supply of diverse journalistic content as well as promoting journalism at local, regional and national levels
. The grant was awarded to all the media companies that fulfilled the primarily economic criteria including evidence of a decline in advertising sales, but stakeholders point out that certain middle-sized media companies could not fulfil all the eligibility criteria
. A working group appointed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications will examine whether a more permanent aid mechanism could be introduced to support journalism in Finland
.
In response to the Government Programme, the Ministry of Justice is planning to update the Act on the Openness of Government Activities
. The Government will assess, among other things, whether the Act could apply to data and information in a more general sense and whether its scope should be expanded to cover legal entities owned or controlled by the public sector
. Compliance with the Act will also be strengthened. Perception of a trend in recent years towards a stricter interpretation of the rules by some authorities, including police, persists. The Ministry of Justice has appointed a working group to gradually assess and clarify until June 2023 the sufficiency of the scope and possible shortcomings of the current legislation and to provide solutions. The assessment will address structural changes as well as digitalisation. The working group will later in 2021 present a proposal on whether there is a need for any urgent changes in the legislation
. This initiative is generally welcomed by non-governmental organisations. There is also a call for better balancing between the protection of privacy and accessibility of information of public interest
.
Several legal reforms are under preparation to address the harassment of journalists online
. The Ministry of Justice has released a Government proposal to change the Criminal Code in order to allow public prosecutors in certain cases to bring charges on the victim’s behalf for unlawful threats and targeting. The amendment seeks to address the vulnerable position of freelance journalists and people in a public function and is expected to enter into force in autumn 2021
. To address hate speech directed towards female journalists, the Ministry of Justice has also started to prepare another change in the Criminal Code for gender to be added among the motives that constitute grounds for increasing the punishment for (any) crime
. These actions appear to be largely welcomed by the journalistic community, particularly when it comes to addressing online threats
. Additionally, the Government is reflecting on the need for strengthening restraining orders, which can protect a person’s life, health, liberty or peace by denying someone else’s contact with them and prevent possible crimes. The Government is examining whether the current legislative framework sufficiently tackles online hate campaigns and the possibilities to improve the effectiveness of restraining orders and reduce the number of violations
. The Union of Journalists together with media houses and industry associations is running a support fund to assist journalists who have been subjected to threats and other forms of harassment
. No new alerts have been published for Finland in the Council of Europe’s platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists since the 2020 Rule of Law Report
, but the MPM 2021 reports that journalists are increasingly harassed online, mostly in the form of threats and smear campaigns and particularly female journalists experience gender-based verbal abuse and threats of sexualised violence.
IV.Other Institutional Issues Related to Checks and Balances
Finland is a unicameral, parliamentary democracy, in which legislative proposals may emanate from Government or Parliament (although in practice most laws are based on Government proposals). In the absence of a Constitutional Court, ex ante constitutionality review is carried out by the Chancellor of Justice, who is attached to the Government, and the Constitutional Law Committee, a parliamentary committee
that assesses the constitutionality of proposals submitted to Parliament. Moreover, all courts can carry out ex post constitutionality review in concrete cases
. The Chancellor of Justice, the Human Rights Centre and the Parliamentary Ombudsman play an important role in the system of checks and balances.
A 2020 Action Plan on Better Regulation aims at improving the quality, planning and transparency of legislation. In August 2020, the Government adopted an Action Plan on Better Regulation to further improve the quality and transparency of the legislative drafting process
. The plan envisages activities to enhance the systematic planning of legislation, further development of transparency and stakeholder consultation, development of impact assessments and systematic approach to ex post evaluation and enhancing the benefits of technology and digitalisation in the legislative process. The Action Plan is supported by an Implementation Plan
.
The use of emergency powers and other measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has consistently been subject to ex ante constitutional review. The exercise of emergency powers is allowed only under a state of emergency, which may be declared by the Government jointly with the President. The adoption of emergency measures follows several stages and it is subject to approval by the Parliament and constitutionality review by the Chancellor of Justice and the Constitutional Law Committee
. The use of emergency powers is conditioned by several requirements, such as necessity and proportionality, and must be time limited. Following the application of the emergency powers between 16 March and 16 June 2020, a state of emergency was once again declared between 1 March 2021 and 27 April 2021. The majority of measures taken in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were based on ordinary legislation
. The Chancellor of Justice noted that in general the principles of rule of law have been well respected, although some issues were detected, such as overly broad application of ordinary legislation and insufficient reasoning of emergency measures on some occasions. The Constitutional Law Committee has drawn attention to the need for a thorough review of the regulation of state of emergency after the end of the current exceptional circumstances.
A law to clarify the division of powers between the Chancellor of Justice and the Parliamentary Ombudsperson is expected to be submitted to the Parliament. The Chancellor of Justice and the Parliamentary Ombudsperson are the two independent guardians of legality and fundamental rights provided for in the Finnish Constitution. They perform similar and concurrent tasks to oversee the activities of public authorities and monitor respect for the principles of legality and rule of law in the exercise of public authority by the Government, public institutions and courts
, although some specialisation exists in practice
. A reform was launched in 2018, with the aim of reducing overlaps in the institutions’ tasks and enabling their further specialisation. The COVID-19 pandemic has delayed the adoption of the reform, which is expected to be submitted to the Parliament in autumn 2021
. The reform has been actively promoted by both the Parliamentary Ombudsperson and the Chancellor of Justice also in view of an expected improved efficiency in the handling of their tasks. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in workload, as it triggered a number of complaints against measures adopted by the authorities addressed to both institutions and required the Chancellor of Justice to conduct prior legality review of COVID-19 pandemic related legislation.
The new Advisory Board for Civil Society Policy, which plays an important role for the civil space, will be elected in autumn. The civil society space in Finland is considered to be open
. In addition to formal consultations on new legislation, there is a long tradition of participation of civil society organisations in the preparation of government policies, although the level of their involvement varies with governmental institutions
. One of the mechanisms to involve civil society in the decision-making process is the Advisory Board for Civil Society Policy, a platform tasked to promote interaction between public authorities and civil society and improve the framework for civil society. The Board is composed of representatives of civil society organisations
and of several governmental authorities. The Board gives recommendations regarding civil society policy, which, in its view, are duly considered by the authorities
. The term of office of the previous Board ended in February 2021, with a new Board set to be elected in autumn of 2021. The previous Board has focused on two main areas, namely strengthening the autonomy of civil society organisations, and the impact of globalisation on the civil society organisations.
Annex I: List of sources in alphabetical order*
* The list of contributions received in the context of the consultation for the 2021 Rule of Law report can be found at (
https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/upholding-rule-law/rule-law/rule-law-mechanism/2021-rule-law-report-targeted-stakeholder-consultation
).
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (2021), Media pluralism monitor 2021 (
https://cmpf.eui.eu/media-pluralism-monitor/mpm-2021/
).
CEPEJ (2020), Study on the functioning of the judicial systems in the EU Member States.
Chancellor of Justice (2021), Contribution for the 2021 Rule of Law Report.
Civicus, Monitor tracking civic space – Finland (
https://monitor.civicus.org/country/finland/
).
Council of Europe, Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists – Finland (
https://www.coe.int/en/web/media-freedom/finland
).
Directive (EU) 2010/13 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive).
Directive (EU) 2019/1937 on the protection of persons who report breached of Union law.
Directorate-General for Communication (2020), Special Eurobarometer 502: corruption.
Directorate-General for Communication (2020), Flash Eurobarometer 482: Businesses' attitudes towards corruption in the EU.
European Commission (2020), Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Finland.
European Commission (2021), EU Justice Scoreboard.
European Network of the Councils of the Judiciary (2021), ENCJ Contribution for the 2021 European Commission Rule of Law report.
Finnish Government (2019), Government manifesto Inclusive and competent Finland – a socially, economically and ecologically sustainable society.
Finnish Government (2020), Implementation Plan on Action Plan on the Better Regulation (
https://api.hankeikkuna.fi/asiakirjat/6319b68b-eb2a-4cf2-a88d-fdcf6b6773dd/4674d456-c494-48b3-b693-0b419e224882/LIITE_20200818131744.pdf
).
Finnish Government (2020), Action Plan on Better Regulation (Paremman sääntelyn toimintaohjelma) (
https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410853/paremman-saantelyn-toimintaohjelmalla-tehostetaan-lainvalmistelua
).
Finnish Government (2020), Report of the Government-appointed rapporteur on hate campaigns, Systematic harassment and targeting: an assessment of the legislation (Järjestelmällinen häirintä ja maalittaminen: Lainsäädännön arviointia) (
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/162579
).
Finnish Government (2020d), Study on the impact of public legal aid revenue ceilings (Selvitys julkisen oikeusavun tulorajojen vaikutuksista) (
https://tietokayttoon.fi/-/selvitys-julkisen-oikeusavun-tulorajojen-vaikutuksista
).
Finnish Government (2021), Code of conduct for officials (Virkamieseettinen toimintaohje) (
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163089
).
Finnish Government (2021), Input from Finland for the 2020 Rule of Law Report.
GRECO (2017), Fifth Evaluation Round – Evaluation Report on Finland on preventing corruption and promoting integrity in central governments (top executive functions) and law enforcement agencies.
Hirvola, Aino, Mikkonen, Salla, Skippari, Mika and Tiensuu, Paul (2021), Towards more open lobbying: Current state of lobbying in Finland at central government level, (Oikeusministeriön julkaisuja, Selvityksiä ja ohjeita 2021) (
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/162855/OM_2021_6_SO.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
).
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (2020), Anti-corruption Gide for SMEs (
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/162227
).
Ministry of Finance (2021), A working group established to create a channel for whistleblowers (
https://api.hankeikkuna.fi/asiakirjat/3476e3a2-b415-4704-b68a-1a451c15bf6b/ad5d57c2-418f-4652-9daf-71fc01b821d0/ASETTAMISPAATOS_20210429060832.pdf
).
Ministry of Finance (2021b), On hospitality, benefits and gifts (Vieraanvaraisuudesta, eduista ja lahjoista) (
Määräys tai Ohje (vm.fi)
).
Ministry of Justice (2019), Gateway to Information on Government Projects (Transparency Register) (
https://oikeusministerio.fi/en/project?tunnus=OM033:00/2019
).
Ministry of Justice (2019), Press release, Preparation of transparency register begins (12 March 2019) (
https://oikeusministerio.fi/-/avoimuusrekisterin-valmistelu-alkaa?languageId=en_US
).
Ministry of Justice (2020), Summary of opinions on the enlarging of scope of the Act on the Openness of Government Activities (Julkisuuslain soveltamisalan laajentaminen – lausuntotiivistelmä 2020:13) (
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/162509/OM_2020_13_ML.pdf?sequence=1
).
Ministry of Justice (2020), Press release, Working group to prepare an anti-corruption strategy (Työryhmä valmistelemaan korruptionvastaista strategiaa), (24 April 2020, in Finnish and Swedish) (
https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/1410853/tyoryhma-valmistelemaan-korruptionvastaista-strategiaa
).
Ministry of Justice (2021), Press release, Corruption must be fought in a comprehensive and long-term manner (Korruptiota torjutaan kokonaisvaltaisesti ja pitkäjänteisesti) (
https://oikeusministerio.fi/sv/-/korruption-ska-bekampas-pa-ett-overgripande-och-langsiktigt-satt?languageId=fi_FI
).
Ministry of Justice, Combatting corruption in Finland (
Combating corruption in Finland - Anti-corruption.fi (korruptiontorjunta.fi)
.
National Audit Office, Oversight of Election Campaign and Political Party Financing (
Oversight of Election Campaign and Political Party Financing (vaalirahoitusvalvonta.fi)
.
National Prosecution Authority (2019), Press release, The National Prosecution Authority will start to operate as a single bureau on 1 October, (30 September 2019), (
https://syyttajalaitos.fi/en/-/syyttajalaitos-aloittaa-toimintansa-yhtena-virastona-1-lokakuuta
).
National Prosecution Authority (2021), Financial Statements of the National Prosecution Service for 2020 (Syyttäjälaitoksen tilinpäätös 2020).
OECD (2017), Implementing the OECD anti-bribery convention. Phase 4 two-year follow-up report: Finland (
https://www.oecd.org/corruption/Finland-phase-4-follow-up-report-ENG.pdf
).
OECD (2020), Bribery and corruption news, OECD recognises Finland’s commitment to combat corruption, but is concerned about lack of foreign bribery enforcement (20 October 2020) (
https://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecd-recognises-finland-s-commitment-to-combat-corruption-but-is-concerned-about-lack-of-foreign-bribery-enforcement.htm
).
OECD (2020), Implementing the OECD anti-bribery convention. Phase 4 written follow-up report by Finland (
https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DAF/WGB(2019)3/FINAL&docLanguage=En
).
Reporters without Borders – Finland (
https://rsf.org/en/finland
).
Transparency International (2021), Corruption Perceptions Index 2020.
Union of Journalists in Finland (3 December 2019), Journalists’ Support Fund launched (
https://journalistiliitto.fi/en/journalists-support-fund-launched/
).
YLE (12 May 2021), Traficom will lay off up to 56 people (Traficom irtisanoo enintään 56 henkeä) (
https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11929800
).
Annex II: Country visit to Finland
The Commission services held virtual meetings in March 2021 with:
·Anti-corruption Cooperation Network
·Chair of the former Advisory Board for Civil Society Policy
·Chancellor of Justice
·Council for Mass Media in Finland
·Financial Intelligence Unit
·Finnish Association of Judges
·Finnish Bar Association
·Finnish Media Association
·Judicial Training Board
·Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment
·Ministry of Finance
·Ministry of Justice
·Ministry of Transport and Communications
·Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
·National Audiovisual Institute
·National Bureau of Investigation
·National Courts Administration
·National Prosecution Authority
·Parliamentary Ombudsman
·Prime Minister’s Office
·Supreme Court
·Traficom
·Transparency International Finland
·Union of Finnish Journalists
* The Commission also met the following organisations in a number of horizontal meetings:
·Amnesty International
·Center for Reproductive Rights
·CIVICUS
·Civil Liberties Union for Europe
·Civil Society Europe
·Conference of European Churches
·EuroCommerce
·European Center for Not-for-Profit Law
·European Centre for Press and Media Freedom
·European Civic Forum
·European Federation of Journalists
·European Partnership for Democracy
·European Youth Forum
·Front Line Defenders
·Human Rights House Foundation
·Human Rights Watch
·ILGA-Europe
·International Commission of Jurists
·International Federation for Human Rights
·International Planned Parenthood Federation European Network (IPPF EN)
·International Press Institute
·Netherlands Helsinki Committee
·Open Society European Policy Institute
·Philanthropy Advocacy
·Protection International
·Reporters without Borders
·Transparency International EU
