2011R1178 — EN — 08.04.2015 — 003.001

---

This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents

►B	COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) (OJ L 311, 25.11.2011, p.1)

Amended by:

		Official Journal
		No	page	date
►M1	COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 290/2012 of 30 March 2012	L 100	1	5.4.2012
►M2	COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 70/2014 of 27 January 2014	L 23	25	28.1.2014
►M3	COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 245/2014 of 13 March 2014	L 74	33	14.3.2014
►M4	COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/445 of 17 March 2015	L 74	1	18.3.2015

---

▼B

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1178/2011

of 3 November 2011

laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(Text with EEA relevance)

Article 1

Subject matter

This Regulation lays down detailed rules for:

▼M1

▼B

Article 2

Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:

▼M1

▼M3

Article 3

Pilot licensing and medical certification

1.  Without prejudice to Article 8 of this Regulation, pilots of aircraft referred to in Article 4(1)(b) and (c) and Article 4(5) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annex I and Annex IV to this Regulation.

2.  Notwithstanding the privileges of the holders of licences as defined in Annex I to this Regulation, holders of pilot licences issued in accordance with Subpart B or C of Annex I to this Regulation may carry out flights referred to in Article 6(4a) of Regulation (EU) No 965/2012. This is without prejudice to compliance with any additional requirements for the carriage of passengers or the development of commercial operations defined in Subparts B or C of Annex I to this Regulation.

▼B

Article 4

Existing national pilots’ licences

1.  JAR-compliant licences issued or recognised by a Member State before ►M1  this Regulation applies ◄ shall be deemed to have been issued in accordance with this Regulation. Member States shall replace these licences with licences complying with the format laid down in Part-ARA by ►M1  8 April 2018 ◄ at the latest.

2.  Non-JAR-compliant licences including any associated ratings, certificates, authorisations and/or qualifications issued or recognised by a Member State before the applicability of this Regulation shall be converted into Part-FCL licences by the Member State that issued the licence.

3.  Non-JAR-compliant licences shall be converted into Part-FCL licences and associated ratings or certificates in accordance with:

4.  The conversion report shall:

5.  The conversion report shall include copies of all documents necessary to demonstrate the elements set out in points (a) to (e) of paragraph 4, including copies of the relevant national requirements and procedures. When developing the conversion report, Member States shall aim at allowing pilots to, as far as possible, maintain their current scope of activities.

6.  Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 3, holders of a class rating instructor certificate or an examiner certificate who have privileges for single-pilot high performance complex aircraft shall have those privileges converted into a type rating instructor certificate or an examiner certificate for single-pilot aeroplanes.

7.  A Member State may authorise a student pilot to exercise limited privileges without supervision before he/she meets all the requirements necessary for the issuance of an LAPL under the following conditions:

▼M3

8.  Until 8 April 2019, a Member State may issue an authorisation to a pilot to exercise specified limited privileges to fly aeroplanes under instrument flight rules before the pilot complies with all of the requirements necessary for the issue of an instrument rating in accordance with this Regulation, subject to the following conditions:

▼B

Article 5

Existing national pilots’ medical certificates and aero-medical examiners certificates

1.  JAR-compliant pilots’ medical certificates and aero-medical examiners’ certificates issued or recognised by a Member State before this Regulation applies shall be deemed to have been issued in accordance with this Regulation.

2.  Member States shall replace pilots’ medical certificates and aero-medical examiners’ certificates with certificates complying with the format laid down in Part-ARA by 8 April 2017 at the latest.

3.  Non-JAR-compliant pilot medical certificates and aero-medical examiners’ certificates issued by a Member State before this Regulation applies shall remain valid until the date of their next revalidation or until 8 April 2017, whichever is the earlier.

4.  The revalidation of the certificates referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall comply with the provisions of Annex IV.

Article 6

Conversion of flight test qualifications

1.  Pilots who before this Regulation applies conducted category 1 and 2 flight tests as defined in the Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003 ( 3 ), or who provided instruction to flight test pilots, shall have their flight test qualifications converted into flight test ratings in accordance with Annex I to this Regulation and, where applicable, flight test instructor certificates by the Member State that issued the flight test qualifications.

2.  This conversion shall be carried out in accordance with the elements established in a conversion report that complies with the requirements set out in Article 4(4) and (5).

Article 7

Existing national flight engineers’ licences

1.  In order to convert flight engineer licences, issued in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention, into Part-FCL licences, holders shall apply to the Member State that issued the licences.

2.  Flight engineer licences shall be converted into Part-FCL licences in accordance with a conversion report that complies with the requirements set out in Article 4(4) and (5).

3.  When applying for the airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) for aeroplanes, the provisions on credit in FCL.510.A(c)(2) of Annex I shall be complied with.

Article 8

Conditions for the acceptance of licences from third countries

▼M4

1.  Without prejudice to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and where there are no agreements concluded between the Union and a third country covering pilot licensing, Member States may accept third country licences, ratings or certificates, and associated medical certificates issued by or on behalf of third countries, in accordance with the provisions of Annex III to this Regulation.

▼B

2.  Applicants for Part-FCL licences already holding at least an equivalent licence, rating or certificate issued in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention by a third country shall comply with all the requirements of Annex I to this Regulation, except that the requirements of course duration, number of lessons and specific training hours may be reduced.

3.  The credit given to the applicant shall be determined by the Member State to which the pilot applies on the basis of a recommendation from an approved training organisation.

4.  Holders of an ATPL issued by or on behalf of a third country in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention who have completed the experience requirements for the issue of an ATPL in the relevant aircraft category as set out in Subpart F of Annex I to this Regulation may be given full credit as regards the requirements to undergo a training course prior to undertaking the theoretical knowledge examinations and the skill test, provided that the third country licence contains a valid type rating for the aircraft to be used for the ATPL skill test.

5.  Aeroplane or helicopter type ratings may be issued to holders of Part-FCL licences that comply with the requirements for the issue of those ratings established by a third country. Such ratings will be restricted to aircraft registered in that third country. This restriction may be removed when the pilot complies with the requirements in point C.1 of Annex III.

Article 9

Credit for training commenced prior to the application of this Regulation

1.  In respect of issuing Part-FCL licences in accordance with Annex I, training commenced prior to the application of this Regulation in accordance with the Joint Aviation Authorities requirements and procedures, under the regulatory oversight of a Member State recommended for mutual recognition within the Joint Aviation Authorities’ system in relation to the relevant JAR, shall be given full credit provided that the training and testing were completed by 8 April 2016 at the latest.

2.  Training commenced prior to the application of this Regulation in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention shall be given credit for the purposes of issuing Part-FCL licences on the basis of a credit report established by the Member State in consultation with the Agency.

3.  The credit report shall describe the scope of the training, indicate for which requirements of Part-FCL licences credit is given and, if applicable, which requirements applicants need to comply with in order to be issued with Part-FCL licences. It shall include copies of all documents necessary to demonstrate the scope of the training and of the national regulations and procedures in accordance with which the training was commenced.

▼M2

Article 9a

Type rating training and operational suitability data

1.  Where the Annexes to this Regulation make reference to the operational suitability data established in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, and that data is not available for the relevant type aircraft, the applicant for a type rating training course shall comply with the provisions of the Annexes of Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 only.

2.  Type rating training courses approved before the approval of the minimum syllabus of pilot type rating training in the operational suitability data for the relevant type of aircraft in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 shall include the mandatory training elements not later than 18 December 2017 or within two years after the operational suitability data was approved, whichever is the latest.

▼B

Article 10

Credit for pilot licences obtained during military service

1.  In order for holders of military flight crew licences to obtain Part-FCL licences, they shall apply to the Member State where they served.

2.  The knowledge, experience and skill gained in military service shall be given credit for the purposes of the relevant requirements of Annex I in accordance with the elements of a credit report established by the Member State in consultation with the Agency.

3.  The credit report shall:

▼M1

Article 10a

Pilot training organisations

1.  Pilot training organisations shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes VI and VII and shall be certified.

2.  Pilot training organisations holding JAR-compliant certificates issued or recognised by a Member State before this Regulation applies shall be deemed to hold a certificate issued in accordance with this Regulation.

In such case the privileges of these organisations shall be limited to the privileges included in the approval issued by the Member State.

Without prejudice to Article 2, pilot training organisations shall adapt their management system, training programmes, procedures and manuals to be compliant with Annex VII by 8 April 2014 at the latest.

▼M4

3.  JAR-compliant training organisations shall be allowed to provide training for a Part-FCL private pilot licence (PPL), for the associated ratings included in the registration and for a light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL) until 8 April 2018 without complying with the provisions of Annex VI and VII, provided that they were registered before 8 April 2015.

▼M1

4.  Member States shall replace the certificates referred to in the first subparagraph of paragraph 2 with certificates complying with the format laid down in Annex VI by 8 April 2017 at the latest.

Article 10b

Flight simulation training devices

1.  Flight simulation training devices (FSTDs) used for pilot training, testing and checking, with the exception of developmental training devices used for flight test training, shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes VI and VII and shall be qualified.

2.  JAR-compliant FSTD qualification certificates issued or recognised before this Regulation applies shall be deemed to have been issued in accordance with this Regulation.

3.  Member States shall replace the certificates referred to in paragraph 2 with qualification certificates complying with the format laid down in Annex VI by 8 April 2017 at the latest.

Article 10c

Aero-medical centres

1.  Aero-medical centres shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes VI and VII and shall be certified.

2.  JAR-compliant aero-medical centre approvals issued or recognised by a Member State before this Regulation applies shall be deemed to have been issued in accordance with this Regulation.

Aero-medical centres shall adapt their management system, training programmes, procedures and manuals to be compliant with Annex VII by 8 April 2014 at the latest.

3.  Member States shall replace aero-medical centres’ approvals referred to in the first subparagraph of paragraph 2 with certificates complying with the format laid down in Annex VI by 8 April 2017 at the latest.

▼B

Article 11

Cabin crew medical fitness

1.  Cabin crew members involved in the operation of aircraft referred to in Article 4(1)(b) and (c) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annex IV.

2.  The medical examinations or assessments of cabin crew members that were conducted in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 ( 4 ) and which are still valid at the date of application of this Regulation shall be deemed to be valid according to this Regulation until the earlier of the following:

The validity period shall be counted from the date of the last medical examination or assessment.

By the end of the validity period any subsequent aero-medical re-assessment shall be conducted in accordance with Annex IV.

▼M1

Article 11a

Cabin crew qualifications and related attestations

1.  Cabin crew members involved in commercial operation of aircraft referred to in Article 4(1)(b) and (c) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 shall be qualified and hold the related attestation in accordance with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes V and VI.

2.  Cabin crew members holding, before this Regulation applies, an attestation of safety training issued in accordance with Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 (‘EU-OPS’):

3.  The attestations of safety training issued in accordance with EU-OPS shall be replaced with cabin crew attestations complying with the format laid down in Annex VI by 8 April 2017 at the latest.

4.  Cabin crew members involved in commercial operations of helicopters on the date of application of this Regulation:

5.  Without prejudice to Article 2, cabin crew attestations complying with the format laid down in Annex VI shall be issued to all cabin crew members involved in commercial operations by helicopters by 8 April 2013 at the latest.

Article 11b

Oversight capabilities

1.  Member States shall designate one or more entities as the competent authority within that Member State with the necessary powers and allocated responsibilities for the certification and oversight of persons and organisations subject to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules.

2.  If a Member State designates more than one entity as competent authority:

3.  Member States shall ensure that the competent authority(ies) has/have the necessary capability to ensure the oversight of all persons and organisations covered by their oversight programme, including sufficient resources to fulfil the requirements of this Regulation.

4.  Member States shall ensure that competent authority personnel do not perform oversight activities when there is evidence that this could result directly or indirectly in a conflict of interest, in particular when relating to family or financial interest.

5.  Personnel authorised by the competent authority to carry out certification and/or oversight tasks shall be empowered to perform at least the following tasks:

6.  The tasks under paragraph 5 shall be carried out in compliance with the legal provisions of the relevant Member State.

Article 11c

Transitional measures

As regards organisations for which the Agency is the competent authority in accordance with Article 21(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008:

▼B

Article 12

Entry into force and application

1.  This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

It shall apply from 8 April 2012.

▼M1

1b.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the provisions of Annexes I to IV until 8 April 2013.

▼M4

2.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the following provisions of Annex I until 8 April 2015:

▼M4

2a.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the following provisions of Annex I until 8 April 2018:

▼B

3.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to convert non-JAR-compliant aeroplane and helicopter licences that they have issued until 8 April 2014.

▼M4

4.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the provisions of this Regulation until 8 April 2016 to pilots holding a licence and associated medical certificate issued by a third country involved in the non-commercial operation of aircraft as specified in Article 4(1)(b) or (c) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.

▼B

5.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the provisions of Section 3 of Subpart B of Annex IV until 8 April 2015.

6.  By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the provisions of Subpart C of Annex IV until 8 April 2014.

7.  When a Member State makes use of the provisions of ►M1  paragraphs 1b to 6 ◄ it shall notify the Commission and the Agency. This notification shall describe the reasons for such derogation as well as the programme for implementation containing actions envisaged and related timing.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

---

ANNEX I

[PART-FCL]

SUBPART A

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

FCL.001    Competent authority

For the purpose of this Part, the competent authority shall be an authority designated by the Member State to whom a person applies for the issue of pilot licences or associated ratings or certificates.

FCL.005    Scope

This Part establishes the requirements for the issue of pilot licences and associated ratings and certificates and the conditions of their validity and use.

FCL.010    Definitions

For the purposes of this Part, the following definitions apply:

▼M3

FCL.015    Application and issue, revalidation and renewal of licences, ratings and certificates

▼B

(a)

An application for the issue, revalidation or renewal of pilot licences and associated ratings and certificates shall be submitted to the competent authority in a form and manner established by this authority. The application shall be accompanied by evidence that the applicant complies with the requirements for the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence or certificate as well as associated ratings or endorsements, established in this Part and Part-Medical.

(b)	Any limitation or extension of the privileges granted by a licence, rating or certificate shall be endorsed in the licence or certificate by the competent authority.

(c)	A person shall not hold at any time more than one licence per category of aircraft issued in accordance with this Part.

(d)

An application for the issue of a licence for another category of aircraft, or for the issue of further ratings or certificates, as well as an amendment, revalidation or renewal of those licences, ratings or certificates shall be submitted to the competent authority which initially issued the pilot licence, except when the pilot has requested a change of competent authority and a transfer of his licensing and medical records to that authority.

▼M3

FCL.020    Student pilot

FCL.025    Theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of licences and ratings

▼B

(a)    Responsibilities of the applicant

▼M3

▼B

(b)    Pass standards

▼M3

▼B

▼M3

Before re-taking the theoretical knowledge examinations, the applicant shall undertake further training at an ATO. The extent and scope of the training needed shall be determined by the ATO, based on the needs of the applicant.

▼B

(c)    Validity period

FCL.030    Practical skill test

(a)

Before a skill test for the issue of a licence, rating or certificate is taken, the applicant shall have passed the required theoretical knowledge examination, except in the case of applicants undergoing a course of integrated flying training. In any case, the theoretical knowledge instruction shall always have been completed before the skill tests are taken.

(b)	Except for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence, the applicant for a skill test shall be recommended for the test by the organisation/person responsible for the training, once the training is completed. The training records shall be made available to the examiner.

FCL.035    Crediting of flight time and theoretical knowledge

(a)    Crediting of flight time

▼M3

▼M3

▼B

(b)    Crediting of theoretical knowledge

▼M3

▼B

▼M3

▼B

This credit also applies to applicants for a pilot licence who have already successfully completed the theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of that licence in another category of aircraft, as long as it is within the validity period specified in FCL.025(c).

FCL.040    Exercise of the privileges of licences

The exercise of the privileges granted by a licence shall be dependent upon the validity of the ratings contained therein, if applicable, and of the medical certificate.

FCL.045    Obligation to carry and present documents

(a)	A valid licence and a valid medical certificate shall always be carried by the pilot when exercising the privileges of the licence.

(b)	The pilot shall also carry a personal identification document containing his/her photo.

(c)	A pilot or a student pilot shall without undue delay present his/her flight time record for inspection upon request by an authorised representative of a competent authority.

(d)	A student pilot shall carry on all solo cross-country flights evidence of the authorisation required by FCL.020(a).

FCL.050    Recording of flight time

The pilot shall keep a reliable record of the details of all flights flown in a form and manner established by the competent authority.

FCL.055    Language proficiency

(a)

General. Aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift and airship pilots required to use the radio telephone shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and ratings unless they have a language proficiency endorsement on their licence in either English or the language used for radio communications involved in the flight. The endorsement shall indicate the language, the proficiency level and the validity date.

(b)

The applicant for a language proficiency endorsement shall demonstrate, in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Part, at least an operational level of language proficiency both in the use of phraseologies and plain language. To do so, the applicant shall demonstrate the ability to: (1) communicate effectively in voice-only and in face-to-face situations; (2) communicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity; (3) use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognise and resolve misunderstandings in a general or work-related context; (4) handle successfully the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events which occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and (5) use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community.

(c)

Except for pilots who have demonstrated language proficiency at an expert level, in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Part, the language proficiency endorsement shall be re-evaluated every: (1) 4 years, if the level demonstrated is operational level; or (2) 6 years, if the level demonstrated is extended level.

▼M3

(d)

Specific requirements for holders of an instrument rating (IR) or en-route instrument rating (EIR). Without prejudice to the paragraphs above, holders of an IR or an EIR shall have demonstrated the ability to use the English language at a level which allows them to: ▼B (1) understand all the information relevant to the accomplishment of all phases of a flight, including flight preparation; (2) use radio telephony in all phases of flight, including emergency situations; (3) communicate with other crew members during all phases of flight, including flight preparation.

▼M3

(e)	The demonstration of language proficiency and the use of English for IR or EIR holders shall be done through a method of assessment established by the competent authority.

▼B

FCL.060    Recent experience

(a)

Balloons. A pilot shall not operate a balloon in commercial air transport or carrying passengers unless he/she has completed in the preceding 180 days: (1) at least 3 flights as a pilot flying in a balloon, of which at least 1 shall be in a balloon of the relevant class and group; or (2) 1 flight in the relevant class and group of balloon under the supervision of an instructor qualified in accordance with Subpart J.

(b)

Aeroplanes, helicopters, powered-lift, airships and sailplanes. A pilot shall not operate an aircraft in commercial air transport or carrying passengers: (1) as PIC or co-pilot unless he/she has carried out, in the preceding 90 days, at least 3 take-offs, approaches and landings in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class. The 3 take-offs and landings shall be performed in either multi-pilot or single-pilot operations, depending on the privileges held by the pilot; and (2) as PIC at night unless he/she: (i) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 1 take-off, approach and landing at night as a pilot flying in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class; or (ii) holds an IR; ▼M3 (3) as cruise relief co-pilot unless he/she: (i) has complied with the requirements in (b)(1); or (ii) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 3 sectors as a cruise relief pilot on the same type or class of aircraft; or (iii) has carried out recency and refresher flying skill training in an FFS at intervals not exceeding 90 days. This refresher training may be combined with the operator’s refresher training prescribed in the relevant requirements of Part-ORO. ▼B (4) When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of aeroplane with similar handling and operation characteristics, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21. (5) When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of non-complex helicopter with similar handling and operation characteristics, as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed in just one of the types, provided that the pilot has completed at least 2 hours of flight in each of the types of helicopter, during the preceding 6 months.

(c)

Specific requirements for commercial air transport: (1) In the case of commercial air transport, the 90-day period prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(1) and (2) above may be extended up to a maximum of 120 days, as long as the pilot undertakes line flying under the supervision of a type rating instructor or examiner. (2) When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (1), he/she shall complete a training flight in the aircraft or an FFS of the aircraft type to be used, which shall include at least the requirements described in (b)(1) and (2) before he/she can exercise his/her privileges.

▼M4

FCL.065    Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more in commercial air transport

(a)	Age 60-64. Aeroplanes and helicopters. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 60 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport except as a member of a multi-pilot crew.

(b)	Age 65. Except in the case of a holder of a balloon or sailplane pilot licence, the holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

(c)	Age 70. The holder of a balloon or sailplane pilot licence who has attained the age of 70 years shall not act as a pilot of a balloon or a sailplane engaged in commercial air transport.

▼B

FCL.070    Revocation, suspension and limitation of licences, ratings and certificates

(a)

Licences, ratings and certificates issued in accordance with this Part may be limited, suspended or revoked by the competent authority when the pilot does not comply with the requirements of this Part, Part-Medical or the applicable operational requirements, in accordance with the conditions and procedures laid down in Part-ARA.

(b)	When the pilot has his/her licence suspended or revoked, he/she shall immediately return the licence or certificate to the competent authority.

SUBPART B

LIGHT AIRCRAFT PILOT LICENCE — LAPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.100    LAPL — Minimum age

Applicants for the LAPL shall be:

FCL.105    LAPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)	General. The privileges of the holder of an LAPL are to act without remuneration as PIC in non-commercial operations on the appropriate aircraft category.

(b)	Conditions. Applicants for the LAPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the relevant aircraft category and, when applicable, for the class or type of aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.110    LAPL — Crediting for the same aircraft category

(a)	Applicants for an LAPL who have held another licence in the same category of aircraft shall be fully credited towards the requirements of the LAPL in that category of aircraft.

(b)	Without prejudice to the paragraph above, if the licence has lapsed, the applicant shall have to pass a skill test in accordance with FCL.125 for the issue of an LAPL in the appropriate aircraft category.

FCL.115    LAPL — Training course

Applicants for an LAPL shall complete a training course within an ATO. The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges given.

FCL.120    LAPL — Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted, through examinations on the following:

FCL.125    LAPL — Skill test

(a)	Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate through the completion of a skill test the ability to perform, as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b)

Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test. The privileges will be restricted to the class or type used for the skill test until further extensions are endorsed on the licence, in accordance with this Subpart.

(c)

Pass marks (1) The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown. (2) Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. (3) When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. (4) Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further practical training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the LAPL for aeroplanes — LAPL(A)

FCL.105.A    LAPL(A) — Privileges and conditions

(a)	The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for aeroplanes are to act as PIC on single-engine piston aeroplanes-land or TMG with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2 000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board of the aircraft.

▼M3

(b)	Holders of a LAPL(A) shall only carry passengers once they have completed 10 hours of flight time as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG after the issuance of the licence

▼B

FCL.110.A    LAPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)

Applicants for an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 30 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least: (1) 15 hours of dual flight instruction in the class in which the skill test will be taken; (2) 6 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which 1 full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(b)

Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(S) with TMG extension. Applicants for an LAPL(A) holding an LAPL(S) with TMG extension shall have completed at least 21 hours of flight time on TMGs after the endorsement of the TMG extension and complied with the requirements of FCL.135.A(a) on aeroplanes.

(c)

Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements in (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case: (1) not exceed the total flight time as PIC; (2) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a); (3) not include the requirements of (a)(2).

FCL.135.A    LAPL(A) — Extension of privileges to another class or variant of aeroplane

(a)

The privileges of an LAPL(A) shall be limited to the class and variant of aeroplanes or TMG in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed in another class the requirements below: (1) 3 hours of flight instruction, including: (i) 10 dual take-offs and landings; and (ii) 10 supervised solo take-offs and landings. (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new class. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other class in the following subjects: (i) Operational procedures; (ii) Flight performance and planning; (iii) Aircraft general knowledge.

(b)

Before the holder of an LAPL can exercise the privileges of the licence on another variant of aeroplane than the one used for the skill test, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent document and signed by the instructor.

FCL.140.A    LAPL(A) — Recency requirements

(a)

Holders of an LAPL(A) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed, in the last 24 months, as pilots of aeroplanes or TMG: (1) at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC, including 12 take-offs and landings; and (2) refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with an instructor.

(b)

Holders of an LAPL(A) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall: (1) undertake a proficiency check with an examiner before they resume the exercise of the privileges of their licence; or (2) perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the LAPL for helicopters — LAPL(H)

FCL.105.H    LAPL(H) — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for helicopters are to act as PIC on single-engine helicopters with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2 000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board.

FCL.110.H    LAPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)

Applicants for the LAPL(H) shall have completed 40 hours of flight instruction on helicopters. At least 35 hours of which shall be flown on the type of helicopter that is to be used for the skill test. The flight instruction shall include at least: (1) 20 hours of dual flight instruction; and (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which one full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(b)

Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements in (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case: (1) not exceed the total flight time as PIC; (2) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a); (3) not include the requirements in (a)(2).

FCL.135.H    LAPL(H) — Extension of privileges to another type or variant of helicopter

(a)

The privileges of an LAPL(H) shall be limited to the specific type and variant of helicopter in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed: (1) 5 hours of flight instruction, including: (i) 15 dual take-offs, approaches and landings; (ii) 15 supervised solo take-offs, approaches and landings; (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new type. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other type in the following subjects: — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, — Aircraft general knowledge.

(b)

Before the holder of an LAPL(H) can exercise the privileges of the licence in another variant of helicopter than the one used for the skill test, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training, as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor.

FCL.140.H    LAPL(H) — Recency requirements

(a)

Holders of an LAPL(H) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on a specific type when they have completed on helicopters of that type in the last 12 months: (1) at least 6 hours of flight time as PIC, including 6 take-offs, approaches and landings; and (2) refresher training of at least 1 hour total flight time with an instructor.

(b)

Holders of an LAPL(H) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall: (1) pass a proficiency check with an examiner on the specific type before they resume the exercise of the privileges of their licence; or (2) perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the LAPL for sailplanes — LAPL(S)

FCL.105.S    LAPL(S) — Privileges and conditions

(a)	The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for sailplanes are to act as PIC on sailplanes and powered sailplanes. In order to exercise the privileges on a TMG, the holder shall comply with the requirements in FCL.135.S.

▼M3

(b)	Holders of an LAPL(S) shall only carry passengers once they have completed 10 hours of flight time or 30 launches as PIC on sailplanes or powered sailplanes after the issuance of the licence.

▼B

FCL.110.S    LAPL(S) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)

Applicants for an LAPL(S) shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight instruction in sailplanes, or powered sailplanes, including at least: (1) 10 hours of dual flight instruction; (2) 2 hours of supervised solo flight time; (3) 45 launches and landings; (4) 1 solo cross-country flight of at least 50 km (27 NM) or 1 dual cross-country flight of at least 100 km (55 NM).

(b)	Of the 15 hours required in (a), a maximum of 7 hours may be completed in a TMG.

(c)

Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements in (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case: (1) not exceed the total flight time as PIC; (2) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a); (3) not include the requirements in (a)(2) to (a)(4).

FCL.130.S    LAPL(S) — Launch methods

(a)

The privileges of the LAPL(S) shall be limited to the launch method included in the skill test. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed: (1) in the case of winch launch and car launch, a minimum of 10 launches in dual flight instruction, and 5 solo launches under supervision; (2) in the case of aero tow or self launch, a minimum of 5 launches in dual flight instruction, and 5 solo launches under supervision. In the case of self launch, dual flight instruction may be done in a TMG; (3) in the case of bungee launch, a minimum of 3 launches performed in dual flight instruction or solo under supervision.

(b)	The completion of the additional training launches shall be entered in the logbook and signed by the instructor.

(c)	In order to maintain their privileges in each launch method, pilots shall complete a minimum of 5 launches during the last 24 months, except for bungee launch, in which case pilots shall have completed only 2 launches.

(d)	When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (c), he/she shall perform the additional number of launches flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor in order to renew the privileges.

FCL.135.S    LAPL(S) — Extension of privileges to TMG

The privileges of an LAPL(S) shall be extended to a TMG when the pilot has completed in an ATO, at least:

FCL.140.S    LAPL(S) — Recency requirements

(a)

Sailplanes and powered sailplanes. Holders of an LAPL(S) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on sailplanes or powered sailplanes when they have completed on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, excluding TMGs, in the last 24 months, at least: (1) 5 hours of flight time as PIC, including 15 launches; (2) 2 training flights with an instructor.

(b)

TMG. Holders of an LAPL(S) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on a TMG when they have: (1) completed on TMGs in the last 24 months: (i) at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC, including 12 take-offs and landings; and (ii) refresher training of at least 1 hour total flight time with an instructor. (2) When the holder of the LAPL(S) also has the privileges to fly aeroplanes, the requirements in (1) may be completed on aeroplanes.

(c)

Holders of an LAPL(S) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) or (b) shall, before they resume the exercise of their privileges: (1) pass a proficiency check with an examiner on a sailplane or a TMG, as appropriate; or (2) perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a) or (b).

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the LAPL for balloons — LAPL(B)

▼M4

FCL.105.B    LAPL(B) — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for balloons are to act as PIC on hot-air balloons or hot-air airships with a maximum of 3 400 m3 envelope capacity or gas balloons with a maximum of 1 260 m3 envelope capacity, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board of the balloon.

▼M3

FCL.110.B    LAPL(B) — Experience requirements and crediting

▼B

(a)

Applicants for an LAPL(B) shall have completed on balloons of the same class at least 16 hours of flight instruction, including at least: (1) 12 hours of dual flight instruction; (2) 10 inflations and 20 take-offs and landings; and (3) 1 supervised solo flight with a minimum flight time of at least 30 minutes.

(b)

Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC on balloons may be credited towards the requirements in (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case: (1) not exceed the total flight time as PIC on balloons; (2) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a); (3) not include the requirements of (a)(2) and (a)(3).

FCL.130.B    LAPL(B) — Extension of privileges to tethered flights

(a)	The privileges of the LAPL(B) shall be limited to non-tethered flights. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed at least 3 tethered instruction flights.

(b)	The completion of the additional training shall be entered in the logbook and signed by the instructor.

(c)	In order to maintain this privilege, pilots shall complete a minimum of 2 tethered flights during the last 24 months.

(d)	When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (c), he/she shall perform the additional number of tethered flights flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor in order to renew the privileges.

FCL.135.B    LAPL(B) — Extension of privileges to another balloon class

The privileges of the LAPL(B) shall be limited to the class of balloons in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed in the other class, at an ATO, at least:

FCL.140.B    LAPL(B) — Recency requirements

(a)

Holders of an LAPL(B) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed, in one class of balloons in the last 24 months, at least: (1) 6 hours of flight time as PIC, including 10 take-offs and landings; and (2) 1 training flight with an instructor; (3) in addition, if the pilot is qualified to fly more than one class of balloons, in order to exercise their privileges in the other class, they shall have completed at least 3 hours of flight time in that class within the last 24 months, including 3 take-offs and landings.

(b)

Holders of an LAPL(B) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall, before they resume the exercise of their privileges: (1) pass a proficiency check with an examiner in the appropriate class; or (2) perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SUBPART C

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (PPL), SAILPLANE PILOT LICENCE (SPL) AND BALLOON PILOT LICENCE (BPL)

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.200    Minimum age

(a)	An applicant for a PPL shall be at least 17 years of age;

(b)	An applicant for a BPL or an SPL shall be at least 16 years of age.

FCL.205    Conditions

Applicants for the issue of a PPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test, as established in Subpart H.

FCL.210    Training course

Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall complete a training course at an ATO. The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges given.

FCL.215    Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted through examinations in the following subjects:

FCL.235    Skill test

(a)	Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall demonstrate through the completion of a skill test the ability to perform, as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b)	An applicant for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft, or a group of balloons to be used for the skill test.

(c)

Pass marks (1) The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown. ▼M3 (2) Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. ▼B (3) When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. (4) Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the PPL aeroplanes — PPL(A)

FCL.205.A    PPL(A) — Privileges

(a)	The privileges of the holder of a PPL(A) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b)

Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(A) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(A) or PPL(A); (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates attached to this licence. ▼B

FCL.210.A    PPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

▼M4

(a)

Applicants for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least: (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction; and (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

▼B

(b)

Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(A). Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight time on aeroplanes after the issue of the LAPL(A), of which at least 10 shall be flight instruction completed in a training course at an ATO. This training course shall include at least 4 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 2 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(c)

Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(S) with a TMG extension. Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(S) with a TMG extension shall have completed: (1) at least 24 hours of flight time on TMG after the endorsement of the TMG extension; and (2) 15 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes in a training course at an ATO, including at least the requirements of (a)(2).

(d)

Crediting. Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the PPL helicopters — PPL(H)

FCL.205.H    PPL(H) — Privileges

(a)	The privileges of the holder of a PPL(H) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot of helicopters engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b)

Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(H) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(H) or the PPL(H); (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings and certificates attached to this licence. ▼B

FCL.210.H    PPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)

Applicants for a PPL(H) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction on helicopters, 5 of which may have been completed in an FNPT or FFS, including at least: (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction; and (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure. (3) 35 of the 45 hours of flight instruction have to be completed on the same type of helicopter as the one used for the skill test.

(b)

Specific requirements for an applicant holding an LAPL(H). Applicants for a PPL(H) holding an LAPL(H) shall complete a training course at an ATO. This training course shall include at least 5 hours of dual flight instruction time and at least 1 supervised solo cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure.

(c)	Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 6 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the PPL airships — PPL(As)

FCL.205.As    PPL(As) — Privileges

(a)	The privileges of the holder of a PPL(As) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on airships engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b)

Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(As) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the PPL(As); (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for this licence; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates attached to this licence. ▼B

FCL.210.As    PPL(As) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)

Applicants for a PPL(As) shall have completed at least 35 hours of flight instruction in airships, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least: (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction, including: (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training, including 1 cross-country flight of at least 65 km (35 NM); (ii) 3 hours of instrument instruction; (2) 8 take-offs and landings at an aerodrome, including masting and unmasting procedures; (3) 8 hours of supervised solo flight time.

(b)	Applicants holding a BPL and qualified to fly hot-air airships shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such airships up to a maximum of 5 hours.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the sailplane pilot licence (SPL)

FCL.205.S    SPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)	The privileges of the holder of an SPL are to act as PIC on sailplanes and powered sailplanes. In order to exercise the privileges on a TMG, the holder shall have to comply with the requirements in FCL.135.S.

(b)

Holders of an SPL shall: (1) carry passengers only when having completed, after the issuance of the licence, at least 10 hours of flight time or 30 launches as PIC on sailplanes or powered sailplanes; (2) be restricted to act without remuneration in non-commercial operations until they have: (i) attained the age of 18 years; (ii) completed, after the issuance of the licence, 75 hours of flight time or 200 launches as PIC on sailplanes or powered sailplanes; (iii) passed a proficiency check with an examiner.

▼M3

(c)

Notwithstanding (b)(2), the holder of an SPL with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(S) or the SPL; (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences; (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings and certificates attached to these licences.

▼B

FCL.210.S    SPL — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)	Applicants for an SPL shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight instruction on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including at least the requirements specified in FCL.110.S.

(b)

Applicants for an SPL holding an LAPL(S) shall be fully credited towards the requirements for the issue of an SPL. Applicants for an SPL who held an LAPL(S) within the period of 2 years before the application shall be fully credited towards the requirements of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction. Crediting. Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 7 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in of FCL.110.S(a)(2) to (a)(4).

FCL.220.S    SPL — Launch methods

The privileges of the SPL shall be limited to the launch method included in the skill test. This limitation may be removed and the new privileges exercised when the pilot complies with the requirements in FCL.130.S.

FCL.230.S    SPL — Recency requirements

Holders of an SPL shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when complying with the recency requirements in FCL.140.S.

SECTION 6

Specific requirements for the balloon pilot licence (BPL)

FCL.205.B    BPL — Privileges and conditions

▼M3

(a)	The privileges of the holder of a BPL are to act as PIC on balloons.

▼B

(b)

Holders of a BPL shall be restricted to act without remuneration in non-commercial operations until they have: (1) attained the age of 18 years; (2) completed 50 hours of flight time and 50 take-offs and landings as PIC on balloons; (3) passed a proficiency check with an examiner on a balloon in the specific class.

(c)

Notwithstanding paragraph (b), the holder of a BPL with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(B) or the BPL; (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings and certificates attached to these licences. ▼B

FCL.210.B    BPL — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)

Applicants for a BPL shall have completed on balloons in the same class and group at least 16 hours of flight instruction, including at least: (1) 12 hours of dual flight instruction; (2) 10 inflations and 20 take-offs and landings; and (3) 1 supervised solo flight with a minimum flight time of at least 30 minutes.

(b)

Applicants for a BPL holding an LAPL(B) shall be fully credited towards the requirements for the issue of a BPL. Applicants for a BPL who held an LAPL(B) within the period of 2 years before the application shall be fully credited towards the requirements of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction.

FCL.220.B    BPL — Extension of privileges to tethered flights

The privileges of the BPL shall be limited to non-tethered flights. This limitation may be removed when the pilot complies with the requirements in FCL.130.B.

FCL.225.B    BPL — Extension of privileges to another balloon class or group

The privileges of the BPL shall be limited to the class and group of balloons in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has:

▼M4

FCL.230.B    BPL — Recency requirements

(a)

Holders of a BPL shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed in one class of balloons in the last 24 months at least: (1) 6 hours of flight time as PIC, including 10 take-offs and landings; and (2) 1 training flight with an instructor in a balloon within the appropriate class; (3) in addition, in the case of pilots qualified to fly more than one class of balloons, in order to exercise their privileges in the other class, they shall have completed at least 3 hours of flight time on that class within the last 24 months, including 3 take-offs and landings.

(b)	Holders of a BPL shall only operate a balloon of the same a group of the balloon in which the training flight is completed or a balloon of a group with a smaller envelope size:

(c)

Holders of a BPL who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall, before they resume the exercise of their privileges: (1) pass a proficiency check with an examiner in a balloon within the appropriate class; or (2) perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

(d)	In the case of (c)(1) the holder of the BPL shall only operate a balloon of the same group of the balloon in which the proficiency check is completed or a balloon of a group with a smaller envelope size.

▼B

SUBPART D

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE — CPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.300    CPL — Minimum age

An applicant for a CPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.305    CPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)

Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a CPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to: (1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL and a PPL; (2) act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in operations other than commercial air transport; (3) act as PIC in commercial air transport of any single-pilot aircraft subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060 and in this Subpart; (4) act as co-pilot in commercial air transport subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060.

(b)	Conditions. An applicant for the issue of a CPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.310    CPL — Theoretical knowledge examinations

An applicant for a CPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

FCL.315    CPL — Training course

An applicant for a CPL shall have completed theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction at an ATO, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part.

FCL.320    CPL — Skill test

An applicant for a CPL shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 4 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — CPL(A)

FCL.325.A    CPL(A) — Specific conditions for MPL holders

Before exercising the privileges of a CPL(A), the holder of an MPL shall have completed in aeroplanes:

SUBPART E

MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENCE — MPL

FCL.400.A    MPL — Minimum age

An applicant for an MPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.405.A    MPL — Privileges

(a)	The privileges of the holder of an MPL are to act as co-pilot in an aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot.

(b)	The holder of an MPL may obtain the extra privileges of: (1) the holder of a PPL(A), provided that the requirements for the PPL(A) specified in Subpart C are met; (2) a CPL(A), provided that the requirements specified in FCL.325.A are met.

(c)

The holder of an MPL shall have the privileges of his/her IR(A) limited to aeroplanes required to be operated with a co-pilot. The privileges of the IR(A) may be extended to single-pilot operations in aeroplanes, provided that the licence holder has completed the training necessary to act as PIC in single-pilot operations exercised solely by reference to instruments and passed the skill test of the IR(A) as a single-pilot.

FCL.410.A    MPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a)	Course. An applicant for an MPL shall have completed a training course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO in accordance with Appendix 5 to this Part.

(b)	Examination. An applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the holder of an ATPL(A), in accordance with FCL.515, and of a multi-pilot type rating.

FCL.415.A    MPL — Practical skill

(a)	An applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated through continuous assessment the skills required for fulfilling all the competency units specified in Appendix 5 to this Part, as pilot flying and pilot not flying, in a multi-engine turbine-powered multi-pilot aeroplane, under VFR and IFR.

(b)

On completion of the training course, the applicant shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted. The skill test shall be taken in the type of aeroplane used on the advanced phase of the MPL integrated training course or in an FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART F

AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENCE — ATPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.500    ATPL — Minimum age

Applicants for an ATPL shall be at least 21 years of age.

FCL.505    ATPL — Privileges

(a)	The privileges of the holder of an ATPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to: (1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL, a PPL and a CPL; (2) act as PIC of aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

(b)	Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.515    ATPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a)	Course. Applicants for an ATPL shall have completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall be either an integrated training course or a modular course, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part.

(b)

Examination. Applicants for an ATPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects: — Air Law, — Aircraft General Knowledge — Airframe/Systems/Power plant, — Aircraft General Knowledge — Instrumentation, — Mass and Balance, — Performance, — Flight Planning and Monitoring, — Human Performance, — Meteorology, — General Navigation, — Radio Navigation, — Operational Procedures, — Principles of Flight, — VFR Communications, — IFR Communications.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — ATPL(A)

FCL.505.A    ATPL(A) — Restriction of privileges for pilots previously holding an MPL

When the holder of an ATPL(A) has previously held only an MPL, the privileges of the licence shall be restricted to multi-pilot operations, unless the holder has complied with FCL.405.A(b)(2) and (c) for single-pilot operations.

FCL.510.A    ATPL(A) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

(a)	Prerequisites. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall hold: (1) an MPL; or (2) a CPL(A) and a multi-engine IR for aeroplanes. In this case, the applicant shall also have received instruction in MCC.

(b)

Experience. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall have completed a minimum of 1 500 hours of flight time in aeroplanes, including at least: (1) 500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes; (2)  (i) 500 hours as PIC under supervision; or (ii) 250 hours as PIC; or (iii) 250 hours, including at least 70 hours as PIC, and the remaining as PIC under supervision; (3) 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision; (4) 75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument ground time; and (5) 100 hours of night flight as PIC or co-pilot. Of the 1 500 hours of flight time, up to 100 hours of flight time may have been completed in an FFS and FNPT. Of these 100 hours, only a maximum of 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT.

(c)

Crediting. (1) Holders of a pilot licence for other categories of aircraft shall be credited with flight time up to a maximum of: (i) for TMG or sailplanes, 30 hours flown as PIC; (ii) for helicopters, 50 % of all the flight time requirements of paragraph (b). ▼M3 (2) Holders of a flight engineer licence issued in accordance with applicable national rules shall be credited with 50 % of the flight engineer time up to a maximum credit of 250 hours. These 250 hours may be credited against the 1 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b), and the 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b)(1), provided that the total credit given against any of these paragraphs does not exceed 250 hours. ▼B

(d)	The experience required in (b) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(A) is taken.

FCL.520.A    ATPL(A) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of a multi-pilot aeroplane under IFR, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the aeroplane or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category — ATPL(H)

FCL.510.H    ATPL(H) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall:

FCL.520.H    ATPL(H) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC of a multi-pilot helicopter the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the helicopter or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART G

INSTRUMENT RATING — IR

SECTION 1

Common requirements

▼M3

FCL.600    IR — General

Except as provided in FCL.825, operations under IFR on an aeroplane, helicopter, airship or powered-lift aircraft shall only be conducted by holders of a PPL, CPL, MPL and ATPL with an IR appropriate to the category of aircraft or when undergoing skill testing or dual instruction.

▼B

FCL.605    IR — Privileges

(a)	The privileges of a holder of an IR are to fly aircraft under IFR with a minimum decision height of 200 feet (60 m).

(b)	In the case of a multi-engine IR, these privileges may be extended to decision heights lower than 200 feet (60 m) when the applicant has undergone specific training at an ATO and has passed section 6 of the skill test prescribed in Appendix 9 to this Part in multi-pilot aircraft.

(c)	Holders of an IR shall exercise their privileges in accordance with the conditions established in Appendix 8 to this Part.

(d)	Helicopters only. To exercise privileges as PIC under IFR in multi-pilot helicopters, the holder of an IR(H) shall have at least 70 hours of instrument time of which up to 30 hours may be instrument ground time.

FCL.610    IR — Prerequisites and crediting

Applicants for an IR shall:

▼M3

▼B

FCL.615    IR — Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction

(a)

Course. Applicants for an IR shall have received a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. The course shall be: (1) an integrated training course which includes training for the IR, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part; or (2) a modular course in accordance with Appendix 6 to this Part.

▼M3

(b)

Examination. Applicants shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects: — Air Law, — Aircraft General Knowledge - Instrumentation, — Flight Planning and Monitoring, — Human Performance, — Meteorology, — Radio Navigation, — IFR Communications.

▼B

FCL.620    IR — Skill test

(a)	Applicants for an IR shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 7 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with a degree of competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b)	For a multi-engine IR, the skill test shall be taken in a multi-engine aircraft. For a single-engine IR, the test shall be taken in a single-engine aircraft. A multi-engine centreline thrust aeroplane shall be considered a single-engine aeroplane for the purposes of this paragraph.

FCL.625    IR — Validity, revalidation and renewal

(a)	Validity. An IR shall be valid for 1 year.

(b)

Revalidation. (1) An IR shall be revalidated within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating. (2) Applicants who fail to pass the relevant section of an IR proficiency check before the expiry date of the IR shall not exercise the IR privileges until they have passed the proficiency check.

(c)

Renewal. If an IR has expired, in order to renew their privileges applicants shall: (1) go through refresher training at an ATO to reach the level of proficiency needed to pass the instrument element of the skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part; and (2) complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, in the relevant aircraft category.

(d)	If the IR has not been revalidated or renewed within the preceding 7 years, the holder will be required to pass again the IR theoretical knowledge examination and skill test.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category

FCL.625.A    IR(A) — Revalidation

(a)

Revalidation. Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(A): (1) when combined with the revalidation of a class or type rating, shall pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part; (2) when not combined with the revalidation of a class or type rating, shall: (i) for single-pilot aeroplanes, complete section 3b and those parts of section 1 relevant to the intended flight, of the proficiency check prescribed in Appendix 9 to this Part; and (ii) for multi-engine aeroplanes, complete section 6 of the proficiency check for single-pilot aeroplanes in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part by sole reference to instruments. (3) An FNPT II or an FFS representing the relevant class or type of aeroplane may be used in the case of paragraph (2), but at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(A) in these circumstances shall be performed in an aeroplane.

(b)	Cross-credit shall be given in accordance with Appendix 8 to this Part.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category

FCL.625.H    IR(H) — Revalidation

(a)

Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(H): (1) when combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, for the relevant type of helicopter; ▼M3 (2) when not combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete only section 5 and the relevant parts of section 1 of the proficiency check established in Appendix 9 to this Part for the relevant type of helicopter. In this case, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS representing the relevant type of helicopter may be used, but at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(H) in these circumstances shall be performed in a helicopter. ▼B

(b)	Cross-credit shall be given in accordance with Appendix 8 to this Part.

FCL.630.H    IR(H) — Extension of privileges from single-engine to multi-engine helicopters

Holders of an IR(H) valid for single-engine helicopters wishing to extend for the first time the IR(H) to multi-engine helicopters shall complete:

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the airship category

FCL.625.As    IR(As) — Revalidation

Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(As):

SUBPART H

CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.700    Circumstances in which class or type ratings are required

(a)

Except in the case of the LAPL, SPL and BPL, holders of a pilot licence shall not act in any capacity as pilots of an aircraft unless they have a valid and appropriate class or type rating, except when undergoing skill tests, or proficiency checks for renewal of class or type ratings, or receiving flight instruction.

(b)	Notwithstanding (a), in the case of flights related to the introduction or modification of aircraft types, pilots may hold a special certificate given by the competent authority, authorising them to perform the flights. This authorisation shall have its validity limited to the specific flights.

(c)

Without prejudice to (a) and (b), in the case of flights related to the introduction or modification of aircraft types conducted by design or production organisations within the scope of their privileges, as well as instruction flights for the issue of a flight test rating, when the requirements of this Subpart may not be complied with, pilots may hold a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820.

FCL.705    Privileges of the holder of a class or type rating

The privileges of the holder of a class or type rating are to act as pilot on the class or type of aircraft specified in the rating.

FCL.710    Class and type ratings — variants

(a)

In order to extend his/her privileges to another variant of aircraft within one class or type rating, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training. In the case of variants within a type rating, the differences or familiarisation training shall include the relevant elements defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21.

▼M3

(b)	If the variant has not been flown within a period of 2 years following the differences training, further differences training or a proficiency check in that variant shall be required to maintain the privileges, except for types or variants within the single-engine piston and TMG class ratings.

▼B

(c)	The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor as appropriate.

FCL.725    Requirements for the issue of class and type ratings

(a)	Training course. An applicant for a class or type rating shall complete a training course at an ATO. The type rating training course shall include the mandatory training elements for the relevant type as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21.

(b)

Theoretical knowledge examination. The applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a theoretical knowledge examination organised by the ATO to demonstrate the level of theoretical knowledge required for the safe operation of the applicable aircraft class or type. (1) For multi-pilot aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the main subjects of the syllabus. (2) For single-pilot multi-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and the number of multiple-choice questions shall depend on the complexity of the aircraft. (3) For single-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be conducted verbally by the examiner during the skill test to determine whether or not a satisfactory level of knowledge has been achieved. ▼M3 (4) For single-pilot aeroplanes that are classified as high performance aeroplanes, the examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the subjects of the syllabus. ▼B

(c)

Skill test. An applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the skill required for the safe operation of the applicable class or type of aircraft. The applicant shall pass the skill test within a period of 6 months after commencement of the class or type rating training course and within a period of 6 months preceding the application for the issue of the class or type rating.

(d)

An applicant who already holds a type rating for an aircraft type, with the privilege for either single-pilot or multi-pilot operations, shall be considered to have already fulfilled the theoretical requirements when applying to add the privilege for the other form of operation on the same aircraft type.

(e)

Notwithstanding the paragraphs above, pilots holding a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820 who were involved in development, certification or production flight tests for an aircraft type, and have completed either 50 hours of total flight time or 10 hours of flight time as PIC on test flights in that type, shall be entitled to apply for the issue of the relevant type rating, provided that they comply with the experience requirements and the prerequisites for the issue of that type rating, as established in this Subpart for the relevant aircraft category.

FCL.740    Validity and renewal of class and type ratings

(a)	The period of validity of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot single-engine class ratings, for which the period of validity shall be 2 years, unless otherwise determined by the operational suitability data, established in accordance with Part-21.

(b)

Renewal. If a class or type rating has expired, the applicant shall: (1) take refresher training at an ATO, when necessary to reach the level of proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant class or type of aircraft; and (2) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category

FCL.720.A    Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of class or type ratings — aeroplanes

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for a class or type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant rating:

▼M3

▼B

FCL.725.A    Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of class and type ratings — aeroplanes

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21:

FCL.730.A    Specific requirements for pilots undertaking a zero flight time type rating (ZFTT) course — aeroplanes

(a)

A pilot undertaking instruction at a ZFTT course shall have completed, on a multi-pilot turbo-jet aeroplane certificated to the standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness code or on a multi-pilot turbo-prop aeroplane having a maximum certificated take-off mass of not less than 10 tonnes or a certificated passenger seating configuration of more than 19 passengers, at least: (1) if an FFS qualified to level CG, C or interim C is used during the course, 1 500 hours flight time or 250 route sectors; (2) if an FFS qualified to level DG or D is used during the course, 500 hours flight time or 100 route sectors.

(b)	When a pilot is changing from a turbo-prop to a turbo-jet aeroplane or from a turbo-jet to a turbo-prop aeroplane, additional simulator training shall be required.

FCL.735.A    Multi-crew cooperation training course — aeroplanes

(a)

The MCC training course shall comprise at least: (1) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and (2) 20 hours of practical MCC training, or 15 hours in the case of student pilots attending an ATP integrated course. An FNPT II MCC or an FFS shall be used. When the MCC training is combined with initial type rating training, the practical MCC training may be reduced to no less than 10 hours if the same FFS is used for both the MCC and type rating training.

(b)	The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

(c)	Unless the MCC course has been combined with a type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

(d)	An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1).

FCL.740.A    Revalidation of class and type ratings — aeroplanes

(a)

Revalidation of multi-engine class ratings and type ratings. For revalidation of multi-engine class ratings and type ratings, the applicant shall: (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant class or type of aeroplane or an FSTD representing that class or type, within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and (2) complete during the period of validity of the rating, at least: (i) 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant class or type of aeroplane; or (ii) 1 route sector as pilot of the relevant class or type of aeroplane or FFS, flown with an examiner. This route sector may be flown during the proficiency check. (3) A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements who has passed the operators proficiency check combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of the class or type rating shall be exempted from complying with the requirement in (2). ▼M3 (4) The revalidation of an en route instrument rating (EIR) or an IR(A), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation of a class or type rating.

▼M4

(b)

Revalidation of single-pilot single-engine class ratings. (1) Single-engine piston aeroplane class ratings and TMG ratings. For revalidation of single-pilot single-engine piston aeroplane class ratings or TMG class ratings the applicant shall: (i) within the 3 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, pass a proficiency check in the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an examiner; or (ii) within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, complete 12 hours of flight time in the relevant class, including: — 6 hours as PIC, — 12 take-offs and 12 landings, and — refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with a flight instructor (FI) or a class rating instructor (CRI). Applicants shall be exempted from this refresher training if they have passed a class or type rating proficiency check, skill test or assessment of competence in any other class or type of aeroplane. (2) When applicants hold both a single-engine piston aeroplane-land class rating and a TMG rating, they may complete the requirements of (1) in either class or a combination thereof, and achieve revalidation of both ratings. (3) Single-pilot single-engine turbo-prop aeroplanes. For revalidation of single-engine turbo-prop class ratings applicants shall pass a proficiency check on the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an examiner, within the 3 months preceding the expiry date of the rating. (4) When applicants hold both a single-engine piston aeroplane-land class rating and a single-engine piston aeroplane-sea class rating, they may complete the requirements of (1)(ii) in either class or a combination thereof, and achieve the fulfilment of these requirements for both ratings. At least 1 hour of required PIC time and 6 of the required 12 take-offs and landings shall be completed in each class.

▼B

(c)	Applicants who fail to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a class or type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category

FCL.720.H    Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — helicopters

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the issue of the first helicopter type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant rating:

FCL.735.H    Multi-crew cooperation training course — helicopters

(a)

The MCC training course shall comprise at least: (1) for MCC/IR: (i) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and (ii) 20 hours of practical MCC training or 15 hours, in the case of student pilots attending an ATP(H)/IR integrated course. When the MCC training is combined with the initial type rating training for a multi-pilot helicopter, the practical MCC training may be reduced to not less than 10 hours if the same FSTD is used for both MCC and type rating; (2) for MCC/VFR: (i) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and (ii) 15 hours of practical MCC training or 10 hours, in the case of student pilots attending an ATP(H)/IR integrated course. When the MCC training is combined with the initial type rating training for a multi-pilot helicopter, the practical MCC training may be reduced to not less than 7 hours if the same FSTD is used for both MCC and type rating.

(b)	The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO. An FNPT II or III qualified for MCC, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS shall be used.

(c)	Unless the MCC course has been combined with a multi-pilot type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

(d)	An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1)(i) or (a)(2)(i), as applicable.

(e)	An applicant for MCC/IR training who has completed MCC/VFR training shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1)(i), and shall complete 5 hours of practical MCC/IR training.

FCL.740.H    Revalidation of type ratings — helicopters

(a)

Revalidation. For revalidation of type ratings for helicopters, the applicant shall: (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of helicopter or an FSTD representing that type within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and (2) complete at least 2 hours as a pilot of the relevant helicopter type within the validity period of the rating. The duration of the proficiency check may be counted towards the 2 hours. (3) When applicants hold more than 1 type rating for single-engine piston helicopters, they may achieve revalidation of all the relevant type ratings by completing the proficiency check in only 1 of the relevant types held, provided that they have completed at least 2 hours of flight time as PIC on the other types during the validity period. The proficiency check shall be performed each time on a different type. (4) When applicants hold more than 1 type rating for single-engine turbine helicopters with a maximum certificated take-off mass up to 3 175 kg, they may achieve revalidation of all the relevant type ratings by completing the proficiency check in only 1 of the relevant types held, provided that they have completed: (i) 300 hours as PIC on helicopters; (ii) 15 hours on each of the types held; and (iii) at least 2 hours of PIC flight time on each of the other types during the validity period. The proficiency check shall be performed each time on a different type. (5) A pilot who successfully completes a skill test for the issue of an additional type rating shall achieve revalidation for the relevant type ratings in the common groups, in accordance with (3) and (4). (6) The revalidation of an IR(H), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for a type rating.

(b)

An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved. In the case of (a)(3) and (4), the applicant shall not exercise his/her privileges in any of the types.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the powered-lift aircraft category

FCL.720.PL    Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the first issue of a powered-lift type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites:

FCL.725.PL    Flight instruction for the issue of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

The flight instruction part of the training course for a powered-lift type rating shall be completed in both the aircraft and an FSTD representing the aircraft and adequately qualified for this purpose.

FCL.740.PL    Revalidation of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

(a)

Revalidation. For revalidation of powered-lift type ratings, the applicant shall: (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of powered-lift within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; (2) complete during the period of validity of the rating, at least: (i) 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant type of powered-lift aircraft; or (ii) 1 route sector as pilot of the relevant type of powered-lift aircraft or FFS, flown with an examiner. This route sector may be flown during the proficiency check. (3) A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements who has passed the operators proficiency check combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of the type rating shall be exempted from complying with the requirement in (2).

(b)	An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until the a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the airship category

FCL.720.As    Prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — airships

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the first issue of an airship type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites:

FCL.735.As    Multi-crew cooperation training course — airships

▼M3

(a)	The MCC training course shall comprise at least: (1) 12 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and (2) 5 hours of practical MCC training; An FNPT II, or III qualified for MCC, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS shall be used.

▼B

(b)	The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

(c)	Unless the MCC course has been combined with a multi-pilot type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

(d)	An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirements in (a).

FCL.740.As    Revalidation of type ratings — airships

(a)

Revalidation. For revalidation of type ratings for airships, the applicant shall: (1) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of airship within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and (2) complete at least 2 hours as a pilot of the relevant airship type within the validity period of the rating. The duration of the proficiency check may be counted towards the 2 hours. (3) The revalidation of an IR(As), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation of a class or type rating.

(b)	An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SUBPART I

ADDITIONAL RATINGS

FCL.800    Aerobatic rating

(a)	Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes, TMG or sailplanes shall only undertake aerobatic flights when they hold the appropriate rating.

(b)

Applicants for an aerobatic rating shall have completed: (1) at least 40 hours of flight time or, in the case of sailplanes, 120 launches as PIC in the appropriate aircraft category, completed after the issue of the licence; (2) a training course at an ATO, including: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction appropriate for the rating; (ii) at least 5 hours or 20 flights of aerobatic instruction in the appropriate aircraft category.

(c)

The privileges of the aerobatic rating shall be limited to the aircraft category in which the flight instruction was completed. The privileges will be extended to another category of aircraft if the pilot holds a licence for that aircraft category and has successfully completed at least 3 dual training flights covering the full aerobatic training syllabus in that category of aircraft.

FCL.805    Sailplane towing and banner towing ratings

(a)	Holders of a pilot licence with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs shall only tow sailplanes or banners when they hold the appropriate sailplane towing or banner towing rating.

(b)

Applicants for a sailplane towing rating shall have completed: (1) at least 30 hours of flight time as PIC and 60 take-offs and landings in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMGs, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs, completed after the issue of the licence; (2) a training course at an ATO including: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures; (ii) at least 10 instruction flights towing a sailplane, including at least 5 dual instruction flights; and (iii) except for holders of an LAPL(S) or an SPL, 5 familiarisation flights in a sailplane which is launched by an aircraft.

(c)

Applicants for a banner towing rating shall have completed: (1) at least 100 hours of flight time and 200 take-offs and landings as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG, after the issue of the licence. At least 30 of these hours shall be in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMG, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs; (2) a training course at an ATO including: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures; (ii) at least 10 instruction flights towing a banner, including at least 5 dual flights.

(d)

The privileges of the sailplane and banner towing ratings shall be limited to aeroplanes or TMG, depending on which aircraft the flight instruction was completed. The privileges will be extended if the pilot holds a licence for aeroplanes or TMG and has successfully completed at least 3 dual training flights covering the full towing training syllabus in either aircraft, as relevant.

(e)	In order to exercise the privileges of the sailplane or banner towing ratings, the holder of the rating shall have completed a minimum of 5 tows during the last 24 months.

(f)	When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (e), before resuming the exercise of his/her privileges, the pilot shall complete the missing tows with or under the supervision of an instructor.

FCL.810    Night rating

(a)

Aeroplanes, TMGs, airships. (1) If the privileges of an LAPL, an SPL or a PPL for aeroplanes, TMGs or airships are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, applicants shall have completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall comprise: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction; ▼M3 (ii) at least 5 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation with at least one dual cross-country flight of at least 50 km (27 NM) and 5 solo take-offs and 5 solo full-stop landings. ▼B (2) Before completing the training at night, LAPL holders shall have completed the basic instrument flight training required for the issue of the PPL. (3) When applicants hold both a single-engine piston aeroplane (land) and a TMG class rating, they may complete the requirements in (1) above in either class or both classes.

(b)

Helicopters. If the privileges of a PPL for helicopters are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, the applicant shall have: (1) completed at least 100 hours of flight time as pilot in helicopters after the issue of the licence, including at least 60 hours as PIC on helicopters and 20 hours of cross-country flight; (2) completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall be completed within a period of 6 months and comprise: (i) 5 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction; (ii) 10 hours of helicopter dual instrument instruction time; and (iii) 5 hours of flight time at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and 5 solo night circuits. Each circuit shall include a take-off and a landing. (3) An applicant who holds or has held an IR in an aeroplane or TMG, shall be credited with 5 hours towards the requirement in (2)(ii) above.

(c)	Balloons. If the privileges of an LAPL for balloons or a BPL are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, applicants shall complete at least 2 instruction flights at night of at least 1 hour each.

FCL.815    Mountain rating

(a)

Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a mountain rating are to conduct flights with aeroplanes or TMG to and from surfaces designated as requiring such a rating by the appropriate authorities designated by the Member States. The initial mountain rating may be obtained either on: (1) wheels, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are not covered by snow; or (2) skis, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are covered by snow. (3) The privileges of the initial rating may be extended to either wheel or ski privileges when the pilot has undertaken an appropriate additional familiarisation course, including theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training, with a mountain flight instructor.

(b)	Training course. Applicants for a mountain rating shall have completed, within a period of 24 months, a course of theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training at an ATO. The content of the course shall be appropriate to the privileges sought.

(c)

Skill test. After the completion of the training, the applicant shall pass a skill test with an FE qualified for this purpose. The skill test shall contain: (1) a verbal examination of theoretical knowledge; (2) 6 landings on at least 2 different surfaces designated as requiring a mountain rating other than the surface of departure.

(d)	Validity. A mountain rating shall be valid for a period of 24 months.

(e)	Revalidation. For revalidation of a mountain rating, the applicant shall: (1) have completed at least 6 mountain landings in the past 24 months; or (2) pass a proficiency check. The proficiency check shall comply with the requirements in (c).

(f)	Renewal. If the rating has lapsed, the applicant shall comply with the requirement in (e)(2).

FCL.820    Flight test rating

(a)	Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes or helicopters shall only act as PIC in category 1 or 2 flight tests, as defined in Part-21, when they hold a flight test rating.

(b)

The obligation to hold a flight test rating established in (a) shall only apply to flight tests conducted on: (1) helicopters certificated or to be certificated in accordance with the standards of CS-27 or CS-29 or equivalent airworthiness codes; or (2) aeroplanes certificated or to be certificated in accordance with: (i) the standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness codes; or (ii) the standards of CS-23 or equivalent airworthiness codes, except for aeroplanes with an maximum take-off mass of less than 2 000 kg.

(c)

The privileges of the holder of a flight test rating are to, within the relevant aircraft category: (1) in the case of a category 1 flight test rating, conduct all categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot; (2) in the case of a category 2 flight test rating: (i) conduct category 1 flight tests, as defined in Part-21: — as a co-pilot, or — as PIC, in the case of aeroplanes referred to in (b)(2)(ii), except for those within the commuter category or having a design diving speed above 0,6 mach or a maximum ceiling above 25 000 feet; (ii) conduct all other categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot; (3) in addition, for both category 1 or 2 flight test ratings, to conduct flights specifically related to the activity of design and production organisations, within the scope of their privileges, when the requirements of Subpart H may not be complied with.

(d)

Applicants for the first issue of a flight test rating shall: (1) hold at least a CPL and an IR in the appropriate aircraft category; (2) have completed at least 1 000 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category, of which at least 400 hours as PIC; (3) have completed a training course at an ATO appropriate to the intended aircraft and category of flights. The training shall cover at least the following subjects: — Performance, — Stability and control/Handling qualities, — Systems, — Test management, — Risk/Safety management.

(e)	The privileges of holders of a flight test rating may be extended to another category of flight test and another category of aircraft when they have completed an additional course of training at an ATO.

▼M3

FCL.825    En route instrument rating (EIR)

FCL.830    Sailplane Cloud Flying Rating

▼B

SUBPART J

INSTRUCTORS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.900    Instructor certificates

(a)

General. A person shall only carry out: (1) flight instruction in aircraft when he/she holds: (i) a pilot licence issued or accepted in accordance with this Regulation; (ii) an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart; (2) synthetic flight instruction or MCC instruction when he/she holds an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart.

(b)

Special conditions: (1) In the case of introduction of new aircraft in the Member States or in an operator’s fleet, when compliance with the requirements established in this Subpart is not possible, the competent authority may issue a specific certificate giving privileges for flight instruction. Such a certificate shall be limited to the instruction flights necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft and its validity shall not, in any case, exceed 1 year. (2) Holders of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wish to apply for the issue of an instructor certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements established for that category of instructor. Notwithstanding FCL.905.TRI(b), a TRI certificate issued in accordance with this (sub)paragraph will include the privilege to instruct for the issue of a TRI or SFI certificate for the relevant type.

(c)

Instruction outside the territory of the Member States: (1) Notwithstanding paragraph (a), in the case of flight instruction provided in an ATO located outside the territory of the Member States, the competent authority may issue an instructor certificate to an applicant holding a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention, provided that the applicant: (i) holds at least an equivalent licence, rating, or certificate to the one for which they are authorised to instruct and in any case at least a CPL; (ii) complies with the requirements established in this Subpart for the issue of the relevant instructor certificate; (iii) demonstrates to the competent authority an adequate level of knowledge of European aviation safety rules to be able to exercise instructional privileges in accordance with this Part. (2) The certificate shall be limited to providing flight instruction: (i) in ATOs located outside the territory of the Member States; (ii) to student pilots who have sufficient knowledge of the language in which flight instruction is given.

FCL.915    General prerequisites and requirements for instructors

(a)	General. An applicant for an instructor certificate shall be at least 18 years of age.

(b)

Additional requirements for instructors providing flight instruction in aircraft. An applicant for or the holder of an instructor certificate with privileges to conduct flight instruction in an aircraft shall: (1) hold at least the licence and, where relevant, the rating for which flight instruction is to be given; (2) except in the case of the flight test instructor, have: ▼M3 (i) completed at least 15 hours of flight time as a pilot on the class or type of aircraft on which flight instruction is to be given, of which a maximum of 7 hours may be in an FSTD representing the class or type of aircraft, if applicable; or ▼B (ii) passed an assessment of competence for the relevant category of instructor on that class or type of aircraft; (3) be entitled to act as PIC on the aircraft during such flight instruction.

(c)

Credit towards further ratings and for the purpose of revalidation: (1) Applicants for further instructor certificates may be credited with the teaching and learning skills already demonstrated for the instructor certificate held. (2) Hours flown as an examiner during skill tests or proficiency checks shall be credited in full towards revalidation requirements for all instructor certificates held.

▼M4

(d)	Credit for extension to further types shall take into account the relevant elements as defined in the operational suitability data in accordance with Part-21.

▼B

FCL.920    Instructor competencies and assessment

All instructors shall be trained to achieve the following competences:

FCL.925    Additional requirements for instructors for the MPL

(a)

Instructors conducting training for the MPL shall: (1) have successfully completed an MPL instructor training course at an ATO; and (2) additionally, for the basic, intermediate and advanced phases of the MPL integrated training course: (i) be experienced in multi-pilot operations; and (ii) have completed initial crew resource management training with a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements.

(b)

MPL instructors training course (1) The MPL instructor training course shall comprise at least 14 hours of training. Upon completion of the training course, the applicant shall undertake an assessment of instructor competencies and of knowledge of the competency-based approach to training. (2) The assessment shall consist of a practical demonstration of flight instruction in the appropriate phase of the MPL training course. This assessment shall be conducted by an examiner qualified in accordance with Subpart K. (3) Upon successful completion of the MPL training course, the ATO shall issue an MPL instructor qualification certificate to the applicant.

(c)	In order to maintain the privileges, the instructor shall have, within the preceding 12 months, conducted within an MPL training course: (1) 1 simulator session of at least 3 hours; or (2) 1 air exercise of at least 1 hour comprising at least 2 take-offs and landings.

(d)

If the instructor has not fulfilled the requirements of (c), before exercising the privileges to conduct flight instruction for the MPL he/she shall: (1) receive refresher training at an ATO to reach the level of competence necessary to pass the assessment of instructor competencies; and (2) pass the assessment of instructor competencies as set out in (b)(2).

FCL.930    Training course

Applicants for an instructor certificate shall have completed a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. In addition to the specific elements prescribed in this Part for each category of instructor, the course shall contain the elements required in FCL.920.

FCL.935    Assessment of competence

(a)

Except for the multi-crew cooperation instructor (MCCI), the synthetic training instructor (STI), the mountain rating instructor (MI) and the flight test instructor (FTI), an applicant for an instructor certificate shall pass an assessment of competence in the appropriate aircraft category to demonstrate to an examiner qualified in accordance with Subpart K the ability to instruct a student pilot to the level required for the issue of the relevant licence, rating or certificate.

(b)

This assessment shall include: (1) the demonstration of the competencies described in FCL.920, during pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction; (2) oral theoretical examinations on the ground, pre-flight and post-flight briefings and in-flight demonstrations in the appropriate aircraft class, type or FSTD; (3) exercises adequate to evaluate the instructor’s competencies.

(c)	The assessment shall be performed on the same class or type of aircraft or FSTD used for the flight instruction.

(d)

When an assessment of competence is required for revalidation of an instructor certificate, an applicant who fails to achieve a pass in the assessment before the expiry date of an instructor certificate shall not exercise the privileges of that certificate until the assessment has successfully been completed.

FCL.940    Validity of instructor certificates

With the exception of the MI, and without prejudice to FCL.900(b)(1), instructor certificates shall be valid for a period of 3 years.

▼M4

FCL.945    Obligations for instructors

Upon completion of the training flight for the revalidation of an SEP or TMG class rating in accordance with FCL.740.A (b)(1) and only in the event of fulfilment of all the other revalidation criteria required by FCL.740.A (b)(1) the instructor shall endorse the applicant's licence with the new expiry date of the rating or certificate, if specifically authorised for that purpose by the competent authority responsible for the applicant's licence.

▼B

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the flight instructor — FI

FCL.905.FI    FI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of an FI are to conduct flight instruction for the issue, revalidation or renewal of:

▼M3

FCL.910.FI    FI — Restricted privileges

(a)

An FI shall have his/her privileges limited to conducting flight instruction under the supervision of an FI for the same category of aircraft nominated by the ATO for this purpose, in the following cases: (1) for the issue of the PPL, SPL, BPL and LAPL; (2) in all integrated courses at PPL level, in case of aeroplanes and helicopters; ▼M3 (3) for class and type ratings for single-pilot, single-engine aircraft, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, class and group extensions in the case of balloons and class extensions in the case of sailplanes; ▼B (4) for the night, towing or aerobatic ratings.

(b)	While conducting training under supervision, in accordance with (a), the FI shall not have the privilege to authorise student pilots to conduct first solo flights and first solo cross-country flights.

(c)

The limitations in (a) and (b) shall be removed from the FI certificate when the FI has completed at least: (1) for the FI(A), 100 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs and, in addition has supervised at least 25 student solo flights; (2) for the FI(H) 100 hours of flight instruction in helicopters and, in addition has supervised at least 25 student solo flight air exercises; (3) for the FI(As), FI(S) and FI(B), 15 hours or 50 take-offs of flight instruction covering the full training syllabus for the issue of a PPL(As), SPL or BPL in the appropriate aircraft category.

FCL.915.FI    FI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an FI certificate shall:

▼M3

▼B

FCL.930.FI    FI — Training course

(a)

Applicants for the FI certificate shall have passed a specific pre-entry flight test with an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i) within the 6 months preceding the start of the course, to assess their ability to undertake the course. This pre-entry flight test shall be based on the proficiency check for class and type ratings as set out in Appendix 9 to this Part.

(b)

The FI training course shall include: (1) 25 hours of teaching and learning; (2)  (i) in the case of an FI(A), (H) and (As), at least 100 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction, including progress tests; (ii) in the case of an FI(B) or FI(S), at least 30 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction, including progress tests; (3)  (i) in the case of an FI(A) and (H), at least 30 hours of flight instruction, of which 25 hours shall be dual flight instruction, of which 5 hours may be conducted in an FFS, an FNPT I or II or an FTD 2/3; (ii) in the case of an FI(As), at least 20 hours of flight instruction, of which 15 hours shall be dual flight instruction; (iii) in the case of an FI(S), at least 6 hours or 20 take-offs of flight instruction; (iv) in the case of an FI(S) providing training on TMGs, at least 6 hours of dual flight instruction on TMGs; ▼M3 (v) in the case of an FI(B), at least 3 hours of flight instruction, including 3 take-offs. (4) When applying for an FI certificate in another category of aircraft, pilots holding or having held an FI(A), (H) or (As) shall be credited with 55 hours towards the requirement in point (b)(2)(i) or with 18 hours towards the requirements in point (b)(2)(ii). ▼B

FCL.940.FI    FI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)

For revalidation of an FI certificate, the holder shall fulfil 2 of the following 3 requirements: (1) complete: (i) in the case of an FI(A) and (H), at least 50 hours of flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft category during the period of validity of the certificate as, FI, TRI, CRI, IRI, MI or examiner. If the privileges to instruct for the IR are to be revalidated, 10 of these hours shall be flight instruction for an IR and shall have been completed within the last 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FI certificate; (ii) in the case of an FI(As), at least 20 hours of flight instruction in airships as FI, IRI or as examiner during the period of validity of the certificate. If the privileges to instruct for the IR are to be revalidated, 10 of these hours shall be flight instruction for an IR and shall have been completed within the last 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FI certificate; (iii) in the case of an FI(S), at least 30 hours or 60 take-offs of flight instruction in sailplanes, powered sailplanes or TMG as, FI or as examiner during the period of validity of the certificate; (iv) in the case of an FI(B), at least 6 hours of flight instruction in balloons as, FI or as examiner during the period of validity of the certificate; (2) attend an instructor refresher seminar, within the validity period of the FI certificate; (3) pass an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935, within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FI certificate.

(b)	For the at least each alternate subsequent revalidation in the case of FI(A) or FI(H), or each third revalidation, in the case of FI(As), (S) and (B), the holder shall have to pass an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(c)	Renewal. If the FI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before renewal: (1) attend an instructor refresher seminar; (2) pass an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the type rating instructor — TRI

FCL.905.TRI    TRI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of a TRI are to instruct for:

▼M3

▼B

FCL.910.TRI    TRI — Restricted privileges

(a)	General. If the TRI training is carried out in an FFS only, the privileges of the TRI shall be restricted to training in the FFS. In this case, the TRI may conduct line flying under supervision, provided that the TRI training course has included additional training for this purpose.

▼M4

(b)

TRI for aeroplanes and for powered-lift aircraft — TRI(A) and TRI(PL). The privileges of a TRI are restricted to the type of aeroplane or powered-lift aircraft in which the training and the assessment of competence was taken. Unless otherwise determined by in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the privileges of the TRI shall be extended to further types when the TRI has: (1) completed within the 12 months preceding the application, at least 15 route sectors, including take-offs and landings on the applicable aircraft type, of which 7 sectors may be completed in an FFS; (2) completed the technical training and flight instruction parts of the relevant TRI course; (3) passed the relevant sections of the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 in order to demonstrate to an FIE or a TRE qualified in accordance with Subpart K his/her ability to instruct a pilot to the level required for the issue of a type rating, including pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction.

(c)

TRI for helicopters — TRI(H). (1) The privileges of a TRI(H) are restricted to the type of helicopter in which the skill test for the issue of the TRI certificate was taken. Unless otherwise determined by in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the privileges of the TRI shall be extended to further types when the TRI has: (i) completed the appropriate type technical part of the TRI course on the applicable type of helicopter or an FSTD representing that type; (ii) conducted at least 2 hours of flight instruction on the applicable type, under the supervision of an adequately qualified TRI(H); and (iii) passed the relevant sections of the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 in order to demonstrate to an FIE or TRE qualified in accordance with Subpart K his/her ability to instruct a pilot to the level required for the issue of a type rating, including pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction. ▼B (2) Before the privileges of a TRI(H) are extended from single-pilot to multi-pilot privileges on the same type of helicopters, the holder shall have at least 100 hours in multi-pilot operations on this type.

(d)	Notwithstanding the paragraphs above, holders of a TRI certificate who have been issued with a type rating in accordance with FCL.725(e) shall be entitled to have their TRI privileges extended to that new type of aircraft.

FCL.915.TRI    TRI — Prerequisites

An applicant for a TRI certificate shall:

FCL.930.TRI    TRI — Training course

(a)

The TRI training course shall include, at least: (1) 25 hours of teaching and learning; (2) 10 hours of technical training, including revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom/simulator instructional skills; (3) 5 hours of flight instruction on the appropriate aircraft or a simulator representing that aircraft for single-pilot aircraft and 10 hours for multi-pilot aircraft or a simulator representing that aircraft.

(b)	Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

(c)	An applicant for a TRI certificate who holds an SFI certificate for the relevant type shall be fully credited towards the requirements of this paragraph for the issue of a TRI certificate restricted to flight instruction in simulators.

FCL.935.TRI    TRI — Assessment of competence

If the TRI assessment of competence is conducted in an FFS, the TRI certificate shall be restricted to flight instruction in FFSs.

The restriction shall be lifted when the TRI has passed the assessment of competence on an aircraft.

FCL.940.TRI    TRI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)    Revalidation

(b)    Renewal

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the class rating instructor — CRI

FCL.905.CRI    CRI — Privileges and conditions

(a)

The privileges of a CRI are to instruct for: ▼M3 (1) the issue, revalidation or renewal of a class or type rating for single-pilot aeroplanes, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, when the privileges sought by the applicant are to fly in single-pilot operations; ▼B (2) a towing or aerobatic rating for the aeroplane category, provided the CRI holds the relevant rating and has demonstrated the ability to instruct for that rating to an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i); ▼M4 (3) extension of LAPL(A) privileges to another class or variant of aeroplane. ▼B

(b)

The privileges of a CRI are restricted to the class or type of aeroplane in which the instructor assessment of competence was taken. The privileges of the CRI shall be extended to further classes or types when the CRI has completed, within the last 12 months: (1) 15 hours flight time as PIC on aeroplanes of the applicable class or type of aeroplane; (2) one training flight from the right hand seat under the supervision of another CRI or FI qualified for that class or type occupying the other pilot’s seat.

▼M3

(c)	Applicants for a CRI for multi-engine aeroplanes holding a CRI certificate for single-engine aeroplanes shall have fulfilled the prerequisites for a CRI established in FCL.915.CRI(a) and the requirements of FCL.930.CRI(a)(3) and FCL.935.

▼B

FCL.915.CRI    CRI — Prerequisites

An applicant for a CRI certificate shall have completed at least:

FCL.930.CRI    CRI — Training course

(a)

The training course for the CRI shall include, at least: (1) 25 hours of teaching and learning instruction; (2) 10 hours of technical training, including revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom/simulator instructional skills; (3) 5 hours of flight instruction on multi-engine aeroplanes, or 3 hours of flight instruction on single-engine aeroplanes, given by an FI(A) qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i).

(b)	Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

FCL.940.CRI    CRI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)

For revalidation of a CRI certificate the applicant shall, within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the CRI certificate: (1) conduct at least 10 hours of flight instruction in the role of a CRI. If the applicant has CRI privileges on both single-engine and multi-engine aeroplanes, the 10 hours of flight instruction shall be equally divided between single-engine and multi-engine aeroplanes; or (2) receive refresher training as a CRI at an ATO; or (3) pass the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 for multi-engine or single-engine aeroplanes, as relevant.

(b)	For at least each alternate revalidation of a CRI certificate, the holder shall have to comply with the requirement of (a)(3).

(c)	Renewal. If the CRI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before renewal: (1) receive refresher training as a CRI at an ATO; (2) pass the assessment of competence established in FCL.935.

SECTION 6

Specific requirements for the instrument rating instructor — IRI

FCL.905.IRI    IRI — Privileges and conditions

▼M3

(a)	The privileges of an IRI are to instruct for the issue, revalidation and renewal of an EIR or an IR on the appropriate aircraft category.

▼B

(b)

Specific requirements for the MPL course. To instruct for the basic phase of training on an MPL course, the IRI(A) shall: (1) hold an IR for multi-engine aeroplanes; and (2) have completed at least 1 500 hours of flight time in multi-crew operations. (3) In the case of IRI already qualified to instruct on ATP(A) or CPL(A)/IR integrated courses, the requirement of (b)(2) may be replaced by the completion of the course provided for in paragraph FCL.905.FI(j)(3).

FCL.915.IRI    IRI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an IRI certificate shall:

FCL.930.IRI    IRI — Training course

(a)

The training course for the IRI shall include, at least: (1) 25 hours of teaching and learning instruction; (2) 10 hours of technical training, including revision of instrument theoretical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom instructional skills; (3)  (i) for the IRI(A), at least 10 hours of flight instruction on an aeroplane, FFS, FTD 2/3 or FPNT II. In the case of applicants holding an FI(A) certificate, these hours are reduced to 5; (ii) for the IRI(H), at least 10 hours of flight instruction on a helicopter, FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III; (iii) for the IRI(As), at least 10 hours of flight instruction on an airship, FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II.

(b)	Flight instruction shall be given by an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i).

(c)	Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

FCL.940.IRI    IRI — Revalidation and renewal

For revalidation and renewal of an IRI certificate, the holder shall meet the requirements for revalidation and renewal of an FI certificate, in accordance with FCL.940.FI.

SECTION 7

Specific requirements for the synthetic flight instructor — SFI

FCL.905.SFI    SFI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of an SFI are to carry out synthetic flight instruction, within the relevant aircraft category, for:

FCL.910.SFI    SFI — Restricted privileges

The privileges of the SFI shall be restricted to the FTD 2/3 or FFS of the aircraft type in which the SFI training course was taken.

The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of the same category of aircraft when the holder has:

FCL.915.SFI    SFI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an SFI certificate shall:

FCL.930.SFI    SFI — Training course

(a)	The training course for the SFI shall include: (1) the FSTD content of the applicable type rating course; (2) the content of the TRI training course.

(b)	An applicant for an SFI certificate who holds a TRI certificate for the relevant type shall be fully credited towards the requirements of this paragraph.

FCL.940.SFI    SFI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)

Revalidation. For revalidation of an SFI certificate the applicant shall, within the validity period of the SFI certificate, fulfil 2 of the following 3 requirements: (1) complete 50 hours as an instructor or an examiner in FSTDs, of which at least 15 hours shall be within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the SFI certificate; (2) receive instructor refresher training as an SFI at an ATO; (3) pass the relevant sections of the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(b)	Additionally, the applicant shall have completed, on an FFS, the proficiency checks for the issue of the specific aircraft type ratings representing the types for which privileges are held.

(c)	For at least each alternate revalidation of an SFI certificate, the holder shall have to comply with the requirement of (a)(3).

(d)	Renewal. If the SFI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within the 12 months preceding the application: (1) complete the simulator content of the SFI training course; (2) fulfil the requirements specified in (a)(2) and (3).

SECTION 8

Specific requirements for the multi-crew cooperation instructor — MCCI

FCL.905.MCCI    MCCI — Privileges and conditions

(a)

The privileges of an MCCI are to carry out flight instruction during: (1) the practical part of MCC courses when not combined with type rating training; and (2) in the case of MCCI(A), the basic phase of the MPL integrated training course, provided he/she holds or has held an FI(A) or an IRI(A) certificate.

FCL.910.MCCI    MCCI — Restricted privileges

The privileges of the holder of an MCCI certificate shall be restricted to the FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS in which the MCCI training course was taken.

The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of aircraft when the holder has completed the practical training of the MCCI course on that type of FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS.

FCL.915.MCCI    MCCI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an MCCI certificate shall:

FCL.930.MCCI    MCCI — Training course

(a)

The training course for the MCCI shall include, at least: (1) 25 hours of teaching and learning instruction; (2) technical training related to the type of FSTD where the applicant wishes to instruct; (3) 3 hours of practical instruction, which may be flight instruction or MCC instruction on the relevant FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS, under the supervision of a TRI, SFI or MCCI nominated by the ATO for that purpose. These hours of flight instruction under supervision shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

(b)	Applicants holding or having held an FI, TRI, CRI, IRI or SFI certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

FCL.940.MCCI    MCCI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)	For revalidation of an MCCI certificate the applicant shall have completed the requirements of FCL.930.MCCI(a)(3) on the relevant type of FNPT II/III, FTD 2/3 or FFS, within the last 12 months of the validity period of the MCCI certificate.

(b)	Renewal. If the MCCI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall complete the requirements of FCL.930.MCCI(a)(2) and (3) on the relevant type of FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS.

SECTION 9

Specific requirements for the synthetic training instructor — STI

FCL.905.STI    STI — Privileges and conditions

(a)

The privileges of an STI are to carry out synthetic flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft category for: (1) the issue of a licence; (2) the issue, revalidation or renewal of an IR and a class or type rating for single-pilot aircraft, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes.

(b)	Additional privileges for the STI(A). The privileges of an STI(A) shall include synthetic flight instruction during the core flying skills training of the MPL integrated training course.

FCL.910.STI    STI — Restricted privileges

The privileges of an STI shall be restricted to the FNPT II/III, FTD 2/3 or FFS in which the STI training course was taken.

The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of aircraft when the holder has:

FCL.915.STI    STI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an STI certificate shall:

FCL.930.STI    STI — Training course

(a)

The training course for the STI shall comprise at least 3 hours of flight instruction related to the duties of an STI in an FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III, under the supervision of an FIE. These hours of flight instruction under supervision shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920. Applicants for an STI(A) wishing to instruct on a BITD only, shall complete the flight instruction on a BITD.

(b)	For applicants for an STI(H), the course shall also include the FFS content of the applicable TRI course.

FCL.940.STI    Revalidation and renewal of the STI certificate

(a)

Revalidation. For revalidation of an STI certificate the applicant shall have, within the last 12 months of the validity period of the STI certificate: (1) conducted at least 3 hours of flight instruction in an FFS or FNPT II/III or BITD, as part of a complete CPL, IR, PPL or class or type rating course; and (2) passed in the FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III on which flight instruction is routinely conducted, the applicable sections of the proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part for the appropriate class or type of aircraft. For an STI(A) instructing on BITDs only, the proficiency check shall include only the exercises appropriate for a skill test for the issue of a PPL(A).

(b)

Renewal. If the STI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall: (1) receive refresher training as an STI at an ATO; (2) pass in the FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III on which flight instruction is routinely conducted, the applicable sections of the proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part for the appropriate class or type of aircraft. For an STI(A) instructing on BITDs only, the proficiency check shall include only the exercises appropriate for a skill test for the issue of a PPL(A); (3) conduct on a complete CPL, IR, PPL or class or type rating course, at least 3 hours of flight instruction under the supervision of an FI, CRI(A), IRI or TRI(H) nominated by the ATO for this purpose. At least 1 hour of flight instruction shall be supervised by an FIE(A).

SECTION 10

Mountain rating instructor — MI

FCL.905.MI    MI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of an MI are to carry out flight instruction for the issue of a mountain rating.

FCL.915.MI    MI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an MI certificate shall:

FCL.930.MI    MI — Training course

(a)	The training course for the MI shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

(b)	Before attending the course, applicants shall have passed a pre-entry flight test with an MI holding an FI certificate to assess their experience and ability to undertake the training course.

▼M3

FCL.940.MI    Validity of the MI certificate

The MI certificate is valid as long as the FI, TRI or CRI certificate is valid.

▼B

SECTION 11

Specific requirements for the flight test instructor — FTI

FCL.905.FTI    FTI — Privileges and conditions

(a)

The privileges of a flight test instructor (FTI) are to instruct, within the appropriate aircraft category, for: (1) the issue of category 1 or 2 flight test ratings, provided he/she holds the relevant category of flight test rating; (2) the issue of an FTI certificate, within the relevant category of flight test rating, provided that the instructor has at least 2 years of experience instructing for the issue of flight test ratings.

(b)	The privileges of an FTI holding a category 1 flight test rating include the provision of flight instruction also in relation to category 2 flight test ratings.

FCL.915.FTI    FTI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an FTI certificate shall:

FCL.930.FTI    FTI — Training course

(a)

The training course for the FTI shall include, at least: (1) 25 hours of teaching and learning; (2) 10 hours of technical training, including revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom/simulator instructional skills; (3) 5 hours of practical flight instruction under the supervision of an FTI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FTI(b). These hours of flight instruction shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

(b)

Crediting: (1) Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1). (2) In addition, applicants holding or having held an FI or TRI certificate in the relevant aircraft category shall be fully credited towards the requirements of (a)(2).

FCL.940.FTI    FTI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)

Revalidation. For revalidation of an FTI certificate, the applicant shall, within the validity period of the FTI certificate, fulfil one of the following requirements: (1) complete at least: (i) 50 hours of flight tests, of which at least 15 hours shall be within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FTI certificate; and (ii) 5 hours of flight test flight instruction within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FTI certificate; or (2) receive refresher training as an FTI at an ATO. The refresher training shall be based on the practical flight instruction element of the FTI training course, in accordance with FCL.930.FTI(a)(3), and include at least 1 instruction flight under the supervision of an FTI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FTI(b).

(b)	Renewal. If the FTI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall receive refresher training as an FTI at an ATO. The refresher training shall comply at least with the requirements of FCL.930.FTI(a)(3).

SUBPART K

EXAMINERS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.1000    Examiner certificates

(a)

General. Holders of an examiner certificate shall: (1) hold an equivalent licence, rating or certificate to the ones for which they are authorised to conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence and the privilege to instruct for them; (2) be qualified to act as PIC on the aircraft during a skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence when conducted on the aircraft.

(b)

Special conditions: (1) In the case of introduction of new aircraft in the Member States or in an operator’s fleet, when compliance with the requirements in this Subpart is not possible, the competent authority may issue a specific certificate giving privileges for the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks. Such a certificate shall be limited to the skill tests and proficiency checks necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft and its validity shall not, in any case, exceed 1 year. (2) Holders of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wish to apply for an examiner certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements for that category of examiner.

(c)

Examination outside the territory of the Member States: (1) Notwithstanding paragraph (a), in the case of skill tests and proficiency checks provided in an ATO located outside the territory of the Member States, the competent authority of the Member State may issue an examiner certificate to an applicant holding a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with ICAO Annex 1, provided that the applicant: (i) holds at least an equivalent licence, rating, or certificate to the one for which they are authorised to conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence, and in any case at least a CPL; (ii) complies with the requirements established in this Subpart for the issue of the relevant examiner certificate; and (iii) demonstrates to the competent authority an adequate level of knowledge of European aviation safety rules to be able to exercise examiner privileges in accordance with this Part. (2) The certificate referred to in paragraph (1) shall be limited to providing skill tests and proficiency tests/checks: (i) outside the territory of the Member States; and (ii) to pilots who have sufficient knowledge of the language in which the test/check is given.

FCL.1005    Limitation of privileges in case of vested interests

Examiners shall not conduct:

FCL.1010    Prerequisites for examiners

Applicants for an examiner certificate shall demonstrate:

FCL.1015    Examiner standardisation

(a)	Applicants for an examiner certificate shall undertake a standardisation course provided by the competent authority or by an ATO and approved by the competent authority.

(b)

The standardisation course shall consist of theoretical and practical instruction and shall include, at least: (1) the conduct of 2 skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competences for the licences, ratings or certificates for which the applicant seeks the privilege to conduct tests and checks; (2) instruction on the applicable requirements in this part and the applicable air operations requirements, the conduct of skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence, and their documentation and reporting; (3) a briefing on the national administrative procedures, requirements for protection of personal data, liability, accident insurance and fees; ▼M3 (4) a briefing on the need to review and apply the items in (3) when conducting skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence of an applicant for which the competent authority is not the same that issued the examiner's certificate; and (5) an instruction on how to get access to these national procedures and requirements of other competent authorities when needed;

▼M3

(c)

Holders of an examiners certificate shall not conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence of an applicant for which the competent authority is not the same that issued the examiner's certificate, unless they have reviewed the latest available information containing the relevant national procedures of the applicant's competent authority.

▼B

FCL.1020    Examiners assessment of competence

Applicants for an examiner certificate shall demonstrate their competence to an inspector from the competent authority or a senior examiner specifically authorised to do so by the competent authority responsible for the examiner’s certificate through the conduct of a skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence in the examiner role for which privileges are sought, including briefing, conduct of the skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence, and assessment of the person to whom the test, check or assessment is given, debriefing and recording documentation.

FCL.1025    Validity, revalidation and renewal of examiner certificates

(a)	Validity. An examiner certificate shall be valid for 3 years.

(b)

Revalidation. An examiner certificate shall be revalidated when the holder has, during the validity period of the certificate: (1) conducted at least 2 skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence every year; (2) attended an examiner refresher seminar provided by the competent authority or by an ATO and approved by the competent authority, during the last year of the validity period. (3) One of the skill tests or proficiency checks completed during the last year of the validity period in accordance with (1) shall have been assessed by an inspector from the competent authority or by a senior examiner specifically authorised to do so by the competent authority responsible for the examiner’s certificate. (4) When the applicant for the revalidation holds privileges for more than one category of examiner, combined revalidation of all examiner privileges may be achieved when the applicant complies with the requirements in (b)(1) and (2) and FCL.1020 for one of the categories of examiner certificate held, in agreement with the competent authority.

(c)	Renewal. If the certificate has expired, applicants shall comply with the requirements of (b)(2) and FCL.1020 before they can resume the exercise of the privileges.

(d)	An examiner certificate shall only be revalidated or renewed if the applicant demonstrates continued compliance with the requirements in FCL.1010 and FCL.1030.

FCL.1030    Conduct of skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence

(a)

When conducting skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence, examiners shall: (1) ensure that communication with the applicant can be established without language barriers; (2) verify that the applicant complies with all the qualification, training and experience requirements in this Part for the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence, rating or certificate for which the skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence is taken; (3) make the applicant aware of the consequences of providing incomplete, inaccurate or false information related to their training and flight experience.

(b)

After completion of the skill test or proficiency check, the examiner shall: (1) inform the applicant of the result of the test. In the event of a partial pass or fail, the examiner shall inform the applicant that he/she may not exercise the privileges of the rating until a full pass has been obtained. The examiner shall detail any further training requirement and explain the applicant’s right of appeal; (2) in the event of a pass in a proficiency check or assessment of competence for revalidation or renewal, endorse the applicant’s licence or certificate with the new expiry date of the rating or certificate, if specifically authorised for that purpose by the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence; (3) provide the applicant with a signed report of the skill test or proficiency check and submit without delay copies of the report to the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence, and to the competent authority that issued the examiner certificate. The report shall include: (i) a declaration that the examiner has received information from the applicant regarding his/her experience and instruction, and found that experience and instruction complying with the applicable requirements in this Part; (ii) confirmation that all the required manoeuvres and exercises have been completed, as well as information on the verbal theoretical knowledge examination, when applicable. If an item has been failed, the examiner shall record the reasons for this assessment; (iii) the result of the test, check or assessment of competence; ▼M3 (iv) a declaration that the examiner has reviewed and applied the national procedures and requirements of the applicant’s competent authority if the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence is not the same that issued the examiner’s certificate; (v) a copy of the examiner certificate containing the scope of his/her privileges as examiner in the case of skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence of an applicant for which the competent authority is not the same that issued the examiner’s certificate. ▼B

(c)	Examiners shall maintain records for 5 years with details of all skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence performed and their results.

(d)	Upon request by the competent authority responsible for the examiner certificate, or the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence, examiners shall submit all records and reports, and any other information, as required for oversight activities.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for flight examiners — FE

FCL.1005.FE    FE — Privileges and conditions

(a)

FE(A). The privileges of an FE for aeroplanes are to conduct: (1) skill tests for the issue of the PPL(A) and skill tests and proficiency checks for associated single-pilot class and type ratings, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, provided that the examiner has completed at least 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction; (2) skill tests for the issue of the CPL(A) and skill tests and proficiency checks for the associated single-pilot class and type ratings, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, provided that the examiner has completed at least 2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction; (3) skill tests and proficiency checks for the LAPL(A), provided that the examiner has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 100 hours of flight instruction; (4) skill tests for the issue of a mountain rating, provided that the examiner has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 500 take-offs and landings of flight instruction for the mountain rating; ▼M3 (5) proficiency checks for the revalidation and renewal of EIRs, provided that the FE has completed at least 1 500 hours as a pilot on aeroplanes and complies with the requirements in FCL.1010.IRE(a)(2). ▼B

(b)

FE(H). The privileges of an FE for helicopters are to conduct: (1) skill tests for the issue of the PPL(H) and skill tests and proficiency checks for single-pilot single-engine helicopter type ratings entered in a PPL(H), provided that the examiner has completed 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction; (2) skill tests for the issue of the CPL(H) and skill tests and proficiency checks for single-pilot single-engine helicopter type ratings entered in a CPL(H), provided the examiner has completed 2 000 hours of flight time as pilot on helicopters, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction; (3) skill tests and proficiency checks for single-pilot multi-engine helicopter type ratings entered in a PPL(H) or a CPL(H), provided the examiner has completed the requirements in (1) or (2), as applicable, and holds a CPL(H) or ATPL(H) and, when applicable, an IR(H); (4) skill tests and proficiency checks for the LAPL(H), provided that the examiner has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters, including at least 150 hours of flight instruction.

(c)

FE(As). The privileges of an FE for airships are to conduct skill tests for the issue of the PPL(As) and CPL(As) and skill tests and proficiency checks for the associated airship type ratings, provided that the examiner has completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on airships, including 100 hours of flight instruction.

(d)

FE(S). The privileges of an FE for sailplanes are to conduct: (1) skill tests and proficiency checks for the SPL and the LAPL(S), provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including 150 hours or 300 launches of flight instruction; (2) proficiency checks for the extension of the SPL privileges to commercial operations, provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including 90 hours of flight instruction; ▼M3 (3) skill tests for the extension of the SPL or LAPL(S) privileges to TMG, provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including 50 hours of flight instruction on TMG; (4) skill tests and proficiency checks for the cloud flying rating, provided that the examiner has completed at least 200 hours of flight time as pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including at least 5 hours or 25 flights of flight instruction for the cloud flying rating or at least 10 hours of flight instruction for the EIR or IR(A). ▼B

(e)

FE(B). The privileges of an FE for balloons are to conduct: (1) skill tests for the issue of the BPL and the LAPL(B) and skill tests and proficiency checks for the extension of the privileges to another balloon class or group, provided that the examiner has completed 250 hours of flight time as a pilot on balloons, including 50 hours of flight instruction; (2) proficiency checks for the extension of the BPL privileges to commercial operations, provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on balloons, of which 50 hours in the same group of balloons for which the extension is sought. The 300 hours of flight time shall include 50 hours of flight instruction.

FCL.1010.FE    FE — Prerequisites

An applicant for an FE certificate shall hold:

an FI certificate in the appropriate aircraft category.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for type rating examiners — TRE

FCL.1005.TRE    TRE — Privileges and conditions

(a)

TRE(A) and TRE(PL). The privileges of a TRE for aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft are to conduct: (1) skill tests for the initial issue of type ratings for aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, as applicable; ▼M3 (2) proficiency checks for revalidation or renewal of type ratings, EIRs and IRs; ▼B (3) skill tests for ATPL(A) issue; (4) skill tests for MPL issue, provided that the examiner has complied with the requirements in FCL.925; (5) assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a TRI or SFI certificate in the applicable aircraft category, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as a TRE.

(b)

TRE(H). The privileges of a TRE(H) are to conduct: (1) skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of helicopter type ratings; (2) proficiency checks for the revalidation or renewal of IRs, or for the extension of the IR(H) from single-engine helicopters to multi-engine helicopters, provided the TRE(H) holds a valid IR(H); (3) skill tests for ATPL(H) issue; (4) assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a TRI(H) or SFI(H) certificate, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as a TRE.

FCL.1010.TRE    TRE — Prerequisites

(a)

TRE(A) and TRE(PL). Applicants for a TRE certificate for aeroplanes and powered-lift aircraft shall: (1) in the case of multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, have completed 1 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, as applicable, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC; (2) in the case of single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of single-pilot aeroplanes, of which at least 200 hours shall be as PIC; (3) hold a CPL or ATPL and a TRI certificate for the applicable type; (4) for the initial issue of an TRE certificate, have completed at least 50 hours of flight instruction as a TRI, FI or SFI in the applicable type or an FSTD representing that type.

(b)

TRE(H). Applicants for a TRE (H) certificate for helicopters shall: (1) hold a TRI(H) certificate or, in the case of single-pilot single-engine helicopters, a valid FI(H) certificate, for the applicable type; (2) for the initial issue of a TRE certificate, have completed 50 hours of flight instruction as a TRI, FI or SFI in the applicable type or an FSTD representing that type; (3) in the case of multi-pilot helicopters, hold a CPL(H) or ATPL(H) and have completed 1 500 hours of flight as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC; (4) in the case of single-pilot multi-engine helicopters: (i) have completed 1 000 hours of flight as pilot on helicopters, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC; (ii) hold a CPL(H) or ATPL(H) and, when applicable, a valid IR(H); (5) in the case of single-pilot single-engine helicopters: (i) have completed 750 hours of flight as a pilot on helicopters, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC; ▼M3 (ii) hold a CPL(H) or ATPL(H). ▼B (6) Before the privileges of a TRE(H) are extended from single-pilot multi-engine to multi-pilot multi-engine privileges on the same type of helicopter, the holder shall have at least 100 hours in multi-pilot operations on this type. (7) In the case of applicants for the first multi-pilot multi-engine TRE certificate, the 1 500 hours of flight experience on multi-pilot helicopters required in (b)(3) may be considered to have been met if they have completed the 500 hours of flight time as PIC on a multi-pilot helicopter of the same type.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for Class Rating Examiner — CRE

FCL.1005.CRE    CRE — Privileges

The privileges of a CRE are to conduct, for single-pilot aeroplanes, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes:

▼M4

▼B

FCL.1010.CRE    CRE — Prerequisites

Applicants for a CRE certificate shall:

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for Instrument Rating Examiner — IRE

▼M3

FCL.1005.IRE    IRE — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an IRE certificate are to conduct skill tests for the issue, and proficiency checks for the revalidation or renewal of EIRs or IRs.

▼B

FCL.1010.IRE    IRE — Prerequisites

(a)	IRE(A). Applicants for an IRE certificate for aeroplanes shall hold an IRI(A) and have completed: (1) 2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes; and (2) 450 hours of flight time under IFR, of which 250 hours shall be as an instructor.

(b)	IRE(H). Applicants for an IRE certificate for helicopters shall hold an IRI(H) and have completed: (1) 2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters; and (2) 300 hours of instrument flight time on helicopters, of which 200 hours shall be as an instructor.

(c)	IRE(As). Applicants for an IRE certificate for airships shall hold an IRI(As) and have completed: (1) 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on airships; and (2) 100 hours of instrument flight time on airships, of which 50 hours shall be as an instructor.

SECTION 6

Specific requirements for Synthetic Flight Examiner — SFE

FCL.1005.SFE    SFE — Privileges and conditions

(a)

SFE(A) and SFE(PL). The privileges of an SFE on aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft are to conduct in an FFS: (1) skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of type ratings for multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, as applicable; (2) proficiency checks for revalidation or renewal of IRs, provided that the SFE complies with the requirements in FCL.1010.IRE for the applicable aircraft category; (3) skill tests for ATPL(A) issue; (4) skill tests for MPL issue, provided that the examiner has complied with the requirements in FCL.925; (5) assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of an SFI certificate in the relevant aircraft category, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as an SFE.

(b)

SFE(H). The privileges of an SFE for helicopters are to conduct in an FFS: (1) skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings; and (2) proficiency checks for the revalidation and renewal of IRs, provided that the SFE complies with the requirements in FCL.1010.IRE(b); (3) skill tests for ATPL(H) issue; (4) skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of an SFI(H) certificate, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as an SFE.

FCL.1010.SFE    SFE — Prerequisites

(a)

SFE(A). Applicants for an SFE certificate for aeroplanes shall: (1) hold or have held an ATPL(A), a class or type rating and an SFI(A) certificate for the applicable type of aeroplane; (2) have at least 1 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes; (3) for the initial issue of an SFE certificate, have completed at least 50 hours of synthetic flight instruction as an SFI(A) on the applicable type.

(b)

SFE(H). Applicants for an SFE certificate for helicopters shall: (1) hold or have held an ATPL(H), a type rating and an SFI(H) certificate for the applicable type of helicopter; (2) have at least 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters; (3) for the initial issue of an SFE certificate, have completed at least 50 hours of synthetic flight instruction as an SFI(H) on the applicable type.

SECTION 7

Specific requirements for the flight instructor examiner — FIE

FCL.1005.FIE    FIE — Privileges and conditions

(a)	FIE(A). The privileges of an FIE on aeroplanes are to conduct assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of certificates for FI(A), CRI(A), IRI(A) and TRI(A) on single-pilot aeroplanes, provided that the relevant instructor certificate is held.

(b)	FIE(H). The privileges of an FIE on helicopters are to conduct assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of certificates for FI(H), IRI(H) and TRI(H) on single-pilot helicopters, provided that the relevant instructor certificate is held.

(c)

FIE(As), (S), (B). The privileges of an FIE on sailplanes, powered sailplanes, balloons and airships are to conduct assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of instructor certificates on the applicable aircraft category, provided that the relevant instructor certificate is held.

FCL.1010.FIE    FIE — Prerequisites

(a)

FIE(A). Applicants for an FIE certificate for aeroplanes shall: in case of applicants wishing to conduct assessments of competence: (1) hold the relevant instructor certificate, as applicable; (2) have completed 2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs; and (3) have at least 100 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

(b)	FIE(H). Applicants for an FIE certificate for helicopters shall: (1) hold the relevant instructor certificate, as applicable; (2) have completed 2 000 hours of flight time as pilot on helicopters; (3) have at least 100 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

(c)	FIE(As). Applicants for an FIE certificate for airships shall: (1) have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on airships; (2) have at least 20 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an FI(AS) certificate; (3) hold the relevant instructor certificate.

(d)

FIE(S). Applicants for an FIE certificate for sailplanes shall: (1) hold the relevant instructor certificate; (2) have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes; (3) have completed: (i) for applicants wishing to conduct assessments of competence on TMGs, 10 hours or 30 take-offs instructing applicants for an instructor certificate in TMGs; (ii) in all other cases, 10 hours or 30 launches instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

(e)	FIE(B). Applicants for an FIE certificate for balloons shall: (1) hold the relevant instructor certificate; (2) have completed 350 hours of flight time as a pilot on balloons; (3) have completed 10 hours instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

---

Appendix 1

Crediting of theoretical knowledge

▼M4

A.   CREDITING OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE ISSUE OF A PILOT LICENCE — BRIDGE INSTRUCTION AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS

▼B

1.    LAPL, PPL, BPL and SPL

▼M4

▼B

▼M4

▼B

2.    CPL

3.    ATPL

▼M3

▼B

4.    IR

▼M3

▼B

---

Appendix 2

Note: The initial text of Appendix 2 has been transferred to AMC, see also the Explanatory Note.

---

Appendix 3

Training courses for the issue of a CPL and an ATPL

A.    ATP integrated course — Aeroplanes

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TEST

B.    ATP modular course — Aeroplanes

C.    CPL/IR integrated course — Aeroplanes

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TESTS

D.    CPL integrated course — Aeroplanes

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TEST

E.    CPL modular course — Aeroplanes

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

EXPERIENCE

SKILL TEST

F.    ATP/IR integrated course — Helicopters

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TESTS

G.    ATP integrated course — Helicopters

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TESTS

H.    ATP modular course — Helicopters

I.    CPL/IR integrated course — Helicopters

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TEST

J.    CPL integrated course — Helicopters

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TEST

K.    CPL modular course — Helicopters

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

EXPERIENCE

SKILL TEST

L.    CPL/IR integrated course — Airships

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TEST

M.    CPL integrated course — Airships

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

SKILL TEST

N.    CPL modular course — Airships

GENERAL

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

FLYING TRAINING

EXPERIENCE

SKILL TEST

---

Appendix 4

Skill test for the issue of a CPL

A.    General

CONDUCT OF THE TEST

B.    Content of the skill test for the issue of a CPL — Aeroplanes

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCES

CONTENT OF THE TEST

C.    Content of the skill test for the issue of the CPL — Helicopters

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCES

CONTENT OF THE TEST

D.    Content of the skill test for the issue of a CPL — Airships

FLIGHT TEST TOLERANCES

CONTENT OF THE TEST