21.3.2009   

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 68/28

(1)

On 10 March 2009, the Council examined the updated stability programme of the Netherlands, which covers the period 2008 to 2011.

(2)

In 2008, economic activity slowed down considerably as the global economic downturn and the financial crisis hit both external and domestic demand. While annual growth still reached 1,9 %, this was largely due a significant carry-over effect from strong domestic demand in the second half of 2007, resulting from high private consumption growth. In 2009, economic activity is expected to contract sharply by 2 % according to the Commission services' January 2009 interim forecast. The very open Dutch economy will be relatively hard hit by the expected fall in world trade. The main policy challenges in the downturn are related to both the financial sector, by addressing the very low confidence and falling asset positions of pension funds, and to the real economy, by supporting investment and competitiveness. The downturn will have a significant impact on public finances, as a projected surplus in 2008 is expected to turn into a deficit in 2009, which will further increase in 2010. This also takes into account the impact of the support package as presented in November, which among others provides support for private investment.

(3)

On 19 December 2008 the Netherlands submitted an addendum to the Stability programme, containing a recovery plan and a partial update of the macro-economic scenario. This addendum shows much less optimistic figures than the programme, with GDP growth of – 0,75 % in 2009 and 1 % in 2010 and the general government deficit at 1,2 % and 2,4 % of GDP. However, the new figures will not be used as the baseline for the assessment, as the macro-economic scenario was not fully-fledged and public finance data have been presented for information purposes rather than with official endorsement by the Ministry of Finance.

(4)

The macro-economic scenario underlying the programme envisages that real GDP will decelerate from 2,25 % in 2008 to 1,25 % in 2009 before recovering to an average rate of 2 % over the rest of the programme period. In view of the rapid deterioration of the macro-economic outlook in the past months, this scenario, which was finalised in September (2), appears to be based on markedly favourable growth assumptions, when compared to the Commission services' January interim forecast. Even the GDP growth figure for 2009 as presented in the addendum (– 0,75 %) is still favourable compared to the Commission services' forecast reflecting a very rapid deterioration of the economic outlook. Specifically, the most recent available information points to a sharp contraction of investment on the back of tighter credit conditions, as well as a rapid fall of exports given the weak external demand. Both the (limited) budgetary and economic impact of the support package are not reflected in the macro-economic scenario. The programme's projections for inflation appear to be on the high side for 2009, but seem to be realistic for the period thereafter.

(5)

For 2008, the general government balance is estimated at a surplus of 1,1 % of GDP in the Commission services' January 2009 interim forecast, against a surplus target of 0,5 % of GDP set in the previous update of the stability programme. The improvement is mainly due to a better-than-expected outcome in 2007. Furthermore, revenue growth in 2008 was somewhat higher than expected, as higher gas revenues were only partly compensated by lower tax revenues resulting from the financial crisis. Expenditure growth in 2008 was also slightly higher, largely reflecting higher-than-expected interest payments and child care expenditure.

(6)

The budgetary target for 2009 in the update is a surplus of 1,2 % of GDP, which compares with a projected deficit of 1,4 % of GDP in the Commission services' interim forecast. The structural balance, according to the information provided in the update of the stability programme and recalculated by the Commission services, is projected to attain a surplus of some 1 % of GDP in 2009, compared to a surplus of around 0,75 % in 2008. The fiscal stance as presented in the programme can be considered as slightly restrictive. However, the Commission services' interim forecast foresees an expansionary fiscal stance in 2009 with a deterioration of the structural balance of 1 percentage point of GDP, due to the budgetary impact from discretionary measures taken in response to the economic slowdown (which could add up to 0,5 % of the GDP) as well as losses in gas revenues and tax revenues linked to the lower growth and higher tax elasticities.

(7)

The main goal of the programme's budgetary strategy is to attain a structural surplus, that is, a cyclically adjusted surplus net of one-off and other temporary measures, of 1 % of GDP at the end of the programme period. Thereby, the Netherlands would respect, throughout the programme period, its medium-term objective (MTO) for the budgetary position, which is a structural deficit ranging from 0,5 % to 1 % of GDP. The programme expects the headline budget surplus to fall from 1,2 % in 2009 to 0,8 % of GDP in 2010 and to rise again to 1,1 % of GDP in 2011. The primary balance is expected to follow a similar pattern. Government gross debt, estimated in the programme at 42,1 % of GDP in 2008, is projected to decline by 6 percentage points over the programme period. However, these projections were finalised before the government operations to stabilise the financial markets and therefore do not take them into account. These operations, such as the purchase of Fortis Bank Netherlands and bank recapitalisations, led to an increase of about 15 percentage points in the debt-to-GDP ratio of 2008. Specifically, according to the Commission services' interim forecast, the debt ratio reached 57,3 % in 2008, declining to 53,2 % in 2009 due to a loan repayment, before increasing again to 55,2 % in 2010. According to the indications provided in the December 2008 addendum, the expected headline balance in 2009 and 2010 is now considered to be markedly below the targets set in the programme (indicating a deficit of 1,2 % and 2,4 % respectively). This suggests that the planned balance for 2011 may also be outdated.

(8)

The budgetary outcomes projected in the programme are subject to (significant) downward risks. Most importantly, the macro-economic outlook is based on markedly favourable growth assumptions, as evidenced by recent weak economic data for example on industrial production. The economic growth difference with the Commission services' interim forecast amounts to 3,25 % of GDP in 2009, which implies substantial budgetary risks and which is also reflected in the worsening government balance referred to in the addendum. Furthermore, the fiscal stimulus measures have not yet been taken into account in the budgetary targets of the programme although their impact is very small. Besides the direct budgetary impact, the measures involving guarantees pose a significant indirect risk, if these are extensively called upon. Finally, gas revenues can pose a risk for the budgetary outcome as they are based in the programme on a more optimistic oil price hypothesis than in the Commission services' interim forecast. In view of the negative risks to the budgetary targets and the sizeable guarantees given to the banking sector, there is a high risk that the evolution of the debt ratio will turn out less favourable than projected in the programme.

(9)

The long-term budgetary impact of ageing is higher in the Netherlands than the EU average. The projected future rise of tax revenues as a share of GDP, due to the deferred taxation of private pensions, would partly compensate the increase in public expenditure over the long-term. The budgetary position in 2008 as estimated in the programme, which is better than the starting position of the previous programme, contributes to offsetting the projected long-term budgetary impact of an ageing population but is not sufficient to fully cover future spending pressures. Higher primary surpluses over the medium term, and implementing reform measures that curb the projected increase in age-related expenditure would contribute to reducing the medium risks to the sustainability of public finances. The financial crisis can also have a negative impact on the long-term sustainability of public finances through the financial sector stabilisation schemes (e.g. recapitalisation, guarantees) put in place by the Netherlands, primarily via their impact on government debt, if the costs of the government support are not fully recouped in the future.

(10)

In 1994, the Netherlands introduced a trend-based budgetary framework, which has proved to be very successful (3). While this framework was reaffirmed by the current government, some minor adjustments were made at the start of the government term in 2007 (4). More recently, in November 2008, the fiscal rule was modified in a way that all possible expenditures and non-tax revenues resulting from the interventions in the financial sector will not be part of the expenditure ceiling (5). Furthermore, if, as a consequence of these government operations, the signal value (6) for the deficit of 2 % of GDP is reached, no corrective measures will be taken. This additional budgetary rule is meant to minimise the impact on normal budgetary decision-making of the measures taken in response to the financial crisis. There is no end-date mentioned for this change in rules. The government also announced a reform of the methodology with respect to the budgetary treatment of non-tax gas revenues starting from 2012. For the period 2008-2011, the maximum amount of gas revenues that can be used for spending is fixed.

(11)

With a view to stabilising the financial sector, the Dutch government has adopted a number of measures. First, it increased the amount covered by the deposit guarantee scheme to EUR 100 000. Second, a credit guarantee scheme amounting to EUR 200 billion (33 % of GDP) for medium-term debt instruments by banks was introduced. The scheme is aimed at improving their access to finance. Third, a fund of EUR 20 billion (3,3 % of GDP) was created to be used for recapitalisation of financial institutions. Finally, the government nationalised a major bank and provided a back-up facility to a large financial institution.

(12)

In line with the European Economic Recovery Plan agreed in December by the European Council, the Netherlands adopted measures aimed at fostering private investment through tax cuts and loan guarantees, protecting employment through the possibility of a temporarily lowering of hours worked, improving the credit supply through guarantees and lowering of social contributions. These measures are timely and targeted, in line with the EERP, and partially temporary. They should therefore not have a major impact on the long-term sustainability of public finances. Relative to the large commitments on the financial rescue packages and given the favourable starting position of the public balance and debt and the projected severity of the downturn, the size of the fiscal support package is modest (0,5 % of GDP). The update of the stability programme also includes a series of structural measures, which boost demand, but are also compatible with the longer-term policy reform agenda. The lowering of social contributions aims at boosting demand, while increasing labour supply at the same time. Furthermore, in order to reduce labour shedding and to ease the transition in the labour market, mobility centres are set up, which are based on public-private partnerships. The measures are related to the medium-term reform agenda and the country-specific recommendation proposed by the Commission on 28 January 2009 under the Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs.

(13)

The fiscal stance, as measured by the change in the structural balance and taking into account the risks to the budgetary projections, is expansionary in 2009. This is broadly in line with the Stability and Growth Pact, which specifies that the adjustment should be higher in good economic times and could be lower in bad economic times. However, in light of the significant risks concerning the evolution of the government balance and debt, there is a risk that the deterioration in the public finances affects negatively their long-term sustainability. On the other hand, long-term sustainability is expected to benefit somewhat from planned measures to further increase labour participation, such as the phasing out of the transferability of the general tax credit and the introduction of an earned income tax credit aimed at making work pay for the low-skilled. Finally, taking into account the risks to the debt projections mentioned above, the debt ratio may not stay within the reference value over the programme period.

(14)

As regards the data requirements specified in the code of conduct for stability and convergence programmes, the programme provides all required and most of the optional data.