2.1.

‘External surface’ means that part of the vehicle forward of the cab's rear panel as defined in 2.5, with the exception of the rear panel itself, and includes such items as the front wings, front bumpers and front wheels;

2.2.

‘Vehicle type-approval’ means the approval of a vehicle type with regard to its external projections;

2.3.

‘Vehicle type’ means motor vehicles which do not differ in such essential respects as the ‘external surface’;

2.4.

‘Cab’ means that part of the bodywork which constitutes the driver and passenger compartment, including the doors;

2.5.

‘Cab rear panel’ means the rearmost part of the external surface of the driver and passenger compartment. Where it is not possible to determine the position of the rear cab panel, for the purposes of this Directive it would be deemed to be the vertical transversal plane situated 50 cm to the rear of the R point of the driver's seat, with the seat, if adjustable, located at its rearmost driving position (see Annex III to Directive 77/649/EEC) (1). If the cab is fitted with more than one row of seats, the rearmost passenger seat in its rearmost position has to be taken into account for the definition of the rear cab panel. However, the manufacturer may, with the agreement of the technical services, request an alternative distance if 50 cm can be shown as being inappropriate for particular vehicle;

2.6.

‘Reference plane’ means a horizontal plane passing through the centre of the front wheels or a horizontal plane situated at the height of 50 cm above the ground, whichever is lower. This plane is defined for the laden state of the vehicle;

2.7.

‘Floor line’ means a line determined as follows:

When a vertical-axis cone of undetermined height having its side at an angle of 15o to the vertical is moved about the external surface of the loaded vehicle so as to remain in contact with the external surface of the body at its lowest point, the floor line is the geometrical trace of the points of contact. In determining the floor line, no account is taken of the exhaust pipes or wheels, or of functional mechanical features attached to the under-body such as jacking points, suspension mountings or attachments for use in towing or in case of breakdown. In the spaces at the outside of wheel arches an imaginary surface extending the adjacent external surfaces without change of position is assumed. The front bumpers are taken into account in determining the floor line. Depending on the type of vehicles, the trace of the floor line may be at either the outer edge of the bumper profile or at the body panel below the bumper. Where there are two or more points of contact at the same time, the lowest point of contact is used to determine the floor line;

2.8.

‘Radius of curvature’ means the radius of the arc of a circle which comes closest to the rounded form of the component under consideration.

2.9.

‘Laden vehicle’ means the vehicle at its technically permissible maximum laden mass and the distribution of this mass among the axles as stated by the manufacturer.

3.1.

The provisions of this Directive do not apply to these parts of the ‘external surface’ of the vehicle which, with the vehicle unladen, with doors, windows, access lids, etc., in the closed position are either:

3.2.

The ‘external surface’ of the vehicle must not exhibit, directed outwards, any part likely to catch on pedestrians, cyclists or motor cyclists.

3.3.

The ‘external surface’ of the vehicle must not exhibit, directed outwards, any pointed or sharp parts or any projections of such shape, dimensions, direction or hardness as to be likely to increase the risk or seriousness of bodily injury to a person hit by the external surface or brushing against it in the event of a collision.

3.4.

Projecting parts of the outer surface having a hardness of not more than 60 Shore A may have a radius of curvature lower than the values prescribed in section 4 below.

4.1.1.

Ornaments, commercial symbols, letters and numbers of commercial markings must not have any radius of curvature of less than 2,5 mm. This requirement does not apply to these parts if they do not protrude more than 5 mm from the surrounding surface; however, in this case their edges directed outwards must be blunted.

4.1.2.

Ornaments, commercial symbols, letters and numbers of commercial markings, which project more than 10 mm from the surrounding surface must retract, become detached or bend over under a force of 10 daN exerted at their most salient point in any direction in a plane approximately parallel to the surface on which they are mounted. To apply 10daN force a flat-ended ram of not more than 50 mm diameter is used. Where this is not possible, an equivalent method must be used. After the ornaments are retracted, detached or bent over, the remaining portion must not project more than 10 mm and have no pointed, sharp or cutting edges.

4.2.1.

Projecting visors and rims are permitted on headlamps provided that their projection as measured in relation to the external transparent surface of the headlamp does not exceed 30 mm and their radius of curvature is at least 2,5 mm throughout.

4.2.2.

Retracting headlamps must meet the requirements of 4.2.1 in both operative and retracted positions.

4.2.3.

The provisions of 4.2.1 do not apply to headlamps recessed in the body, or where the headlamp is overhung by the body, provided the bodywork conforms to the requirements of 3.2.

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not less than 2,5 mm if the distance between adjacent parts is more than 40 mm,

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not less than 1 mm if the distance is between 25 and 40 mm,

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not less than 0,5 mm if the distance is less than 25 mm.

4.4.1.

The abovementioned devices must be such that the wiper shafts havbe a protective covering with a radius of curvature of not less than 2,5 mm and a surface area of not less than 150 mm2 measured in the projection of a section not further than 6,5 mm from the most protruding point.

4.4.2.

Nozzles for windscreen washer and headlamp cleaning devices must have a radius of curvature of not less than 2,5 mm. Those protruding less than 5 mm must have blunted outward facing edges.

4.5.1.

The ends of front protective devices must be turned in towards the external surface of the body.

4.5.2.

The components of the front protective devices must be so designed that all rigid surfaces facing outwards have a radius of curvature of not less than 5 mm.

4.5.3.

Equipment such as towing hitches and winches must not protrude beyond the foremost surface of the bumper. However, winches may protrude beyond the foremost surface of the bumper provided they are covered when not in use by a suitable protective covering having a radius of curvature of not less than 2,5 mm.

4.5.4.

The requirements of 4.5.2 do not apply to parts of the bumper or parts mounted on or inset in the bumper which project less than 5 mm. The edges of devices projecting less than 5 mm must be blunted. With respect to devices mounted on the bumpers and referred to in other sections of this Directive, the particular requirements contained in this Directive remain applicable.

4.6.1.

The above parts must not protrude more than: 30 mm in the case of pushbuttons, 70 mm in the case of grab handles and bonnet-fasteners, and 50 mm in all other cases. They must have radii of curvature of not less than 2,5 mm.

4.6.2.

If lateral door handles rotate to operate, they must meet one or other of the following requirements:

4.10.1.

The wheel nuts, hub caps and protective devices must not exhibit any fin-shaped projections.

4.10.2.

When the vehicle is travelling in a straight line, no part of the wheels, other than the tyres, situated above the horizontal plane, passing through their axis of rotation, must project beyond the vertical projection in a horizontal plane, of the body panel edge above the wheel. However, if functional requirements so warrant, the protective devices which cover wheel nuts and hubs may project beyond the vertical projection of the body panel edge above the wheel, on condition that radius of curvature of the surface of the projection part is not less than 5 mm and that the projection beyond the vertical projection of the body panel edge above the wheel in no case exceeds 30 mm.

4.10.3.

Protective device(s) conforming to 4.10.2 must be fitted if bolts or nuts protrude beyond the projection of the outside surface of the tyre (the part of the tyre situated above the horizontal plane passing through the axis of rotation of the wheel).

4.11.1.

The jacking points (if any) and exhaust pipe or pipes must not project more than 10 mm beyond the vertical projection of the floor line or the vertical projection of the intersection of the reference plane with the external surface of the vehicle.

4.11.2.

Notwithstanding the above requirement, an exhaust pipe may project more than 10 mm provided that its edges are rounded at the end to a radius of curvature of not less than 2,5 mm.

5.1.

The application for EEC type-approval of a vehicle type whith regard to external projections must be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by his authorized representative.

5.2.

It must be accompanied by the undermentioned documents in triplicate:

5.3.

The applicant must submit to the technical service responsible for conducting the approval test:

7.1.

Every modification of the vehicle type or of its external projections forward of the cab's rear panel must be communicated to the administrative department which approved the vehicle type. That department may then either:

7.2.

The competent authority issuing the extension of approval must assign a series number of an extension in the type-approval certificate as shown in Annex IV.

1.1.

The dimensions of the projection of a part mounted on a convex panel may b determined either directly or by reference to a drawing of an appropriate section of the part in the fitted position.

1.2.

If the projection of a part mounted on a panel other than convex cannot be determined by simple measurement, it is determined by the maximum variation in the distance between the reference line of the panel and the centre of a sphere of 100 mm diameter when the sphere is moved in constant contact with the part. An example of the use of this method is given in figure 1.

1.3.

For grab handles, the projection is measured in relation to a plane passing through the points of attachment. An example is given in figure 2.

2.1.

The projection from the outer surface of the headlamp is measured horizontally from the point of contact of a sphere of 100 mm diameter, as shown in figure 3.

3.1.

The distance between parts of a grille is the distance between two planes passing through the points of contact of the sphere and perpendicular to the line joining the points of contact. Examples of the use of this method are given in figures 4 and 5.