1.

Are Paragraphs 6(1) and 27(1) of the EG-Fahrzeuggenehmigungsverordnung (EC Vehicle Approval Regulation; EG-FGV) (1) and/or Articles 18(1) and 26(1) of Directive 2007/46/EC (2) to be interpreted as meaning that the manufacturer is in breach of its obligation to issue a valid certificate pursuant to Paragraph 6(1) of the EG-FGV (and/or of its obligation to deliver a certificate of conformity pursuant to Article 18(1) of Directive 2007/46/EC), if it has installed in the vehicle an impermissible defeat device within the meaning of Articles 5(2) and 3.10 of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 (3), and that the placing of such a vehicle on the market is in breach of the prohibition on placing a vehicle on the market without a valid certificate of conformity pursuant to Paragraph 27(1) of the EG-FGV (and/or of the prohibition of sale without a valid certificate of conformity pursuant to Article 26(1) of Directive 2007/46/EC)?

If that question is to be answered in the affirmative:

2.

Is Article 5(2) of Regulation No 715/2007 also aimed at protecting the end customer and — in the case of resale on the second-hand market — in particular the subsequent car buyer, including in relation to his freedom of disposal and his assets? Does a car buyer’s acquisition of a used vehicle in which an inadmissible defeat device has been installed come within the area of the risks for the prevention of which this standard was adopted?

3.

Are Paragraphs 6 and 27 of the EG-FGV, and/or Articles 18(1), 26(1) and 46 of Directive 2007/46/EC and Article 5(2) of Regulation No 715/2007, to be interpreted as meaning that, in the event of a breach thereof, the offsetting of compensation for the actual use made of the vehicle against the damage incurred by the end customer is wholly or partially inapplicable (as appropriate: in what manner and to what extent?), if the end customer may demand, and does demand, the rescission of the vehicle purchase contract as a result of that breach? Would that interpretation be different if the breach also involves the deception of the approval authorities and of end customers into believing that all the conditions for approval have been met and that the use of the vehicle on the roads is permissible without restriction, and that there has been a breach and deception for the purpose of reducing costs and maximising profits through high sales figures with the simultaneous creation of a competitive advantage at the expense of unsuspecting customers?