1.6.2010   

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 142/1

(1)

On 26 April 2010 the Council examined the updated convergence programme of Hungary, which covers the period 2009 to 2012.

(2)

Hungary was in a fragile economic condition when the financial crisis broke out in autumn 2008. The mid-2006 fiscal policy reversal, which was aimed at correcting the existing economic imbalances and restraining the accumulation of the public debt, successfully reduced the budget deficit to 3,8 % of GDP by 2008 (compared to 9,3 % of GDP in 2006) but the adjustment was incomplete when the global financial crisis hit. Moreover, the share of foreign-exchange-denominated debt was relatively high.

Gross financing needs became more difficult to meet, reflecting investors’ concerns about the sustainability of the budgetary position, the country's high external debt, and the drop in potential growth. Taken together, these factors required a stronger economic policy response, measures to support the banking sector, and significant external assistance from international institutions of EUR 20 billion, including EUR 6,5 billion from the EU (of which EUR 5,5 billion have been disbursed). Since the second half of March 2009, against the background of strong stabilisation and adjustment efforts, access to market-based financing has been regained. Moreover, due to the significant contraction in domestic demand in 2009, a dramatic improvement was registered in the current account, mostly through the trade balance. The exchange rate remained broadly stable since July 2009 and the central bank was able to cut the main policy rate by cumulative 375 basis points between mid-2009 and early 2010. Given the lack of fiscal space and investors’ concerns, the Government has continued to implement its fiscal consolidation policy and only adopted budgetary neutral measures to support the economic recovery. Continuing fiscal consolidation to bring the debt on a declining path and further improve the long-term sustainability of public finances remains a key challenge for Hungary.

(3)

Although much of the observed decline in actual GDP in the context of the crisis is cyclical, the level of potential output has also been negatively affected. In addition, the crisis may also affect potential growth in the medium term through lower investment, constraints in credit availability and increasing structural unemployment. Moreover, the impact of the economic crisis compounds the negative effects of demographic ageing on potential output and the sustainability of public finances. Against this background it will be essential to accelerate the pace of structural reforms with the aim of supporting potential growth. In particular, for Hungary it is important to undertake reforms aimed at increasing labour force participation and to rebuild its ability to attract FDI.

(4)

The macroeconomic scenario underlying the programme envisages that, after a contraction of 6,7 % in 2009, real GDP will decline further by 0,3 % in 2010 to resume growing by 3,75 % in 2011 and 2012. This is slightly more optimistic than the Commission services’ autumn 2009 forecast, according to which annual GDP growth would decline by 0,5 % in 2010 and grow by 3,1 % in 2011. However, in view of recent information, including the better-than-expected preliminary 2009 GDP figure of – 6,3 % of GDP, the projection for 2010 appears plausible, while the scenario remains slightly favourable in the outer years. According to the programme, growth is expected to rely primarily on the rebound of net exports, with private consumption still contracting in 2010 by around 2,5 %, which according to the most recent information, could be slightly worse. Domestic demand projections look broadly plausible, but the forecast for imports and investment appears to be optimistic. On balance, the macroeconomic scenario seems to be plausible in 2010 and slightly favourable in 2011 and 2012. The nominal path of the reference scenario is driven by the congruous cyclical position of labour and product markets. Specifically, while the significant negative output gap asserts downward pressure on prices, the high unemployment implies the deceleration of wages. Overall, inflation figures appear plausible in 2010 and slightly on the low side thereafter. The programme's macroeconomic scenario is consistent with the underlying monetary and exchange rate assumptions.

(5)

The programme estimates the general government deficit in 2009 at 3,9 % of GDP in 2009, after 3,8 % in 2008. The headline deficit has been broadly stabilised in spite of the strong economic deterioration associated with the global economic downturn and its large unfavourable budgetary effects. This was achieved thanks to the implementation of expenditure cuts, partly of a structural nature and in particular in public wages, pensions, and social benefits. As a result, there was a significant improvement in the structural balance by nearly 3 % of GDP. In addition, a broadly deficit neutral tax reshuffling was implemented to boost the competitiveness of the economy by lowering the tax burden on labour and increase the weight of consumption taxes.

Given the high public debt level and the stress in financial markets, the authorities have been in a position to support the economic recovery only by taking measures that did not have a budgetary impact. In line with the exit strategy advocated by the Council, and with a view to correcting the excessive deficit by 2011, taking also into account the high public debt-to-GDP ratio, the restrictive fiscal stance in 2009 is planned to be continued over the period 2010-2011.

(6)

The budget target for 2010 in the programme is a deficit of 3,8 % of GDP, in line with the Council recommendation under Article 104(7) TEC of 7 July 2009 and with the 2010 budget adopted on 30 November 2009. The programme projects revenue to stabilise in nominal terms in 2010, which implies both a further decrease in real terms and a lowering revenue ratio (from 45,9 % in 2009 to 45 % in 2010). On top of the continued widening of the negative output gap, growth composition effects associated with the increasing weight of net exports in the economy and the concomitant lowering share of domestic demand largely explain the decrease of the revenue ratio. In order to offset the fall of the revenue ratio and improve the budgetary balance at the same time, the programme aims at decreasing the expenditure ratio (from 49,8 % in 2009 to 48,8 % in 2010). It mainly relies on structural reforms and specific saving measures (including the pension system, social benefits, public wages and transfers to the local governments as well as to the long distance public transport) amounting to 2 % of GDP, adopted in 2009 and with a budgetary impact in 2010. Although these measures in total should exceed 2 percentage points of GDP in 2010, the structural deficit as recalculated by the Commission services according to the commonly agreed methodology based on the programme data is expected to improve by less than 0,25 percentage point of GDP. The implementation of a significant part of the saving measures was necessary just to counterbalance the underlying upward trend of certain expenditures. In addition, the revenue ratio is expected to decline more than it would have resulted from the use of standard elasticities given both the slight deficit increasing nature of the tax reshuffling measures in 2010 as well as the advance purchases of tobacco stamps ahead of the excise duty increase as of 2010.

(7)

The main goal of the programme's medium-term strategy is to reduce the general government deficit from 3,8 % of GDP in 2010 to below 3 % by 2011 (2,8 %) and then further to 2,5 % in 2012. The 2011 and 2012 deficit targets result in a recalculated structural deficit of 1,25 % and 2,5 % of GDP, respectively. It means that a structural improvement by around 3 percentage points of GDP in 2009 is projected to be followed by a 0,1 % of GDP improvement in the period 2010-2011 (compared to an almost 1 % of GDP deterioration in the Commission services Autumn 2009 forecast). In 2012, the structural balance would even deteriorate by 1 % of GDP. Regarding 2011, despite the recovery of the economy, the revenue ratio is expected to further decline in view of (i) the increasing weight of net exports which makes growth less tax-rich; (ii) the lagged effect of the contraction of the economy; and (iii) the adoption in 2009 of a reduction of the overall tax burden linked to the personal income tax as of 2011. The acceleration of the absorption of the EU funds may only partly offset these developments, leaving an overall decline in the revenue ratio by 0,8 % of GDP. The convergence programme broadly lists a number of possible measures on the expenditure side that would more than offset the fall of the revenue ratio and bring the deficit to 2,8 % of GDP. They refer mainly to a further real wage decrease in the public sector, an additional decline of social benefits in real terms and strict discipline of the management at the budget chapters. However, the bulk of these measures has not been specified in detail. The medium-term objective (MTO) is a structural balance of – 1,5 % of GDP, which given the most recent projections and debt levels reflects the objectives of the Pact. The programme aims at complying with the MTO in 2011, which is projected to be attained already in 2010 and maintained in 2011, according to the structural balance recalculated by the Commission services according to the commonly agreed methodology and given the substantial output gap projected for 2010 and 2011. However, further consolidation efforts would be needed to maintain the MTO in 2011 and prevent a structural deterioration in 2012. The measures backing the 2012 target should also be better specified.

(8)

The budgetary outcomes could be worse than projected in the programme. In 2010, revenue could turn out lower than expected of 0,25 % of GDP, in particular since in view of the earlier cut-off date the programme did not take into account the Constitutional Court's decision of revoking the general value-based property tax adopted by the Parliament. On the expenditure side, some overruns are expected due to the costs linked to the re-nationalising of the airline company MALEV and the fact that the planned reduction of the subsidy for the long distance public transport system is not fully underpinned by structural measures. The programme also foresees an additional saving at the budget chapters due to the recently established system of treasures, but this is not ensured as it is not backed by specific measures. Finally, the one-off revenue of 0,25 % of GDP in 2010 from the shift of the eligible employees and pensioners from the private pillar into the public of the pension system still has to be confirmed in the context of the notification procedure. On the other hand, there are budgetary reserves of around 0,25 % of GDP that could be frozen and contingency expenditure cuts of 0,2 % of GDP that could be made to compensate for adverse developments. Regarding 2011 and 2012, slippages compared to the programme can be expected both on the revenue and the expenditure side, on top of the base effects including from the elimination of the property tax. The speed of the recovery of the economy and the share of the private consumption expenditure in 2011 and beyond in the programme is slightly more optimistic than in the Commission services’ projection, which implies that the tax revenues in the programme might be on the high side. Regarding expenditure, the bulk of the savings measures foreseen in the programme to counterbalance the continuous fall of the revenue ratio is not yet underpinned by concrete decisions. Moreover, the programme does not take into account the central bank losses, which are expected to increase the deficit by 0,1-0,2 % of GDP in 2011 and 0,3-0,4 % in 2012 based on current estimations.

Finally, expenditure could turn out to be higher linked to losses of state-owned companies. At the same time, budgetary reserves to compensate against slippages are only around 0,2 % of GDP in 2011 and 0,4 % in 2012, which compares with 0,8 % in 2010. Although in the recent years the targeted budget deficits have been met, the risks associated with Hungary's track record are, in light of the substantial slippages in earlier years, at best neutral. Therefore, there are considerable risks that the deficit outcomes may be worse than planned in the programme.

(9)

Government gross debt is estimated at 78 % of GDP in 2009, up from around 73 % in the year before. This increase is explained by the general government deficit and the negative nominal GDP growth. According to the programme, the debt ratio is projected to remain over the Treaty reference value throughout the programme period. A further rise to 79 % of GDP in 2010 is projected before it would start declining to 77 % and 73,25 % in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The expected improvement in macroeconomic conditions and the start of the amortisation of the international economic assistance from 2011 are the main factors behind such positive developments. In view of the negative risks to the budgetary targets and the possible stock flow adjustments, the evolution of the debt ratio could be considerably less favourable than projected in the programme, especially as from 2011. From 2010 onwards, the debt ratio diminishes sufficiently towards the reference value.

(10)

Medium-term debt projections until 2020 that assume GDP growth rates will only gradually recover to the values projected before the crisis and tax ratios will return to pre-crisis levels show that the budgetary development envisaged in the programme, taken at face value, would be enough to stabilise the debt ratio by 2020.

(11)

Pension reforms implemented in 2009 are estimated to reduce the increase in future age-related expenditure, which after this reform is projected to be clearly below the EU average. The budgetary position in 2009 as estimated in the programme improved from the starting position of the previous programme. Thus, the budgetary impact of population ageing on the sustainability gap has been largely mitigated. Ensuring high primary surpluses over the medium term and implementing the pension reform rigorously, as already foreseen in the programme, will reduce the long-term sustainability risks of public finances, which were assessed in the Commission 2009 Sustainability Report (2) as medium. After the validation of the projections based on the 2009 pension reforms by the EPC in February 2010, the updated sustainability calculations indicate that the sustainability risk is low.

(12)

Regarding the institutional features of public finances, one of the most important recent developments is the implementation of the new fiscal framework, which relies on the fiscal responsibility law (FRL) and the amendment of the organic law adopted in November 2008. Overall, the new fiscal framework is expected to contribute to improving transparency and sustainability of public finances. The FRL stipulates that as a general rule the determination of the future primary balances in a medium-term framework should be consistent with a real debt rule. Based on the FRL, an independent Fiscal Council has been established and started its operation. The 2010 budget has already been prepared broadly in line with the new fiscal framework and the 2011 budget will need to be fully in compliance with all the elements of the fiscal framework. Concerning the budgetary framework, another key development is the adoption of the Act on the legal status and financial management of budgetary institutions by the Parliament in December 2009. The new legislation complements the existing rules with a number of new elements, including detailed operational and financial management rules for the various budgetary institutions and by providing a uniform framework with respect to the use of both Hungarian and EU funds. However, it is too early to assess the effectiveness of the new framework in terms of ensuring an improved budgetary execution and sound fiscal policy.

(13)

Hungary is characterised by a high overall tax burden in combination with a high level of government spending. The government has taken several measures to reform the tax system broadly in a budget neutral way, aiming at boosting the competitiveness of the economy by shifting the tax burden from labour to consumption taxes. However, recent rulings of the Constitutional Court and the income tax cut planned for 2011 imply revenue losses, which have not yet been covered by measures, although a resubmission of an amended property tax cannot be discarded either. On the expenditure side, primary expenditure growth has outpaced nominal GDP growth in the period 2000-2009. A major challenge for public expenditure reduction is the anticipated rise in public expenditure related to ageing. Past reforms of the pension system, in particular in May 2009, should lead to a slower increase in pension costs and also favour labour supply, thereby supporting potential growth. In the future, increasing the statutory retirement age in line with life expectancy would help improve the quality of public finances. The reduction of the size of government and an increase in the efficiency of public administration, e.g. in the area of education and health care, could also bring about large welfare gains and eventually make room for further tax cuts on labour.

(14)

Overall, in 2010 the budgetary strategy set out in the programme seems to be broadly consistent with the Council recommendations under Article 104(7) TEC as the considerable risks associated to the outcome are at least partly matched by the possibility to freeze budgetary reserves and to adopt contingency expenditure cuts. From 2011, taking into account the risks, the budgetary strategy may not be consistent with the Council recommendations and the structural effort of a cumulative 0,5 % of GDP over 2010-2011 is not yet ensured. In particular, the expenditure saving measures underpinning the target for 2011 are only partly specified and not yet adopted, and not specified at all in 2012.

Moreover, the tax revenues forecast for both years might turn out to be on the high side. At the same time, budgetary reserves are relatively limited compared to 2010, which suggests that the deficit outcome may turn out substantially worse and the excessive deficit may not be corrected on time unless further consolidation measures are taken. In view of these risks attached to the budgetary targets, the strategy may not be sufficient either to ensure that the government gross debt ratio is brought back onto a firm downward trajectory. To address those risks and to correct the expansionary policy stance in 2012 which is not in line with the Pact, the strategy needs to be backed up by fully specified measures as from 2011 and the consolidation efforts needs to be strengthened, especially in the outer years.

(15)

As regards the data requirements specified in the code of conduct for stability and convergence programmes, the programme has some gaps in the required and optional data (3). In its recommendations under Article 104(7) of 7 July 2009 with a view to bring the excessive deficit situation to an end, the Council also invited Hungary to report on progress made in the implementation of the Council’s recommendations in a separate chapter in the updates of the convergence programmes. Hungary complied with this recommendation.

(i)

ensure that the 3,8 % of GDP deficit target for 2010 is achieved through tight expenditure control as well as through a possible freezing of budgetary reserves and the implementation of contingency expenditure cuts if needed;

(ii)

specify the measures underlying the budgetary targets from 2011 onwards and stand ready to strengthen the fiscal effort in case risks related to the fact that the programme scenario is more favourable than the scenario underpinning the Article 104(7) TEC recommendation materialise to ensure that the deficit is brought below 3 % of GDP in 2011; and considerably strengthen the strategy for 2012 to ensure an adjustment towards the MTO in line with the requirements of Stability and Growth Pact;

(iii)

improve the quality of public finances by preparing and adopting a 2011 budget in full compliance with the fiscal framework and by supporting expenditure moderation through a further reform of public administration and by addressing the situation of loss-making enterprises through structural reforms.