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Document 02012R0231-20240423

Consolidated text: Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance

ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/231/2024-04-23

02012R0231 — EN — 23.04.2024 — 032.001


This text is meant purely as a documentation tool and has no legal effect. The Union's institutions do not assume any liability for its contents. The authentic versions of the relevant acts, including their preambles, are those published in the Official Journal of the European Union and available in EUR-Lex. Those official texts are directly accessible through the links embedded in this document

►B

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 231/2012

of 9 March 2012

laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(Text with EEA relevance)

(OJ L 083 22.3.2012, p. 1)

Amended by:

 

 

Official Journal

  No

page

date

►M1

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1050/2012 of 8 November 2012

  L 310

45

9.11.2012

►M2

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 25/2013 of 16 January 2013

  L 13

1

17.1.2013

►M3

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 497/2013 of 29 May 2013

  L 143

20

30.5.2013

►M4

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 724/2013 of 26 July 2013

  L 202

11

27.7.2013

►M5

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 739/2013 of 30 July 2013

  L 204

35

31.7.2013

►M6

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 816/2013 of 28 August 2013

  L 230

1

29.8.2013

►M7

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 817/2013 of 28 August 2013

  L 230

7

29.8.2013

►M8

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1274/2013 of 6 December 2013

  L 328

79

7.12.2013

►M9

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 264/2014 of 14 March 2014

  L 76

22

15.3.2014

►M10

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 298/2014 of 21 March 2014

  L 89

36

25.3.2014

►M11

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 497/2014 of 14 May 2014

  L 143

6

15.5.2014

►M12

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 506/2014 of 15 May 2014

  L 145

35

16.5.2014

►M13

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 685/2014 of 20 June 2014

  L 182

23

21.6.2014

►M14

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 923/2014 of 25 August 2014

  L 252

11

26.8.2014

►M15

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 957/2014 of 10 September 2014

  L 270

1

11.9.2014

►M16

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 966/2014 of 12 September 2014

  L 272

1

13.9.2014

►M17

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/463 of 19 March 2015

  L 76

42

20.3.2015

►M18

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/649 of 24 April 2015

  L 107

17

25.4.2015

►M19

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/1725 of 28 September 2015

  L 252

12

29.9.2015

►M20

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/1739 of 28 September 2015

  L 253

3

30.9.2015

►M21

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2016/1814 of 13 October 2016

  L 278

37

14.10.2016

►M22

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2017/324 of 24 February 2017

  L 49

4

25.2.2017

►M23

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2017/1399 of 28 July 2017

  L 199

8

29.7.2017

►M24

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/75 of 17 January 2018

  L 13

24

18.1.2018

►M25

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/98 of 22 January 2018

  L 17

14

23.1.2018

►M26

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/681 of 4 May 2018

  L 116

1

7.5.2018

►M27

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/1461 of 28 September 2018

  L 245

1

1.10.2018

►M28

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/1462 of 28 September 2018

  L 245

6

1.10.2018

►M29

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/1472 of 28 September 2018

  L 247

1

3.10.2018

►M30

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/1481 of 4 October 2018

  L 251

13

5.10.2018

►M31

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2020/763 of 9 June 2020

  L 182

8

10.6.2020

►M32

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2020/771 of 11 June 2020

  L 184

25

12.6.2020

►M33

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2021/1156 of 13 July 2021

  L 249

87

14.7.2021

►M34

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/650 of 20 April 2022

  L 119

65

21.4.2022

►M35

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/1023 of 28 June 2022

  L 172

5

29.6.2022

►M36

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/1037 of 29 June 2022

  L 173

52

30.6.2022

►M37

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/1396 of 11 August 2022

  L 211

182

12.8.2022

►M38

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2022/1922 of 10 October 2022

  L 264

1

11.10.2022

►M39

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/440 of 28 February 2023

  L 64

4

1.3.2023

►M40

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/447 of 1 March 2023

  L 65

16

2.3.2023

►M41

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/1329 of 29 June 2023

  L 166

66

30.6.2023

►M42

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/1428 of 7 July 2023

  L 175

6

10.7.2023

►M43

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/2086 of 28 September 2023

  L 241

73

29.9.2023

►M44

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/2379 of 29 September 2023

  L 2379

1

3.10.2023

►M45

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2023/2108 of 6 October 2023

  L 2108

1

9.10.2023

►M46

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2024/346 of 22 January 2024

  L 346

1

23.1.2024




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COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 231/2012

of 9 March 2012

laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(Text with EEA relevance)



Article 1

Specifications for food additives

Specifications for food additives including colours and sweeteners listed in Annex II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 are laid down in the Annex to this Regulation.

Article 2

Repeals

Directives 2008/60/EC, 2008/84/EC and 2008/128/EC are repealed with effect from 1 December 2012.

Article 3

Transitional measures

Foodstuffs containing food additives that have been lawfully placed on the market before 1 December 2012, but do not comply with this Regulation, may continue to be marketed until stocks are exhausted.

Article 4

Entry into force

This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

It shall apply from 1 December 2012.

However, the specifications laid down in the Annex for additives steviol glycosides (E 960) and basic methacrylate copolymer (E 1205) shall apply from the date of entry into force of this Regulation.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States.




ANNEX

▼M37

Ethylene oxide may not be used for sterilising purposes in food additives.

No residue above 0,1 mg/kg, irrespective of its origin, of ethylene oxide (sum of ethylene oxide and 2-chloro-ethanol expressed as ethylene oxide ( 1 )) shall be present in food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, including mixtures of food additives.

▼B

Aluminium lakes for use in colours only where explicitly stated.



Definition:

Aluminium lakes are prepared by reacting colours complying with the purity criteria set out in the appropriate specification monograph with alumina under aqueous conditions. The alumina is usually freshly prepared undried material made by reacting aluminium sulphate or chloride with sodium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate or ammonia. Following lake formation, the product is filtered, washed with water and dried. Unreacted alumina may also be present in the finished product.

HCl insoluble matter

Not more than 0,5 %

ΝaΟΗ insoluble matter

Νot more than 0,5 %, for Ε 127 erythrosine only

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions)

Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable.

E 100 CURCUMIN



Synonyms

CI Natural Yellow 3; Turmeric Yellow; Diferoyl Methane

Definition

Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallization. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occurring in turmeric may be present.

Curcumin is also used as the aluminium lake; the aluminium content is less than 30 %.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane, propan-2-ol.

Colour Index No

75300

Einecs

207-280-5

Chemical name

I  1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione

II  1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione

III  1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione

Chemical formula

I  C21H20O6

II  C20H18O5

III  C19H16O4

Molecular weight

I.  368,39

II.  338,39

III.  308,39

Assay

Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters

image

1 607 at ca. 426 nm in ethanol

Description

Orange-yellow crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in ethanol at ca. 426 nm

Melting range

179 °C-182 °C

Purity

Solvent residues

Ethylacetate

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Acetone

n-butanol

Methanol

Ethanol

Hexane

Propan-2-ol

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 101 (i) RIBOFLAVIN



Synonyms

Lactoflavin;

Definition

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

201-507-1

Chemical name

7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione; 7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine

Chemical formula

C17H20N4O6

Molecular weight

376,37

Assay

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

image

328 at ca. 444 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour

Identification

Spectrometry

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33

right accolade in aqueous solution

The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39

Maximum in water at ca. 375 nm

Specific rotation

[α]D 20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 1,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Primary aromatic amines

Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

▼M14

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

▼B

E 101 (ii) RIBOFLAVIN-5′-PHOSPHATE



Synonyms

Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium

Definition

These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

204-988-6

Chemical name

Monosodium(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate; monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin

Chemical formula

For the dihydrate form: C17H20N4NaO9P · 2H2O

For the anhydrous form: C17H20N4NaO9P

Molecular weight

514,36

Assay

Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P.2H2O

image

250 at ca. 375 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour

Identification

Spectrometry

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34

right accolade in aqueous solution

The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40

Maximum in water at ca. 375 nm

Specific rotation

[α]D 20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hours in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form

Sulphated ash

Not more than 25 %

Inorganic phosphate

Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)

Subsidiary colouring matters

Riboflavin (free): Not more than 6 %

Riboflavine diphosphate: Not more than 6 %

Primary aromatic amines

Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

▼M14

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

▼B

E 102 TARTRAZINE



Synonyms

CI Food Yellow 4

Definition

Tartrazine is prepared from 4-amino-benzenesulphonic acid, which is diazotized using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is then coupled with 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4sulphophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid or with the methyl ester, the ethyl ester, or a salt of this carboxylic acid. The resulting dye is purified and isolated as the sodium salt. Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

19140

Einecs

217-699-5

Chemical name

Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Chemical formula

C16H9N4Na3O9S2

Molecular weight

534,37

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

image

530 at ca. 426 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Light orange powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Yellow

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 426 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-hydrazinobenzene sulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid

5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid

4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid)

Tetrahydroxysuccinic acid

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 104 QUINOLINE YELLOW



Synonyms

CI Food Yellow 13

Definition

Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione or a mixture containing about two thirds 2-(2-quinolyl)indane-1,3-dione and one third 2-(2-(6-methylquinolyl))indane-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

47005

Einecs

305-897-5

Chemical name

The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component)

Chemical formula

C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)

Molecular weight

477,38 (principal component)

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition:

Of the total colouring matters present:

— not less than 80 % shall be disodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-disulfonates

— not more than 15 % shall be sodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-monosulfonates

— not more than 7,0 % shall be trisodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-trisulfonate

image

865 (principal component) at ca. 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution

Description

Yellow powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Yellow

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca. 411 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 4,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

2-methylquinoline

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

2-methylquinoline-sulfonic acid

Phthalic acid

2,6-dimethyl quinoline

2,6-dimethyl quinoline sulfonic acid

2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione

Not more than 4 mg/kg

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 110 SUNSET YELLOW FCF



Synonyms

CI Food Yellow 3; Orange Yellow S

Definition

Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Sunset Yellow FCF is manufactured by diazotizing 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite or sulphuric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is coupled with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene-sulphonic acid. The dye is isolated as the sodium salt and dried.

Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

15985

Einecs

220-491-7

Chemical name

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C16H10N2Na2O7S2

Molecular weight

452,37

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

image

555 at ca. 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Orange-red powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Orange

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 485 nm at pH 7

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 5,0 %

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I)

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid

4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid)

6,6′-oxydi(naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid)

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

▼M29

E 120 CARMINIC ACID, CARMINE



Synonyms

CI Natural Red 4

Definition

Carminic acid is obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa.

Carmines are aluminium lakes of carminic acid in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2.

The colouring principle is carminic acid. Minor amounts of its aminated form 4-aminocarminic acid may also be present.

In commercial products the colouring principle carminic acid may be present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess. Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect.

Colour Index No

75470

Einecs

Carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4

Chemical name

7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid

Chemical formula

C22H20O13 (carminic acid)

Molecular weight

492,39 (carminic acid)

Assay

Content not less than 90 % carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.

Description

Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder

Identification

 

Spectrometry

Carminic acid:

Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca. 518 nm

Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca. 494 nm

E 1 %/1 cm 139 at peak around 494 nm in dilute hydrochloric acid

4-aminocarminic acid:

Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at 535 nm

Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at 530 nm

E 1 %/1 cm 260 at peak around 535 nm in aqueous ammonia solution, pH 9,5

In commercial products carminic acid may be differentiated from its amine by HPLC

Purity

 

Solvent residues

Ethanol:

Methanol:

Not more than 150 mg/kg

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Total ash

Carminic acid:

Carmine:

Not more than 5 %

Not more than 12 %

Protein (N × 6,25)

Carminic acid:

Carmine:

Not more than 2,2 %

Not more than 25 %

4-aminocarminic acid

Not more than 3 % relative to carminic acid

Matter insoluble in dilute ammonia

Carmine: Not more than 1 %

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 1,5 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 0,1 mg/kg

Microbiological criteria

 

Salmonella spp.

Absent in 10 g

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used .

▼B

E 122 AZORUBINE, CARMOISINE



Synonyms

CI Food Red 3

Definition

Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

14720

Einecs

222-657-4

Chemical name

Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H12N2Na2O7S2

Molecular weight

502,44

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

image

510 at ca. 516 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Red to maroon powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Red

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 516 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 123 AMARANTH



Synonyms

CI Food Red 9

Definition

Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Amaranth is manufactured by coupling 4-amino-1-naphthalenesulphonic acid with 3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonic acid.

Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

16185

Einecs

213-022-2

Chemical name

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight

604,48

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

image

440 at ca. 520 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Reddish-brown powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Red

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 520 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 124 PONCEAU 4R, COCHINEAL RED A



Synonyms

CI Food Red 7; New Coccine

Definition

Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Ponceau 4R is manufactured by coupling diazotized naphthionic acid to G acid (2-naphthol-6,8- disulphonic acid) and converting the coupling product to the trisodium salt.

Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

16255

Einecs

220-036-2

Chemical name

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight

604,48

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt.

image

430 at ca. 505 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Reddish powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Red

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 505 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 127 ERYTHROSINE



Synonyms

CI Food Red 14

Definition

Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Erythrosine is manufactured by iodination of fluorescein, the condensation product of resorcinol and phthalic anhydride

Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

45430

Einecs

240-474-8

Chemical name

Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate

Chemical formula

C20H6I4Na2O5 H2O

Molecular weight

897,88

Assay

Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium salt

image

1 100 at ca. 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Red powder or granules.

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Red

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 526 nm at pH 7

Purity

Inorganic iodides

Not more than 0,1 % (calculated as sodium iodide)

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters (except fluorescein)

Not more than 4,0 %

Fluorescein

Not more than 20 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

Tri-iodoresorcinol

Not more than 0,2 %

2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoyl) benzoic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium Lakes of this colour may be used.

E 129 ALLURA RED AC



Synonyms

CI Food Red 17

Definition

Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Allura Red AC is manufactured by coupling diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulphonic acid with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid

Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

16035

Einecs

247-368-0

Chemical name

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C18H14N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight

496,42

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

image

540 at ca. 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Dark red powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Red

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 504 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt

Not more than 0,3 %

4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenezene sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene sulfonic acid) disodium salt

Not more than 1,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 131 PATENT BLUE V



Synonyms

CI Food Blue 5

Definition

Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

The potassium salt is also permitted.

Colour Index No

42051

Einecs

222-573-8

Chemical name

The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt

Chemical formula

Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca1/2

Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na

Molecular weight

Calcium compound: 579,72

Sodium compound: 582,67

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

image

2 000 at ca. 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Description

Dark blue powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Blue

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

3-hydroxy benzaldehyde

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

3-hydroxy benzoic acid

3-hydroxy-4-sulfobenzoic acid

N,N-diethylamino benzene sulfonic acid

Leuco base

Not more than 4,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 132 INDIGOTINE, INDIGO CARMINE



Synonyms

CI Food Blue 1

Definition

Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Indigo carmine is obtained by sulphonation of indigo. This is accomplished by heating indigo (or indigo paste) in the presence of sulphuric acid. The dye is isolated and subjected to purification procedures.

Colour Index No

73015

Einecs

212-728-8

Chemical name

Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C16H8N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight

466,36

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt;

disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 %

image

480 at ca. 610 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Dark-blue powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Blue

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 610 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

Isatin-5-sulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,5 %

5-sulfoanthranilic acid

Anthranilic acid

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 133 BRILLIANT BLUE FCF



Synonyms

CI Food Blue 2

Definition

Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

42090

Einecs

223-339-8

Chemical name

Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C37H34N2Na2O9S3

Molecular weight

792,84

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

image

1 630 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Reddish-blue powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Blue

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 630 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 6,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids

Not more than 1,5 %

3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl) amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,3 %

Leuco base

Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 140 (i) CHLOROPHYLLS



Synonyms

CI Natural Green 3; Magnesium Chlorophyll; Magnesium Phaeophytin

Definition

Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present coordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Colour Index No

75810

Einecs

Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4

Chemical name

The major colouring principles are:

Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Phaeophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a)

Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5

Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6

Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6

Molecular weight

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51

Chlorophyll a: 871,22

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49

Chlorophyll b: 885,20

Assay

Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 %

image

700 at ca. 409 nm in chloroform

Description

Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of coordinated magnesium

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca. 409 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methyl Ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Dichloromethane:

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 140 (ii) CHLOROPHYLLINS



Synonyms

CI Natural Green 5; Sodium Chlorophyllin; Potassium Chlorophyllin

Definition

The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Colour Index No

75815

Einecs

287-483-3

Chemical name

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:

— 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin a)

— and

— 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin b)

Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function.

Magnesium complexes may also be present.

Chemical formula

Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5

Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6

Molecular weight

Chlorophyllin a: 578,68

Chlorophyllin b: 592,66

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Assay

Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca. 100 °C for 1 hour.

image

700 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

image

140 at ca. 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

Description

Dark green to blue/black powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca. 405 nm and at ca. 653 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Dichloromethane:

not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 141 (i) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS



Synonyms

CI Natural Green 3; Copper Chlorophyll; Copper Phaeophytin

Definition

Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Colour Index No

75810

Einecs

Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5

Chemical name

[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a)

[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula

Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6

Molecular weight

Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75

Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73

Assay

Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %.

image

540 at ca. 422 nm in chloroform

image

300 at ca. 652 nm in chloroform

Description

Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca. 422 nm and at ca. 652 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Dichloromethane:

not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Copper ions

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Total copper

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 141 (ii) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLINS



Synonyms

Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin; Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin; CI Natural Green 5

Definition

The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Colour Index No

75815

Einecs

 

Chemical name

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)

Chemical formula

Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6

Molecular weight

Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20

Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Assay

Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h.

image

565 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

image

145 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

Description

Dark green to blue/black powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca. 405 nm and at 630 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Dichloromethane:

not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Copper ions

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Total copper

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 142 GREEN S



Synonyms

CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS

Definition

Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds.

Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

44090

Einecs

221-409-2

Chemical name

Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium; Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).

Chemical formula

C27H25N2NaO7S2

Molecular weight

576,63

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

image

1 720 at ca. 632 nm in aqueous solution

Description

Dark blue or dark green powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Blue or green

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 632 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol

Not more than 0,1 %

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone

Not more than 0,1 %

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

Leuco base

Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL



Synonyms

Caustic caramel

Definition

Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelisation, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

232-435-9

Chemical name

 

Chemical formula

 

Molecular weight

 

Assay

 

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Identification

 

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,01-0,12

Total nitrogen

Not more than 0,1 %

Total sulphur

Not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

(1)   

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL



Synonyms

 

Definition

Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

232-435-9

Chemical name

 

Chemical formula

 

Molecular weight

 

Assay

 

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Identification

 

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,05-0,13

Total nitrogen

Not more than 0,3 % (2)

Sulphur dioxide

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

Total sulphur

0,3-3,5 % (2)

Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose

More than 40 %

Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose

19-34

Absorbance ratio (A 280/560)

Greater than 50

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

(1)   

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

(2)   

Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL



Synonyms

 

Definition

Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

232-435-9

Chemical name

 

Chemical formula

 

Molecular weight

 

Assay

 

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Identification

 

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,08-0,36

Ammoniacal nitrogen

Not more than 0,3 % (2)

4-methylimidazole

Not more than 200 mg/kg (2)

2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole

Not more than 10 mg/kg (2)

Total sulphur

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

Total nitrogen

0,7-3,3 % (2)

Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose

13-35

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

(1)   

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

(2)   

Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL



Synonyms

 

Definition

Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

232-435-9

Chemical name

 

Chemical formula

 

Molecular weight

 

Assay

 

Description

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Identification

 

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,10-0,60

Ammoniacal nitrogen

Not more than 0,6 % (2)

Sulphur dioxide

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

4-methylimidazole

Not more than 250 mg/kg (2)

Total nitrogen

0,3-1,7 % (2)

Total sulphur

0,8-2,5 % (2)

Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate

0,7-2,7

Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate (3)

8-14

Absorbance ratio (A 280/560)

Not more than 50

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

(1)   

Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

(2)   

Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

(3)   

Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate is defined as the absorbance of the precipitate at 280 nm divided by the absorbance at 560 nm (1 cm cell).

▼M8

E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK PN

▼B



Synonyms

CI Food Black 1

▼M8

Definition

Brilliant Black PN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5- hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Black PN is described as the sodium salt.

The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

▼B

Colour Index No

28440

Einecs

219-746-5

Chemical name

Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C28H17N5Na4O14S4

Molecular weight

867,69

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

image

530 at ca. 570 nm in solution

Description

Black powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Black-bluish

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca. 570 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 4 % (expressed on the dye content)

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-acetamido-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid

right accolade Total not more than 0,8 %

4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid

8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid

4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzenesulfonic acid)

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON



Synonyms

Vegetable black

Definition

Vegetable activated carbon is produced by the carbonisation of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The activated carbon thus produced is milled by a roller mill and the resulting highly activated powdered carbon is treated by a cyclone. The fine fractio40800n from the cyclone is purified by hydrochloric acid washing, neutralised and then dried. The resulting product is what is known traditionally as vegetable black. Products with a higher colouring power are produced from the fine fraction by a further cyclone treatment or by extra milling, followed by acid washing, neutralising and drying. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.

Colour Index No

77266

Einecs

231-153-3

Chemical name

Carbon

Chemical formula

C

Atomic weight

12,01

Assay

Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis

Loss on drying

Not more than 12 % (120 °C 4 h)

Description

Black, odourless powder

Identification

Solubility

Insoluble in water and organic solvents

Burning

When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame

Purity

Ash (Total)

Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Benzo(a)pyrene less than 50 μg/kg in the extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction.

Alkali soluble matter

The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless

E 155 BROWN HT



Synonyms

CI Food Brown 3

Definition

Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.

Colour Index No

20285

Einecs

224-924-0

Chemical name

Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)

Chemical formula

C27H18N4Na2O9S2

Molecular weight

652,57

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt.

image

403 at ca. 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description

Reddish-brown powder or granules

Appearance of the aqueous solution

Brown

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca. 460 nm

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 10 % (TLC method)

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

4-aminonaphthalene- 1-sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,7 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 160 a (i) BETA-CAROTENE



Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.

Colour Index No

40800

Einecs

230-636-6

Chemical name

Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,88

Assay

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

image

2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Purity

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

E 160 a (ii) PLANT CAROTENES



Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

Plant carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (1), dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.

Colour Index No

75130

Einecs

230-636-6

Chemical name

 

Chemical formula

Beta-carotene: C40H56

Molecular weight

Beta-carotene: 536,88

Assay

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats

image

2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description

 

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Ethanol

Dichloromethane

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

(1)   

Benzene not more than 0,05 % v/v.

E 160 a (iii) BETA-CAROTENE FROM Blakeslea trispora



Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

Definition

Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate or isobutyl acetate followed by propan-2-ol and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.

Colour Index No

40800

Einecs

230-636-6

Chemical name

Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,88

Assay

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

image

2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

right accolade Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination

Ethanol

Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %

Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 %

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Microbiological criteria

Moulds

Not more than 100 colonies per gram

Yeasts

Not more than 100 colonies per gram

Salmonella spp.

Absent in 25 g

Escherichia coli

Absent in 5 g

E 160 a (iv) ALGAL CAROTENES



Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

▼M8

Definition

Mixed carotenes may also be produced from strains of the algae Dunaliella salina. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta- carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

▼B

Colour Index No

75130

Einecs

 

Chemical name

 

Chemical formula

Beta-Carotene: C40H56

Molecular weight

Beta-Carotene: 536,88

Assay

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 %

image

2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description

 

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm

Purity

Natural tocopherols in edible oil

Not more than 0,3 %

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

▼M32

E 160 b (i) ANNATTO BIXIN

(I) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED BIXIN



Synonyms

Annatto B, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4

Definition

Solvent-extracted bixin is obtained by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide. The resulting preparation may be acidified, followed by the removal of the solvent, drying and milling.

Solvent-extracted bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing.

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

230-248-7

Chemical name

cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

Chemical formula

cis-Bixin: C25H30O4

Molecular weight

394,5

Assay

Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin)

E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone

Description

Dark red-brown to red-purple powder

Identification

 

Solubility

Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol

Spectrometry

The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm

Purity

 

Norbixin

Not more than 5 % of total colouring matters

Residual Solvents

Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg

Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg

Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg

Ethanol:

Isopropyl alcohol:

Ethyl acetate:

not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Arsenic

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

(II) AQUEOUS-PROCESSED BIXIN



Synonyms

Annatto E, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4

Definition

Aqueous-processed bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by abrading the seeds in the presence of cold, mildly-alkaline water. The resultant preparation is acidified to precipitate bixin which is then filtered, dried and milled.

Aqueous-processed bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing.

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

230-248-7

Chemical name

cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

Chemical formula

cis-Bixin: C25H30O4

Molecular weight

394,5

Assay

Not less than 25 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin)

E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone

Description

Dark red-brown to red-purple powder

Identification

 

Solubility

Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol

Spectrometry

The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm

Purity

 

Norbixin

Not more than 7 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

E 160 b (ii) ANNATTO NORBIXIN

(I) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED NORBIXIN



Synonyms

Annatto C, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4

Definition

Solvent-extracted norbixin is obtained from the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by washing with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide followed by solvent removal, crystallization and drying. Aqueous alkali is added to the resultant powder, which is then heated to hydrolyse the colouring matter and cooled. The aqueous solution is filtered, and acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and milled, to give a granular powder.

Solvent-extracted norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing.

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

208-810-8

Chemical name

cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid

cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

Chemical formula

cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4

cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4

cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4

Molecular weight

380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt)

Assay

Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin)

E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution

Description

Dark red-brown to red-purple powder

Identification

 

Solubility

Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol

Spectrometry

The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm

Purity

 

Residual Solvents

Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg

Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg

Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg

Ethanol:

Isopropyl alcohol:

Ethyl acetate:

not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Arsenic

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

(II) ALKALI-PROCESSED NORBIXIN, ACID-PRECIPITATED



Synonyms

Annatto F, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4

Definition

Alkali-processed norbixin (acid-precipitated) is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with aqueous alkali. The bixin is hydrolysed to norbixin in hot alkaline solution and is acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, dried and milled to give a granular powder.

Alkali-processed norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing.

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

208-810-8

Chemical name

cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid

cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

Chemical formula

cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4

cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4

cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4

Molecular weight

380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt)

Assay

Not less than 35 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin)

E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution

Description

Dark red-brown to red-purple powder

Identification

 

Solubility

Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol

Spectrometry

The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm

Purity

 

Arsenic

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

(III) ALKALI-PROCESSED NORBIXIN, NOT ACID-PRECIPITATED



Synonyms

Annatto G, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4

Definition

Alkali-processed norbixin (not acid-precipitated) is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with aqueous alkali. The bixin is hydrolysed to norbixin in hot alkaline solution. The precipitate is filtered, dried and milled to give a granular powder. Extracts contain mainly the potassium or sodium salt of norbixin as the major colouring matter.

Alkali-processed norbixin (not acid-precipitated) contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing.

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

208-810-8

Chemical name

cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid

cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate

Chemical formula

cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4

cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4

cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4

Molecular weight

380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt)

Assay

Not less than 15 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin)

E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution

Description

Dark red-brown to red-purple powder

Identification

 

Solubility

Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol

Spectrometry

The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm

Purity

 

Arsenic

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

▼B

E 160 c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN



Synonyms

Paprika Oleoresin

Definition

Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol and carbon dioxide.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2

Chemical name

Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,κ-carotene-6-one

Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6′-dione

Chemical formula

Capsanthin:

C40H56O3

Capsorubin:

C40H56O4

Molecular weight

Capsanthin:

584,85

Capsorubin:

600,85

Assay

Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids

Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids

image

2 100 at ca. 462 nm in acetone

Description

Dark-red viscous liquid

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in acetone at ca. 462 nm

Colour reaction

A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulphuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform

Purity

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methanol

Ethanol

Acetone

Hexane

Propan-2-ol

Dichloromethane:

not more than 10 mg/kg

Capsaicin

Not more than 250 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 160 d LYCOPENE

(i)   SYNTHETIC LYCOPENE



Synonyms

Lycopene from chemical synthesis

Definition

Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.

Colour Index No

75125

Einecs

207-949-1

Chemical name

ψ,ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,85

Assay

Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-trans-lycopene)

image at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450

Description

Red crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrophotometry

A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm

Test for carotenoids

The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid

Solubility

Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform

Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform

Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)

Apo-12’-lycopenal

Not more than 0,15 %

Triphenyl phosphine oxide

Not more than 0,01 %

Solvent residues

Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg,

Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each.

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

(ii)    LYCOPENE FROM RED TOMATOES



Synonyms

Natural Yellow 27

Definition

Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene; minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.

Colour Index No

75125

Einecs

207-949-1

Chemical name

Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,85

Assay

image at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450 .

Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters

Description

Dark red viscous liquid

Identification

Spectrophotometry

Maximum in hexane at ca. 472 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Propan-2-ol

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Hexane

Acetone

Ethanol

Methanol

Ethylacetate

Sulphated ash

Not more than 1 %

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

(iii)   LYCOPENE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA



Synonyms

Natural Yellow 27

Definition

Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Propan-2-ol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.

Colour Index No

75125

Einecs

207-949-1

Chemical name

Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, ((all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

Chemical formula

C40H56

Molecular weight

536,85

Assay

Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-trans-lycopene of all colouring matters

image at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450

Description

Red crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrophotometry

A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm

Test of carotenoids

The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid

Solubility

Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform

Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform

Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)

Other carotenoids

Not more than 5 %

Solvent residues

Propan-2-ol: not more than 0,1 %

Isobutyl acetate: not more than 1,0 %

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,3 %

Lead

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 160 e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30)



Synonyms

CI Food Orange 6

Definition

These specifications apply predominantly to the all-trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Colour Index No

40820

Einecs

214-171-6

Chemical name

β-Apo-8′-carotenal; trans-β-Apo-8′carotene-aldehyde

Chemical formula

C30H40O

Molecular weight

416,65

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters

image

2 640 at 460-462 nm in cyclohexane

Description

Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm

Purity

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal:

not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 161 b LUTEIN



Synonyms

Mixed Carotenoids; Xanthophylls

Definition

Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and Tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and carbon dioxide

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

204-840-0

Chemical name

3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H56O2

Molecular weight

568,88

Assay

Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein

image

2 550 at ca. 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)

Description

Dark, yellowish brown liquid

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (1:9) at ca. 445 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

right accolade Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN



Synonyms

CI Food Orange 8

Definition

These specifications apply to predominantly all-trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Colour Index No

40850

Einecs

208-187-2

Chemical name

β-Carotene-4,4′-dione; canthaxanthin; 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene

Chemical formula

C40H52O2

Molecular weight

564,86

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin)

image

2 200
left accolade

at ca. 485 nm in chloroform

at 468-472 nm in cyclohexane

at 464-467 nm in petroleum ether

Description

Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca. 485 nm

Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm

Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm

Purity

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN



Synonyms

Beet Red

Definition

Beet red is obtained from the roots of strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present.

Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

231-628-5

Chemical name

(S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate

Chemical formula

Betanin: C24H26N2O13

Molecular weight

550,48

Assay

Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 %

image

1 120 at ca. 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Description

Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca. 535 nm

Purity

Nitrate

Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 163 ANTHOCYANINS



Synonyms

 

Definition

Anthocyanins are obtained by maceration or extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the strains of vegetables and edible fruits, with subsequent concentration and/or purification if necessary. The resulting product can be transformed into powder by an industrial drying process. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material. Ethanol may naturally be present as a result of the maceration process. The colouring principle is anthocyanin. Products are marketed according to their colour strength as determined by the assay. Colour content is not expressed using quantitative units.

Colour Index No

 

Einecs

208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin); 215-849-4 (petunidin)

Chemical name

3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin)

3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)

Chemical formula

Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl

Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl

Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl

Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl

Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl

Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl

Molecular weight

Cyanidin: 322,6

Peonidin: 336,7

Malvidin: 366,7

Delphinidin: 340,6

Petunidin: 352,7

Pelargonidin: 306,7

Assay

image

300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0

Description

Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl

Cyanidin: 535 nm

Peonidin: 532 nm

Malvidin: 542 nm

Delphinidin: 546 nm

Petunidin: 543 nm

Pelargonidin: 530 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Methanol

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Ethanol

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Sulfur dioxide

Not more than 1 000  mg/kg per percent pigment

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 170 CALCIUM CARBONATE



Synonyms

CI Pigment White 18; Chalk

Definition

Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.

Colour Index No

77220

Einecs

Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9

Limestone: 215-279-6

Chemical name

Calcium carbonate

Chemical formula

CaCO3

Molecular weight

100,1

Assay

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

Description

White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder

Identification

Solubility

Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)

Acid-insoluble substances

Not more than 0,2 %

Magnesium and alkali salts

Not more than 1 %

Fluoride

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Antimony (as Sb)

right accolade Not more than 100 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Copper (as Cu)

Chromium (as Cr)

Zinc (as Zn)

Barium (as Ba)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 171 TITANIUM DIOXIDE



Synonyms

CI Pigment White 6

Definition

Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product.

The anatase grades of pigmentary titanium dioxide can only be made by the sulphate process which creates a large amount of sulphuric acid as a by-product. The rutile grades of titanium dioxide are typically made by the chloride process.

Certain rutile grades of titanium dioxide are produced using mica (also known as potassium aluminum silicate) as a template to form the basic platelet structure. The surface of the mica is coated with titanium dioxide using a specialised patented process.

Rutile titanium dioxide, platelet form is manufactured by subjecting titanium dioxide (rutile) coated mica nacreous pigment to an extractive dissolution in acid followed by an extractive dissolution in alkali. All of the mica is removed during this process and the resulting product is a platelet form of rutile titanium dioxide.

Colour Index No

77891

Einecs

236-675-5

Chemical name

Titanium dioxide

Chemical formula

TiO2

Molecular weight

79,88

Assay

Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis

Description

White to slightly coloured powder

Identification

Solubility

Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulphuric acid.

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours)

Loss on ignition

Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C)

Aluminium oxide and/or silicon dioxide

Total not more than 2,0 %

Matter soluble in 0,5 N HCl

Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of the product as sold.

Water soluble matter

Not more than 0,5 %

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Antimony

Not more than 2 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Arsenic

Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

E 172 IRON OXIDES AND IRON HYDROXIDES



Synonyms

Iron Oxide Yellow: CI Pigment Yellow 42 and 43

Iron Oxide Red: CI Pigment Red 101 and 102

Iron Oxide Black: CI Pigment Black 11

Definition

Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essentially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distinguished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing process.

Colour Index No

Iron Oxide Yellow:

77492

Iron Oxide Red:

77491

Iron Oxide Black:

77499

Einecs

Iron Oxide Yellow:

257-098-5

Iron Oxide Red:

215-168-2

Iron Oxide Black:

235-442-5

Chemical name

Iron Oxide Yellow: hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide

Iron Oxide Red: anhydrous ferric oxide, anhydrous iron (III) oxide

Iron Oxide Black: ferroso ferric oxide, iron (II, III) oxide

Chemical formula

Iron Oxide Yellow:

FeO(OH) · H2O

Iron Oxide Red:

Fe2O3

Iron Oxide Black:

FeO.Fe2O3

Molecular weight

88,85:

FeO(OH)

159,70:

Fe2O3

231,55:

FeO.Fe2O3

Assay

Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed as iron

Description

Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue

Identification

Solubility

Insoluble in water and in organic solvents

Soluble in concentrated mineral acids

Purity

Water soluble matter

Not more than 1,0 %

right accolade By total dissolution

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Chromium

Not more than 100 mg/kg

Copper

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Nickel

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Zinc

Not more than 100 mg/kg

E 173 ALUMINIUM



Synonyms

CI Pigment Metal

Definition

Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids.

Colour Index No

77000

Einecs

231-072-3

Chemical name

Aluminium

Chemical formula

Al

Atomic weight

26,98

Assay

Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis

Description

A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets

Identification

Solubility

Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.

Test for aluminium

A sample dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid passes test

Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 174 SILVER



Synonyms

Argentum

Definition

Colour Index No

77820

Einecs

231-131-3

Chemical name

Silver

Chemical formula

Ag

Atomic weight

107,87

Assay

Content not less than 99,5 % Ag

Description

Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets

Identification

 

Purity

 

E 175 GOLD



Synonyms

Pigment Metal 3; Aurum

Definition

Colour Index No

77480

Einecs

231-165-9

Chemical name

Gold

Chemical formula

Au

Atomic weight

197,0

Assay

Content not less than 90 % Au

Description

Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets

Identification

 

Purity

Silver

Not more than 7 %

right accolade After complete dissolution

Copper

Not more than 4 %

E 180 LITHOLRUBINE BK



Synonyms

CI Pigment Red 57; Rubinpigment; Carmine 6B

Definition

Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Colour Index No

15850:1

Einecs

226-109-5

Chemical name

Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-carboxylate

Chemical formula

C18H12CaN2O6S

Molecular weight

424,45

Assay

Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters

image

200 at ca. 442 nm in dimethylformamide

Description

Red powder

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca. 442 nm

Purity

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 0,5 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

 

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt

Not more than 0,2 %

3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, calcium salt

Not more than 0,4 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines

Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.

E 200 SORBIC ACID



Synonyms

 

Definition

Einecs

203-768-7

Chemical name

Sorbic acid; trans, trans-2,4-Hexadienoic acid

Chemical formula

C6H8O2

Molecular weight

112,12

Assay

Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis

Description

Colourless needles or white free flowing powder, having a slight characteristic odour and showing no change in colour after heating for 90 minutes at 105 °C

Identification

Melting range

Between 133 °C and 135 °C, after vacuum drying for four hours in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Spectrometry

A propan-2-ol solution (1 in 4 000 000 ) shows absorbance maximum at 254 ± 2 nm

Test for double bonds

Passes test

Solubility

Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol.

Purity

Water content

Not more than 0,5 % (Karl Fischer method)

Sulphated ash

Not more than 0,2 %

Aldehydes

Not more than 0,1 % (as formaldehyde)

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 202 POTASSIUM SORBATE



Synonyms

 

Definition

Einecs

246-376-1

Chemical name

Potassium sorbate; Potassium (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoate; Potassium salt of trans, trans 2,4-hexadienoic acid

Chemical formula