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Document 02012R0231-20240423
Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance
Consolidated text: Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance
Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance
02012R0231 — EN — 23.04.2024 — 032.001
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COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 083 22.3.2012, p. 1) |
Amended by:
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Official Journal |
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L 310 |
45 |
9.11.2012 |
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L 13 |
1 |
17.1.2013 |
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L 143 |
20 |
30.5.2013 |
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L 202 |
11 |
27.7.2013 |
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L 204 |
35 |
31.7.2013 |
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L 230 |
1 |
29.8.2013 |
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L 230 |
7 |
29.8.2013 |
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L 328 |
79 |
7.12.2013 |
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L 76 |
22 |
15.3.2014 |
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L 89 |
36 |
25.3.2014 |
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L 143 |
6 |
15.5.2014 |
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L 145 |
35 |
16.5.2014 |
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L 182 |
23 |
21.6.2014 |
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L 252 |
11 |
26.8.2014 |
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L 270 |
1 |
11.9.2014 |
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L 272 |
1 |
13.9.2014 |
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L 76 |
42 |
20.3.2015 |
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L 107 |
17 |
25.4.2015 |
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L 252 |
12 |
29.9.2015 |
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L 253 |
3 |
30.9.2015 |
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L 278 |
37 |
14.10.2016 |
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L 49 |
4 |
25.2.2017 |
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L 199 |
8 |
29.7.2017 |
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L 13 |
24 |
18.1.2018 |
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L 17 |
14 |
23.1.2018 |
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L 116 |
1 |
7.5.2018 |
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L 245 |
1 |
1.10.2018 |
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L 245 |
6 |
1.10.2018 |
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L 247 |
1 |
3.10.2018 |
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L 251 |
13 |
5.10.2018 |
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L 182 |
8 |
10.6.2020 |
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L 184 |
25 |
12.6.2020 |
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L 249 |
87 |
14.7.2021 |
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L 119 |
65 |
21.4.2022 |
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L 172 |
5 |
29.6.2022 |
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L 173 |
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30.6.2022 |
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L 211 |
182 |
12.8.2022 |
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L 264 |
1 |
11.10.2022 |
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L 64 |
4 |
1.3.2023 |
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L 65 |
16 |
2.3.2023 |
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30.6.2023 |
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10.7.2023 |
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29.9.2023 |
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3.10.2023 |
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23.1.2024 |
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 231/2012
of 9 March 2012
laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
(Text with EEA relevance)
Article 1
Specifications for food additives
Specifications for food additives including colours and sweeteners listed in Annex II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 are laid down in the Annex to this Regulation.
Article 2
Repeals
Directives 2008/60/EC, 2008/84/EC and 2008/128/EC are repealed with effect from 1 December 2012.
Article 3
Transitional measures
Foodstuffs containing food additives that have been lawfully placed on the market before 1 December 2012, but do not comply with this Regulation, may continue to be marketed until stocks are exhausted.
Article 4
Entry into force
This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
It shall apply from 1 December 2012.
However, the specifications laid down in the Annex for additives steviol glycosides (E 960) and basic methacrylate copolymer (E 1205) shall apply from the date of entry into force of this Regulation.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States.
ANNEX
Ethylene oxide may not be used for sterilising purposes in food additives.
No residue above 0,1 mg/kg, irrespective of its origin, of ethylene oxide (sum of ethylene oxide and 2-chloro-ethanol expressed as ethylene oxide ( 1 )) shall be present in food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, including mixtures of food additives.
Aluminium lakes for use in colours only where explicitly stated.
Definition: |
Aluminium lakes are prepared by reacting colours complying with the purity criteria set out in the appropriate specification monograph with alumina under aqueous conditions. The alumina is usually freshly prepared undried material made by reacting aluminium sulphate or chloride with sodium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate or ammonia. Following lake formation, the product is filtered, washed with water and dried. Unreacted alumina may also be present in the finished product. |
HCl insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,5 % |
ΝaΟΗ insoluble matter |
Νot more than 0,5 %, for Ε 127 erythrosine only |
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions) Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable. |
E 100 CURCUMIN
Synonyms |
CI Natural Yellow 3; Turmeric Yellow; Diferoyl Methane |
||||
Definition |
Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallization. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occurring in turmeric may be present. Curcumin is also used as the aluminium lake; the aluminium content is less than 30 %. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane, propan-2-ol. |
||||
Colour Index No |
75300 |
||||
Einecs |
207-280-5 |
||||
Chemical name |
I 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione II 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione III 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione |
||||
Chemical formula |
I C21H20O6 II C20H18O5 III C19H16O4 |
||||
Molecular weight |
I. 368,39 |
II. 338,39 |
III. 308,39 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters 1 607 at ca. 426 nm in ethanol |
||||
Description |
Orange-yellow crystalline powder |
||||
Identification |
|||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in ethanol at ca. 426 nm |
||||
Melting range |
179 °C-182 °C |
||||
Purity |
|||||
Solvent residues |
Ethylacetate |
|
|||
Acetone |
|||||
n-butanol |
|||||
Methanol |
|||||
Ethanol |
|||||
Hexane |
|||||
Propan-2-ol |
|||||
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||||
Lead |
Not more than 10 mg/kg |
||||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 101 (i) RIBOFLAVIN
Synonyms |
Lactoflavin; |
|||
Definition |
||||
Colour Index No |
|
|||
Einecs |
201-507-1 |
|||
Chemical name |
7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione; 7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine |
|||
Chemical formula |
C17H20N4O6 |
|||
Molecular weight |
376,37 |
|||
Assay |
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis 328 at ca. 444 nm in aqueous solution |
|||
Description |
Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33 |
|
||
The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39 |
||||
Maximum in water at ca. 375 nm |
||||
Specific rotation |
[α]D 20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution |
|||
Purity |
||||
Loss on drying |
Not more than 1,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours) |
|||
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,1 % |
|||
Primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline) |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 101 (ii) RIBOFLAVIN-5′-PHOSPHATE
Synonyms |
Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium |
|||
Definition |
These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate. |
|||
Colour Index No |
|
|||
Einecs |
204-988-6 |
|||
Chemical name |
Monosodium(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate; monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin |
|||
Chemical formula |
For the dihydrate form: C17H20N4NaO9P · 2H2O |
|||
For the anhydrous form: C17H20N4NaO9P |
||||
Molecular weight |
514,36 |
|||
Assay |
Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P.2H2O 250 at ca. 375 nm in aqueous solution |
|||
Description |
Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34 |
|
||
The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40 |
||||
Maximum in water at ca. 375 nm |
||||
Specific rotation |
[α]D 20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution |
|||
Purity |
||||
Loss on drying |
Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hours in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form |
|||
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 25 % |
|||
Inorganic phosphate |
Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis) |
|||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Riboflavin (free): Not more than 6 % Riboflavine diphosphate: Not more than 6 % |
|||
Primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline) |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 102 TARTRAZINE
Synonyms |
CI Food Yellow 4 |
||
Definition |
Tartrazine is prepared from 4-amino-benzenesulphonic acid, which is diazotized using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is then coupled with 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4sulphophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid or with the methyl ester, the ethyl ester, or a salt of this carboxylic acid. The resulting dye is purified and isolated as the sodium salt. Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
19140 |
||
Einecs |
217-699-5 |
||
Chemical name |
Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate |
||
Chemical formula |
C16H9N4Na3O9S2 |
||
Molecular weight |
534,37 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt 530 at ca. 426 nm in aqueous solution |
||
Description |
Light orange powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Yellow |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 426 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 1,0 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
4-hydrazinobenzene sulfonic acid |
|
||
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid |
|||
5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid |
|||
4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid) |
|||
Tetrahydroxysuccinic acid |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 104 QUINOLINE YELLOW
Synonyms |
CI Food Yellow 13 |
||
Definition |
Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione or a mixture containing about two thirds 2-(2-quinolyl)indane-1,3-dione and one third 2-(2-(6-methylquinolyl))indane-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
47005 |
||
Einecs |
305-897-5 |
||
Chemical name |
The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component) |
||
Chemical formula |
C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component) |
||
Molecular weight |
477,38 (principal component) |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition: Of the total colouring matters present: — not less than 80 % shall be disodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-disulfonates — not more than 15 % shall be sodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-monosulfonates — not more than 7,0 % shall be trisodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-trisulfonate 865 (principal component) at ca. 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution |
||
Description |
Yellow powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Yellow |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca. 411 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 4,0 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
2-methylquinoline |
|
||
2-methylquinoline-sulfonic acid |
|||
Phthalic acid |
|||
2,6-dimethyl quinoline |
|||
2,6-dimethyl quinoline sulfonic acid |
|||
2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione |
Not more than 4 mg/kg |
||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 110 SUNSET YELLOW FCF
Synonyms |
CI Food Yellow 3; Orange Yellow S |
||
Definition |
Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Sunset Yellow FCF is manufactured by diazotizing 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite or sulphuric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is coupled with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene-sulphonic acid. The dye is isolated as the sodium salt and dried. Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
15985 |
||
Einecs |
220-491-7 |
||
Chemical name |
Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate |
||
Chemical formula |
C16H10N2Na2O7S2 |
||
Molecular weight |
452,37 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt 555 at ca. 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7 |
||
Description |
Orange-red powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Orange |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 485 nm at pH 7 |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 5,0 % |
||
1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I) |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid |
|
||
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid |
|||
6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid |
|||
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid |
|||
4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid) |
|||
6,6′-oxydi(naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid) |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 120 CARMINIC ACID, CARMINE
Synonyms |
CI Natural Red 4 |
|
Definition |
Carminic acid is obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa. Carmines are aluminium lakes of carminic acid in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2. The colouring principle is carminic acid. Minor amounts of its aminated form 4-aminocarminic acid may also be present. In commercial products the colouring principle carminic acid may be present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess. Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect. |
|
Colour Index No |
75470 |
|
Einecs |
Carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4 |
|
Chemical name |
7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid |
|
Chemical formula |
C22H20O13 (carminic acid) |
|
Molecular weight |
492,39 (carminic acid) |
|
Assay |
Content not less than 90 % carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates. |
|
Description |
Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder |
|
Identification |
|
|
Spectrometry |
Carminic acid: Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca. 518 nm Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca. 494 nm E 1 %/1 cm 139 at peak around 494 nm in dilute hydrochloric acid 4-aminocarminic acid: Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at 535 nm Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at 530 nm E 1 %/1 cm 260 at peak around 535 nm in aqueous ammonia solution, pH 9,5 In commercial products carminic acid may be differentiated from its amine by HPLC |
|
Purity |
|
|
Solvent residues |
Ethanol: Methanol: |
Not more than 150 mg/kg Not more than 50 mg/kg |
Total ash |
Carminic acid: Carmine: |
Not more than 5 % Not more than 12 % |
Protein (N × 6,25) |
Carminic acid: Carmine: |
Not more than 2,2 % Not more than 25 % |
4-aminocarminic acid |
Not more than 3 % relative to carminic acid |
|
Matter insoluble in dilute ammonia |
Carmine: Not more than 1 % |
|
Arsenic |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|
Lead |
Not more than 1,5 mg/kg |
|
Mercury |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
|
Cadmium |
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg |
|
Microbiological criteria |
|
|
Salmonella spp. |
Absent in 10 g |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used .
E 122 AZORUBINE, CARMOISINE
Synonyms |
CI Food Red 3 |
||
Definition |
Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
14720 |
||
Einecs |
222-657-4 |
||
Chemical name |
Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate |
||
Chemical formula |
C20H12N2Na2O7S2 |
||
Molecular weight |
502,44 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt 510 at ca. 516 nm in aqueous solution |
||
Description |
Red to maroon powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Red |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 516 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 1 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid |
|
||
4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 123 AMARANTH
Synonyms |
CI Food Red 9 |
||
Definition |
Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Amaranth is manufactured by coupling 4-amino-1-naphthalenesulphonic acid with 3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonic acid. Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
16185 |
||
Einecs |
213-022-2 |
||
Chemical name |
Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate |
||
Chemical formula |
C20H11N2Na3O10S3 |
||
Molecular weight |
604,48 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt 440 at ca. 520 nm in aqueous solution |
||
Description |
Reddish-brown powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Red |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 520 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 3,0 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid |
|
||
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid |
|||
6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid |
|||
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid |
|||
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 124 PONCEAU 4R, COCHINEAL RED A
Synonyms |
CI Food Red 7; New Coccine |
||
Definition |
Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Ponceau 4R is manufactured by coupling diazotized naphthionic acid to G acid (2-naphthol-6,8- disulphonic acid) and converting the coupling product to the trisodium salt. Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
16255 |
||
Einecs |
220-036-2 |
||
Chemical name |
Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate |
||
Chemical formula |
C20H11N2Na3O10S3 |
||
Molecular weight |
604,48 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt. 430 at ca. 505 nm in aqueous solution |
||
Description |
Reddish powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Red |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 505 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 1,0 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid |
|
||
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid |
|||
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid |
|||
6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid |
|||
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 127 ERYTHROSINE
Synonyms |
CI Food Red 14 |
Definition |
Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Erythrosine is manufactured by iodination of fluorescein, the condensation product of resorcinol and phthalic anhydride Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
Colour Index No |
45430 |
Einecs |
240-474-8 |
Chemical name |
Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate |
Chemical formula |
C20H6I4Na2O5 H2O |
Molecular weight |
897,88 |
Assay |
Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium salt 1 100 at ca. 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7 |
Description |
Red powder or granules. |
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Red |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 526 nm at pH 7 |
Purity |
|
Inorganic iodides |
Not more than 0,1 % (calculated as sodium iodide) |
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters (except fluorescein) |
Not more than 4,0 % |
Fluorescein |
Not more than 20 mg/kg |
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
Tri-iodoresorcinol |
Not more than 0,2 % |
2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoyl) benzoic acid |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Ether extractable matter |
From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 % |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium Lakes of this colour may be used.
E 129 ALLURA RED AC
Synonyms |
CI Food Red 17 |
Definition |
Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Allura Red AC is manufactured by coupling diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulphonic acid with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
Colour Index No |
16035 |
Einecs |
247-368-0 |
Chemical name |
Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate |
Chemical formula |
C18H14N2Na2O8S2 |
Molecular weight |
496,42 |
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt 540 at ca. 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7 |
Description |
Dark red powder or granules |
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Red |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 504 nm |
Purity |
|
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 3,0 % |
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt |
Not more than 0,3 % |
4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenezene sulfonic acid |
Not more than 0,2 % |
6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene sulfonic acid) disodium salt |
Not more than 1,0 % |
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
Ether extractable matter |
From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 % |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 131 PATENT BLUE V
Synonyms |
CI Food Blue 5 |
||
Definition |
Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. The potassium salt is also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
42051 |
||
Einecs |
222-573-8 |
||
Chemical name |
The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt |
||
Chemical formula |
Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca1/2 Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na |
||
Molecular weight |
Calcium compound: 579,72 Sodium compound: 582,67 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt 2 000 at ca. 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5 |
||
Description |
Dark blue powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Blue |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5 |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 2,0 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
3-hydroxy benzaldehyde |
|
||
3-hydroxy benzoic acid |
|||
3-hydroxy-4-sulfobenzoic acid |
|||
N,N-diethylamino benzene sulfonic acid |
|||
Leuco base |
Not more than 4,0 % |
||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 % |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 132 INDIGOTINE, INDIGO CARMINE
Synonyms |
CI Food Blue 1 |
||
Definition |
Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. Indigo carmine is obtained by sulphonation of indigo. This is accomplished by heating indigo (or indigo paste) in the presence of sulphuric acid. The dye is isolated and subjected to purification procedures. |
||
Colour Index No |
73015 |
||
Einecs |
212-728-8 |
||
Chemical name |
Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate |
||
Chemical formula |
C16H8N2Na2O8S2 |
||
Molecular weight |
466,36 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt; disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 % 480 at ca. 610 nm in aqueous solution |
||
Description |
Dark-blue powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Blue |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 610 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 % |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
Isatin-5-sulfonic acid |
|
||
5-sulfoanthranilic acid |
|||
Anthranilic acid |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 133 BRILLIANT BLUE FCF
Synonyms |
CI Food Blue 2 |
Definition |
Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
Colour Index No |
42090 |
Einecs |
223-339-8 |
Chemical name |
Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate |
Chemical formula |
C37H34N2Na2O9S3 |
Molecular weight |
792,84 |
Assay |
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt 1 630 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous solution |
Description |
Reddish-blue powder or granules |
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Blue |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 630 nm |
Purity |
|
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 6,0 % |
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids |
Not more than 1,5 % |
3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl) amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid |
Not more than 0,3 % |
Leuco base |
Not more than 5,0 % |
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7 |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 140 (i) CHLOROPHYLLS
Synonyms |
CI Natural Green 3; Magnesium Chlorophyll; Magnesium Phaeophytin |
|||
Definition |
Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present coordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane. |
|||
Colour Index No |
75810 |
|||
Einecs |
Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4 |
|||
Chemical name |
The major colouring principles are: Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Phaeophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a) Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b) |
|||
Chemical formula |
Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5 Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5 Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6 Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6 |
|||
Molecular weight |
Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51 Chlorophyll a: 871,22 Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49 Chlorophyll b: 885,20 |
|||
Assay |
Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 % 700 at ca. 409 nm in chloroform |
|||
Description |
Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of coordinated magnesium |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in chloroform at ca. 409 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Acetone |
|
||
Methyl Ethyl ketone |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Dichloromethane: |
Not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 5 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 140 (ii) CHLOROPHYLLINS
Synonyms |
CI Natural Green 5; Sodium Chlorophyllin; Potassium Chlorophyllin |
|||
Definition |
The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane. |
|||
Colour Index No |
75815 |
|||
Einecs |
287-483-3 |
|||
Chemical name |
The major colouring principles in their acid forms are: — 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin a) — and — 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin b) Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function. Magnesium complexes may also be present. |
|||
Chemical formula |
Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5 Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6 |
|||
Molecular weight |
Chlorophyllin a: 578,68 Chlorophyllin b: 592,66 Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved. |
|||
Assay |
Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca. 100 °C for 1 hour. 700 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9 140 at ca. 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9 |
|||
Description |
Dark green to blue/black powder |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca. 405 nm and at ca. 653 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Acetone |
|
||
Methyl ethyl ketone |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Dichloromethane: |
not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 141 (i) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS
Synonyms |
CI Natural Green 3; Copper Chlorophyll; Copper Phaeophytin |
|||
Definition |
Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane. |
|||
Colour Index No |
75810 |
|||
Einecs |
Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5 |
|||
Chemical name |
[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a) [Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b) |
|||
Chemical formula |
Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5 Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6 |
|||
Molecular weight |
Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75 Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73 |
|||
Assay |
Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %. 540 at ca. 422 nm in chloroform 300 at ca. 652 nm in chloroform |
|||
Description |
Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in chloroform at ca. 422 nm and at ca. 652 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Acetone |
|
||
Methyl ethyl ketone |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Dichloromethane: |
not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Copper ions |
Not more than 200 mg/kg |
|||
Total copper |
Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 141 (ii) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLINS
Synonyms |
Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin; Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin; CI Natural Green 5 |
|||
Definition |
The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane. |
|||
Colour Index No |
75815 |
|||
Einecs |
|
|||
Chemical name |
The major colouring principles in their acid forms are 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b) |
|||
Chemical formula |
Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5 Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6 |
|||
Molecular weight |
Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20 Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18 Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved. |
|||
Assay |
Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h. 565 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 145 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 |
|||
Description |
Dark green to blue/black powder |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca. 405 nm and at 630 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Acetone |
|
||
Methyl ethyl ketone |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Dichloromethane: |
not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 5 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Copper ions |
Not more than 200 mg/kg |
|||
Total copper |
Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 142 GREEN S
Synonyms |
CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS |
Definition |
Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds. Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
Colour Index No |
44090 |
Einecs |
221-409-2 |
Chemical name |
Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium; Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name). |
Chemical formula |
C27H25N2NaO7S2 |
Molecular weight |
576,63 |
Assay |
Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt 1 720 at ca. 632 nm in aqueous solution |
Description |
Dark blue or dark green powder or granules |
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Blue or green |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 632 nm |
Purity |
|
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 1,0 % |
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol |
Not more than 0,1 % |
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone |
Not more than 0,1 % |
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Leuco base |
Not more than 5,0 % |
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL
Synonyms |
Caustic caramel |
Definition |
Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelisation, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites. |
Colour Index No |
|
Einecs |
232-435-9 |
Chemical name |
|
Chemical formula |
|
Molecular weight |
|
Assay |
|
Description |
Dark brown to black liquids or solids |
Identification |
|
Purity |
|
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose |
Not more than 50 % |
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose |
Not more than 50 % |
Colour intensity (1) |
0,01-0,12 |
Total nitrogen |
Not more than 0,1 % |
Total sulphur |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Arsenic |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
(1)
Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm. |
E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL
Synonyms |
|
Definition |
Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used. |
Colour Index No |
|
Einecs |
232-435-9 |
Chemical name |
|
Chemical formula |
|
Molecular weight |
|
Assay |
|
Description |
Dark brown to black liquids or solids |
Identification |
|
Purity |
|
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose |
More than 50 % |
Colour intensity (1) |
0,05-0,13 |
Total nitrogen |
Not more than 0,3 % (2) |
Sulphur dioxide |
Not more than 0,2 % (2) |
Total sulphur |
0,3-3,5 % (2) |
Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose |
More than 40 % |
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose |
19-34 |
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) |
Greater than 50 |
Arsenic |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
(1)
Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(2)
Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units. |
E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL
Synonyms |
|
Definition |
Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used. |
Colour Index No |
|
Einecs |
232-435-9 |
Chemical name |
|
Chemical formula |
|
Molecular weight |
|
Assay |
|
Description |
Dark brown to black liquids or solids |
Identification |
|
Purity |
|
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose |
Not more than 50 % |
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose |
More than 50 % |
Colour intensity (1) |
0,08-0,36 |
Ammoniacal nitrogen |
Not more than 0,3 % (2) |
4-methylimidazole |
Not more than 200 mg/kg (2) |
2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole |
Not more than 10 mg/kg (2) |
Total sulphur |
Not more than 0,2 % (2) |
Total nitrogen |
0,7-3,3 % (2) |
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose |
13-35 |
Arsenic |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
(1)
Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(2)
Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units. |
E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL
Synonyms |
|
Definition |
Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite). |
Colour Index No |
|
Einecs |
232-435-9 |
Chemical name |
|
Chemical formula |
|
Molecular weight |
|
Assay |
|
Description |
Dark brown to black liquids or solids |
Identification |
|
Purity |
|
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose |
More than 50 % |
Colour intensity (1) |
0,10-0,60 |
Ammoniacal nitrogen |
Not more than 0,6 % (2) |
Sulphur dioxide |
Not more than 0,2 % (2) |
4-methylimidazole |
Not more than 250 mg/kg (2) |
Total nitrogen |
0,3-1,7 % (2) |
Total sulphur |
0,8-2,5 % (2) |
Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate |
0,7-2,7 |
Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate (3) |
8-14 |
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) |
Not more than 50 |
Arsenic |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
(1)
Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(2)
Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.
(3)
Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate is defined as the absorbance of the precipitate at 280 nm divided by the absorbance at 560 nm (1 cm cell). |
E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK PN
Synonyms |
CI Food Black 1 |
||
Definition |
Brilliant Black PN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5- hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Brilliant Black PN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted. |
||
Colour Index No |
28440 |
||
Einecs |
219-746-5 |
||
Chemical name |
Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate |
||
Chemical formula |
C28H17N5Na4O14S4 |
||
Molecular weight |
867,69 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt 530 at ca. 570 nm in solution |
||
Description |
Black powder or granules |
||
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Black-bluish |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water at ca. 570 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 4 % (expressed on the dye content) |
||
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
||
4-acetamido-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid |
|
||
4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid |
|||
8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid |
|||
4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzenesulfonic acid) |
|||
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
||
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON
Synonyms |
Vegetable black |
Definition |
Vegetable activated carbon is produced by the carbonisation of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The activated carbon thus produced is milled by a roller mill and the resulting highly activated powdered carbon is treated by a cyclone. The fine fractio40800n from the cyclone is purified by hydrochloric acid washing, neutralised and then dried. The resulting product is what is known traditionally as vegetable black. Products with a higher colouring power are produced from the fine fraction by a further cyclone treatment or by extra milling, followed by acid washing, neutralising and drying. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture. |
Colour Index No |
77266 |
Einecs |
231-153-3 |
Chemical name |
Carbon |
Chemical formula |
C |
Atomic weight |
12,01 |
Assay |
Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis |
Loss on drying |
Not more than 12 % (120 °C 4 h) |
Description |
Black, odourless powder |
Identification |
|
Solubility |
Insoluble in water and organic solvents |
Burning |
When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame |
Purity |
|
Ash (Total) |
Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C) |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
Benzo(a)pyrene less than 50 μg/kg in the extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction. |
Alkali soluble matter |
The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless |
E 155 BROWN HT
Synonyms |
CI Food Brown 3 |
Definition |
Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted. |
Colour Index No |
20285 |
Einecs |
224-924-0 |
Chemical name |
Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) |
Chemical formula |
C27H18N4Na2O9S2 |
Molecular weight |
652,57 |
Assay |
Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt. 403 at ca. 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7 |
Description |
Reddish-brown powder or granules |
Appearance of the aqueous solution |
Brown |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca. 460 nm |
Purity |
|
Water insoluble matter |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 10 % (TLC method) |
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
4-aminonaphthalene- 1-sulfonic acid |
Not more than 0,7 % |
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline) |
Ether extractable matter |
Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7 |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 160 a (i) BETA-CAROTENE
Synonyms |
CI Food Orange 5 |
Definition |
These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios. |
Colour Index No |
40800 |
Einecs |
230-636-6 |
Chemical name |
Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene |
Chemical formula |
C40H56 |
Molecular weight |
536,88 |
Assay |
Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) 2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane |
Description |
Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm |
Purity |
|
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,1 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
E 160 a (ii) PLANT CAROTENES
Synonyms |
CI Food Orange 5 |
|||
Definition |
Plant carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (1), dichloromethane and carbon dioxide. |
|||
Colour Index No |
75130 |
|||
Einecs |
230-636-6 |
|||
Chemical name |
|
|||
Chemical formula |
Beta-carotene: C40H56 |
|||
Molecular weight |
Beta-carotene: 536,88 |
|||
Assay |
Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats 2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane |
|||
Description |
|
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Acetone |
|
||
Methyl ethyl ketone |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Dichloromethane |
Not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|||
(1)
Benzene not more than 0,05 % v/v. |
E 160 a (iii) BETA-CAROTENE FROM Blakeslea trispora
Synonyms |
CI Food Orange 5 |
|||
Definition |
Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate or isobutyl acetate followed by propan-2-ol and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product. |
|||
Colour Index No |
40800 |
|||
Einecs |
230-636-6 |
|||
Chemical name |
Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene |
|||
Chemical formula |
C40H56 |
|||
Molecular weight |
536,88 |
|||
Assay |
Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) 2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane |
|||
Description |
Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation) |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Ethyl acetate |
|
||
Ethanol |
||||
Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 % |
||||
Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 % |
||||
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,2 % |
|||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|||
Microbiological criteria |
||||
Moulds |
Not more than 100 colonies per gram |
|||
Yeasts |
Not more than 100 colonies per gram |
|||
Salmonella spp. |
Absent in 25 g |
|||
Escherichia coli |
Absent in 5 g |
E 160 a (iv) ALGAL CAROTENES
Synonyms |
CI Food Orange 5 |
Definition |
Mixed carotenes may also be produced from strains of the algae Dunaliella salina. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta- carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material. |
Colour Index No |
75130 |
Einecs |
|
Chemical name |
|
Chemical formula |
Beta-Carotene: C40H56 |
Molecular weight |
Beta-Carotene: 536,88 |
Assay |
Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 % 2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane |
Description |
|
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm |
Purity |
|
Natural tocopherols in edible oil |
Not more than 0,3 % |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
E 160 b (i) ANNATTO BIXIN
(I) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED BIXIN
Synonyms |
Annatto B, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 |
|
Definition |
Solvent-extracted bixin is obtained by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide. The resulting preparation may be acidified, followed by the removal of the solvent, drying and milling. Solvent-extracted bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing. |
|
Colour Index No |
75120 |
|
Einecs |
230-248-7 |
|
Chemical name |
cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate |
|
Chemical formula |
cis-Bixin: C25H30O4 |
|
Molecular weight |
394,5 |
|
Assay |
Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin) E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone |
|
Description |
Dark red-brown to red-purple powder |
|
Identification |
|
|
Solubility |
Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol |
|
Spectrometry |
The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm |
|
Purity |
|
|
Norbixin |
Not more than 5 % of total colouring matters |
|
Residual Solvents |
Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg |
|
Ethanol: Isopropyl alcohol: Ethyl acetate: |
not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination |
|
Arsenic |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|
Cadmium |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
(II) AQUEOUS-PROCESSED BIXIN
Synonyms |
Annatto E, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 |
Definition |
Aqueous-processed bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by abrading the seeds in the presence of cold, mildly-alkaline water. The resultant preparation is acidified to precipitate bixin which is then filtered, dried and milled. Aqueous-processed bixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-bixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-bixin; thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present as a result of processing. |
Colour Index No |
75120 |
Einecs |
230-248-7 |
Chemical name |
cis-Bixin: Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate |
Chemical formula |
cis-Bixin: C25H30O4 |
Molecular weight |
394,5 |
Assay |
Not less than 25 % colouring matter (expressed as bixin) E1 % 1cm 3090 at ca. 487 nm in tetrahydrofuran and acetone |
Description |
Dark red-brown to red-purple powder |
Identification |
|
Solubility |
Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol |
Spectrometry |
The sample in acetone shows absorbance maxima at about 425, 457 and 487 nm |
Purity |
|
Norbixin |
Not more than 7 % of total colouring matters |
Arsenic |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
E 160 b (ii) ANNATTO NORBIXIN
(I) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED NORBIXIN
Synonyms |
Annatto C, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 |
|
Definition |
Solvent-extracted norbixin is obtained from the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) by washing with one or more of the following food grade solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alkaline alcohol or supercritical carbon dioxide followed by solvent removal, crystallization and drying. Aqueous alkali is added to the resultant powder, which is then heated to hydrolyse the colouring matter and cooled. The aqueous solution is filtered, and acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and milled, to give a granular powder. Solvent-extracted norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing. |
|
Colour Index No |
75120 |
|
Einecs |
208-810-8 |
|
Chemical name |
cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate |
|
Chemical formula |
cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4 |
|
Molecular weight |
380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt) |
|
Assay |
Not less than 85 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution |
|
Description |
Dark red-brown to red-purple powder |
|
Identification |
|
|
Solubility |
Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol |
|
Spectrometry |
The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm |
|
Purity |
|
|
Residual Solvents |
Acetone: Not more than 30 mg/kg Methanol: Not more than 50 mg/kg Hexane: Not more than 25 mg/kg |
|
Ethanol: Isopropyl alcohol: Ethyl acetate: |
not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination |
|
Arsenic |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|
Cadmium |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
(II) ALKALI-PROCESSED NORBIXIN, ACID-PRECIPITATED
Synonyms |
Annatto F, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 |
Definition |
Alkali-processed norbixin (acid-precipitated) is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with aqueous alkali. The bixin is hydrolysed to norbixin in hot alkaline solution and is acidified to precipitate the norbixin. The precipitate is filtered, dried and milled to give a granular powder. Alkali-processed norbixin contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing. |
Colour Index No |
75120 |
Einecs |
208-810-8 |
Chemical name |
cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate |
Chemical formula |
cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4 |
Molecular weight |
380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt) |
Assay |
Not less than 35 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution |
Description |
Dark red-brown to red-purple powder |
Identification |
|
Solubility |
Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol |
Spectrometry |
The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm |
Purity |
|
Arsenic |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
(III) ALKALI-PROCESSED NORBIXIN, NOT ACID-PRECIPITATED
Synonyms |
Annatto G, Orlean, Terre orellana, L. Orange, CI Natural Orange 4 |
Definition |
Alkali-processed norbixin (not acid-precipitated) is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with aqueous alkali. The bixin is hydrolysed to norbixin in hot alkaline solution. The precipitate is filtered, dried and milled to give a granular powder. Extracts contain mainly the potassium or sodium salt of norbixin as the major colouring matter. Alkali-processed norbixin (not acid-precipitated) contains several coloured components; the major colouring principle is cis-norbixin, a minor colouring principle is trans-norbixin; thermal degradation products of norbixin may also be present as a result of processing. |
Colour Index No |
75120 |
Einecs |
208-810-8 |
Chemical name |
cis-Norbixin: 6,6'-Diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioic acid cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: Dipotassium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate cis-Norbixin disodium salt: Disodium 6,6'-diapo-Ψ,Ψ-carotenedioate |
Chemical formula |
cis-Norbixin: C24H28O4 cis-Norbixin dipotassium salt: C24H26K2O4 cis-Norbixin disodium salt: C24H26Na2O4 |
Molecular weight |
380,5 (acid), 456,7 (dipotassium salt), 424,5 (disodium salt) |
Assay |
Not less than 15 % colouring matter (expressed as norbixin) E1 % 1cm 2870 at ca. 482 nm in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution |
Description |
Dark red-brown to red-purple powder |
Identification |
|
Solubility |
Soluble in alkaline water, slightly soluble in ethanol |
Spectrometry |
The sample in 0,5 % potassium hydroxide solution shows absorbance maxima at about 453 nm and 482 nm |
Purity |
|
Arsenic |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg |
E 160 c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN
Synonyms |
Paprika Oleoresin |
|||
Definition |
Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol and carbon dioxide. |
|||
Colour Index No |
|
|||
Einecs |
Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2 |
|||
Chemical name |
Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,κ-carotene-6-one Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6′-dione |
|||
Chemical formula |
Capsanthin: |
C40H56O3 |
||
Capsorubin: |
C40H56O4 |
|||
Molecular weight |
Capsanthin: |
584,85 |
||
Capsorubin: |
600,85 |
|||
Assay |
Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids 2 100 at ca. 462 nm in acetone |
|||
Description |
Dark-red viscous liquid |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in acetone at ca. 462 nm |
|||
Colour reaction |
A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulphuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Ethyl acetate |
|
||
Methanol |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Acetone |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Dichloromethane: |
not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Capsaicin |
Not more than 250 mg/kg |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 160 d LYCOPENE
(i) SYNTHETIC LYCOPENE
Synonyms |
Lycopene from chemical synthesis |
Definition |
Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder. |
Colour Index No |
75125 |
Einecs |
207-949-1 |
Chemical name |
ψ,ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene |
Chemical formula |
C40H56 |
Molecular weight |
536,85 |
Assay |
Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-trans-lycopene) at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450 |
Description |
Red crystalline powder |
Identification |
|
Spectrophotometry |
A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm |
Test for carotenoids |
The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid |
Solubility |
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform |
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform |
Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour |
Purity |
|
Loss on drying |
Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg) |
Apo-12’-lycopenal |
Not more than 0,15 % |
Triphenyl phosphine oxide |
Not more than 0,01 % |
Solvent residues |
Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg, Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each. Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only) |
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
(ii) LYCOPENE FROM RED TOMATOES
Synonyms |
Natural Yellow 27 |
|||
Definition |
Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene; minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes. |
|||
Colour Index No |
75125 |
|||
Einecs |
207-949-1 |
|||
Chemical name |
Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene |
|||
Chemical formula |
C40H56 |
|||
Molecular weight |
536,85 |
|||
Assay |
at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450 . Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters |
|||
Description |
Dark red viscous liquid |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrophotometry |
Maximum in hexane at ca. 472 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Propan-2-ol |
|
||
Hexane |
||||
Acetone |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Ethylacetate |
||||
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 1 % |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
(iii) LYCOPENE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA
Synonyms |
Natural Yellow 27 |
Definition |
Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Propan-2-ol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder. |
Colour Index No |
75125 |
Einecs |
207-949-1 |
Chemical name |
Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, ((all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene |
Chemical formula |
C40H56 |
Molecular weight |
536,85 |
Assay |
Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-trans-lycopene of all colouring matters at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450 |
Description |
Red crystalline powder |
Identification |
|
Spectrophotometry |
A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm |
Test of carotenoids |
The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid |
Solubility |
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform |
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform |
Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour |
Purity |
|
Loss on drying |
Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg) |
Other carotenoids |
Not more than 5 % |
Solvent residues |
Propan-2-ol: not more than 0,1 % Isobutyl acetate: not more than 1,0 % Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only) |
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,3 % |
Lead |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 160 e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30)
Synonyms |
CI Food Orange 6 |
Definition |
These specifications apply predominantly to the all-trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios. |
Colour Index No |
40820 |
Einecs |
214-171-6 |
Chemical name |
β-Apo-8′-carotenal; trans-β-Apo-8′carotene-aldehyde |
Chemical formula |
C30H40O |
Molecular weight |
416,65 |
Assay |
Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters 2 640 at 460-462 nm in cyclohexane |
Description |
Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm |
Purity |
|
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,1 % |
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 161 b LUTEIN
Synonyms |
Mixed Carotenoids; Xanthophylls |
|||
Definition |
Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and Tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and carbon dioxide |
|||
Colour Index No |
|
|||
Einecs |
204-840-0 |
|||
Chemical name |
3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene |
|||
Chemical formula |
C40H56O2 |
|||
Molecular weight |
568,88 |
|||
Assay |
Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein 2 550 at ca. 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10) |
|||
Description |
Dark, yellowish brown liquid |
|||
Identification |
||||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (1:9) at ca. 445 nm |
|||
Purity |
||||
Solvent residues |
Acetone |
|
||
Methyl ethyl ketone |
||||
Methanol |
||||
Ethanol |
||||
Propan-2-ol |
||||
Hexane |
||||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN
Synonyms |
CI Food Orange 8 |
||
Definition |
These specifications apply to predominantly all-trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios. |
||
Colour Index No |
40850 |
||
Einecs |
208-187-2 |
||
Chemical name |
β-Carotene-4,4′-dione; canthaxanthin; 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene |
||
Chemical formula |
C40H52O2 |
||
Molecular weight |
564,86 |
||
Assay |
Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin) |
||
|
at ca. 485 nm in chloroform |
||
at 468-472 nm in cyclohexane |
|||
at 464-467 nm in petroleum ether |
|||
Description |
Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder |
||
Identification |
|||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in chloroform at ca. 485 nm Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm |
||
Purity |
|||
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,1 % |
||
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters |
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN
Synonyms |
Beet Red |
Definition |
Beet red is obtained from the roots of strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present. Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins. |
Colour Index No |
|
Einecs |
231-628-5 |
Chemical name |
(S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate |
Chemical formula |
Betanin: C24H26N2O13 |
Molecular weight |
550,48 |
Assay |
Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 % 1 120 at ca. 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5 |
Description |
Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca. 535 nm |
Purity |
|
Nitrate |
Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay). |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 163 ANTHOCYANINS
Synonyms |
|
|
Definition |
Anthocyanins are obtained by maceration or extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the strains of vegetables and edible fruits, with subsequent concentration and/or purification if necessary. The resulting product can be transformed into powder by an industrial drying process. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material. Ethanol may naturally be present as a result of the maceration process. The colouring principle is anthocyanin. Products are marketed according to their colour strength as determined by the assay. Colour content is not expressed using quantitative units. |
|
Colour Index No |
|
|
Einecs |
208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin); 215-849-4 (petunidin) |
|
Chemical name |
3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin) 3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin) 3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin) 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin) 3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin) 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin) |
|
Chemical formula |
Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl |
|
Molecular weight |
Cyanidin: 322,6 Peonidin: 336,7 Malvidin: 366,7 Delphinidin: 340,6 Petunidin: 352,7 Pelargonidin: 306,7 |
|
Assay |
300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0 |
|
Description |
Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour |
|
Identification |
||
Spectrometry |
Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl Cyanidin: 535 nm Peonidin: 532 nm Malvidin: 542 nm Delphinidin: 546 nm Petunidin: 543 nm Pelargonidin: 530 nm |
|
Purity |
||
Solvent residues |
Methanol |
Not more than 50 mg/kg |
Ethanol |
Not more than 200 mg/kg |
|
Sulfur dioxide |
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg per percent pigment |
|
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
|
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 170 CALCIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms |
CI Pigment White 18; Chalk |
||
Definition |
Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions. |
||
Colour Index No |
77220 |
||
Einecs |
Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9 Limestone: 215-279-6 |
||
Chemical name |
Calcium carbonate |
||
Chemical formula |
CaCO3 |
||
Molecular weight |
100,1 |
||
Assay |
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis |
||
Description |
White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder |
||
Identification |
|||
Solubility |
Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium. |
||
Purity |
|||
Loss on drying |
Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours) |
||
Acid-insoluble substances |
Not more than 0,2 % |
||
Magnesium and alkali salts |
Not more than 1 % |
||
Fluoride |
Not more than 50 mg/kg |
||
Antimony (as Sb) |
|
||
Copper (as Cu) |
|||
Chromium (as Cr) |
|||
Zinc (as Zn) |
|||
Barium (as Ba) |
|||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Lead |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 171 TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Synonyms |
CI Pigment White 6 |
Definition |
Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product. The anatase grades of pigmentary titanium dioxide can only be made by the sulphate process which creates a large amount of sulphuric acid as a by-product. The rutile grades of titanium dioxide are typically made by the chloride process. Certain rutile grades of titanium dioxide are produced using mica (also known as potassium aluminum silicate) as a template to form the basic platelet structure. The surface of the mica is coated with titanium dioxide using a specialised patented process. Rutile titanium dioxide, platelet form is manufactured by subjecting titanium dioxide (rutile) coated mica nacreous pigment to an extractive dissolution in acid followed by an extractive dissolution in alkali. All of the mica is removed during this process and the resulting product is a platelet form of rutile titanium dioxide. |
Colour Index No |
77891 |
Einecs |
236-675-5 |
Chemical name |
Titanium dioxide |
Chemical formula |
TiO2 |
Molecular weight |
79,88 |
Assay |
Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis |
Description |
White to slightly coloured powder |
Identification |
|
Solubility |
Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulphuric acid. |
Purity |
|
Loss on drying |
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours) |
Loss on ignition |
Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C) |
Aluminium oxide and/or silicon dioxide |
Total not more than 2,0 % |
Matter soluble in 0,5 N HCl |
Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of the product as sold. |
Water soluble matter |
Not more than 0,5 % |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl. |
Antimony |
Not more than 2 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl. |
Arsenic |
Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl. |
Lead |
Not more than 10 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl. |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl. |
E 172 IRON OXIDES AND IRON HYDROXIDES
Synonyms |
Iron Oxide Yellow: CI Pigment Yellow 42 and 43 |
|||
Iron Oxide Red: CI Pigment Red 101 and 102 |
||||
Iron Oxide Black: CI Pigment Black 11 |
||||
Definition |
Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essentially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distinguished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing process. |
|||
Colour Index No |
Iron Oxide Yellow: |
77492 |
||
Iron Oxide Red: |
77491 |
|||
Iron Oxide Black: |
77499 |
|||
Einecs |
Iron Oxide Yellow: |
257-098-5 |
||
Iron Oxide Red: |
215-168-2 |
|||
Iron Oxide Black: |
235-442-5 |
|||
Chemical name |
Iron Oxide Yellow: hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide |
|||
Iron Oxide Red: anhydrous ferric oxide, anhydrous iron (III) oxide |
||||
Iron Oxide Black: ferroso ferric oxide, iron (II, III) oxide |
||||
Chemical formula |
Iron Oxide Yellow: |
FeO(OH) · H2O |
||
Iron Oxide Red: |
Fe2O3 |
|||
Iron Oxide Black: |
FeO.Fe2O3 |
|||
Molecular weight |
88,85: |
FeO(OH) |
||
159,70: |
Fe2O3 |
|||
231,55: |
FeO.Fe2O3 |
|||
Assay |
Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed as iron |
|||
Description |
Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue |
|||
Identification |
||||
Solubility |
Insoluble in water and in organic solvents Soluble in concentrated mineral acids |
|||
Purity |
||||
Water soluble matter |
Not more than 1,0 % |
|
||
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
|||
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Chromium |
Not more than 100 mg/kg |
|||
Copper |
Not more than 50 mg/kg |
|||
Lead |
Not more than 10 mg/kg |
|||
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
|||
Nickel |
Not more than 200 mg/kg |
|||
Zinc |
Not more than 100 mg/kg |
E 173 ALUMINIUM
Synonyms |
CI Pigment Metal |
Definition |
Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. |
Colour Index No |
77000 |
Einecs |
231-072-3 |
Chemical name |
Aluminium |
Chemical formula |
Al |
Atomic weight |
26,98 |
Assay |
Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis |
Description |
A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets |
Identification |
|
Solubility |
Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. |
Test for aluminium |
A sample dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid passes test |
Purity |
|
Loss on drying |
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight) |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 10 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 174 SILVER
Synonyms |
Argentum |
Definition |
|
Colour Index No |
77820 |
Einecs |
231-131-3 |
Chemical name |
Silver |
Chemical formula |
Ag |
Atomic weight |
107,87 |
Assay |
Content not less than 99,5 % Ag |
Description |
Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets |
Identification |
|
Purity |
|
E 175 GOLD
Synonyms |
Pigment Metal 3; Aurum |
|||
Definition |
||||
Colour Index No |
77480 |
|||
Einecs |
231-165-9 |
|||
Chemical name |
Gold |
|||
Chemical formula |
Au |
|||
Atomic weight |
197,0 |
|||
Assay |
Content not less than 90 % Au |
|||
Description |
Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets |
|||
Identification |
|
|||
Purity |
||||
Silver |
Not more than 7 % |
|
||
Copper |
Not more than 4 % |
E 180 LITHOLRUBINE BK
Synonyms |
CI Pigment Red 57; Rubinpigment; Carmine 6B |
Definition |
Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. |
Colour Index No |
15850:1 |
Einecs |
226-109-5 |
Chemical name |
Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-carboxylate |
Chemical formula |
C18H12CaN2O6S |
Molecular weight |
424,45 |
Assay |
Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters 200 at ca. 442 nm in dimethylformamide |
Description |
Red powder |
Identification |
|
Spectrometry |
Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca. 442 nm |
Purity |
|
Subsidiary colouring matters |
Not more than 0,5 % |
Organic compounds other than colouring matters: |
|
2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt |
Not more than 0,2 % |
3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, calcium salt |
Not more than 0,4 % |
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines |
Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline) |
Ether extractable matter |
From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 % |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Cadmium |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 200 SORBIC ACID
Synonyms |
|
Definition |
|
Einecs |
203-768-7 |
Chemical name |
Sorbic acid; trans, trans-2,4-Hexadienoic acid |
Chemical formula |
C6H8O2 |
Molecular weight |
112,12 |
Assay |
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis |
Description |
Colourless needles or white free flowing powder, having a slight characteristic odour and showing no change in colour after heating for 90 minutes at 105 °C |
Identification |
|
Melting range |
Between 133 °C and 135 °C, after vacuum drying for four hours in a sulphuric acid desiccator |
Spectrometry |
A propan-2-ol solution (1 in 4 000 000 ) shows absorbance maximum at 254 ± 2 nm |
Test for double bonds |
Passes test |
Solubility |
Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol. |
Purity |
|
Water content |
Not more than 0,5 % (Karl Fischer method) |
Sulphated ash |
Not more than 0,2 % |
Aldehydes |
Not more than 0,1 % (as formaldehyde) |
Arsenic |
Not more than 3 mg/kg |
Lead |
Not more than 2 mg/kg |
Mercury |
Not more than 1 mg/kg |
E 202 POTASSIUM SORBATE
Synonyms |
|
Definition |
|
Einecs |
246-376-1 |
Chemical name |
Potassium sorbate; Potassium (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoate; Potassium salt of trans, trans 2,4-hexadienoic acid |
Chemical formula |