1.

Must the principle of transparency, referred to in Article 18(1) of Directive 2014/24/EU, in conjunction with Articles 49 and 2(1)(13) of Directive 2014/24/EU, (1) be interpreted as precluding the exclusion of a tenderer on the basis of certain technical specifications, justified by ‘objective need’, where that need is defined by the contracting authority only after publication of the contract notice and the procurement documents?

2.

May the provisions of Article 42(1), (3)(b) and (4) of Directive 2014/24/EU be interpreted as meaning that the assessment of the restrictive nature of the technical specifications, which requires the words ‘or equivalent’ in the procurement documentation, is also carried out by means of a cumulative analysis of all the requirements of the procurement documentation?

3.

If the answer to the first two questions is in the affirmative, can the principle of equal treatment and the principle of non-discrimination, referred to in Article 18(1) of Directive 2014/24/EU, be interpreted as meaning that the assessment of the restrictive nature of the technical specifications must be linked to the contracting authority’s ‘objective need’ prior to the publication of the contract notice and the procurement documentation?