1.

Do Article 57 of Directive 2014/24/EU, (1) Article 80 of Directive 2014/25/EU (2) and the [EU law] principle of proportionality preclude the introduction or interpretation of a national rule which does not allow for the exclusion or substitution of a principal of a grouping of undertakings which has infringed tax rules that have been definitively established prior to the expiry of the time limit for submitting the tender; in particular, by way of a provision according to which, in any event, the extinction, payment or commitment to pay must have taken place before the expiry of that time limit, even if the reason for exclusion ceased to exist during the tender procedure and before the adoption of the measure excluding the grouping;

2.

if the first question is answered in the affirmative, do the same rules and principles preclude the introduction or interpretation of a national rule that does not allow for the exclusion or substitution of a principal of a grouping irrespective of the agent’s actual knowledge of the reason for the exclusion of the principal?

3.

if the first and second questions are answered in the affirmative, do those same rules and principles preclude the introduction or interpretation of a national rule that does not allow for the exclusion or substitution of a principal where the reason for the exclusion of that principal came to the knowledge of the agent only following notification of the contracting authority’s checks?