|
20.11.2012 |
NL |
Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie |
C 357/36 |
STEUNMAATREGELEN VAN DE STATEN — GRIEKENLAND
Steunmaatregel SA.34823 (2012/C) (ex 2012/NN) — Herkapitalisatie van Alpha Bank door het Griekse fonds voor financiële stabiliteit
Uitnodiging overeenkomstig artikel 108, lid 2, VWEU om opmerkingen te maken
(Voor de EER relevante tekst)
2012/C 357/06
De Commissie heeft Griekenland bij schrijven van 27 juli 2012, dat na deze samenvatting in de authentieke taal is weergegeven, in kennis gesteld van haar besluit tot inleiding van de procedure van artikel 108, lid 2, VWEU ten aanzien van de bovengenoemde steun/maatregel.
Om redenen van financiële stabiliteit heeft de Commissie besloten de maatregel, in de vorm van een committeringsbrief en overbruggingsherkapitalisatie, tijdelijk goed te keuren als reddingssteun voor een periode van zes maanden vanaf de datum van dit besluit.
Belanghebbenden kunnen hun opmerkingen over de steun/maatregel ten aanzien waarvan de Commissie de procedure inleidt maken door deze binnen een maand vanaf de datum van deze bekendmaking te zenden aan:
|
Europese Commissie |
|
Directoraat-generaal Concurrentie |
|
Griffie staatssteun |
|
J70 03/225 |
|
1049 Brussel |
|
BELGIË |
|
Fax nr.: +32-2-296 12 42 |
Deze opmerkingen zullen ter kennis van Griekenland worden gebracht. Een belanghebbende die opmerkingen maakt kan, met opgave van redenen, schriftelijk verzoeken om vertrouwelijke behandeling van zijn identiteit.
TEKST VAN DE SAMENVATTING
PROCEDURE
Op 20 april 2012 heeft het Griekse fonds voor financiële stabiliteit (hierna „HFSF” genoemd) een committeringsbrief aan Alpha Bank (hierna „Alpha Bank” of „de bank” genoemd) gezonden waarin het toezegt te zullen deelnemen aan de verhoging van het aandelenkapitaal van de bank. Op 28 mei 2012 heeft een overbruggingsherkapitalisatie van Alpha Bank plaatsgevonden. Committeringsbrieven waarin soortgelijke overbruggingskredieten worden toegekend, zijn toegezonden aan de Nationale Bank van Griekenland (SA. 34824 (2012/NN)), EFG Eurobank (SA. 34825 (2012/NN)) en Piraeus Bank (SA. 34826 (2012/NN)). De Griekse autoriteiten hebben de committeringsbrieven op 10 mei 2012 aangemeld. Omdat de maatregel al genomen was, hebben de diensten van de Commissie deze als niet-aangemelde steun ingeschreven onder nummer SA. 34823 (2012/NN).
BESCHRIJVING VAN DE STEUNMAATREGEL TEN AANZIEN WAARVAN DE COMMISSIE DE PROCEDURE INLEIDT
Na de deelname van Alpha Bank aan de PSI (1), die met terugwerkende kracht op de rekeningen van het vierde kwartaal van 2011 werd geboekt, liep het kapitaal van de bank aanmerkelijk terug: het kernkapitaal (tier 1) van de bank bedroeg 3 % en de solvabiliteitsratio 5,5 %. Op 20 april 2012 zond het HFSF de bank een brief waarin het toezegde voor een bedrag van maximaal 1,9 miljard EUR te zullen deelnemen aan de voorgenomen verhoging van het aandelenkapitaal van de bank. […] (2). Eind 2011 bedroeg de solvabiliteitsratio, waarin de vermogensondersteuning met terugwerkende kracht die in de brief van het HFSF was toegezegd reeds was verdisconteerd, 9,8 % (pro forma). Op basis van de verplichting die het HFSF in de committeringsbrief reeds was aangegaan, keerde het de bank op 28 mei 2012 een bedrag uit van 1,9 miljard EUR, overeenkomstig de bepalingen betreffende overbruggingsherkapitalisatie van de gewijzigde wet tot oprichting van het HFSF. Zowel het in de brief genoemde bedrag als het bedrag van de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie waren door de Bank van Griekenland berekend met het oog op de nakoming van de toenmalige kapitaaltoereikendheidsvereisten. Daarom vermeldde Alpha Bank op haar balans van 31 maart 2012 een solvabiliteitsratio van 9,6 % en een core tier 1 van 7,2 %. Het bedrag van de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie maakte op die datum circa 4,3 % van de risicogewogen activa van Alpha Bank uit. Met inbegrip van de in mei 2009 ingebrachte preferente aandelen beloopt het bedrag aan steun dat de bank, afgezien van garanties en liquiditeitsondersteuning, heeft ontvangen circa 6,3 % van de risicogewogen activa van de bank.
BEOORDELING VAN DE MAATREGEL/STEUN
De committeringsbrief die het HFSF op 20 april 2012 aan Alpha Bank heeft toegezonden, verplicht het fonds ertoe de bank te herkapitaliseren. Het HFSF ontvangt middelen van de staat, en de voorwaarden waaronder het fonds steun kan verlenen aan financiële instellingen zijn in de Griekse wetgeving nauwkeurig vastgelegd. De maatregel/steun wordt derhalve met staatsmiddelen bekostigd en is toerekenbaar aan de staat.
De committeringsbrief heeft de bank reeds een voordeel toegekend […]. Met de voltooiing van de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie op 28 mei 2012 werd de verplichting die in de committeringsbrief was aangegaan, nagekomen zodat er sprake is van een voortzetting van dezelfde steun. Dankzij de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie in de vorm van EFSF-waardepapier werd de solvabiliteitsratio van Alpha Bank zodanig verhoogd dat de bank op de markt kan functioneren en toegang heeft tot operaties van het eurosysteem, zodat eveneens een voordeel aan de bank werd toegekend met staatsmiddelen.
Doordat de bank financiële middelen heeft ontvangen om aan de kapitaalvereisten te blijven voldoen, werd haar positie versterkt, wat tot een verstoring van de mededinging heeft geleid. Aangezien de bank ook op andere Europese financiële markten actief is en financiële instellingen van andere lidstaten in Griekenland werkzaam zijn, is het waarschijnlijk dat de maatregel de handel tussen lidstaten ongunstig beïnvloedt.
De rechtsgrondslag voor de beoordeling van de maatregel is echter artikel 107, lid 3, onder b), VWEU waarin wordt bepaald dat staatssteun als verenigbaar met de interne markt kan worden beschouwd wanneer deze wordt verleend „om een ernstige verstoring in de economie van een lidstaat op te heffen”. De Commissie blijft namelijk van mening dat aan de voorwaarden voor de goedkeuring van staatssteun op grond van artikel 107, lid 3, onder b), VWEU wordt voldaan aangezien opnieuw spanningen op de financiële markten zijn opgetreden, en zij heeft dit standpunt bevestigd met de zogeheten verlengingsmededeling van december 2011. Wat de Griekse economie betreft heeft de Commissie bij de goedkeuring van de achtereenvolgende Griekse steunmaatregelen voor kredietinstellingen, erkend dat er een ernstige verstoring in de Griekse economie dreigt en dat staatssteun voor banken een geschikt middel is om een dergelijke verstoring te verhelpen. In dit geval wordt deze dreiging nog versterkt doordat Alpha Bank een grote bank is.
De Commissie betwijfelt vooralsnog evenwel of de steunmaatregel voldoet aan de algemene verenigbaarheidscriteria, d.w.z. de criteria „geschiktheid”, „noodzaak” en „evenredigheid”.
Wat de „geschiktheid” van de maatregel betreft, merkt de Commissie op dat de maatregel, die voornamelijk noodzakelijk werd als gevolg van de PSI, bedoeld is om ervoor te zorgen dat de bank voldoet aan de wettelijke kapitaalvereisten en in aanmerking blijft komen voor liquiditeitsverschaffing door de centrale bank. Aangezien Alpha Bank een systeemrelevante Griekse bank is en de maatregel beoogt bij te dragen tot de financiële stabiliteit in Griekenland, lijkt de maatregel op het eerste gezicht geschikt. De Commissie heeft echter twijfels en kan nog niet concluderen dat meteen alle maatregelen zijn getroffen om te voorkomen dat de bank in de toekomst opnieuw steun nodig zal hebben. In dit stadium is nog niet duidelijk wie zeggenschap over de bank zal uitoefenen wanneer de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie wordt gevolgd door een permanente herkapitalisatie. De bank kan ofwel onder de zeggenschap van de staat komen ofwel onder de zeggenschap van particuliere minderheidsaandeelhouders via een krachtige hefboom. De Commissie zou hoe dan ook willen voorkomen dat het management van de bank, en met name het kredietverleningsproces, aan kwaliteit inboet. Indien de bank bijvoorbeeld onder de zeggenschap van de staat komt, mag dit niet uitmonden in een slecht bestuur, foutieve prijszetting of een niet op commerciële overwegingen gebaseerde kredietverstrekking. De Commissie betwijfelt vooralsnog of met het huidige corporate governance-kader inmenging en coördinatie door de overheid kunnen worden beperkt. Indien daarentegen de meerderheid van de stemrechten in de bank in handen zou komen van een belegger die slechts een gering bedrag heeft geïnvesteerd en die call-opties heeft op de aandelen van de staat, zou hij geneigd kunnen zijn buitensporige risico's te nemen. Kortom, er bestaat een risico dat de bank slechter zal worden bestuurd, wat het herstel van de levensvatbaarheid van de bank en het behoud van de financiële stabiliteit in gevaar zou kunnen brengen. Zolang er geen duidelijkheid is over de vraag wie de toekomstige eigenaar van de bank wordt en wie zeggenschap over de bank zal uitoefenen, betwijfelt de Commissie of de steunmaatregel geschikt is. Zij verzoekt de Griekse autoriteiten, de bank en belanghebbende derden hun opmerkingen hierover kenbaar te maken en informatie te verstrekken.
Hoewel het steunbedrag was vastgesteld op een niveau dat nakoming van de vigerende kapitaaltoereikendheidsvereisten door de bank waarborgde, werd de steun verleend nadat reeds gedurende een lange periode herkapitalisaties waren verricht. De Commissie betwijfelt of alle mogelijke maatregelen zijn genomen om ervoor te zorgen dat de bank in de toekomst niet opnieuw herkapitalisatiesteun nodig zal hebben, en aan de verplichtingen voldoet zoals opgenomen in het memorandum voor het economische en financiële beleid van het tweede aanpassingsprogramma voor Griekenland (op grond waarvan banken een core tier 1-ratio moeten hebben van 9 % in september 2012 en van 10 % in juni 2013). Wat de vergoeding voor de steun betreft, zij opgemerkt dat de vergoeding die het HFSF zal ontvangen lager is dan de marge van 7 à 9 % die in de herkapitalisatiemededeling is vastgelegd. Indien de duur van de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie voldoende beperkt is, zou de Commissie de specifieke kenmerken van deze overbruggingsherkapitalisatie in aanmerking kunnen nemen, evenals de context waarin deze is toegekend, en zou zij de lagere vergoeding kunnen aanvaarden. Aangezien de duur van de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie vooralsnog onzeker is, voornamelijk als gevolg van het moeilijke economische klimaat, betwijfelt de Commissie echter of deze vergoeding toereikend is. Bovendien heeft de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie geen verwatering van het kapitaal van de huidige aandeelhouders van de bank tot gevolg. Vóór de omzetting van de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie in een definitieve herkapitalisatie blijft de economische en juridische eigendom van de bank zoals die is. Daarom zou deze maatregel, indien de overbruggingsherkapitalisatie een lange periode in beslag zou nemen, niet voldoen aan de beginselen inzake vergoeding en lastenverdeling in het kader van de staatssteunregels. De Commissie verzoekt belanghebbenden over deze aspecten hun opmerkingen te maken.
Wat de evenredigheid van de maatregel betreft, zij opgemerkt dat de bank een groot bedrag aan steun ontvangt dat tot ernstige mededingingsvervalsing kan leiden indien tevens de herkapitalisaties door het HFSF van onder meer de andere drie grote Griekse banken in aanmerking worden genomen. Gezien het grote steunbedrag en de lange reddingsperiode betwijfelt de Commissie in dit stadium of de waarborgen die in de bestaande goedgekeurde regelingen zijn ingebouwd, zoals het verbod op dividenduitkering, de niet-uitoefening van call-opties zonder voorafgaand overleg met de Commissie enzovoort, toereikend zijn voor wat de hier onderzochte overbruggingsherkapitalisatie betreft. De Commissie verzoekt de Griekse autoriteiten, de begunstigde en derde partijen hierover hun opmerkingen te maken. Bovendien wijst de Commissie erop dat het HFSF reeds een vertegenwoordiger heeft benoemd in de vier banken die overbruggingsherkapitalisatie ontvangen, maar dat er nog geen regelgeving is vastgesteld die voorkomt dat via het HFSF informatie tussen deze banken wordt uitgewisseld of coördinatie tussen deze banken plaatsvindt. Om de bank nauwlettend te kunnen controleren, zou de Commissie moeten kunnen leunen op een waarnemer (monitoring trustee) die fysiek in de bank aanwezig is en die waakt over eventuele negatieve ontwikkelingen in de commerciële praktijken van de bank, zoals een foutieve prijszetting, niet op commerciële afwegingen gebaseerde kredietverstrekking of het aanbieden van een onhoudbare rente op deposito's. De Commissie verzoekt de begunstigden en belanghebbenden om ook over dit aspect hun standpunt kenbaar te maken.
Overeenkomstig artikel 14 van Verordening (EG) nr. 659/1999 van de Raad kan alle onrechtmatig verleende steun van de begunstigde worden teruggevorderd.
TEKST VAN DE BRIEF
„The Commission wishes to inform Greece that, having examined the information supplied by your authorities on the aid measure referred to above, it has decided to temporarily approve the measure in the form of a commitment letter and bridge recapitalisation as rescue aid and to initiate the procedure laid down in Article 108(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ("TFEU") in regard to that measure.
1. PROCEDURE
|
(1) |
In May 2009, Alpha Bank ("the bank") was recapitalised under the recapitalisation scheme which is part of the "Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece" approved by the European Commission on 19 November 2008 (3). |
|
(2) |
Recital 14 of the decision of 19 November 2008 provided that a restructuring plan needed to be notified to the Commission for the beneficiaries of that recapitalisation scheme. The extent of the restructuring plan for each bank depended on that bank's individual situation. |
|
(3) |
A plan was submitted to the European Commission by the Greek authorities on 2 August 2010 describing the bank's programme for ensuring long-term viability under the macro-economic assumptions which were relevant at that point in time. That plan, its subsequent updates as well as additional information submitted by the Greek authorities were administratively registered by the Commission services under case SA. 30342 (PN 26/2010) and then SA. 32786 (2011/PN). |
|
(4) |
Alpha Bank has also benefited from aid measures under the guarantee and the bond loan schemes which are part of the "Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece" approved by the European Commission on 19 November 2008 and subsequently prolonged and amended (4). |
|
(5) |
On 20 April 2012, the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund provided Alpha Bank with a commitment letter to participate in the share capital increase of the bank. On 28 May 2012, a bridge recapitalisation of Alpha Bank was implemented. |
|
(6) |
Similar commitment letters have been sent and bridge recapitalisations granted to National Bank of Greece (SA. 34824 (2012/NN)), EFG Eurobank (SA. 34825 (2012/NN)) and Piraeus Bank (SA. 34826 (2012/NN)). On 10 May 2012, the Greek authorities formally notified to the Commission the commitment letters provided to Alpha Bank (and the other banks) in line with recital 43 of the Commission decision of 6 February 2012. (5) As the measure had already been taken, the Commission services registered as non-notified aid under case SA. 34823 (2012/NN). |
|
(7) |
The Commission notes that Greece accepts that the adoption of the decision be in the English language. |
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1. General context of the Greek banking sector
|
(8) |
As regards the performance of their assets and resulting capital needs, the Greek banks face the double challenge of high losses on their holding of Greek government bonds (GGBs) and a deep and protracted recession which has given rise to a rapidly raising default rate on loans to Greek households and companies (6). |
|
(9) |
Greek banks have participated in the private sector bond exchange, known as Private Sector Involvement – PSI. The first decision on the PSI, envisaging a 21 % write-down on GGBs, was taken in the European Council of 21 July 2011. PSI-II was put forward by the Euro-area Member States on 26 October 2011 and envisaged a bond exchange with a nominal discount of around 50 % on notional Greek debt held by private investors. In February 2012, Greece put in place PSI-II and announced the results on 9 May 2012. The debt exchange resulted in significant additional losses and capital needs for the Greek banks. At that time, Euro-area Member States decided that additional financing to Greece would include the recapitalisation of Greek banks (7). |
|
(10) |
As regards the liquidity position of the Greek banks, it has continued to tighten. Domestic deposits decreased markedly in 2011 (-18 %) due to recession and political uncertainty. As Greek banks are shut out from wholesale funding markets, they are entirely dependent on Central Bank financing, a growing portion of which is in the form of emergency liquidity assistance. |
|
(11) |
Since the Greek banks were expected to face substantial capital shortfalls as a result of the PSI-II and the continuing recession, the Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies of the Second Adjustment Programme for Greece between the Greek Government, the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank dated 11 March 2012 has made available funds for the banks' recapitalisation. Total bank recapitalisation needs and resolution costs to be financed under that programme are estimated at EUR 50 billion (8). An amount of EUR 25 billion was made available upfront to deal with recapitalisation needs arising from PSI and the estimated funding gap due to resolutions (9). The funds are available through the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund. |
|
(12) |
According to the Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, “banks submitting viable capital raising plans will be given the opportunity to apply for and receive public support in a manner that preserves private sector incentives to inject capital and thus minimizes the burden for taxpayers” (10). The recapitalisation of the Greek banking sector has to be carried out by the end of September 2012, in order for banks to comply with a Core Tier 1 ratio of 9 % by September 2012 and of 10 % by June 2013. |
2.2. Description of the schemes put in place by greece during the financial crisis
2.2.1. Description of the support measures for the credit institutions in Greece introduced in 2008
|
(13) |
On 19 November 2008, the Commission approved the "Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece" (11) designed to ensure the stability of the Greek financial system. The Greek package of State aid measures for credit institutions included (i) a recapitalisation scheme, (ii) a guarantee scheme, and (iii) a government bond loan scheme. The Commission subsequently approved amendments to those measures and prolonged them several times (12). |
2.2.2. Description of the recapitalisation scheme for credit institutions in Greece under the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund
|
(14) |
The Memorandum of Understanding on Specific Economic Policy Conditionality between the Greek Government, the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank dated 3 May 2010 provided for the establishment of the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund (HFSF). The objective of the HFSF is to safeguard the stability of the Greek banking system by providing equity capital to credit institutions (13). On 3 September 2010, the Commission approved the HFSF as a recapitalisation scheme in line with the rules on support schemes for the financial sector during the crisis (14) and prolonged it several times (15). The Commission approved the most recent prolongation of the HFSF recapitalisation scheme on 6 February 2012 until 30 June 2012 (16). The HFSF Law has subsequently been amended as regards the recapitalisation scheme. The provisions referred to below were in place when the commitment letter was sent and the bridge recapitalisation took place. Since the later amendments were adopted after the date of the Commission's most recent decision on the HFSF recapitalisation scheme, they were not part of the Commission's approval at the time. |
|
(15) |
A credit institution whose viability has been confirmed by the Bank of Greece may submit a request to the HFSF for capital support, following an instruction from the Bank of Greece. |
|
(16) |
A credit institution’s request for the provision of capital support must be accompanied by the following documents:
|
|
(17) |
Following the finalisation of the terms and conditions of the share capital increase, the HFSF will provide capital support in compliance with the EU State aid legislation. |
|
(18) |
The credit institution must prepare a detailed restructuring plan or amend the plan already submitted to the European Commission, in accordance with the applicable EU State aid rules. The restructuring plan will be approved by the HFSF. Within three months from the provision of capital support, the Ministry of Finance must submit the restructuring plan to the European Commission for approval. |
|
(19) |
The implementation period of the restructuring plan may not exceed three years. An extension of up to two years may be granted by decision of the HFSF, following consultation with the Bank of Greece and subject to approval by the European Commission. |
|
(20) |
Until the share capital increase is finalised, the relevant HFSF legal framework specifies that the HFSF may provide two temporary solutions as capital support:
|
I. Commitment letters provided by the HFSF
|
(21) |
The HFSF, upon a decision of the Bank of Greece, may provide a credit institution with a letter stating that it will participate in that bank's share capital increase (hereinafter "commitment letter"). That credit institution (i) has to be assessed as viable by the Bank of Greece and (ii) has to submit a request for capital support to the HFSF. |
|
(22) |
The HFSF provides the commitment letter on condition that:
|
|
(23) |
For a credit institution for which the HFSF has issued a commitment letter and until the completion of the share capital increase, the HFSF:
|
|
(24) |
The HFSF's representative in the Board of Directors of the credit institution has the following rights:
|
|
(25) |
In exercising its rights, the HFSF’s representative in the Board of Directors must respect the credit institution’s business autonomy. |
II. Bridge recapitalisations provided by the HFSF
|
(26) |
In view of its participation in the future capital increase of a credit institution that has been deemed viable by the Bank of Greece, the HFSF may advance its contribution (hereinafter "bridge recapitalisation") to such an increase or part thereof, up to the amount specified by the Bank of Greece. |
|
(27) |
The bridge recapitalisation is paid by the HFSF to the bank in the form of European Financial Stability Fund (EFSF) floating notes with maturities of six and ten years with an issue date of 19 April 2012. |
|
(28) |
The EFSF notes are deposited into an account of the credit institution with the Bank of Greece exclusively for the purpose of the HFSF participation in the capital increase. The EFSF notes can be used only for the purpose of ensuring liquidity through repurchase transactions with market participants or/and through Euro-system operations. |
|
(29) |
The terms of the bridge recapitalisation are enshrined into a pre-subscription agreement agreed between the credit institution, the HFSF and the EFSF. |
|
(30) |
For the period between the date of the bridge recapitalisation and the date of the conversion of the bridge recapitalisation into ordinary shares and other convertible financial instruments (hereinafter "conversion into the final recapitalisation instruments"), the pre-subscription agreement provides that:
|
|
(31) |
The HFSF grants the bridge recapitalisation following a decision of the Bank of Greece, provided that:
|
|
(32) |
The Minister of Finance, following an opinion of the HFSF, may decide to provide additional corporate governance safeguards until the conversion into the final recapitalisation instruments. |
2.3. Beneficiary
|
(33) |
Alpha Bank, founded in 1879, is one of the largest banks in Greece. The bank offers a wide range of services including retail, SME and corporate banking, credit cards, asset management, investment banking, private banking, brokerage, leasing and factoring. |
|
(34) |
Out of a total network of 900 branches, a number of 436 are located in Greece (including Alpha Private Bank and Commercial Centres). In the international banking markets, Alpha Bank Group is present in Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Ukraine, Albania, F.Y.R.O.M. and the United Kingdom. |
|
(35) |
Alpha Bank fully participated in the PSI programme with eligible bonds of EUR 3,8 billion and State-guaranteed loans of EUR 2,1 billion. In that framework, the total PSI-impairment charge amounted to EUR 3,8 billion, entirely booked in 2011 accounts. |
|
(36) |
The key figures of Alpha Bank Group in March 2012, December 2011 and December 2010 (consolidated data) are as follows:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.4. State recapitalisation already received by the bank
|
(37) |
In May 2009, Alpha Bank received a capital injection of EUR 940 million, equivalent to around 2 % of its risk weighted assets ("RWA") at the time from the Greek State under the recapitalisation scheme. |
|
(38) |
The recapitalisation took the form of preference shares subscribed by the State which have a fixed remuneration of 10 %. |
2.5. State liquidity support already received by the bank
|
(39) |
Alpha Bank has benefited and still benefits from aid measures under the guarantee and the bond loan schemes which are part of the "Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece". As of 22 May 2012 (19), the guarantees granted to Alpha Bank amounted to around EUR 9,8 billion and the bond loans to about EUR 0,5 billion. The bank has benefited and still benefits also from the emergency liquidity assistance granted by the Bank of Greece. |
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE AID MEASURE
|
(40) |
Following its participation in the PSI, which was booked retrospectively in the account of the fourth quarter of 2011, the capital of Alpha Bank significantly diminished: the bank registered a Core Tier 1 ratio of 3 % and a capital adequacy ratio of 5,5 % (20). |
|
(41) |
On 20 April 2012, the HFSF provided a letter committing to participate for an amount of up to EUR 1,9 billion in the planned share capital increase of Alpha Bank (21). […] (22) The capital adequacy ratio at end-2011 that included the retroactive effect of the capital support included in the HFSF commitment letter reached 9,8 % (pro-forma) (23). |
|
(42) |
On the basis of the obligation already undertaken in the commitment letter, the HFSF advanced EUR 1,9 billion to Alpha Bank on 28 May 2012 (24), in line with the provisions for bridge recapitalisations laid down in the HFSF Law. Both the amounts provided in the commitment letter and in the bridge recapitalisation were calculated by the Bank of Greece in order to ensure the bank's compliance with the current capital adequacy requirements. Therefore, in the balance sheet of 31 March 2012, Alpha Bank registered a capital adequacy ratio of 9,6 % and a Core Tier 1 of 7,2 % (25). |
|
(43) |
The amount of bridge recapitalisation represents around 4,3 % of Alpha Bank's RWA as of 31 March 2012 (26). With the preference shares injected in May 2009, the amount of aid received by Alpha Bank in forms other than guarantees and liquidity assistance stands at around 6,3 % of the bank's RWA. |
4. THE POSITION OF GREECE
|
(44) |
The Greek authorities acknowledged that the commitment to provide capital to Alpha Bank contained in the letter provided to the bank constitutes State aid. |
|
(45) |
The Greek authorities consider that the measures are compatible with the internal market under Article 107(3)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ("TFEU"). |
5. ASSESSMENT OF THE AID
5.1. Existence of aid in the form of the commitment letter and bridge recapitalisation
|
(46) |
As stated in Article 107(3)(b) TFEU any aid granted by a Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the internal market. |
|
(47) |
The Commission notes that the commitment letter provided by the HFSF on 20 April 2012 firmly commits the HFSF to recapitalise the bank. HFSF receives its resources from the State. The HFSF has a limited duration up to 2017, and so any profit or loss it incurs will eventually be borne by the State. The Commission therefore concludes that the letter commits State resources and that the bridge recapitalisation involves State resources. The circumstances in which the HFSF can grant support to financial institutions are precisely defined and limited by the Law. Accordingly the use of those State resources is imputable to the State. |
|
(48) |
As regards the existence of an advantage, the commitment letter already granted an advantage to the bank. […] The bridge recapitalisation finalised on 28 May 2012 is the implementation of the obligation undertaken in the commitment letter and thus a continuation of the same aid. The bridge recapitalisation in the form of EFSF notes increased the bank's capital ratio to a level that allows the functioning of the bank on the market and access to Euro-system operations. Therefore, the bridge recapitalisation also granted an advantage to the bank from State resources. |
|
(49) |
As a result, the position of the beneficiary was strengthened since the bank was provided with the financial resources to continue to comply with the capital requirements, thus leading to competition distortions. As the bank is active in other European financial markets and as financial institutions from other Member States operate in Greece, the bridge recapitalisation by the HFSF is also likely to affect trade between Member States. |
|
(50) |
The bridge recapitalisation in essence implements the commitment contained in the HFSF letter to Alpha Bank. The Commission considers that the commitment letter and the bridge recapitalisation refer to one and the same measure. The Commission will hereafter refer to ‧the measure‧ and only make reference to the bridge recapitalisation when necessary. |
5.2. Compatibility of the aid
5.2.1. Application of article 107(3)(b) TFEU
|
(51) |
Article 107(3)(b) TFEU provides for the possibility that State aid can be regarded as compatible with the internal market where it is granted "to remedy a serious disturbance in the economy of a Member State". |
|
(52) |
The Commission has acknowledged that the global financial crisis can create a serious disturbance in the economy of a Member State and that measures supporting banks are apt to remedy that disturbance. The Commission explained its approach in the Banking Communication (27), the Recapitalisation Communication (28) and the Restructuring Communication (29). The Commission still considers that requirements for State aid to be approved pursuant to Article 107(3)(b) TFEU are fulfilled in view of the reappearance of stress in financial markets. The Commission confirmed that view by adopting the 2011 Prolongation Communication in December 2011 (30). |
|
(53) |
In respect to the Greek economy, the Commission has acknowledged in its successive approval of the Greek support schemes for credit institutions that there is a threat of serious disturbance in the Greek economy and that State support of banks is suitable to remedy that disturbance. Such a threat is even greater here as Alpha Bank is a large bank. Therefore, the legal basis for the assessment of the aid measure should be Article 107(3)(b) TFEU. |
5.2.2. Compatibility of the aid measure under article 107(3)(b) TFEU
|
(54) |
In line with point 15 of the Banking Communication, in order for an aid to be compatible under Article 107(3)(b) TFEU it must comply with the general criteria for compatibility (31):
|
|
(55) |
The Recapitalisation Communication elaborates further on the three principles of the Banking Communication and states that recapitalisations can contribute to the restoration of financial stability. |
|
(56) |
The Commission has doubts on the application of all three criteria i.e. the criteria of "appropriateness", "necessity" and "proportionality". |
5.2.3. Compatibility with the banking and recapitalisation communications
a. Appropriateness of the measure
|
(57) |
The measure aims to help the bank to comply with the current regulatory capital requirements of the Bank of Greece, i.e. a total capital adequacy ratio of 8 %. In addition, in order to be eligible for Central bank financing a bank has to comply with the regulatory capital requirements. In the present case, the measure helps the bank to remain eligible to obtain Central bank liquidity until the final recapitalisation of the bank takes place. |
|
(58) |
In that respect, the Commission notes that the bank is one of the largest banking institutions in Greece, both in terms of lending and collection of deposits. As such, Alpha Bank is a systemically important bank for Greece. Consequently, a default of the bank would create a serious disturbance in the Greek economy. Under the current circumstances where all financial institutions in Greece have difficulties in accessing funding, which limits to a certain extent the provisions of loans to the Greek economy, the disturbance to the economy would be aggravated by such a default. Moreover, the Commission notes that the measure came about mainly as a result of PSI, a highly extraordinary and unpredictable event and not as a result of mismanagement or excessive risk-taking from the bank. The measure thereby aims to mainly deal with the results of PSI and contribute to maintain financial stability in Greece. For those reasons, the measure would at first seem appropriate. |
|
(59) |
However, the Commission notes that the aid comes after prior recapitalisations and liquidity aid. The Commission can therefore not treat the aid as rescue aid received for the first time by a company. That context of repeated rescue aid measures requires additional safeguards. The context of a protracted rescue period blurs the distinction between rescue aid - which is normally temporarily approved without the Commission seeking many commitments from the Member State restraining the beneficiary's actions during the rescue period - and restructuring aid which is approved only after a thorough assessment. In particular, the Commission doubts at this stage that all the measures possible have been taken immediately to avoid that the bank again needs aid in the future. |
|
(60) |
There is no clarity at this stage about who will control the bank in the future once the bridge recapitalisation is replaced by a permanent recapitalisation. The bank may either come under the control of the State or the minority private owners may enjoy control and high leverage. The Commission would wish to ensure that the quality of the bank's management, and notably its lending process, should not deteriorate in either case. |
|
(61) |
If the bank comes under State control, the bank should not suffer from poor management or mispricing or carry out lending that was not business-oriented. The bank's assessment of credit applications has to include, inter alia, the quality of collateral, the pricing and the solvency of the borrower. If such decisions were no longer taken on the basis of commercial criteria due to, for instance, State interference, it would increase the bank's need for aid (or reduce the remuneration for the shareholder i.e. the State) and endanger the restoration of viability. In light of the poor track record of some State-controlled banks in Greece, additional safeguards might have to be put in place in order to limit the public interference in the day-to-day management of banks, including regarding pricing and lending decisions. In that respect, lending to public companies should be scrutinised and normal commercial practices applied in the assessment of their borrowing capacity. The Commission has doubts, at this stage, whether the current corporate governance framework can limit public interference and coordination (coordination due to the high amounts of State aid provided by the HFSF which thus becomes a shareholder in several banks which may, inter alia, lead to an infringement of the EU rules in mergers and antitrust). |
|
(62) |
If, conversely, the majority of the voting rights of the bank were held in the future by an investor which had invested only a limited amount of money and enjoyed call options on the shares held by the State, that investor might be tempted to take excessive risks. In such a scenario, in case of success it would earn a large and disproportionate return thanks to the leverage offered by the call options. The Commission notes that the current situation of the bank already presents such a risk as, while the State has provided all the capital to the bank through the bridge recapitalisation, all the regular shares of the bank are held by its historical shareholders. |
|
(63) |
In conclusion, there is a risk that the way the bank is managed will deteriorate and it could endanger the restoration of viability and preservation of financial stability. In the absence of clarity about who will own and control the bank in the future, the Commission has doubts at this stage that the aid measure is appropriate. The Commission therefore finds it necessary to open the procedure under Article 108(2) TFEU on that new aid in order to collect all the facts from the Greek authorities and allow interested parties to comment. |
b. Necessity – limitation of the aid to the minimum
|
(64) |
According to the Banking Communication, the aid measure must, in its amount and form, be necessary to achieve the objective. Thus the capital injection must be of the minimum amount necessary to reach the objective. |
|
(65) |
As regards the amount of aid, the Commission notes that it was calculated in order to ensure the bank's compliance with the current capital adequacy requirements of the Bank of Greece. It therefore does not seem to provide the bank with excess capital. However, as indicated above, that aid comes after several other aid measures in the context of a protracted rescue period. In particular, as indicated above, the Commission doubts at this stage that all the measures possible have been taken to avoid that the bank again needs aid in the future. |
|
(66) |
As regards the remuneration of the aid, the Commission notes that, for the period until the conversion of the bridge recapitalisation into a permanent recapitalisation, the HFSF will receive a fee of 1 % plus the accrued interest on the EFSF notes. It will not receive any shares in the bank. That remuneration is below the range of 7 % to 9 % laid down in the Recapitalisation Communication. At this stage, the duration of the bridge recapitalisation period is uncertain. If it is sufficiently short, the Commission might be able to take into account the specific characteristics of the bridge recapitalisation and the context in which it was granted, and so to accept the lower remuneration. It is indeed recalled that the bridge recapitalisation aims at immediately covering the large capital gap which was the result of the PSI, while leaving some time to the bank to try to raise capital on the market (and thereby reduce the amount of recapitalisation aid which would have to be permanently injected in the bank). Accordingly, the bridge recapitalisation seems acceptable if it is truly a short-term solution to give time to find private investors. However, it would become problematic if it remains in its current form for a long period without being converted. In conclusion, given that at this stage the duration of the bridge recapitalisation is uncertain, the Commission has doubts that its remuneration is sufficient. |
|
(67) |
The bridge recapitalisation will be converted into a permanent recapitalisation at a later stage. However, as regards the remuneration of the aid once the bridge recapitalisation is converted into a permanent one, the terms of the conversion are still unknown. The Commission can therefore not assess them at this stage. The present decision cannot therefore endorse them and the Greek authorities must notify that measure once the terms of the final recapitalisation are known. |
|
(68) |
The Commission notes that the bridge recapitalisation does not trigger the dilution of the bank's current shareholders. Until the conversion into the final recapitalisation instruments, the bank's economic and legal ownership does not change. The State does not receive any shares, despite the large size of the recapitalisation (without the State recapitalisation there would be almost no capital left in the bank as a result, mainly, of the extraordinary circumstances triggered by the PSI). While such an arrangement could be acceptable as a temporary measure, to give some time to find private investors, it would not comply with the remuneration and burden-sharing principles under State aid rules if the bridge recapitalisation were to last over a protracted period. |
c. Proportionality – measures limiting negative spill-over effects
|
(69) |
The Commission notes that the bank receives a very large amount of State aid. It is also the case of the three other large privately-owned banks. If one also takes into account the recapitalisations of Agricultural Bank of Greece (ATE) (32) and Hellenic Postbank (TT) (33), all the domestic large and medium-sized banks in Greece will have received large amounts of State aid. That situation may therefore lead to serious distortions of competition. However, it is noted that the need for the bridge recapitalisation stems mainly from the participation in the PSI programme and not from the mismanagement or excessive risk-taking from existing investors. |
|
(70) |
As indicated above, the repeated rescue aid granted to the bank means that the new aid cannot be considered as a genuine rescue aid and should be scrutinized in more depth. In addition, more safeguards should be required, taking inspiration from what is required for restructuring aid. |
|
(71) |
Point 38 of the Banking Communication requires that capital injections should not allow the beneficiary to engage in aggressive commercial strategies. Furthermore, point 37 of the Recapitalisation Communication acknowledges that safeguards may be necessary to prevent aggressive commercial expansion financed by State aid. Under the current approved schemes, Greece has committed that the beneficiary banks will suspend dividend and coupon payments on outstanding hybrid instruments unless those payments stem from a legal obligation, will not exercise a call option on the same instruments and will not carry out any other capital management deals (e.g. buy-back) on hybrid instruments or any other equity-like instruments without consulting with the Commission in advance. The Commission doubts at this stage that those safeguards are sufficient in relation to the bridge recapitalisation under consideration. The Commission invites the beneficiary and third parties to comment on that issue. |
|
(72) |
The Commission notes that the HFSF has already appointed its representatives in all of the four banks which have received a bridge recapitalisation. The HFSF representatives are different for each bank and the HFSF does not yet have control in the four banks. Nevertheless, the Commission notes that there are no rules in place that prevent the HFSF from carrying out coordination between them. Moreover, adequate safeguards should be in place to ensure that commercially sensitive information is not shared between those undertakings which could lead to distortions of competition. In order to monitor the bank closely, it seems appropriate that the Commission should be able to rely on a monitoring trustee which would be physically present in the bank. The same monitoring trustee might have in its mandate to observe any detrimental changes in the bank's commercial practices, such mispricing, carrying out lending that is not business-oriented or offering unsustainable interest rates on deposits. The Commission invites the beneficiary and third parties to comment. |
|
(73) |
The Commission notes that the restructuring plan/viability review submitted under State aid cases SA. 30342 (PN 26/2010) – "Assessment of the recapitalised Greek banks" and SA. 32786 (2011/PN) – "Viability plan of Alpha Bank" was based on a much lower amount of aid and outdated macro-economic assumptions. For example, it does not include the effect of PSI. Therefore, the Commission requests the Greek authorities that the updated restructuring plan that Greece has to submit three months from the date of the bridge recapitalisation, as also provided under the amended HFSF law, should take account of the large aid amount received, include the new developments and update the measures envisaged by the bank to cope with the new environment. |
5.3. Conclusion
|
(74) |
The Commission has doubts at this stage that the bridge recapitalisation by the HFSF is appropriate, limited to the minimum and proportionate. On that basis, the Commission has doubts whether the aid can be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(b) TFEU. It therefore finds it necessary to open the procedure laid down in Article 107(3)(b) TFEU. |
|
(75) |
At the same time, the Commission notes that the Greek banks are currently operating under extreme conditions. Their participation in the PSI and the deep recession have wiped out banks' capital. Given those totally exceptional circumstances which are not the result of the banks' own mismanagement or excessive risk-taking, the Commission approves the aid in the form of the commitment letter and the bridge recapitalisation for six months from the date of adoption of the current decision. |
|
(76) |
The Commission recalls that this temporary approval does not cover the conversion of the bridge recapitalisation into the final recapitalisation which the Greek authorities need to notify to the Commission. Upon the receipt of the complete notification of that conversion, if it is received by the Commission within six months from the date of this decision, the duration of that approval will be automatically extended until the Commission reaches a final decision on those terms. |
|
(77) |
The Commission observes that Greece has to submit a restructuring plan for the bank three months after granting the bridge recapitalisation. |
6. DECISION
The Commission concludes that the commitment to provide capital to the bank in the HFSF commitment letter and the bridge recapitalisation which took place on 28 May 2012 constitutes State aid pursuant to Article 107(1) TFEU.
The Commission temporarily approves that measure as rescue aid for reasons of financial stability for a period of six months from the date of this decision. If within that period, the Greek authorities submit a complete notification of the conversion of the bridge recapitalisation into a final recapitalisation, then the duration of the approval will be automatically extended until the Commission reaches a final decision on those terms.
Moreover, in the light of the foregoing considerations, the Commission, acting under the procedure laid down in Article 108(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, requests Greece to submit its comments and to provide all such information as may help to assess the aid measure, within one month of the date of receipt of this letter. It requests your authorities to forward a copy of this letter to Alpha Bank immediately.
The Commission notes that Greece accepts for reasons of urgency that the adoption of the decision be in the English language.
The Commission warns Greece that it will inform interested parties by publishing this letter and a meaningful summary of it in the Official Journal of the European Union. It will also inform interested parties in the EFTA countries which are signatories to the EEA Agreement, by publication of a notice in the EEA Supplement to the Official Journal of the European Union and will inform the EFTA Surveillance Authority by sending a copy of this letter. All such interested parties will be invited to submit their comments within one month of the date of such publication.”
(1) Private Sector Involvement: onderhandelingsakkoord tussen de Griekse autoriteiten en particuliere schuldeisers waarbij laatstgenoemden op vrijwillige basis een deel van de Griekse overheidsschuld kwijtschelden. De PSI is een buitengewoon instrument en had aanzienlijke gevolgen voor Griekse banken: een aantal banken leed verlies als gevolg van de PSI.
(2) Vertrouwelijke informatie, ook hierna aangegeven met […].
(3) See Commission decision of 19 November 2008 in State Aid N 560/2008 "Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 125, 05.06.2009, p. 6. It was attributed the number SA.26678 (N 560/2008). That scheme was subsequently prolonged and amended (see below under footnote 2).
(4) On 2 September 2009, Greece notified a number of amendments to the support measures and a prolongation until 31 December 2009 that were approved on 18 September 2009 (See Commission decision of 18 September 2009 in State Aid N 504/2009 "Prolongation and amendment of the Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 264, 06.11.2009, p. 5). On 25 January 2010, the Commission approved a second prolongation of the support measures until 30 June 2010 (See Commission decision of 25 January 2010 in State Aid N 690/2009 "Prolongation of the Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 57, 09.03.2010, p. 6). On 30 June 2010, the Commission approved a number of amendments to the support measures and an extension until 31 December 2010 (See Commission decision of 30 June 2010 in State Aid N 260/2010 "Extension of the Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 238, 03.09.2010, p. 3.). On 21 December 2010 the Commission approved a prolongation of the support measures until 30 June 2010 (See Commission decision of 21 December 2010 in State aid SA 31998 (2010/N) "Fourth extension of the Support measures for the credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 53, 19.02.2011, p. 2). On 4 April 2011 the Commission approved an amendment (See Commission decision of 4 April 2011 in State Aid SA.32767 (2011/N) "Amendment to the Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 164, 02.06.2011, p. 8). On 27 June 2011 the Commission approved a prolongation of the support measures until 31 December 2011 (See Commission decision of 27 June 2011 in State aid SA.33153 (2011/N) "Fifth prolongation of the Support measures for the credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 274, 17.09.2011, p. 6). On 6 February 2012, the Commission approved a prolongation of the support measures until 30 June 2012 (See Commission decision of 6 February 2012 in State aid SA.34149 (2011/N) "Sixth prolongation of the Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 101, 04.04.2012, p. 2. On 6 July 2012, the Commission approved a prolongation of the support measures until 31 December 2012 (See Commission decision of 6 July 2012 in State aid SA.35002 (2012/N) "Seventh prolongation of the Support Scheme for Credit Institutions in Greece", not yet published.
(5) See Commission decision of 6 February 2012 in State Aid SA.34148 (2011/N) "Third prolongation of the Recapitalisation of credit institutions in Greece under the Financial Stability Fund (FSF)", OJ C 101, 04.04.2012, p. 2. Recital 43 of the decision provides that the Greek authorities will ‧notify individually any recapitalisation of a bank which has already received a recapitalisation from the State in the current crisis. The Commission notes that commitment will allow it to assess individually recapitalisation of banks which receive successive aid. It is important, as, in such cases, it has to be assessed more in detail whether an additional recapitalisation of the bank is the best option to preserve financial stability and limit distortions of competition. In such cases of successive aid, it has also to be verified whether the recapitalisation instrument and remuneration to be used by the HFSF are still appropriate‧.
(6) European Commission - Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece - March 2012, p. 17, available online at
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2012/pdf/ocp94_en.pdf.
(7) See the Euro Summit Statement of 26 October 2011, point 12, available online at:
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/125644.pdf.
(8) European Commission - Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece - March 2012, p. 106.
(9) International Monetary Fund, Greece: Request for Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility - Staff Report, IMF Country Report No. 12/57, 16 March 2012, p. 28, available online at
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1257.pdf.
(10) European Commission - Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs. The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece - March 2012, p. 104.
(11) See Commission decision of 19 November 2008 in State Aid N 560/2008 "Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 125, 05.06.2009, p. 6.
(12) See footnote 3.
(13) HFSF operates in parallel with the Recapitalisation Scheme. The other new role of the HFSF is to provide capital support to transitional credit institutions established under the resolution framework in Greece (Article 63 of Law 3601/2007). The HFSF's role in the resolution process was not subject to the Commission's approval.
(14) See Commission Decision of 3 September 2010 in State aid Case N 328/2010, “Recapitalisation of Credit Institutions in Greece under the Financial Stability Fund (FSF)”, OJ C 316, 20.11.2010, p. 7.
(15) See Commission Decision of 14 December 2010 under State aid case SA.31999 (2010/N), “Prolongation of the Recapitalisation of credit institutions in Greece under the Financial Stability Fund (FSF)”, OJ C 62, 26.02.2011, p. 16. See Commission decision of 27 June 2011 in State Aid case SA.33154 (2010/N), "Second prolongation of the Recapitalisation of credit institutions in Greece under the Financial Stability Fund (FSF)", OJ C 244, 23.08.2011, p. 2.
(16) See Commission decision of 6 February 2012 in State Aid SA.34148 (2011/N) "Third prolongation of the Recapitalisation of credit institutions in Greece under the Financial Stability Fund (FSF)", OJ C 101, 04.04.2012, p. 2.
(17) The current capital adequacy requirements of the Bank of Greece are set at 8 %.
(18) The pre-subscription agreement provided that: "The Effective Risk payable to the Bank shall include the EFSF bonds and any coupon payments and accrued interest to the EFSF bonds for the period from the issuance of the bonds until the conversion of the Advance into share capital and other convertible financial instruments as prescribed herein".
(19) According to the mid-term report on the operation of the guarantee and the bond loan schemes submitted by the Ministry of Finance on 27 June 2012. See recital 38 of the Commission decision of 6 February 2012 in State aid SA.34149 (2011/N) "Sixth prolongation of the Support Measures for the Credit Institutions in Greece", OJ C 101, 04.04.2012, p. 2.
(20) See Alpha Bank – Presentation of the FY 2011 Results, 20 April 2012, p. 8, available online at: http://www.alpha.gr/files/investorrelations/2011_FY_Financial_Report.pdf.
(21) See Alpha Bank – Financial information of Alpha Bank A.E. and the Group for the year from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011, available online at:
http://www.alpha.gr/files/investorrelations/IFRS_Alphagroup_FY_2011_en.pdf.
(22) Confidential information, also indicated below by […]
(23) See Alpha Bank – Presentation of the FY 2011 Results, 20 April 2012, p. 8.
(24) See Alpha Bank - Financial Information of Alpha Bank A.E. and the Group for the period from January 1, 2012 to March 31, 2012, available online at
http://www.alpha.gr/files/investorrelations/IFRS_Alphagroup_Q1_2012_en.pdf.
(25) See Alpha Bank – Presentation of the Q1 2012 Results, 31 May 2012, p. 6, available online at: http://www.alpha.gr/files/investorrelations/2012_Q1_Financial_Report.pdf.
(26) The amount of RWA as of 31 March 2012 stood at EUR 44,2 billion. See Alpha Bank – Presentation of the Q1 2012 Results, 31 May 2012, p. 8.
(27) Communication from the Commission "The application of State aid rules to measures taken in relation to financial institutions in the context of the current global financial crisis"OJ C 270, 25.10.2008, p. 8.
(28) Commission Communication "Recapitalisation of financial institutions in the current financial crisis: limitation of the aid to the minimum necessary and safeguards against undue distortions of competition", OJ C 10, 15.1.2009, p. 2.
(29) Commission Communication "The return to viability and the assessment of restructuring measures in the financial sector in the current crisis under the State aid rules" - OJ C 195, 19.8.2009, p. 9.
(30) Communication from the Commission on the application, from 1 January 2012, of State aid rules to support measures in favour of banks in the context of the financial crisis, OJ C 356, 6.12.2011, p. 7.
(31) See recital 41 of Commission decision in Case NN 51/2008 Guarantee scheme for banks in Denmark, OJ C 273, 28.10.2008, p. 2.
(32) ATE, a State-owned bank was the fifth-largest banking group in Greece in 2011. It has received State aid under the support measures for credit institutions in Greece in the form of recapitalisation, guarantees and bond loans.
(33) TT was listed on the Athens Stock Exchange in June 2006. It has a network of 146 branches in 65 cities around the country and it operates also in the 850 Hellenic Post offices. The shareholders' structure includes the Greek State which is the biggest shareholder with a participation of 34 % and the Hellenic Post with 10 %. Hellenic Postbank received a State capital injection under the Support scheme for credit institutions in Greece of approximately EUR 225 million.