21.3.2009   

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 68/23

(1)

On 10 March 2009, the Council examined the updated convergence programme of Sweden, which covers the period 2008 to 2011.

(2)

After many years of relatively strong economic growth, the Swedish economy decelerated significantly in 2008 as a result of the global slowdown dampening external demand. Domestic demand kept up rather well until the summer, but has since weakened markedly as business and consumer confidence have fallen sharply along with major stock market indices. The slowdown appears to have worsened in the last months of 2008 and unemployment has started to increase. Partly thanks to a generally sound macro-economic framework, Sweden entered the downturn with public finances in a relatively strong position and therefore has scope for letting automatic stabilisers play fully and taking discretionary stimulus measures without jeopardising long-term fiscal sustainability. As Swedish public finances have historically been relatively sensitive to the cycle and labour market developments, the main challenge in the coming years will be to ensure a return to full employment so that the expected rapid rise in unemployment does not have a permanent negative impact on public finances. Following several interest rate hikes until September 2008 on account of inflation concerns, the Riksbank has eased monetary policy via successive interest rate reductions (from 4,75 % to currently 1,00 %). The nominal effective exchange rate of the krona depreciated by around 10 % during 2008.

(3)

The programme contains three different scenarios for the macro-economic and budgetary projections: a ‘base scenario’ and two ‘alternative scenarios’, the latter two depicting more cautious macro-economic and budgetary developments. The base scenario is considered the reference scenario for assessing budgetary projections, as it is the only fully-developed scenario containing sufficiently detailed projections. The reference scenario, which takes most of the planned stimulus measures for 2009 into account, envisages that real GDP growth will fall from 1,5 % in 2008 to 1,3 % in 2009, before recovering to an average rate of 3,3 % over the rest of the programme period. In view of the rapid deterioration of the macro-economic outlook in past months (2) this scenario, which was finalised in September, appears to be based on markedly favourable growth assumptions, in particular for the years 2009 and 2010. This is also reflected in markedly favourable projections for unemployment. The composition of growth is more plausible than the overall GDP growth outlook and the programme's projections for inflation appear realistic. Inflation is expected to fall well below the Riksbank's 2 %-target in 2009 as a result of lower commodity prices and a widening output gap dampening price pressures from the demand side.

(4)

For 2008, the general government surplus is estimated at 2,3 % of GDP in the Commission services' January 2009 interim forecast, against a target of 2,8 % of GDP set in the previous update of the convergence programme. Despite a positive base effect (reflecting a stronger outturn in 2007 than anticipated in the previous programme), the worse-than-planned outcome in 2008 is to a large extent explained by revenue from taxes on consumption and capital income falling short of expectations, which more than offset the positive impact from lower-than-anticipated expenditure growth. This is a reflection of the slower growth of consumption and investment and the significant fall in stock market indices in the second half of 2008.

(5)

In the updated programme, the general government surplus in 2009 is foreseen to narrow by 1,7 percentage points to 1,1 % of GDP, which compares with a projection of a deficit of 1,3 % of GDP in the Commission services' interim forecast. The 2009 target in the programme update includes the fiscal stimulus measures contained in the 2009 Budget Bill amounting to about 1 % of GDP, consisting mainly of tax cuts on earned income and a reduction in social contributions. The estimated impact of the automatic stabilisers on the general government balance is a reduction of the surplus by 0,6 % of GDP. The fiscal stance is foreseen to turn expansionary in 2009, with the structural balance decreasing by about 1 percentage point of GDP. The relatively stronger deterioration of the structural balance in the Commission forecast of around 2 percentage points of GDP is mainly due to measures announced after the adoption of the convergence programme and the loss of tax revenues.

(6)

The main goal of the medium-term budgetary strategy in the programme is to achieve a budget surplus of 1 % of GDP on average over the business cycle, supported by multi-annual expenditure ceilings for the central government and a balanced budget requirement for local governments. This surplus target corresponds to Sweden's medium-term objective (MTO) of a structural surplus of 1 % of GDP. Despite the significant deterioration in the government balance in 2009, the programme foresees to respect the MTO with a good margin throughout the programme period. This is based on a no-policy-change assumption for 2010 and 2011. Both the headline and the primary balance are projected in the programme to strengthen as from 2010, with the headline surplus increasing to 1,6 % of GDP and 2,5 % of GDP in 2010 and 2011, respectively.

(7)

The budgetary outcomes are subject to downside risks. The main risk to the programme's budgetary projections stems from the macro-economic scenario. In recognition of this risk, the programme contains two alternative scenarios, both with less favourable growth assumptions based on the international financial crisis proving deeper and more protracted than assumed in the reference scenario. From the information available, it would seem, however, that even the least favourable of the two alternative scenarios might underestimate the impact on the general government balance of the economic downturn projected in that scenario. This confirms that there is substantial uncertainty as to the degree of sensitivity of the government balance to changes in economic activity at the current juncture. While the uncertainty concerns both the revenue and the expenditure side, it is probably larger on the revenue side, given the recent volatility of some revenue components, notably revenues from capital income taxes. On the expenditure side, there is uncertainty about the impact of recent reforms of the sickness and unemployment insurance systems on government expenditure and about potential consequences for public finances of explicit and implicit guarantees to the financial sector.

(8)

The long-term budgetary impact of ageing is lower than the EU average. The budgetary position in 2008 as estimated in the programme with a high primary surplus contributes to the reduction of gross debt and the large assets accumulated by the public pension schemes will help finance part of the increase in pension expenditure. However, if the 2009 budgetary position as projected by the Commission services' interim forecast was taken as the starting point, a small sustainability gap would arise. Maintaining high primary surpluses over the medium term would contribute to limiting the risks to the sustainability of public finances, which are currently at a low level.

(9)

The Swedish budgetary framework can overall be considered as strong and has contributed to the significant debt reduction observed since its introduction. To increase transparency, the government has in recent years taken a number of steps to refine the framework and is committed to continue reviewing the performance of the framework to address remaining weaknesses. In the context of the recent review, a Fiscal Council was set up with the task of evaluating how well the government has implemented its fiscal policy objectives. This Council presented its first annual report in 2008. Remaining weaknesses relate to the risk of the framework not being sufficiently able to prevent expansionary policies in good times, when the surplus target or balanced budget requirement at the local level are not binding. This may limit the room for manoeuvre in downturns. The government has recently also strengthened the rules regarding the expenditure ceiling and has the explicit ambition of gradually lowering the tax burden on the economy.

(10)

With a view to stabilising the financial sector, the Swedish authorities have adopted a range of measures, including a doubling of the ceiling of the depositors' guarantee (to SEK 500 000 per account), a system of credit guarantees for banks' medium-term borrowing (maximum amount of SEK 1 500 billion or almost 50 % of GDP) and a scheme to facilitate the recapitalisation of solvent banks (maximum amount of SEK 50 billion or about 1,5 % of GDP).

(11)

In line with the EERP agreed in December by the European Council, Sweden adopted a number of fiscal stimulus and structural reforms measures. The fiscal stimulus packages for 2009 adopted by Sweden are an adequate response to the economic downturn. While the measures implemented or proposed are timely and reasonably well targeted, they are principally permanent in nature. This is notably the case for the lowering of income taxes and social contributions, which forms part of the government's structural agenda to improve incentives to go from inactivity to employment. The measures are related to the Lisbon structural reform agenda for Sweden as reviewed by the Commission on 28 January 2009. The measures proposed in the Supplementary Bill, on the contrary, are mostly temporary in nature and were proposed as a direct response to the downturn.

(12)

(13)

As regards the data requirements specified in the code of conduct for stability and convergence programmes, the programme has some gaps in the required and optional data (3).