ANNEX

User’s guide setting out the steps needed to participate in EMAS, under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)

I.   INTRODUCTION

It is an objective of EU environmental policy to encourage all kinds of organisations to use environmental management systems and reduce their environmental impacts. Environmental management systems are one of the possible tools for companies and other organisations to improve their environmental performance whilst saving energy and other resources. In particular, the EU would like to encourage organisations to participate in the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) which is a management tool for companies and other organisations to evaluate, report and improve their environmental performance.

EMAS was established in 1993 and evolved over time. The EMAS Regulation (1) provides the legal basis for the scheme and the latest revision dates back to 2009.

This ‘EMAS User’s Guide’ has been prepared according to the requirements of Article 46(5) of the EMAS Regulation. This document aims to deliver clear, simple advice for organisations interested in EMAS. It is intended to offer step-by-step instructions that are easy to follow. The guide outlines the main elements and steps to be undertaken by an organisation that intends to participate in the scheme. The document aims to increase the overall uptake of the EMAS management system by facilitating the entry of organisations into the scheme. It is also important to keep in mind the general objective of the European Regulation, which is to harmonise implementation across all Member States and create a common legislative framework. For specific ‘EMAS Global’ related issues the reader is referred to the ‘Commission Decision 2011/832/EU, of 7 December 2011 concerning a guide on EU corporate registration, third country and global registration under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)’ (2).

II.   WHAT IS THE ECO-MANAGEMENT AND AUDIT SCHEME (EMAS)?

EMAS is a voluntary tool available to any organisation operating in any economic sector within or outside the European Union that wants to:

—	assume environmental and economic responsibility;

—	improve its environmental performance;

—	communicate its environmental results to society and stakeholders in general.

Below is a step-by-step outline on what needs to be done to register for the scheme and implement it.

Organisations that register with EMAS have to:

—	prove compliance with environmental legislation;

—	make a commitment to continually improving their environmental performance;

—	show they have an open dialogue with all stakeholders;

—	involve employees in improving the organisation’s environmental performance;

—	publish and update a validated EMAS environmental statement for external communication.

There are some further requirements. Organisations have to:

—	conduct an environmental review (including the identification of all direct and indirect environmental aspects);

—	register by a competent body after successful verification of their organisation.

Once registered, organisations are entitled to use the EMAS logo.

III.   COSTS AND BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING EMAS

In general, environmental management systems such as EMAS help organisations to improve resource efficiency, reduce risks and set an example with their public declaration of good practice. The costs of implementing a scheme are outweighed by the savings.

Benefits

A study (3) has been carried out on the costs and benefits of registering with EMAS. Those taking part in a survey were asked to select the impacts that had been most positive from a given list. ‘Energy/resource saving’ ranked top (21 %), as shown in Figure 1. This was followed by ‘reduction in negative incidents’ (18 %) and ‘improved stakeholder relationships’ (17 %).

Figure 1

Benefits of implementing EMAS (% all responses)

More efficiency savings

The benefit ‘Energy and resource savings’ ranked top. For organisations of all sizes, there was evidence that energy savings alone exceeded the annual costs of maintaining EMAS. This suggests that larger organisations should easily be able to recover the costs of implementing EMAS.

Fewer negative incidents

This benefit ranked second. Several factors, such as the lower incidence of breaches of environmental law, came into play. This obviously links up with benefits in terms of better relations with regulatory authorities.

Better relations with stakeholders

Organisations rated better relations with stakeholders as a key benefit, particularly in the case of public administration and service companies.

More market opportunities

Registering for EMAS can improve business. It can help retain existing customers and win new business. For public procurement, having an EMAS environmental management system can be an advantage. Though organisations involved in public procurement cannot explicitly require bidders to be EMAS-registered, companies that are registered can use this to show they have the technical means to fulfil contractual environmental management requirements.

Moreover, organisations may encourage their suppliers to have an environmental management system in place as part of their own environmental policy. Being EMAS-registered may make internal business-to-business procedures easier for both parties.

Regulatory relief

EMAS-registered organisations can expect regulatory relief. There may be benefits for companies involved in manufacturing sectors, with advantages under Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control legislation (4).

Several Member States also offer advantages to EMAS-registered organisations regarding state and regional environmental laws and regulations. Such benefits may, for instance, involve simplified reporting obligations; fewer inspections, lower waste fees and longer periods between permit renewals.

Examples include: a 50 % reduction in waste fees; a 20-30 % reduction in fees for licensing procedures; a reduction of up to 100 % in fees for monitoring and enforcement under national law, a 30 % reduction in fees for public services performed by government agencies, a 30 % reduction in fees for surface water licensing procedures, groundwater extraction permits and for landfill licensing procedures. There are also advantages when it comes to administration of monitoring and handling of hazardous chemicals, waste disposal obligations (by not having to demonstrate technical supervision measures) and greenhouse gases monitoring.

Costs and benefits

Businesses should regard registering for EMAS as an investment. Implementing EMAS involves internal and external costs, such as consultancy support, human resources to implement and follow-up measures, inspections, registration fees, etc.

Actual costs and benefits vary widely, depending on, for example, the size and activities of the organisation, the current state of play on environmental management practices, the specific country, etc. But in general, EMAS does lead to significant savings. Various studies have shown that organisations recoup implementation costs through increased revenue within a fairly short time, between one and two years in most cases (5)  (6)  (7)  (8)  (9).

Table 1

Costs and potential annual efficiency savings in EMAS  (10)

Organisation size (11)	Potential annual efficiency savings (EUR)	First year implementation costs (12) of EMAS (EUR)	EMAS Annual costs (13) (EUR)
Micro	3 000-10 000	22 500	10 000
Small	20 000-40 000	38 000	22 000
Medium	Up to 100 000	40 000	17 000
Large	Up to 400 000	67 000	39 000
Data on ‘Potential annual efficiency savings’ are based on energy savings only. No data are available on resource efficiency savings.
Source: ‘Costs and Benefits of EMAS to Registered Organisations’, study for European Commission, 2009.

The EMAS ‘Toolkit for small organisations’ (14) provides many other examples of cost/benefit savings.

As a whole, micro and small organisations face proportionally higher fixed and external costs than medium or large organisations, since the latter benefit from economies of scale, with a higher proportion of costs borne internally by environment departments, and lower external costs as they have less need for consultants. However, even very large organisations are advised to investigate implementation costs in detail.

EMAS and energy management systems such as EN 16001 and ISO 50001 are quite similar. As management of energy use is part of EMAS, EMAS registered organisations already improve their energy efficiency, consequently they fulfil most EN 16001 and ISO 50001 requirements. Therefore this can also result in cost reductions.

Organisations considering EMAS registration should also take into account the technical and financial support or subsidies that Member States, national, regional or local authorities and EMAS Competent Bodies offer.

IV.   EMAS REGULATION

The EMAS scheme was established in Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 (also known as EMAS III) and is directly applicable in all Member States.

1.   General

1.1.   Scope

Since 2001, any public or private organisation can implement EMAS. With EMAS III, the scheme is also available to non-European organisations or European companies operating in non-European countries. On the latter issue, there is specific guidance on EU corporate registration, third country and global registration.

EMAS can be implemented in one, several or all sites belonging to private or public organisations in any sector of activity (15). The smallest entity that can be registered is a site.

1.2.   Requirements

The general procedure for implementing EMAS can be summarised as follows:

(1)	The organisation should start with an environmental review, an initial analysis of all activities the organisation carries out, to identify relevant direct and indirect environmental aspects, and the applicable environmental legislation.

(2)	Then an environmental management system needs to be implemented, in line with the requirements of EN ISO 14001 (Annex II to the EMAS Regulation).

(3)	The system needs to be checked by carrying out internal audits and a management review.

(4)	The organisation writes an EMAS environmental statement.

(5)	The environmental review and the environmental management system are verified and the statement is validated by an accredited or licensed EMAS verifier.

(6)	Once the organisation has been verified, it submits an application for registration to the Competent Body.

The European Commission is developing ‘Sectoral Reference Documents’ (16) in consultation with Member States and other stakeholders. Organisations should take these into account when implementing EMAS and specify in their environmental statement how these documents were used.

Each document includes the following elements:

—	best environmental management practice;

—	environmental performance indicators for specific sectors;

—	where appropriate, benchmarks of excellence and rating systems identifying environmental performance levels.

Figure 2

General schedule for EMAS implementation

Table 2

Indicative time schedule for the implementation of EMAS. The time involved in each activity is an average, which can be shorter or longer depending on the Member State, the organisation size, etc.

EMAS	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3	Month 4	Month 5	Month 6	Month 7	Month 8	Month 9	Month 10
Environmental review	X	X
Environmental management system		X	X	X	X	X	X
General requirements		X
Environmental policy		X
Planning: Environmental Objectives and targets		X
Planning: Environmental programme			X	X	X
Implementation and operation: Resources, roles, responsibility and authority					X
Implementation and operation: Staff competence, training and awareness, including employee involvement					X
Implementation and operation: Communication (internal and external)						X
Implementation and operation: Documentation and control of documents		X	X	X	X	X
Implementation and operation: Operational control						X	X
Implementation and operation: Emergency plans							X
Checking: Monitoring and measuring, evaluation of compliance, non-conformity, corrective and preventive action, control of records					X	X	X
Checking: Internal Audit							X	X
Management review								X
EMAS environmental statement									X
Verification and Validation									X
Registration										X

2.   How to implement EMAS

2.1.   Environmental review

The first step in implementing EMAS properly is to conduct a thorough analysis of an organisation’s internal structure and activities. The aim is to identify environmental aspects associated with environmental impacts. That is the basis for setting up a formal environmental management system.

The analysis must include:

—	Legal requirements that apply to the organisation;

—	Identification of direct and indirect environmental aspects;

—	Criteria for assessing the significance of the environmental aspects;

—	Examination of all existing environmental management practices and procedures;

—	Evaluation of feedback after investigation of incidents in the past.

‘ “Environmental aspect” means an element of an organisation’s activities, products or services that has or can have an impact on the environment.’ Environmental aspects may be input related (consumption of raw materials and energy, for instance) or output related (air emissions, waste generation, etc.).

Figure 3

Relation between activities, environmental aspects and environmental impacts

The organisation needs procedures to ensure that activities identified as significant during the first environmental review are properly followed up later. Environmental aspects and related impacts may change, as may the organisation’s activities. If the changes are substantial, the environmental review may have to be updated. An organisation should also be aware of new developments, techniques, research results, etc., to help it reassess the significance of its environmental aspects and the possible need to carry out a new environmental review if its activities change significantly.

What is the procedure for carrying out an environmental review?

Organisations must:

—	identify environmental aspects stemming from their manufacturing processes, activities or services; and

—	establish criteria to assess the significance of these aspects. The criteria need to be comprehensive and it must be possible to verify them independently.

The organisation should remember that it will have to disclose the environmental aspects it identifies and the results of the evaluation to external stakeholders.

How should environmental aspects be identified?

All relevant information needs to be gathered.

This can mean:

—	Visiting sites to check process inputs and outputs (taking notes, making drawings as required);

—	Collecting location maps and pictures;

—	Identifying applicable environmental legislation;

—	Collecting all environmental permits, licences and similar documents;

—	Checking all sources of information (incoming invoices, counters, data concerning equipment, etc.);

—	Checking the use of products (often the purchasing and sales departments are useful starting points);

—	Identifying key persons (management and workers). Workers involved in all internal systems should be asked for input;

—	Requesting information from subcontractors, who may have a significant influence on an organisation’s environmental performance;

—	Taking into account past accidents, the results of monitoring and inspections; and

—	Identifying start-up and shutdown situations and identified risks.

Both direct and indirect environmental aspects must be taken into account, and the definitions below should be helpful in identifying these:

It is essential to consider indirect aspects. This applies both to the private and public sectors, so local authorities, service companies or financial institutions, for instance, need to extend their review beyond site aspects.

Organisations must be able to show they have identified significant environmental aspects associated with their procurement procedures, and that they have addressed significant environmental impacts associated with these in their management system.

Table 3

Examples of direct and indirect aspects

Environmental aspects
Direct aspects	Indirect aspects
— Air emissions — Water emissions — Waste — Use of natural resources and raw materials — Local issues (noise, vibration, odours) — Land use — Air emissions related to transport — Risks of environmental accidents and emergency situations	— Product life cycle related issues — Capital investment — Insurance services — Administrative and planning decisions — Environmental performance of contractors, subcontractors and suppliers — Choice and composition of services, e.g. transport, catering, etc.

Direct environmental aspects have to include the related legal requirements and permit limits, e.g. if specific pollutants are bound to emission limit values or other requirements, those emissions should be considered as direct environmental aspects.

Assessment of environmental aspects

The next step is to associate aspects with their effects or impacts on the environment. Table 4 provides an example of such links.

Table 4

Examples of environmental aspects and impacts

Activity	Environmental aspect	Environmental impact
Transport	— Used oils for machinery — Carbon emissions of trucks and machinery	— Soil, water, air pollution — Greenhouse effect
Construction	— Air emissions, noise, vibration, etc., by construction machines — Land use	— Noise, soil, water, air pollution — Land cover destruction — Biodiversity loss
Office services	— Use of materials such as paper, toner, etc. — Electric power consumption (leading to indirect CO2 emissions)	— Mixed municipal waste pollution — Greenhouse effect
Chemical industry	— Waste water — Emission of volatile organic compounds — Emission of ozone depleting substances	— Water pollution — Photochemical ozone — Ozone layer depletion

Once the aspects and their impacts have been identified, the next step is to conduct a detailed assessment of each to determine significant environmental aspects.

The issues to consider when assessing significance are:

(i)	potential to cause environmental harm;

(ii)	fragility of the local, regional or global environment;

(iii)

size, number, frequency and reversibility of the aspect or impact;

(iv)	existence and requirements of relevant environmental legislation;

(v)	importance to stakeholders and employees of the organisation.

Based on these criteria, the organisation can draw up an internal procedure or use other tools to assess the significance of environmental aspects. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) will find that the EMAS SME toolkit (17) provides very useful information.

In assessing the significance of environmental aspects, it is important to take into account not just normal operating conditions, but also start-up, shutdown and emergency conditions. Past, present and planned activities should all be considered.

For each environmental aspect, the corresponding impact should be rated according to:

—	Magnitude — level of emissions, energy and water consumption, etc.;

—	Severity — hazards, toxicity, etc.;

—	Frequency/probability;

—	Concerns of interested parties;

—	Legal requirements.

Table 5

Assessing environmental aspects

Assessing criteria	Example
Which outputs or activities of the organisation may negatively affect the environment?	Waste: mixed municipal waste, waste packaging, hazardous waste
Magnitude of aspects which may impact the environment	Quantity of waste: High, medium, low
Severity of aspects which may impact on the environment	Hazardousness of waste, toxicity of materials: High, medium, low
Frequency of aspects which may impact the environment	High, medium, low
Public and employee awareness for the aspects associated to the organisation	Severe, some, no complaints
Organisation activities regulated by environmental legislation	Waste law permit, monitoring obligations
Note: it is useful to quantify criteria and the overall significance of particular aspects.

How to check legal compliance

Member States have to ensure that organisations have access to information and assistance on the following issues, at a minimum:

—	Information on the applicable legal requirements relating to the environment; and

—	Identification of the competent enforcement authorities for specific legal requirements relating to the environment.

The enforcement authorities are required to reply to requests for information, at least from small organisations, on the applicable legal requirements relating to the environment, as well as information on how organisations can meet those legal requirements.

Identifying all applicable legal requirements means taking into account different levels of environmental legislation, if appropriate, such as national, regional or local requirements, including permits and licences.

The organisation must also take into account other relevant requirements, for instance, in procurement conditions, business contracts, voluntary agreements that the organisation has signed or subscribed to, etc.

It is essential to identify legal requirements at this point, so that an organisation can pinpoint any that may not be fulfilled. If necessary, an organisation must then take measures to comply with all relevant environmental legislation (see 2.2.5.2 for evaluation of legal compliance).

2.2.   Environmental management system

2.2.1.   General requirements

To start with, the organisation must define and document the scope of its environmental management system.

Each site to be involved in an EMAS registration must comply with all the requirements of EMAS.

The organisation has to set up, document, implement and maintain an environmental management system in accordance with Section 4 of EN ISO 14001. If the organisation has implemented an environmental management system (other than ISO 14001) that the Commission has recognised (18), it does not have to repeat items that have already been officially recognised when it seeks to fulfil EMAS requirements.

2.2.2.   Environmental policy

Environmental policy must include the following points:

—	Commitment to complying with legal and other requirements related to its environmental aspects;

—	Commitment to preventing pollution;

—	Commitment to continually improving environmental performance.

The environmental policy is a framework for action and for setting strategic environmental objectives and targets (see below). It needs to be clear and must address the top priorities on which specific objectives and targets can be further defined.

2.2.3.   Planning

Once basic underlying issues as described above have been covered, the process moves on to planning.

2.2.3.1.   Environmental objectives and targets

An organisation must draw up and document the objectives and detailed targets for each of the aspects relevant in the organisation, in line with its environmental policy.

Once objectives have been defined, the next step is to set proper targets for them. With targets, it is possible to plan specific actions to be carried out to achieve good environmental management.

Figure 4

Relation between objectives, targets and actions

An example:

Environmental objective	Minimise hazardous waste generation
Target	Reduce the use of organic solvents in the process by 20 % within three years
Action	Reusing solvents whenever possible Recycling organic solvents

Objectives and targets should be measurable where possible, and consistent with an organisation’s environmental policy. The ‘SMART’ criteria are useful:

—	Specific — each target should address a single issue.

—	Measurable — each target should be expressed quantitatively.

—	Achievable — it should be possible to meet the targets.

—	Realistic — targets should be demanding and drive continuous improvement, but not overly ambitious. They can always be revised once they have been met.

—	Time-bound — there should be a deadline for achieving each target.

2.2.3.2.   Environmental programme

The environmental programme is a tool to help the organisation plan and implement improvements from day to day. It should be kept up-to-date, and detailed enough to give an overview of progress towards meeting targets. The programme should specify who is responsible for achieving objectives and targets, as well as details of the resources and timeframes involved. Resources themselves (e.g. financial, technical or personnel means) cannot be environmental objectives.

In practice, the programme is often drawn up in tabular form, covering the following:

—	environmental objectives, linked to direct and indirect aspects;

—	specific targets to achieve objectives; and

—

actions, responsibilities, means and timeframe for each target: — Description of the action(s); — Person in charge of the target; — State of play at the start of implementation; — Means necessary to achieve targets; — Frequency of monitoring progress towards the target; — Final result to be achieved, including deadline; — Records associated to the process above must be kept.

Both direct and indirect aspects should be taken into account in drawing up the programme. The organisation should commit itself to improving its environmental performance continuously.

2.2.4.   Implementation and operation

2.2.4.1.   Resources, roles, responsibility and authority

If EMAS is to succeed, then top management must be willing to provide the resources and organisational structures needed to support the system. These include human resources and specialised skills in personnel, organisational infrastructure, technology, as well as financial resources.

The environmental review will have examined existing organisational infrastructure, management practices and procedures. At this point, it is time to adapt internal structures and procedures if necessary.

The organisation’s top management must appoint a management representative, i.e. a person ultimately responsible for the environmental management system. Their role is to make sure that all the environmental management system requirements are in place, working and up-to-date, as well as to keep the general management team informed about how the system is working. They should report on its strengths and weaknesses, and on improvements needed.

The representative should be qualified and experienced in environmental issues, environment-related legal requirements, management aspects, working group skills, with leadership and coordination skills. The organisation must ensure these competences are all available within the organisation.

Competence, training and awareness

The organisation has to define the experience and knowledge required among staff for good environmental management performance.

It must draw up, implement and maintain a procedure to identify training needs and do whatever is necessary to ensure that staff involved in the environmental management system has appropriate knowledge of:

—	The organisation’s environment policy;

—	Legal requirements and other environmental requirements applicable to the organisation;

—	The objectives and targets set up for the organisation as a whole and for their specific work areas;

—	Environmental aspects and impacts and the methodology for monitoring them;

—	Their roles and responsibilities within the environmental management system.

Everyone working for the organisation or on its behalf should be aware of their roles within EMAS and the environmental benefits of the system. They should receive, or at least have access to, training on environmental awareness and on the organisation’s environmental management system.

Figure 5

Flow chart diagram on training within the environmental management system

Environmental awareness can be achieved through training or other activities, such as communication campaigns, surveys, etc.

Actively involved employees are a driving force for continuous, successful improvement, and they help to anchor EMAS in the organisation. They can become involved through, for instance, an environmental committee, working groups, by suggestion systems, incentive programmes or other activities.

There should be roles for employees at different levels within the development and implementation of the system. They could, for instance, be involved in:

—	Identifying environmental aspects;

—	Drawing up and revising procedures and/or instructions;

—	Proposing environmental objectives and targets;

—	Taking part in an internal audit process;

—	Drafting the EMAS environmental statement.

Management must offer on-going feedback to employees, and seek feedback from them.

2.2.4.2.   Communication

Good internal and external two-way communication is essential to implement an EMAS-registered environmental management system successfully. The organisation needs to recognise the need to communicate with stakeholders on environmental issues and the value of doing so. It is obliged to make the environmental statement public, and it will need to identify what will be communicated and to whom. It will need to monitor the results of its communication and to determine whether it has been effective.

Internal communication should flow in both directions (top down and bottom up). This can be done by using intranet, brochures, internal publications, newsletters, suggestion boxes, meetings, bulletin boards, etc.

Examples of external communication are the EMAS environmental statement, internet, action days, press releases, brochures and use of the EMAS logo if possible and allowed.

2.2.4.3.   Documentation and control of documents

There should be documentation on the environmental management system, covering the following:

—	Environmental policy;

—	Environmental objectives and targets;

—	Description of the scope of the environmental management system;

—	Description of the main elements of the environmental management system;

—	Roles, responsibilities and authorities;

—	Procedure for managing operational control;

—	Operational procedures;

—	Work instructions.

Documentation should be clear and concise to avoid confusion or misunderstanding.

EMAS documents can be integrated into other management systems (quality, energy, health and safety, etc.) or vice versa to optimise them, to avoid duplication and to reduce bureaucracy.

SMEs should aim to offer their staff clear, simple, easy-to-use documentation.

Environmental management manual

This covers the environmental policy, environmental protocols and activities. It should be integrated into the organisation’s annual management plan. The manual does not need to be long and complex. It should help staff to understand how the organisation has set up and structured its environmental management system, how the different parts of the environmental management system are interrelated and what the roles of particular individuals are within the scheme. This manual is not obligatory, though most organisations opt to have one.

Procedures

Documents on procedures describe HOW, WHEN and by WHOM specific actions have to be carried out.

Examples are procedures for:

—	identifying and evaluating significant aspects;

—	managing legal compliance;

—	managing the identified significant environmental aspects;

—	managing monitoring and measurements;

—	managing emergency preparedness;

—	managing non-conformities, preventive and corrective actions;

—	identifying and managing competence, training and awareness;

—	managing communication;

—	managing documents;

—	managing records;

—	managing internal audits.

Work instructions

Work instructions must be clear and easy to understand. They should explain the relevance of an activity, the environmental risk associated with it, specific training for staff responsible for carrying it out, and how it is to be supervised. It may be useful to illustrate it with pictures, pictograms or other ways of ensuring all employees can readily understand the instructions.

Managing documents

The organisation has to set up, implement and maintain a procedure to manage documents drafted for the environmental management system. Specific attention should be paid to records (see 2.2.5.4).

This will require a procedure to:

Figure 6

Process to manage documents within an environmental management system

The system should ensure that different versions of documents remain available, and that documents remain legible and readily identifiable.

Documents from external sources can be included, as they are often essential to ensuring the environmental management system works correctly. Such documents could include information from local authorities and public administrations, equipment user manuals, health and safety sheets, etc.

2.2.4.4.   Operational control

Operational control involves identifying and planning operations that are associated with the significant environmental aspects consistent with the policy, objectives and targets (see Figure 7). It might also cover activities such as equipment maintenance, start-up and shutdown, management of onsite contractors, and services provided by suppliers or vendors. There need to be procedures to address identified risks, to set targets and to measure environmental performance (preferably through clear environmental indicators). The procedures must define normal conditions. Abnormal conditions and emergencies must be defined and described. Operational control procedures should be well documented and submitted to internal audits.

Figure 7

Operational control

2.2.4.5.   Emergency preparedness and response

The organisation has to draw up, implement and maintain procedures to identify potential emergencies and potential accidents to:

—	Avoid the risk of an accident;

—	Describe how the organisation responds to accidents;

—	Prevent or mitigate associated adverse environmental impacts.

The emergency plan is essential in industry and in organisations involved in potentially risky activities.

The organisation must periodically review its emergency preparedness (including appropriate training) and its response procedures. It should revise them if necessary, particularly after emergencies or accidents. Procedures should also be tested periodically.

Figure 8

Emergency plans

2.2.5.   Checking

2.2.5.1.   Monitoring and measurement

The organisation needs to draw up, implement and maintain a procedure to monitor and measure significant parameters such as air emissions, waste, water and noise regularly to gain added value from the findings. Reporting on core performance indicators is an obligation (see 2.3.2).

Legal requirements on monitoring have to be taken into account, and monitoring criteria such as the frequency of inspections and the methodology must comply with them. Information on these is useful to ensure:

—	Compliance with legal requirements and regulations;

—	Accurate evaluation of environmental performance;

—	A complete and transparent EMAS statement.

Depending on the organisation’s needs, other factors can also be measured and monitored:

—	Significant environmental aspects;

—	Environmental policy and objectives;

—	Level of awareness among employees etc.

Measuring equipment must be calibrated on a regular basis to comply with legislation and to obtain accurate results.

2.2.5.2.   Evaluation of legal compliance

Legal compliance is a key requirement of the EMAS regulation and an organisation cannot register without it, so it has to have a procedure to review and evaluate this regularly.

This is best done by making a list of all relevant legislation and specific requirements, then comparing this to the organisation’s specific circumstances (see Table 6). Larger, more complex organisations may need to use databases or seek external assistance.

If the verifier finds instances of non-compliance that have not been corrected, they are not allowed to validate an environmental statement or to sign the final declaration (Annex VII).

Table 6

Example of simple legal compliance evaluation

Applicable environmental legislation	Specific requirement	Status of the organisation	Result
Waste law	— Permit for waste production — Waste management	— Outdated permit — Waste management under control	Get an updated permit
Air emissions law	— Emission limits (NOx, SOx, particles, etc.) — Permit for boilers	— Under the limits — Permits updated	OK
Noise law	— Noise limit in the area	— Under the level permitted	OK
Water treatment law	— Specific treatment (elimination of P and N) — Effluent limits — Permit for emission to watercourse	— Not in place yet — Not in full compliance — Permit not updated	Correct the situation
GHG laws	— Limits of GHG allocated	— Under the limit	OK. It is possible to sell some emission allowances

2.2.5.3.   Non-conformity, corrective and preventive actions

The organisation has to set up, implement and maintain a procedure for dealing with cases and potential cases of non-conformity, with EMAS requirements.

The procedure must include ways of:

—	Identifying and correcting the case;

—	Investigating the cause and effects of the case;

—	Evaluating the need for action to avoid recurrence;

—	Recording the results of corrective action taken;

—	Evaluating the need for measures to prevent cases of non-conformity;

—	Implementing appropriate preventive action to avoid such cases; and

—	Reviewing the effectiveness of corrective and preventive action.

Non-conformity means any kind of non-fulfilment with the basic requirements specified in procedures and technical instructions.

Non-conformities may be the result of human or implementation error. Changes to correct and avoid recurrence must be made as soon as possible.

Non-conformities may be detected through:

—	Operational control;

—	Internal/external audit;

—	Management review; or

—	As part of daily activity.

Corrective and preventive actions

The EMAS management representative has to be informed about non-conformities so they can make decisions about taking corrective action, if appropriate.

Where potential non-conformities have been identified, the EMAS management representative has to be informed, so they can make decisions about taking preventive action, if appropriate.

Both corrective and preventive action should be recorded. It may be necessary to change the environmental management system documentation as a result.

2.2.5.4.   Control of records

The organisation must set up a system to maintain records to show that it complies with the requirements of its environmental management system.

The organisation must set up, implement and maintain a procedure for managing its records. This should cover issues such as identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention and disposal of records.

Records have to be and remain identifiable, legible, updated and traceable.

Examples of records:

—	electricity, water and raw materials consumption;

—	waste generated (hazardous and non-hazardous waste);

—	greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions;

—	incidents, accidents and complaints;

—	legal requirements;

—	audit reports and management reviews;

—	inspection reports;

—	significant environmental aspects;

—	non-conformities, corrective and preventive actions;

—	communication and training;

—	suggestions from staff; and

—	training and seminars.

2.2.6.   Internal audit

EMAS pays particular attention to the internal audit in Annex III.

The organisation has to set up an internal audit procedure as part of the management system. This must cover responsibilities and requirements for planning and conducting audits, reporting results and keeping records, the determination of audit criteria, scope, frequency and methods.

The goal of the internal audit is to determine:

if the environmental management system meets the requirements of the EMAS Regulation;

if it has been properly implemented and maintained;

to guarantee that the organisation’s management gets the information it needs to review the organisation’s environmental performance;

the effectiveness of the environmental management system.

The audit must be carried out objectively by independent personnel. The internal auditor can be a trained member of the staff or an external person or team.

General rules

—	Establish an audit programme;

—	Define the scope of the audit. This will depend on the size and type of organisation. The scope must specify the subject areas covered, the activities to be audited, the environmental criteria to be considered and the period to be covered in the audit;

—	Specify the resources needed to carry out the audit, for example, well-trained personnel with a good knowledge of the activity, technical aspects, environmental aspects, legal requirements;

—	Make sure that all the activities in the organisation are carried out in conformity with previously defined procedures; and

—	Identify potential new problems and put measures in place to prevent occurrence.

Internal audit steps

Figure 9

Internal audit steps

2.2.6.1.   Audit programme and audit frequency

The programme must include:

—	specific goals of the internal audit

—	how to check whether the environmental management system is coherent and conforms with the organisation’s policy and programme and fulfils the EMAS requirements

—	compliance with applicable environmental regulatory requirements.

The organisation must carry out internal audits on a yearly basis to have a proper overview of its significant environmental aspects. The audit cycle, which covers all the organisation’s activities, must be completed within three years. Small organisations may extend this period to four years.

The frequency with which any specific activity is audited will vary, depending on:

—	Nature, scale and complexity of the activities concerned;

—	Significance of associated environmental impacts;

—	Importance and urgency of the problems detected by previous audits; and

—	History of environmental problems.

As a rule, complex activities with a more significant environmental impact need to be audited more frequently.

For satisfactory results, all staff involved in an internal audit must have a clear idea of the environmental objectives of the exercise and the specific roles of everyone taking part (directors, managers, employees, auditors, etc.).

2.2.6.2.   Internal audit activities

It is important to prepare for the internal audit beforehand. First, identify the auditor/audit team. The organisation may use its own staff as auditors, or engage outside auditors. They must be objective and impartial and be properly skilled and trained. The auditor/audit team should:

—	Prepare a good audit plan, by collecting information on the objective, scope, place and date arranged with the organisation;

—	Deliver the audit plan to the organisation sufficiently in advance;

—	Draw up checklists;

—	Distribute tasks within the audit team.

For an audit to be meaningful, the audit team must check compliance with environmental legislation, whether objectives and targets have been met, and whether the management system is effective and adequate.

The audit process must include the following steps:

—	Understanding of the management system;

—	Evaluation of the system’s strengths and weaknesses;

—	Gathering relevant evidence (e.g. data, records, documents);

—	Evaluating audit findings;

—	Preparing audit conclusions; and

—	Reporting audit findings and conclusions.

2.2.6.3.   Reporting audit findings and conclusions

The aim of the audit report is to provide management with:

—	written evidence concerning the scope of the audit;

—	information on the extent to which objectives have been met;

—	information on whether objectives are in line with the organisation’s environmental policy;

—	information on the reliability and effectiveness of the monitoring system;

—	proposed corrective actions if required.

The report must be submitted to the EMAS management representative who finalises corrective actions if non-conformities (including cases of non-compliance, if any) have been identified.

2.2.7.   Management review

Top management has to review the management system on a regular basis (at least annually) to ensure it is fit for purpose and effectiveness. The management review needs to be recorded, and records kept.

Content of management review

Inputs:

—	Results of internal audits including evaluation of legal compliance;

—	External communication;

—	Complaints;

—	Extent to which objectives and targets have been met;

—	Status of corrective and preventive actions;

—	Follow-up to previous management reviews;

—	Changing circumstances, e.g. legal developments, environmental changes;

—	Recommendations for improvement.

Outputs include all decisions and activities, changes to environmental policy, objectives, targets and other aspects of the environmental management system.

2.3.   EMAS environmental statement

The statement is one of the unique characteristics of EMAS compared with other environmental management systems.

For the public, it affirms the organisation’s commitment to taking action on the environment.

For the organisation, it is a good opportunity to state what it is doing to improve the environment.

EMAS does set out some minimum requirements for the statement, but the organisation can decide how much detail it wishes to go into, as well as the structure and layout, as long as the content is clear, reliable, credible and correct. It is up to the organisation to decide if it wants to include its environmental statement in its annual report, or other reports, for instance, on corporate social responsibility.

2.3.1.   Minimum content for EMAS environmental statement

(1)

A clear and unambiguous description of the organisation registering under EMAS and a summary of its activities, products and services and its relationship to any parent organisations as appropriate Include diagrams, maps, flow charts, aerial photographs, etc. to illustrate the content. NACE codes to describe activities should also be included.

(2)	The environmental policy and a brief description of the organisation’s environmental management system A proper description of the system is important to provide clear information about the working structure. The environmental policy has to be included.

(3)

A description of all the significant direct and indirect environmental aspects which result in significant environmental impacts of the organisation and an explanation of the nature of the impacts as related to these aspects (Annex I.2 to the EMAS Regulation) Direct and indirect environmental aspects should be given separately. The impacts of both should be given, using tables or flowcharts.

(4)

A description of the environmental objectives and targets in relation to the significant environmental aspects and impacts Use lists of targets and objectives, as well as indicators to assess progress on improving performance. Include the environmental programme and refer to specific measures taken or planned to improve performance.

(5)

A summary of the data available on the performance of the organisation against its environmental objectives and targets with respect to its significant environmental impacts. Reporting shall be on the core indicators and on other relevant existing environmental performance indicators as set out in Section C of Annex IV to the EMAS Regulation; Core indicators focus on six key areas: energy efficiency, material efficiency, water, waste, biodiversity and emissions (see 2.3.2).

(6)

Other factors regarding environmental performance including performance against legal provisions with respect to their significant environmental impacts Use tables and/or graphs comparing legal reference limits to limits measured and/or calculated by the organisation. It is not always possible to measure environmental performance with data. Soft factors are also relevant, and may include changes in behaviour, improvements in processes, etc.

(7)

A reference to the applicable legal requirements relating to the environment EMAS requires legal compliance. The environmental statement is an opportunity to state how the organisation achieves this. Though EMAS-registered organisations should have available an internal list of all relevant legal requirements, it is not necessary to include them all in the environmental statement. An outline is enough in this context.

(8)

The name and accreditation or licence number of the environmental verifier and the date of validation If the organisation publishes its environmental statement as part of another report, it should identify the statement as such and indicate that it has been validated by the environmental verifier. Although it is not mandatory to annex the declaration referred to in Article 25(9) to the EMAS environmental statement, it is considered best practise to do so.

2.3.2.   Core indicators and other relevant existing environmental performance indicators

2.3.2.1.   Core indicators

Organisations have to report on the core environmental performance indicators (also known as key performance indicators) relevant to direct environmental aspects of the organisation. They should also report on other performance indicators relevant to more specific environmental aspects. They should take into account sectoral reference documents where these are available.

Core indicators apply to all types of organisations. They measure performance in the following key areas:

—	Energy efficiency;

—	Material efficiency;

—

Water;

—

Waste;

—	Biodiversity;

—	Emissions.

Each core indicator is composed of a figure A (input), a figure B (output) and a ratio figure .

(i)   Figure A (input)

The Input (figure A) is reported as follows:

Energy efficiency :

(a)	Total annual energy consumption, expressed in MWh or GJ;

(b)	Percentage of (a) from renewable energy sources, produced by the organisation.

The indicator (b) captures the percentage of annual energy consumption from renewable energy sources actually produced by the organisation. Energy purchased from an energy provider is not included under this indicator, and may be considered as part of ‘green procurement’ measures.

Material efficiency :

Annual mass flow of different materials used, expressed in tonnes, excluding energy carriers and water.

The annual mass flow of different materials can be divided according to the use to which they are put. They might, for instance, include raw materials such as metal, wood or chemicals, or intermediate goods, depending on the activities of the organisation.

Water :

Total annual water consumption, expressed in m3.

This indicator requires reporting on the total annual amount of water the organisation consumes.

It is useful to clarify different types of water consumption, and to report on consumption according to the source of the water, e.g. surface water, ground water.

Other useful information might include the amount of wastewater, wastewater treated and reused, rainwater and grey-water recycling.

Waste :

This covers the total annual generation of

waste (broken down by type) expressed in tonnes;

hazardous waste, expressed in tonnes or kilograms.

Reporting on waste and hazardous waste is compulsory under the EMAS Regulation. It is good practice to break waste down by type for both streams. The results of the environmental review, including relevant legal obligations on reporting waste, should be taken as a basis. More detailed reporting could be done in line with the national waste classification system which implements the European List of Waste.

Reporting long lists of waste types could be counterproductive and confusing for communication purposes, so ‘clustering’ information according to the European List is an option. Waste could then be recorded by volume for the different types, such as metals, plastic, paper, sludge, ash, etc. Adding information on the amount of waste that is recovered, recycled, used for energy production or landfilled, could also be useful.

Biodiversity :

Use of land, expressed in m2 of built-up-area.

Biodiversity is a complex, relatively new issue among core indicators. Some of the factors driving loss of biodiversity loss (climate change, emission/pollution) are already covered by environmental aspects and related indicators in the EMAS Regulation, covering energy and water consumption, emissions, waste, etc.

Not all biodiversity indicators are relevant for all sectors/organisations, and not all can be implemented directly when starting to manage these aspects. The environmental review should give a good indication of relevant factors. The organisation should consider not just local impacts, but also direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity more widely, e.g. extraction of raw material, procurement/supply chain, production and product, transport and logistics, marketing and communication. There is no single indicator relevant for all organisations.

The biodiversity indicator on land use, provided for in Annex IV to the EMAS Regulation, can be seen as common denominator. This only covers the premises of the organisation in terms of built-up area. However, it is highly recommended that sealed areas should also be included in this.

Emissions :

(a)	Total annual emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6), expressed in tonnes of CO2 equivalent;

(b)	Total annual air emissions (including at least SO2, NOx, PM), expressed in kilograms or tonnes.

Note: Because the impacts of these substances are different, they should not to be added up.

The approach to quantifying emissions, especially greenhouse gases and air pollutants, needs to be clarified (19). As a starting point, organisations need to take into account existing legal requirements. This is clearly the case for organisations whose installations fall under the scope of the EU Emission Trading Scheme or the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Regulation. In other cases, European, globally recognised or national/regional common methodologies when available may be applied.

Although reporting on core indicators is only mandatory for direct aspects, an organisation has to take into account all significant environmental aspects, direct and indirect. So it is best to report significant indirect greenhouse gas emissions, preferably separately from direct emissions.

(ii)   Figure B (output)

Overall annual output (figure B) is the same for all fields, but adapted for different types of organisation:

(a)	Production sector (industry): state the total gross value-added, expressed in million euros or total annual physical output, expressed in tonnes. Small organisations can state the total annual turnover or number of employees;

(b)	Non-production sector (service, administration): state the number of employees.

2.3.2.2.   Core indicators and related elements of flexibility – rationale

It is important to understand the rationale behind the setting of indicators and the elements of flexibility provided in the EMAS Regulation (Annex IV to the EMAS Regulation).

Annex IV C.1 states that indicators must:

(a)	give an accurate appraisal of the organisation’s environmental performance;

(b)	be understandable and unambiguous;

(c)	allow for a year on year comparison to assess the development of the environmental performance of the organisation;

(d)	allow for comparison with sector, national or regional benchmark as appropriate;

(e)	allow for comparison with regulatory requirements as appropriate.

Those are the main functions of the key performance indicators.

However, there is some flexibility over use of the indicators if that helps to achieve their function.

They are as follows:

—

Conditions for using the confidentiality clause, referred in Annex IV C.1 — ‘if disclosure would adversely affect the confidentiality of commercial or industrial information (…), the organisation may be permitted to index this information in its reporting, e.g., by establishing a base line year (with the index number 100) from which the development of the actual input/impact would appear’. This clause could be invoked if the use of an indicator might disclose sensitive data that could enable a competitor to calculate the average price of production.

—

Conditions for NOT reporting on a specific core indicator provided in Annex IV — Annex IV C.2(a) and (b) on core indicators states that ‘where an organisation concludes that one or more core indicators are not relevant to its significant direct environmental aspects, that organisation may not report on those core indicators. The organisation shall provide justification to that effect with reference to its environmental review’. For the sake of transparency, that justification should also be mentioned in the environmental statement. Since each core indicator is composed of a figure A for input, B for output and R for the ratio A/B, this element of flexibility applies for the entire core indicator as such, including the specific relation A/B.

—

Conditions for reporting using another indicator (A/B) INSTEAD OF a specific core indicator as in Annex IV — if an organisation decides not to report under (a) specific indicator(s) as provided for in Annex IV, but chooses another instead, that indicator also has to provide for an input A and an output B. Using this flexibility should always be justified with reference to the environmental review, showing how the option chosen helps to better indicate the relevant performance. For this specific provision, the EMAS Sectoral Reference Document should be taken into account, if available for the sector under consideration. For example, instead of ‘number of employees’, a tourist accommodation service may opt for ‘per guest night’, a school may choose ‘number of pupils’, a waste management organisation may use ‘amount of waste managed, in tons’, and a hospital may prefer ‘number of overnight patients’, etc.

—

Conditions for using other elements to express input (A) and output (B), IN ADDITION to the specific core indicators provided in Annex IV — An organisation may also use other elements to express the total annual input/impact in a given field and the overall annual output. For example, a service organisation may report using a measure of output (B) ‘number of employees’ for its administrative component and a different measure of output for the specific service provided.

—

Measurement units — If those cited in Annex IV to the EMAS Regulation do not clearly reflect the environmental performance of an organisation and do not provide a clear picture for communication purposes, then alternatives may be used, as long as the organisation justifies this. It must be possible to convert the units into those specified in the Regulation. Ideally, a footnote with a conversion should be added.

—	Currencies related to GVA or total annual turnover other than the euro — Though the EMAS Regulation refers to ‘million Euros’ as a measure of output for gross value-added, organisations that do not belong to the euro area can use their national currency.

2.3.2.3.   Other relevant environmental performance indicators

The organisation must also report on its performance according to other relevant indicators if these are mentioned in the environmental review.

2.3.2.4.   Local accountability

Local accountability is important in EMAS. That is why all EMAS registered organisations should report on core indicators at site level, though the regulation does not explicitly require this. In any case, information on trends in emissions to air and water, water consumption, use of energy and the amount of waste should be provided at site level.

The organisation may index information only if there are confidentiality issues (see 2.3.2.2).

Furthermore, the fact that ongoing improvements can be achieved on permanent sites, but not on temporary sites needs to be taken into account. If this issue arises, it should be stated in the environmental review. The possibility of implementing alternative measures, including, for instance, other ‘soft’ indicators, should be taken into account. In any case, for sectors covered by EMAS sectoral reference documents, information concerning temporary sites may be considered.

Table 7

Example of the use of core performance indicators in public administration organisations

Core indicator	Annual input/impact (A)	Overall annual output organisation (B)	Ratio A/B
Energy efficiency	Annual consumption MWh, GJ	Number of employees (non-production sector)	MWh/person and/or KWh/person
Material efficiency	Annual consumption of paper in tonnes	Number of employees (non-production sector)	Tonnes/person and/or Number of paper sheets/person/day
Water	Annual consumption m3	Number of employees (non-production sector)	m3/person and/or l/person
Waste	Annual generation of waste in tonnes	Number of employees (non-production sector)	Tonnes of waste/person and/or Kg/person
	Annual generation of hazardous waste in kilograms		Kg of hazardous waste/person
Biodiversity	Use of land, m2 of built-up area (including sealed area)	Number of employees (non-production sector)	m2 of built-up area/person and/or m2 of sealed area/person
GHG emissions	Annual emissions of GHG in tonnes of CO2e (CO2e = CO2 equivalent)	Number of employees (non-production sector)	tonnes CO2e/person and/or Kg CO2e/person

Table 8

Example of the use of core performance indicators in the production sector

Core indicator	Annual input/impact (A)	Overall annual output organisation (B)	Ratio A/B
Energy efficiency	Annual consumption MWh, GJ	Total annual gross value added (million euros) (20) or Total annual physical output (tonnes)	MWh/million euro or MWh/tonne of product
Material efficiency	Annual mass flow of the different materials used, in tonnes	Total annual gross value added (million euros) (20) or Total annual physical output (tonnes)	For each one of the different materials used: Material in tonnes/million euro or Material in tonnes/tonne product
Water	Annual consumption m3	Total annual gross value added (million euros) (20) or Total annual physical output (tonnes)	m3/million euro or m3/tonne of product
Waste	Annual generation of waste in tonnes	Total annual gross value added (million euros) (20) or Total annual physical output (tonnes)	Tonnes of waste/million euro or Tonnes of waste/tonne product
	Annual generation of hazardous waste in tonnes		Tonnes of hazardous waste/million euro or Tonnes of hazardous waste/tonne product
Biodiversity	Use of land, m2 of built-up area (including sealed area)	Total annual gross value added (million euros) (20) or Total annual physical output (tonnes)	m2 of built-up area and/or m2 of sealed area/million euro or m2 of built-up area and/or m2 of sealed area/tonne of product
GHG emissions	Annual emissions of GHG in tonnes of CO2e	Total annual gross value added (million euros) (20) or Total annual physical output (tonnes)	Tonnes of CO2 equivalent/million euro or Tonnes of CO2 equivalent/tonne of product
Note: The EMAS environmental statement can be used to report on specific core performance indicators, in particular energy efficiency and greenhouse gases emissions.

2.4.   Verification and validation procedure

The Commission has developed ‘Sectoral Reference Documents’ that should be taken into account when checking environmental performance in the organisation. The environmental statement should clarify how the Sectoral Reference Documents, when available, were taken into account.

2.4.1.   Who is allowed to verify and validate EMAS?

Only accredited or licensed environmental verifiers can carry out these tasks.

—

The organisation may contact the EMAS Competent Body in its Member State, or the EMAS Accreditation or Licensing body responsible for the accreditation of EMAS verifiers for information about accredited environmental verifiers. If an organisation wants information about verifiers operating in their sector from Member States other than their own, this is available through the EU EMAS register (22).

—

The scope of an accredited or licensed environmental verifier is determined according to NACE codes, classification of economic activities set out in Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006. When an organisation contracts an environmental verifier, it must ensure the verifier is accredited or licensed for the specific NACE code corresponding to the organisation’s activities.

—	Once the verifier is accredited or licensed in one Member State, he/she can operate in all EU countries (23), subject to the supervision requirements of the Accreditation or Licensing body of the Member State where they wish to operate, as specified in Article 24 of the EMAS Regulation.

—	Information about accredited or licensed verifiers is available either from the Commission EMAS website or through the appropriate bodies in Member States.

2.4.2.   What are the tasks of environmental verifiers?

(1)	Verify if the organisation is in conformity with all the requirements of the EMAS Regulation with respect to the initial environmental review, environmental management system, environmental audit and its results and the environmental statement.

(2)

Check if the organisation complies with relevant Community, national, regional and local legal requirements relating to the environment. Note 1: The verifier has to check if the organisation has established implemented and maintained procedure(s) for periodically evaluating compliance with applicable legal requirements (24). The verifier carries out an in-depth check of the legal compliance of a company. Part of this task is checking material evidence received that there is no breach of environmental legislation (25). Verifiers may use the findings of enforcement authorities. If they do not find evidence of non-compliance, this is stated in the environmental declaration and signed by the verifier. However, the duty of the verifier is to check that the requirements of the Regulation are satisfied through the usual audit techniques. This means that s/he will not be able to check compliance with legal requirements in the same way as enforcement authorities do. Note 2: If a verifier detects a case of non-compliance in the period between two registrations, the following options exist. He/she can either report to the Competent Body that the organisation in question has to be deleted from the EMAS Register. If the organisation has shown that it took timely measures in cooperation with the enforcement authorities to restore legal compliance, the verifier can still sign the declaration on verification and validation activities, as per Annex VII to the Regulation.

(3)	Check the organisation’s continuous improvement of environmental performance.

(4)	Check the reliability, credibility and accuracy of the data included and used in the EMAS environmental statement and any environmental information to be validated.

(5)

Visit the organisation or site. The procedures for single-site and multi-site organisations are different and it is important to stress the differences in the respective approaches. The EMAS Regulation (Art 25- 4) requires visiting for each organisation each time a validation/verification activity needs to take place. In case of a one-site-organisation that means that the verifier has to go on site every year. In case of small one-site-organisations and if the derogation for small organisations can be applied (Article 7) validation/verification activities have to be done after two and four years with the effect that the verifier is obliged to visit the site after two and four years. But in case of a registered multi-site-organisation Art 25-4 is still requiring visiting the organisation at each time of verification/validation activities. Thus from a legal point of view this obligation can be seen as fulfilled when the verifier visits the organisation (maybe one or more sites, maybe different sites) each year. But the visiting program has to ensure that each site, which is included in the registration number of this multi-site-organisation, is at least visited (completely verified) once within a cycle of 36 months. Without completely verifying each included site at least one time within this cycle the verifier would not fulfil his tasks as required by the EMAS III Regulation. This also means that before a first registration, the environmental verifier has to visit all sites at a multi-site organisation.

Note: It is useful for the organisation to check whether the verifier has notified the relevant accreditation or licensing body at least four weeks before verification, of its accreditation or licence details and the time and place of the verification.

The first verification

At a minimum, the verifier must check the organisation fulfils the following requirements:

—	a fully operational environmental management system is in place;

—	a fully planned audit programme is in place;

—	a management review has been completed; and

—	the EMAS environmental statement is drafted and Sectoral Reference Documents have been taken into account, where available.

2.5.   Registration procedure

The EMAS III Regulation provides some general rules on registration. Member States may adapt these in their own environmental legislation.

Once the system has been implemented, verified and the EMAS environmental statement validated, the organisation’s next step is to apply to the Competent Body for registration.

2.5.1.   Which Competent Body does an organisation use?

Table 9

Competent Bodies  (26) for different registrations

Different situations	Where to register
Organisation with one site in EU	Competent Body officially designated by the Member State in which the organisation is located.
Organisation with multiple sites inside one Member State (Federal State or similar)	Designated Competent Body by the Member State for this purpose.
Registration of organisations with multiple sites in several EU Member States (EU Corporate Registration)	In case of EU Corporate Registration, the location of the headquarters or management centre (in that order of preference) of the organisation is decisive in determining the Leading Competent Body.
Registration of organisations with one or multiple sites in third countries (Third Country Registration)	If a Member State decides to provide for Third Country Registration, according to Article 3(3) of the EMAS Regulation, registration in that specific Member State will, in practice, depend on the availability of accredited verifiers. The potential verifier should be accredited in the specific Member State that provides for third country registration, for that specific third country and for the specific economic sector(s) involved (determined based on NACE codes).
Registration of an organisation with multiple sites in Member States and in Third Countries (Global Registration)	The Member State where the Competent Body in charge of this procedure will be located is established on the basis of conditions in the following order of preference: (1) When the organisation has headquarters in a Member State that provides for Third Country Registration, the application should be submitted to the Competent Body in that Member State; (2) If the headquarters of the organisation is not located in a Member State that provides for Third Country Registration, but it has a Management Centre there, the application should be submitted to the Competent Body in that Member State; (3) If the organisation that applies for Global registration has neither headquarters nor a Management Centre in a Member State that provides for Third Country Registrations, then the organisation has to set up an ‘ad hoc’ management centre in a Member State that provides for Third Country Registration, and the application should be submitted to the Competent Body in that Member State. Note: If more than one Member State is covered by the application, the coordination procedure between the involved Competent Bodies, as established in Section 3.2 (of the Guide on EU Corporate Registration, Third Country and Global Registration under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009), must be followed. Then that Competent Body will act as Leading Competent Body under the EU Corporate aspects of the procedure.
Note: As far as registration is concerned, the relevant structures can differ from one Member State to another. Usually, there is one Competent Body per Member State; however, in some Member States it is common to have different Competent Bodies at regional level.

2.5.2.   Documents and/or requirements for registration

The application must be submitted in the official language of the Member State in which the organisation wants to be registered. It must include:

(1)	Validated EMAS environmental statement (electronic or printed version);

(2)	Declaration signed by the environmental verifier confirming that the verification and validation was carried out in accordance with the Regulation (Annex VII to the Regulation);

(3)	Completed application form (Annex VI to the Regulation), with information about the organisation, sites and the environmental verifier;

(4)	Evidence of payment of fees, if applicable.

2.5.3.   Conditions to be met prior to/during the EMAS registration process

(1)	Verification and validation conducted in accordance with the Regulation.

(2)	Application form fully filled in, all supporting documents in order.

(3)	Competent Body satisfied with material evidence that there is no evidence of breach of legal requirements relating to the environment. A written report from the enforcement authority that there is no indication of such a breach would be suitable material evidence.

(4)	No relevant complaints from interested parties; or complaints resolved satisfactorily.

(5)	Competent Body satisfied, on the basis of evidence received, that the organisation meets all the requirements of the Regulation.

(6)	If applicable, the Competent Body has received the required fee.

It is considered best practise for a Competent Body take a final decision on the EMAS registration of an applying organisation within 3 months after a successful application. Only in exceptional cases a longer period to reach a final registration decision can be justified.

2.5.4.   Suspension or deletion of organisations from the register

This may occur:

—	if a Competent Body has reasons to believe that an organisation does not comply with the Regulation;

—	if a Competent Body receives a written supervision report from the Accreditation or Licensing Body with evidence that the environmental verifier did not carry out duties in line with the Regulation provisions;

—

if an organisation fails to submit any of the following documents to the Competent Body within two months of being required to do so: validated environmental statement, updated environmental statement or a declaration on verification and validation activities signed by the verifier (Annex VII), the application form (Annex VI);

—	if a Competent Body is informed of a breach of legal requirements on the environment, through a written report from the enforcement authority.

The Competent Body can lift the suspension only once it receives satisfactory information regarding the organisation’s compliance with the Regulation.

The EMAS Regulation does not specify the duration of suspensions, and it is therefore up to the respective Competent Bodies to decide on these. However, they should not exceed 12 months.

Figure 10

EMAS pillars. Registration procedure

2.6.   Substantial changes

An organisation making changes in its operation, structure, administration, process, activities, products or service, must take into account the environmental impact of such changes, as these may affect the validity of the EMAS Registration. Minor changes may be absorbed, but substantial changes will require an updated environmental review, policy, programme, management system and statement. All updated documents have to be verified and validated within six months. After validation, the organisation has to submit the changes to the Competent Body, using Annex VI to the Regulation.

Figure 11

Flow chart on dealing with substantial changes under EMAS

3.   Use of the EMAS Logo

What is the EMAS logo?

The EMAS logo is a graphic image, associated with:

—	Correct implementation of the EMAS scheme;

—	Commitment to continuous environmental improvement;

—	Active involvement of employees;

—	Credibility of information on the organisation’s environmental performance;

—	Proven legal compliance.

The EMAS logo is a good way to show that the organisation is environmentally friendly.

3.1.   How to use the EMAS Logo

Only organisations with a valid EMAS registration can use the EMAS logo.

—	The logo must always bear the organisation’s registration number, except for promotional and marketing activities of the EMAS scheme;

—	Only the official logo is valid;

—	If the organisation has several sites, not all of which are included in the registration, it may only use the logo for registered sites and shall not give the impression that the entire organisation is registered;

—	The environmental statement should preferably bear the logo.

Figure 12

EMAS logo

The use of the EMAS logo for promotional activities and marketing of the scheme

Only in this situation the EMAS logo can be used without the registration number. Competent Bodies, Accreditation and Licensing Bodies and other stakeholders may use the logo.

3.2.   How not to use the EMAS logo

—	On products or packaging, to avoid confusion with product labels;

—	With comparative claims concerning other activities and services.

The logo must not be used in ways that may cause confusion with other labels for products or services.

Table 10

Use of EMAS logo: Examples

No	Example or situation	Allowed
1	Logo on a registered organisation’s letter, envelope, business card, corporate uniform, corporate PC, bag, EMAS flag and other similar use of the EMAS logo, for promotional purposes at corporate level.	YES, together with registration number, since it promotes the EMAS registered organisation.
2	Logo on a document’s header, submitted to authorities, incorporating validated data concerning the organisation’s performance.	YES, together with registration number.
3	Logo on a folder containing a report on a partially registered organisation.	YES, together with registration number, but the logo must mention only the registered sites.
4	Logo on a product with the message ‘ecological product’.	NO, it might be confused with ecolabels for products.
5	Logo in the (in-flight) magazine of a registered airline, along with some validated information.	YES, together with registration number.
6	Logo on an aeroplane, on a train, on a bus, on a corporate car or truck, or on a metro of an EMAS registered company.	YES, together with registration number.
7	Logo placed on a registered distribution company’s truck along with the company name, beside a validated statement saying ‘We have reduced the average diesel consumption of our truck fleet by 20 % to x litres per 100 km between 2009 and 2012’.	YES, together with registration number.
8	Logo stamped on a non-registered tourist accommodation photo, included in registered travel agency catalogue.	NO, the use of the logo is confusing. It can only be applied to the travel agency.
9	Logo stamped on a registered travel agency catalogue, containing validated information on sustainable tourism measures, implemented by the organisation.	YES, together with registration number.
10	Logo placed on an internal hand-out for employees, containing exclusively validated information on the operation of the environmental management system.	YES, the logo does not need the registration number, since it is an internal communication for general awareness raising purposes.
11	Logo on the newsletter or the cover of a brochure for customers and suppliers, content taken from the validated environmental statement.	YES, together with the registration number, because it is a communication to the general public using concrete examples of a specific EMAS registered company, coming from that registered organisation.
12	Logo within the annual environmental report of a holding that includes registered and non-registered sites, heading the chapter on the validated environmental statement in which the EMAS registered sites of the organisation are clearly identifiable.	YES, together with registration number(s). If the registration is a corporate registration in which several sites reside under the same number, that number must be used. If all EMAS sites are registered individually, the registration numbers of the individual sites must be recognisable.
13	Logo as an underlying graphic for a compilation of validated environmental data in a business report.	YES, together with registration number.
14	A general brochure of a governmental organisation addressing how EMAS registered organisations in general can best recycle or process their various fractions of waste.	YES, without a registration number, since this brochure is for the purpose of raising awareness in general, it is not linked to a registration number.
15	Logo beside validated environmental information on an organisation’s website.	YES, together with registration number.
16	Logo on exhibition stands of the registered organisation, promoting the registered organisation as such.	YES, together with registration number.
17	Logo on exhibition stands of a registered organisation but promoting EMAS as Environmental Management System in general.	YES, the logo does not need registration number, since it is for promotional purposes.
18	Logo in a newspaper, as an underlying graphic in a joint advertisement of two companies announcing their environmental cooperation along the supply chain (one is registered, the other is not).	NO, it is confusing, as one of the organisations is not registered.
19	Logo without a registration number used for promotional purposes by a non-registered organisation.	YES, but only for EMAS promotion activities and not for the promotion of the organisation itself.
20	Logo on tickets of a registered municipal transport organisation	YES, the logo does not need registration number, if used to promote EMAS in general. If the logo on the tickets is promoting a specific EMAS registered organisation it would have to carry the registration number of that specific organisation.

4.   How to move from other environmental management systems to EMAS

There is a growing number of environmental management systems all over the EU, designed to cover needs in specific areas or sectors of activity. Local or regional administrations may use such systems to improve sustainability or environmental performance. The most relevant of these systems are available via a link in an annex to this guide.

The EMAS Regulation mentions the possibility of assessing the level of equivalence between it and other systems. Official recognition of some or all parts of other environmental management systems can ease an organisation’s transition to EMAS. The procedure is as follows:

(a)	Member States must submit to the Commission a written request for the recognition of the environmental management system or part of it;

(b)	The relevant parts of the environmental management system and the elements corresponding to EMAS must be analysed and specified in the request, providing evidence of equivalence to EMAS;

(c)	The Commission submits the proposal to the EMAS Committee (established in accordance with Article 49 of the Regulation);

(d)	The EU’s Official Journal publishes details of the recognised environmental management system or parts of it, after the Commission approves them.

Organisations that have implemented a recognised environmental management system or parts of it do not have to repeat those parts already recognised when they go for EMAS.

Each Member State has its own procedures to deal with applications for recognition. For more information on these, ask the relevant Competent Body.

5.   EMAS III for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

‘ “Small organisations” means:

(a)	micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises as defined in Recommendation 2003/361/EC or;

(b)	local authorities governing less than 10 000 inhabitants or other public authorities employing fewer than 250 persons and having an annual budget not exceeding EUR 50 million, or an annual balance sheet not exceeding EUR 43 million, including all of the following:

(c)	government or other public administrations, or public advisory bodies at national, regional or local level;

(d)	natural or legal persons performing public administrative functions under national law, including specific duties, activities or services in relation to the environment; and

(e)	natural or legal persons having public responsibilities or functions, or providing public services, relating to the environment under the control of a body or person referred to in point (b).’

Verification and internal audit period

SMEs can have the full verification carried out over four years instead of three. The time period for internal audit can also be extended, from one year to two. The same applies to the environmental statement. However, the organisation must forward the non-validated updated statement to the Competent Body each year all the same.

To benefit from this option, the organisation must apply to the Competent Body, which can extend the time period allowed if the verifier has confirmed the conditions of Article 7:

—	that there is no significant environmental risk;

—	that there have been no substantial changes in the organisation;

—	that the organisation does not contribute to significant local problems.

Verification and validation

Environmental verifiers should take into account the characteristics of small organisations to avoid burdening them unnecessarily. SMEs often have scant resources and means, so they are less able to cope with extensive reporting and lengthy procedures. The verifier should also take into account other characteristics of SMEs, such as multifunctional staff, on-the-job training and the ability to adapt rapidly to change. The main goal is to achieve objective evidence that the EMAS system is effective and that the procedures are scaled to the size and complexity of the business, the competence of its staff and the nature of the environmental impact.

Fees

It is up to each Member State to set fees for EMAS registration procedures. Some do not charge fees. In any case, the Regulation states that fees must be reasonable and proportionate to the organisation’s size.

Technical and financial support

Technical and financial support for the EMAS scheme in general, and for SMEs in particular, has to be provided on two levels. Member States have to make available information on legal requirements and the enforcement authorities, as well as technical information on accredited or licensed verifiers, registration procedures, grants and financial support. The Commission provides information and paves the way for organisations that want to register for EMAS by recognising parts of other environmental management systems or by integrating EMAS into other EU policies.

‘EMAS Easy’ Method

Although the ‘EMAS Easy (27)’ method is not mentioned in the Regulation, it should be taken into account as a tool available for small organisations. It helps them to implement all EMAS requirements quickly, cheaply and simply.

Cluster and step-by-step approach

Local authorities, in cooperation with chambers of commerce, industrial associations and others, can provide support for SMEs wishing to implement EMAS by facilitating a cluster and step-by-step approach.

A ‘cluster’ is a way of implementing EMAS as a group, useful for organisations in the same sector of activity or located in the same geographical area. They can share the implementation process and then proceed with individual registration.

The step-by-step approach can be tailored to the needs in each Member State. It could be linked, for example, to general projects or plans, to promote EMAS implementation in a municipality or in an area where different entities plan to encourage organisations to implement good environmental practice in different phases or ways.

Example: A good example of this approach could be to take a group of SMEs in an industrial area or in a region lead by the municipality, in cooperation with a chamber of commerce and industrial associations operating in the area. The organisations involved can take part in a step-by-step EMAS implementation plan. The first step would be to facilitate all companies in conducting an EMAS environmental review. The second step would involve designing and implementing good management practices. The third step would be to put in place a formal environmental management system such as EN ISO 14001. Finally, the companies could go for EMAS as the premium management system.

This concept could be an opportunity to develop promotional plans in groups of organisations, in sectors of activity or in specific territories where there is interest in promoting the implementation of environmental management systems, formal or informal, before finally going for full EMAS.

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(1)  Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009.

(2)  OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 25.

(3)  http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/pdf/news/costs_and_benefits_of_emas.pdf

(4)  The ‘Industrial Emissions Directive’ (IED Directive), repealing the IPPC Directive with effect from 7 January 2013, provides Member States with detailed guidance on environmental inspections, where the frequency of site visits should be based on a systematic appraisal of environmental risks of the installations concerned, using a set of criteria including the participation of the operator in the EMAS scheme.

(5)  EVER Study: Evaluation of EMAS and Eco-Label for their Revision (2005), IEFE- Università Bocconi for DG Environment of the European Commission.

(6)  Hamschmidt J., Dyllick T. (2001), ‘ISO 14001: profitable? Yes! But is it eco-effective?’, Greener Management International, No 34.

(7)  CESQA SINCERT (2002), Indagine sulla certificazione ambientale secondo la norma UNI EN ISO 14001; risultati indagine Triveneto.

(8)  Freimann, Walther (2001), The impacts of corporate environmental management systems: a comparison of EMAS and ISO 14001, Greener Management International, No 36, pp. 91-103.

(9)  IRIS (2000), Environmental management systems — paper tiger or powerful tool. The Swedish Institute of Production Engineering Research. Mölndal.

(10)  The figures in Table 1 are indicative and related to the category sizes. Therefore they cannot be applied directly to any organisation in any situation.

(11)  Organisation sizes as defined in Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p. 36).

(12)  SMEs can often reduce their first year implementation costs by implementing EMAS via the EMAS Easy methodology. Recent estimates show that in some cases costs can be reduced down to EUR 11 500 for micro organisations and EUR 17 000 for small organisations in the first year of implementation. These estimates are purely indicative and based on data provided by SMEs following seminars for SMEs in different Member States.

(13)  SMEs can often reduce their first year implementation costs by implementing EMAS via the EMAS Easy methodology. Recent estimates show that in some cases costs can be reduced down to EUR 2 200/year for micro organisations and EUR 3 300/year for small organisations. These estimates are purely indicative and based on data provided by SMEs following seminars for SMEs in different Member States.

(14)  http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/toolkit/index.htm

(15)  Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 393, 30.12.2006, p. 1).

(16)  The indicative list of 11 priority sectors, for which Sectoral Reference Documents will be developed, is published in the communication from the Commission ‘Establishment of the working plan setting out an indicative list of sectors for the adoption of sectoral and cross-sectoral reference documents, under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)’.

(17)  http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/toolkit/

(18)  According to an official Article 45 procedure as described in the EMAS Regulation.

(19)  However, the EMAS regulation is not the right place to establish any methodology or tool for the development of emissions inventories and/or the quantification of emissions.

(20)  The official definition of gross value added is included in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1503/2006 (OJ L 281, 12.10.2006, p. 15). Value added at basic prices can be calculated from turnover (excluding VAT and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover), plus capitalised production, plus other operating income plus or minus changes in stocks, minus the purchases of goods and services, minus taxes on products which are linked to turnover but not deductible plus any subsidies on products received. Income and expenditure classified as financial or extraordinary in company accounts is excluded from value added. Hence, subsidies on products are included in value added at basic prices, whereas all taxes on products are excluded. Value-added is calculated ‘gross’ as value adjustments (such as depreciation) are not subtracted.

Note:

The EMAS environmental statement can be used to report on specific core performance indicators, in particular energy efficiency and greenhouse gases emissions.

(21)  OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30.

(22)  http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/registration/index_en.htm

(23)  Subject to the supervision requirements of the accreditation or licensing body of the Member State where they wish to operate, as specified in Article 24 of the EMAS Regulation.

(24)  Article A.5.2 ‘Evaluation of compliance’ of Annex II to the Regulation, and for non-conformity, corrective action and preventive action (Article A.5.3 of Annex II to the Regulation).

(25)  Article 13(2)(c) and verifying that there are no relevant complaints from interested parties, or that complaints have been positively solved (Article 13(2)(d)).

(26)  A list with contact details of Competent Bodies, Accreditation Bodies or environmental verifiers in the EU Member States and Norway can be found under: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/tools/contacts/countrymap_en.htm

Note:

As far as registration is concerned, the relevant structures can differ from one Member State to another. Usually, there is one Competent Body per Member State; however, in some Member States it is common to have different Competent Bodies at regional level.

(27)  Additional information about the EMAS Easy method can be found via: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/tools/emaseasy_en.htm and http://www.emaseasy.eu/downloads.html