15.6.2017   

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 189/15

(1)

Qualifications serve a variety of purposes. They signal to employers what their holders in principle know and are able to do (‘learning outcomes’). They may be a prerequisite for accessing certain regulated professions. They help education and training authorities and providers to determine the level and content of learning acquired by an individual. They are also important for an individual as an expression of personal achievement. Therefore qualifications play an important role in raising employability, easing mobility and access to further education.

(2)

Qualifications are the formal outcome of an assessment and validation process by a competent authority and typically take the form of documents such as certificates or diplomas. They determine that an individual has achieved learning outcomes to given standards. Those learning outcomes may be achieved through a variety of paths in formal, non-formal or informal settings, whether in national or international contexts. Information on learning outcomes should be easily accessible and transparent.

(3)

The recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2008 on the establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning (1) created a common reference framework of eight levels of qualifications, expressed as learning outcomes with increasing levels of proficiency. They serve as a translation device between different qualifications systems and their levels. The purpose of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning (EQF) is to improve the transparency, comparability and portability of people's qualifications.

(4)

The wider objectives of this recommendation are to contribute to modernising education and training systems and to increase the employability, mobility and social integration of workers and learners. It further aims at better linking formal, non-formal and informal learning and supporting the validation of learning outcomes acquired in different settings.

(5)

Member States have developed or are developing national qualifications frameworks based on learning outcomes and are relating these to the EQF through a ‘referencing’ process. The EQF levels and learning outcome descriptors contribute to better transparency and comparability of qualifications of different national systems. They also contribute to a general shift towards a learning outcomes orientation in education and training. Referencing to the EQF should be done through the national qualifications frameworks or, where these do not exist, national qualifications systems (hereafter ‘national qualifications frameworks or systems’).

(6)

Qualifications are more transparent and comparable when they are presented in documents that include a reference to the applicable EQF level and a description of the achieved learning outcomes.

(7)

A wide range of stakeholders should be involved in implementing the EQF at Union and national levels in order to ensure its broad support. Key stakeholders include all learners, education and training providers, qualifications authorities, quality assurance bodies, employers, trade unions, chambers of industry, commerce and skilled crafts, bodies involved in the recognition of academic and professional qualifications, employment services and services in charge of migrant integration.

(8)

In its report to the European Parliament and the Council of 19 December 2013 on the evaluation of the EQF, the Commission concluded that the EQF is widely accepted as a reference point for developing national qualifications frameworks, for implementing the learning outcomes approach, and for improving the transparency and recognition of skills and competences. It emphasised that the Union should make it possible for learners and workers to make their skills and competences more visible no matter where they acquired them.

(9)

In that report the Commission also concluded that the EQF Advisory Group has provided effective guidance for national referencing processes and has built trust and understanding among participating countries. It further concluded that the effectiveness of the EQF National Coordination Points largely depends on how closely they are linked to the national governance of the referencing process.

(10)

Given the positive evaluation of that group, continuation of the EQF Advisory Group is crucial to a consistent, coherent, transparent and coordinated implementation of this Recommendation.

(11)

Transparency and recognition of skills and qualifications is one of the new priorities under the 2015 Joint Report of the Council and the Commission on the implementation of the strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (ET 2020). That report stresses that the EQF should be further developed in order to make qualifications more transparent and comparable. With regard to newly arrived migrants, it also stresses that existing transparency instruments could help a better understanding of foreign qualifications in the Union, and vice versa.

(12)

The EQF and the national qualifications frameworks or systems referenced to it can support existing recognition practices thanks to the strengthened trust, understanding and comparability of qualifications they bring. That can make the process of recognition for learning and working purposes easier. Overarching qualifications frameworks such as the EQF could serve as information tools for recognition practices as mentioned in the recommendation on the use of qualifications frameworks in the recognition of foreign qualifications, as adopted under the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region.

(13)

National qualifications frameworks and systems change over time, therefore referencing to the EQF should be reviewed and updated, whenever relevant.

(14)

Trust in the quality and level of qualifications that are part of national qualifications frameworks or systems referenced to the EQF (hereafter ‘qualifications with an EQF level’) is essential in order to support mobility of learners and workers within and across sectoral and geographical borders. The recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2008 on the establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning contained common principles on quality assurance in higher education and vocational education and training. They respected the responsibility of Member States for quality assurance arrangements applying to national qualifications in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity. The Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area and the European Quality Assurance Reference Framework for Vocational Education and Training build a basis for such common principles.

(15)

The possibility of developing a register, outside the field of higher education, for bodies monitoring quality assurance systems for qualifications could be explored.

(16)

Credit systems can help individuals to progress in learning by facilitating flexible learning pathways and transfer across different levels and types of education and training and across national borders, enabling learners to accumulate and transfer different learning outcomes acquired in different learning contexts, including online, non-formal and informal learning. The learning outcomes approach can also facilitate the design, delivery and assessment of full qualifications or components of qualifications.

(17)

Credit systems at both national and European levels operate within institutional contexts like higher education or vocational education and training. At European level, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System has been developed for higher education in the European Higher Education Area. For vocational education and training, the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training is being developed in accordance with the recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on the establishment of a European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET) (2). Links between national qualifications frameworks and credit systems, where appropriate, could be promoted.

(18)

While the Union acquis on legal migration and asylum provides for equal treatment with nationals in terms of recognition of qualifications and even for facilitation measures as far as beneficiaries of international protection are concerned in accordance with Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (3), high rates of over-qualification and under-employment persist among third-country nationals with tertiary education. Cooperation between the Union and third countries over the transparency of qualifications can foster migrant integration into Union labour markets. Given the growing migration flows to and from the Union, a better understanding and a fair recognition of qualifications awarded outside the Union is needed.

(19)

The main features of the EQF, namely its learning outcomes approach, the definition of level descriptors, and the establishment of referencing criteria as developed by the EQF Advisory Group, have been a source of inspiration for the development of national and regional qualifications frameworks throughout the world. An increasing number of third countries and regions are seeking closer links between their qualifications framework and the EQF.

(20)

Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (4) provides that common training frameworks for regulated professions can be set up through a Commission delegated act as a common set of knowledge, skills and competences. Common training frameworks are to be based on levels of the EQF. Reference to EQF levels on qualifications is not to affect access to the labour market where professional qualifications have been recognised in accordance with Directive 2005/36/EC.

(21)

The Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area provides descriptors for the short cycle (that can be linked to or within the first cycle), the first, second and third cycles of higher education. Each cycle descriptor offers a statement on the achievements and abilities associated with the qualifications awarded at the end of that cycle. The EQF is compatible with the qualifications framework for the European Higher Education Area and its cycle descriptors. The short cycle (that can be linked to or within the first cycle), the first, second and third cycles of the qualifications framework for the European Higher Education Area correspond to EQF levels 5-8 respectively.

(22)

Decision No 2241/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (5) helps people to better present their skills, competences and qualifications.

(23)

A European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations classification (ESCO) is being developed by the Commission. Used on a voluntary basis, it could support a better link between education and employment. The data developed by Member States in the context of the EQF could serve as input for this classification.

(24)

Information on the process of referencing national qualifications frameworks or systems to the EQF and on qualifications with an EQF level should be readily accessible to the public. The use of common data structures and formats would help achieve that objective. It would also facilitate the understanding and use of published information on qualifications.

(25)

Coherence, complementarity and synergies at national and Union levels should exist between the implementation of the EQF, national qualifications frameworks or systems and tools on transparency and recognition of skills, competences and qualifications, including those for quality assurance, credit accumulation and transfer and tools developed in the context of the European Higher Education Area on transparency and recognition of skills, competences and qualifications.

(26)

The development of the EQF should be fully coherent with existing European cooperation in education and training under the ET 2020 strategic framework and future European ET strategic frameworks.

(27)

This recommendation does not replace or define national qualifications frameworks or systems. The EQF does not describe specific qualifications or an individual's competences and particular qualifications should be referenced to the appropriate EQF level by way of the relevant national qualifications systems.

(28)

This recommendation consolidates the EQF as a common reference framework of eight levels expressed as learning outcomes, serving as a translation device between different qualifications frameworks or systems and their levels.

(29)

Given its non-binding nature, this recommendation conforms to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality by supporting and supplementing Member States' activities through facilitating further cooperation between them to increase the transparency, comparability and portability of people's qualifications. It should be implemented in accordance with national law and practice,

1.

Use the EQF to reference national qualifications frameworks or systems and to compare all types and levels of qualifications in the Union that are part of national qualifications frameworks or systems, in particular by referencing their qualification levels to levels of the EQF set out in Annex II and by using the criteria set out in Annex III.

2.

Review and update, when relevant, the referencing of the levels of the national qualifications frameworks or systems to the levels of the EQF set out in Annex II and using the criteria set out in Annex III, with due regard to the national context.

3.

Ensure that qualifications with an EQF level are in accordance with the common principles for quality assurance set out in Annex IV, without prejudice to national quality assurance principles that apply to national qualifications.

4.

Where appropriate, promote links between credit systems and national qualifications frameworks or systems taking into account the common principles on credit systems set out in Annex V, without prejudice to national decisions to (i) make use of credit systems; and (ii) relate them to national qualifications frameworks or systems. Those common principles will not lead to an automatic recognition of qualifications.

5.

Where appropriate, take measures, so that all newly issued qualification documents by the competent authorities (e.g. certificates, diplomas, certificate supplements, diploma supplements), and/or registers of qualifications contain a clear reference to the appropriate EQF level.

6.

Make the results of the referencing process publicly available at national and Union levels and, where possible, ensure that information on qualifications and their learning outcomes is accessible and published, using the data fields in accordance with Annex VI.

7.

Encourage the use of EQF by social partners, public employment services, education providers, quality assurance bodies and public authorities to support the comparison of qualifications and transparency of the learning outcomes.

8.

Ensure the continuation and coordination of tasks implemented by EQF National Coordination Points (EQF NCP). The main tasks of the EQF NCP are to support national authorities in referencing national qualifications frameworks or systems to the EQF and to bring the EQF closer to individuals and organisations.

9.

Support consistency in the further implementation of the EQF across Member States by comparing and discussing the methodologies used for the levelling of qualifications in national qualifications frameworks or systems, with due regard to national contexts.

10.

With due regard to national contexts, support the development of methodologies for the description, use and application of learning outcomes to increase transparency and the understanding and comparability of qualifications.

11.

Support the setting up of voluntary procedures on the levelling of international qualifications through national qualification frameworks or systems and information exchange and consultation between Member States on those procedures to ensure consistency.

12.

Develop guidance for communicating the EQF, in particular how to present EQF levels on newly issued certificates, diplomas and supplements, and/or registers of qualifications, in accordance with national systems and regulations on certificates and diplomas.

13.

Explore possibilities for the development and application of criteria and procedures to enable, in accordance with international agreements, the comparison of third countries' national and regional qualifications frameworks with the EQF.

14.

Set up peer learning and best practice exchanges between the Member States and, where appropriate, facilitate peer counselling at the request of the Member States.

15.

Ensure that the implementation of this recommendation is supported through actions funded by relevant Union programmes.

16.

Ensure an effective governance of the EQF implementation by maintaining and fully supporting the EQF Advisory Group established in 2009 composed of representatives of the Member States and other participating countries, the social partners and other stakeholders as appropriate. The EQF Advisory Group should ensure overall coherence and promote transparency and trust in the process of referencing national qualifications frameworks or systems to the EQF.

17.

Report on progress following the adoption of this recommendation, as appropriate, in the context of relevant education, training and employment policy frameworks.

18.

Assess and evaluate, in cooperation with the Member States and after consulting the stakeholders concerned, action taken in response to this recommendation and by 2022 report to the Council on the experience gained and implications for the future, including, if necessary, a possible review and revision of this recommendation.