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[pic] | COMMISSIE VAN DE EUROPESE GEMEENSCHAPPEN |
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[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |
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Brussel, 21.9.2005
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Brussels, 21.9.2005
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COM(2005) 313 definitief
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COM(2005) 313 final
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MEDEDELING VAN DE COMMISSIEAAN HET EUROPEES PARLEMENT EN DE RAAD betreffende
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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL concerning
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rekrutering voor terrorisme: aanpakken van de factoren die bijdragen tot gewelddadige radicalisering
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Terrorist recruitment: addressing the factors contributing to violent radicalisation
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1. INLEIDING
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1. INTRODUCTION
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“Gewelddadige radicalisering” is het verschijnsel waarbij personen standpunten, zienswijzen en ideeën gaan aanhangen, die kunnen leiden tot daden van terrorisme in de zin van artikel 1 van het Kaderbesluit van de Raad inzake terrorismebestrijding[1]. De recente terreuraanslagen in Londen (juli 2005) en Madrid (maart 2004) hebben ertoe geleid dat het aanpakken van gewelddadige radicalisering nog meer prioriteit heeft gekregen in het kader van de preventie van terrorisme.
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“Violent radicalisation” is the phenomenon of people embracing opinions, views and ideas which could lead to acts of terrorism as defined in Article 1 of the Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism[1]. The recent terrorist attacks in London of July 2005, and Madrid in March 2004, have reinforced the priority treatment of addressing violent radicalisation as part of a comprehensive approach to the preventive side of fighting terrorism.
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De strijd tegen het terrorisme, in al zijn vormen en ongeacht de doelstellingen of "idealen" die het pretendeert na te streven, is ook een ideologische strijd omdat terrorisme de beginselen waarop de Europese Unie is gegrondvest kan ondermijnen. Hoewel Europa in de loop van de geschiedenis verscheidene soorten terrorisme heeft gekend, gaat de grootste dreiging momenteel uit van terrorisme op basis van een verkeerde interpretatie van de islam. Veel van de factoren die ten grondslag liggen aan gewelddadige radicalisering en van de oplossingen die in deze mededeling worden besproken, gelden echter voor alle soorten gewelddadige radicalisering, ongeacht of die van nationalistische, anarchistische, separatistische, extreem-linkse of extreem–rechtse aard zijn.
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Fighting terrorism, in all its forms and irrespective of the aims or ‘ideals’ it purports to advance, is also an ideological struggle because terrorism has the potential to subvert the very founding principles of the European Union. Although Europe has experienced different types of terrorism in its history, the main threat currently comes from terrorism that is underlined by an abusive interpretation of Islam. Nevertheless, many of the motivational factors for violent radicalisation and the remedies dealt with by this Communication are equally valid for all violent radicalisation, whether of a nationalistic, anarchic, separatist, extreme left or extreme right kind.
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De Europese Unie wijst geweld en haat af en zal nooit racisme of vreemdelingenhaat in welke vorm ook of tegen welke religie of etnische groep ook dulden[2]. Zoals in het Handvest van de grondrechten[3] wordt vermeld, is de Unie gegrondvest op de ondeelbare en universele waarden van menselijke waardigheid en van vrijheid, gelijkheid en solidariteit en berust zij op het beginsel van de democratie en het beginsel van de rechtsstaat. Het is belangrijk op dit gebied het cruciale evenwicht tussen de verschillende grondrechten te bewaren, met name tussen het recht op leven enerzijds en het recht van vrije meningsuiting en privacy anderzijds. Europa moet de mensenrechten en de rechtsstaat blijven bevorderen en iedere vorm van relativisme inzake grondrechten verwerpen. Terrorisme is een van de ergste schendingen van de grondrechten en alle argumenten waarmee bepaalde gewelddadige praktijken als een uiting van diversiteit worden gerechtvaardigd, moeten onvoorwaardelijk worden verworpen.
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The European Union rejects violence and hatred and will never tolerate racism or xenophobia in whatever form or against whatever religion or ethnic group[2]. As noted in the Charter on Fundamental Rights[3], the Union is founded on the indivisible, universal values of human dignity, freedom, equality and solidarity and is based on the principles of democracy and the rule of law. It is important to maintain the crucial balance between different fundamental rights in this area, particularly the right to life on the one hand, and the right to freedom of expression and privacy on the other. Europe must continue to promote human rights and the rule of law and reject any form of relativism insofar as fundamental rights are concerned. Terrorism constitutes one of the most serious violations of fundamental freedoms and any arguments that attempt to justify certain violent practices as an expression of diversity must also be unconditionally rejected.
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Dit onderwerp is de laatste jaren meer en meer in de belangstelling gekomen. Het is een zeer complexe kwestie waarvoor geen eenvoudige oplossingen bestaan en die een behoedzame, bescheiden en doordachte aanpak vergt. In deze mededeling brengt de Commissie verslag uit over haar lopende werkzaamheden op dit gebied en schetst zij mogelijkheden om deze problematiek op verschillende gebieden die onder haar bevoegdheid vallen, doelgerichter aan te pakken. De bijlage bij de mededeling bevat slechts een eerste analyse van de mogelijke factoren die bijdragen tot gewelddadige radicalisering en rekrutering van terroristen. Meer diepgaand onderzoek en analyse van dit verschijnsel zijn ontegenzeglijk nodig.
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Interest in this subject has increased in recent years. It is admittedly a very complex question with no simple answers and which requires a cautious, modest and well-thought approach. In this Communication, the Commission reports on its ongoing work in this area and proposes possible ways in which work in various fields within its competence could be channelled more effectively into addressing the issue. The Annex to the Communication merely provides a preliminary analysis of the possible factors contributing to violent radicalisation and terrorist recruitment. Certainly, more in-depth research and analysis into the phenomenon is required.
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Dit document is, zoals specifiek gevraagd in het Haags programma[4], de eerste bijdrage van de Commissie tot de ontwikkeling van een langetermijnstrategie voor de EU (die naar verwachting voor eind 2005 door de Raad wordt opgesteld) om de factoren aan te pakken die bijdragen tot radicalisering en tot rekrutering voor terroristische activiteiten. De in dit document voorgestelde acties en aanbevelingen zijn een combinatie van zachte (bijvoorbeeld interculturele jongerenuitwisselingen) en harde maatregelen (bijvoorbeeld het verbieden van satellietuitzendingen die tot terrorisme aanzetten) en moeten worden gezien als een aanvulling en ondersteuning van de huidige nationale inspanningen. De Commissie meent evenwel dat de EU haar beleid op verschillende terreinen zou kunnen richten op het tegengaan van gewelddadige radicalisering en op Europees niveau de deskundigheid kan bundelen en verspreiden die door de lidstaten bij de aanpak van dit probleem wordt opgedaan.
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As specifically requested by the Hague Programme[4], this document is the Commission’s initial contribution to the development of an EU long term strategy (whose presentation by the Council is foreseen for the end of 2005) to address the factors which contribute to radicalisation and recruitment to terrorist activities. The actions and recommendations presented in this document are a combination of soft (e.g inter-cultural exchanges among youth) and hard (e.g prohibition of satellite broadcasts inciting terrorism) measures and are to be viewed as complementary to, and in support of, current national efforts. The Commission however believes that the EU, with its span of policies in various areas that could be used to address violent radicalisation, is well placed to gather and spread at European level the relevant expertise that is being acquired by the Member States in addressing this problem.
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Het is niet de bedoeling met dit document reeds bestaande strafrechtelijke initiatieven op grond van Titel VI van het Verdrag betreffende de Europese Unie te behandelen, zoals bijvoorbeeld het reeds aangenomen kaderbesluit inzake terrorismebestrijding of het kaderbesluit van de Raad betreffende racisme en vreemdelingenhaat dat nog wordt besproken. Dat voorstel moet ervoor zorgen dat opzettelijke gedragingen die verband houden met racisme of xenofobe handelingen, zoals het aanzetten tot geweld of haat, publiekelijk geuite beledigingen, het vergoelijken van racisme en vreemdelingenhaat en deelname aan racistische of xenofobe groepen, in de lidstaten strafbaar worden gesteld[5]. De Commissie verzoekt de Raad dringend het voorstel goed te keuren.
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This document does not aim to deal with criminal law initiatives based on Title VI of the Treaty of the European Union that already exist, as for instance, the already adopted Framework Decision on Terrorism, or the Proposal under discussion for a Framework Decision on Racism and Xenophobia. That proposal, which the Commission urges the Council to adopt, aims to ensure that intentional conduct relating to racism or xenophobic acts, including incitement to violence or hatred, public insults, condoning racism and xenophobia and participating in racist or xenophobic groups, is punishable as a criminal offence in Member States[5].
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2. VERSTERKING VAN HET COMMUNAUTAIR BELEID VOOR DE BESTRIJDING VAN GEWELDDADIGE RADICALISERING
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2. STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY POLICIES TO ADDRESS VIOLENT RADICALISATION
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De Commissie meent dat de ontwikkeling en de uitvoering van een Europese strategie inzake gewelddadige radicalisering een zaak van lange adem is. De in deze mededeling voorgestelde maatregelen, zowel die op korte als die op lange termijn, zijn dan ook niet als totaalpakket bedoeld. In de toekomst kunnen andere maatregelen worden voorgesteld, in het bijzonder wanneer meer inzicht in de problematiek wordt verworven.
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The Commission considers that the development and implementation of a European Strategy on violent radicalisation will necessarily be a sustained effort and that the measures being proposed, both in the short and long term, in this Communication are not meant to be exhaustive in nature. In the future other measures could be proposed, particularly in the light of better knowledge acquired on the subject.
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De kerngebieden op korte termijn zijn omroepmedia, internet, onderwijs, betrokkenheid van jongeren, werkgelegenheid, sociale uitsluiting en integratieproblemen, gelijke kansen en non-discriminatie, en interculturele dialoog. Verder zal de Commissie om meer kennis te verwerven uitgebreider onderzoek naar gewelddadige radicalisering steunen, dat in de toekomst als basis zal dienen voor een betere beleidsvorming. Tenslotte is het aspect buitenlandse betrekkingen een cruciaal onderdeel van een toekomstige EU-strategie op dit gebied.
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The core areas of immediate focus are broadcast media, the internet, education, youth engagement, employment, social exclusion and integration issues, equal opportunities and non-discrimination and inter-cultural dialogue. Furthermore, in order to acquire greater knowledge in the field, the Commission will support more extensive analysis of violent radicalisation that will serve as a basis for better policy-making in the future. Finally, the external relations component to tackling the problem is a crucial aspect of a future EU strategy in this area.
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2.1. Omroep
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2.1. Broadcast Media
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De Commissie is van plan om in het kader van het onlangs goedgekeurde financieringsbesluit voor haar eerste proefproject inzake terrorismebestrijding[6] (het “financieringsbesluit”), binnenkort een conferentie te organiseren over de rol van de media bij gewelddadige radicalisering.
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In line with the recently adopted Commission Financing Decision for its first pilot project on fighting terrorism[6] (the “Financing Decision”), the Commission plans to organise a conference in the near future on the media’s role in relation to violent radicalisation and terrorism.
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Aansporing tot haat op grond van ras, geslacht, godsdienst of nationaliteit in uitzendingen wordt reeds door het Europese recht verboden[7]. Dit geldt ook voor programma’s van derde landen (hoofdzakelijk satelliettelevisie), wanneer gebruik wordt gemaakt van een frequentie, satellietcapaciteit of een aardesatellietverbinding die door een lidstaat is toegekend.[8] De lidstaten zijn verantwoordelijk voor de uitvoering van deze bepalingen en uit het recente uitzendverbod voor zenders zoals Al-Manar of Sahar-1 in Europa[9] blijkt dat de toepassing van deze bepalingen in de praktijk uitstekend werkt.
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European law already prohibits incitement to hatred on grounds of race, sex, religion or nationality in broadcast[7]. This includes third country programmes (mostly satellite television) if they use either a frequency, satellite capacity or an uplink appertaining to a Member State[8]. Member States are responsible for the implementation of these rules and the recent cases of prohibition to retransmit channels like Al-Manar or Sahar-1 within Europe[9], show that the effective application of these rules works quite well.
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De voorzitters van de nationale regelgevingsinstanties voor de omroepsector zijn op uitnodiging van de Commissie in maart 2005 voor de eerste maal bijeengekomen om een pan-Europees offensief te lanceren tegen het aanzetten tot geweld in uitzendingen. Zij kwamen concrete maatregelen overeen ter versterking van hun samenwerking, die de Commissie zal steunen. Zij maakten afspraken over de onderlinge en onmiddellijke uitwisseling van informatie, in het bijzonder door de instelling van een werkgroep en een besloten internetforum.
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On the invitation of the Commission, the presidents of the national regulatory authorities in the field of broadcasting came together for the first time in March 2005 to give a pan-European drive to combat incitement to hatred in broadcasts. They agreed on concrete measures to strengthen their cooperation, which the Commission will support. They agreed on mutual and immediate information exchange especially through the establishment of a working group and a restricted internet forum.
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2.2. Internet
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2.2. The Internet
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Overeenkomstig het Europese kaderbesluit inzake terrorismebestrijding is aanzetten tot terrorisme een strafbaar feit. Het gebruik van internet om personen aan te zetten tot gewelddadig radicalisme of als middel tot rekrutering voor terrorisme is buitengewoon zorgwekkend omdat internet een wereldwijd bereik heeft, in real-time werkt en zeer doeltreffend is.
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The incitement to commit terrorism is a crime under the European Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism and the use of the internet to incite people into becoming violently radical or as a vehicle for terrorist recruitment is extremely worrying in view of the internet’s global reach, real-time nature and effectiveness.
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Terroristische propaganda kan van internet worden verwijderd op basis van de richtlijn inzake elektronische handel[10]. Artikel 3, leden 4 tot en met 6, biedt de mogelijkheid maatregelen te treffen tegen gewelddadige radicalisering en rekrutering voor terrorisme via internet. Deze bepaling voorziet in de mogelijkheid voor lidstaten geval per geval van de internemarktclausule af te wijken om maatregelen te nemen en bijv. sancties of een verbod op te leggen tegen het aanbieden van een specifieke on-linedienst uit een andere lidstaat, wanneer daar behoefte aan is ter bescherming van welbepaalde belangen van openbare orde zoals de preventie, het onderzoek, de opsporing en de vervolging van strafbare feiten, waaronder de bescherming van minderjarigen en de bestrijding van het aanzetten tot haat wegens ras, geslacht, godsdienst of nationaliteit, en van schendingen van de menselijke waardigheid van individuele personen. Hierdoor kunnen maatregelen worden genomen tegen diensten die illegaal worden aangeboden in de context van terrorisme[11]. Artikel 15, lid 2, van de richtlijn staat lidstaten toe verleners van diensten van de informatiemaatschappij te verplichten om onmiddellijk de bevoegde openbare instanties in te lichten over specifieke vermeende onwettige activiteiten of informatie verstrekt door afnemers van hun dienst.
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The objective to remove terrorist propaganda from the internet can be duly taken into account in the E-Commerce Directive[10]. Article 3(4) – (6) covers the possibility to take appropriate measures against violent radicalisation and terrorist recruitment occurring via the internet. This provision envisages case by case derogations to the Internal Market clause which Member States may use to take measures, such as sanctions or injunctions, to restrict the provision of a particular online service from another Member State where there is a need to protect certain identified public policy interests such as prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, including the protection of minors and the fight against any incitement to hatred on grounds of race, sex, religion or nationality, and violations of human dignity concerning individual persons. Therefore, measures may be adopted against services provided illegally in the context of terrorism[11]. Article 15(2) of the Directive allows Member States to establish obligations for information society service providers to immediately inform competent public authorities of specific alleged illegal activities undertaken or information provided by recipients of their service.
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Voorts rust op iedere lidstaat de verplichting doeltreffend toezicht te verzekeren op de op zijn grondgebied gevestigde aanbieders en overeenkomstig het Gemeenschapsrecht de nodige maatregelen te nemen ter preventie van criminele activiteiten. Het gebruik van internet in verband met gewelddadige radicalisering zal ook ter sprake komen in het kader van de voor november 2005 geplande vergaderingen van de groep van deskundigen op het gebied van e-commerce.
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Furthermore, every Member State has the obligation to ensure effective supervision of operators established on its territory and to adopt necessary measures, in accordance with EC law, to prevent criminal activities. The use of the internet in relation to violent radicalisation will also be discussed in the framework of the E-commerce Expert Group meeting planned in November 2005.
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Bovendien mogen lidstaten van een aanbieder van toegang en (loutere) doorgifte[12] of een aanbieder van caching[13] en hosting[14] eisen dat die een inbreuk beëindigt of voorkomt.[15] In het bijzonder kunnen nationale rechtbanken en overheidsinstanties dwangbevelen uitvaardigen tot verwijdering van illegale informatie of blokkering van de toegang ertoe. Verder hebben bepaalde instanties of politiediensten in sommige lidstaten op basis van duidelijke, wettelijk vastgestelde criteria die bepalen wat onder illegale inhoud moet worden verstaan zwarte lijsten opgesteld, om de leveranciers van internetdiensten te helpen sites met illegale inhoud te herkennen (zoals kinderpornografie of racistische inhoud); deze zwarte lijsten worden op vrijwillige basis gebruikt. Dit soort zelfregulering zou ook kunnen worden toegepast voor de preventie van gewelddadige radicalisering en door lidstaten van elkaar kunnen worden overgenomen.
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What is more, Member States are allowed to require an access and (mere) transmission provider[12], as well as caching[13] and hosting service provider[14] to terminate or prevent an infringement[15]. In particular, national courts and administrative authorities may issue injunctions requiring the removal of illegal information or the disabling of access to it. Furthermore, black lists, based on clear criteria laid down by law to define which content is illegal, have been drawn up by certain bodies or police forces in some Member States to assist ISPs in identifying sites hosting illegal content (such as child pornography or racist content) and are being used by ISPs on a voluntary basis. This type of self-regulatory practice is an example that could be transposed to the prevention of violent radicalisation and which Member States could share with others.
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De Commissie moedigt de lidstaten aan om zo effectief mogelijk van deze machtigingsbepalingen uit de richtlijn gebruik te maken om gewelddadige radicalisering in Europa tegen te gaan. Omdat het delicate evenwicht met de internemarktbeginselen niet mag worden verstoord, is de uitwisseling van beproefde methoden en kennis op dit gebied van cruciaal belang. De Commissie is bereid dergelijke methoden van de lidstaten te verzamelen en na te gaan of het nodig is een document met richtsnoeren op te stellen.
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The Commission encourages Member States to make use of the enabling provisions in the Directive in the most effective way to address violent radicalisation in Europe. In view of the importance of maintaining the delicate balance with the internal market principles of this Directive, the exchange of good practices and expertise in this area is crucial. The Commission is willing to gather such Member State practices and to examine the need of adopting a guidance document.
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2.3. Onderwijs, betrokkenheid van jongeren en actief Europees burgerschap
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2.3. Education, youth engagement and active European citizenship
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Programma’s die zich richten op jongeren van een leeftijd waarop ze worden gevormd en vatbaar zijn voor gewelddadig radicale ideeën, kunnen zeer goede resultaten opleveren. Het bevorderen van culturele diversiteit en tolerantie kan de ontwikkeling van gewelddadig radicale denkbeelden tegengaan.
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Programmes targeted at youngsters in their most formative years and at an age in which they are most vulnerable to fall prey to violently radical ideas, can have very fruitful outcomes. The promotion of cultural diversity and tolerance can help to stem the development of violently radical mind-sets.
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Een van de doelstellingen van het programma “Jeugd” is “het bevorderen van (…) een beter begrip van de culturele diversiteit van Europa en van zijn fundamentele gemeenschappelijke waarden, hetgeen zal bijdragen tot de eerbiediging van mensenrechten en tot de bestrijding van racisme, antisemitisme en vreemdelingenhaat”. De Europese Commissie zorgt ervoor dat dergelijke thema’s regelmatig terugkeren in de oproepen tot het indienen van innoverende projecten. Het programma “Jeugd” help daarom te voorkomen dat gewelddadig radicaal gedrag bij jongeren wortel kan schieten.
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An objective of the “Youth” Programme is “to develop understanding of the cultural diversity of Europe and its fundamental common values, thus helping to promote respect for human rights and to combat racism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia.” The European Commission ensures that such themes are regularly applied to calls for innovative projects. The “Youth” programme therefore contributes towards preventing violent behaviour from taking root in young people.
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In het kader van het programma “Cultuur” worden ook activiteiten gefinancierd ter bevordering van de interculturele dialoog en ter versterking van de culturele verscheidenheid in Europa door het wederzijdse begrip tussen personen uit verschillende landen te stimuleren. De bevordering van de dialoog tussen culturen is een van de hoofddoelstellingen van het voorgestelde nieuwe programma “Cultuur 2007”[16].
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The “Culture” Programme also finances activities linked to the promotion of intercultural dialogue as well as activities to enhance the cultural diversity of Europe by promoting understanding among people from different countries. Promoting intercultural dialogue will be one of the axes of the proposed new programme “Culture 2007”[16].
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Tegelijkertijd voert de Commissie in het kader van het programma “Socrates” vele projecten uit om de concepten Europees burgerschap en begrip tussen de culturen te ontwikkelen, waardoor personen met verschillende achtergronden een gemeenschappelijke Europese identiteit kunnen delen waarin culturele diversiteit wordt geëerbiedigd en bevorderd. Deze activiteiten komen meer in detail aan bod in de acties voor school en volwassenenonderwijs (“Comenius” en “Grundtvig”) van het programma. Een van de doelstellingen van deze programma’s, de bevordering van het “intercultureel bewustzijn”, draagt ook bij tot de bestrijding van het probleem van de gewelddadige radicalisering van marginale en moeilijk te bereiken groepen binnen de samenleving.
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At the same time, the Commission is carrying out many projects under the “Socrates” Programme which deal with developing concepts of European citizenship and inter-cultural understanding that enable people coming from different backgrounds to share a common European identity that nonetheless respects and promotes cultural diversity. These activities are treated in more detail in the school and adult education actions of the programme (“Comenius” and “Grundtvig”). One of the objectives of these programmes, that of promoting “intercultural awareness”, contributes in some ways to addressing the problem of violent radicalisation of marginalised and ‘hard to reach’ groups in society.
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De Commissie heeft onlangs een voorstel gedaan voor een nieuw programma “Burgers voor Europa” ter bevordering van een actief Europees burgerschap[17], en een van de doelstellingen daarvan is het wederzijds begrip tussen de Europese burgers te vergroten, waarbij de culturele verscheidenheid wordt gerespecteerd en gewaardeerd en de interculturele dialoog wordt bevorderd. Als het programma wordt aangenomen, zal de Unie financiële steun verlenen om evenementen te organiseren, netwerken op te zetten en de uitwisseling te bevorderen van goede methoden om de fundamentele waarden en belangrijke mijlpalen van Europa te belichten, waarmee zij indirect bijdraagt aan de uitbreiding van het pakket van zachte maatregelen tegen gewelddadige radicalisering. Verder heeft de Commissie bij het maatschappelijk middenveld een dialoog op gang gebracht tussen de EU en de kandidaat-lidstaten, om het wederzijds begrip te verbeteren en de burgers en verschillende culturen dichter bij elkaar te brengen.
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The Commission has recently launched a proposal to adopt a new programme “Citizens for Europe” to promote active European Citizenship[17] and one of its objectives is to enhance mutual understanding between European citizens respecting and celebrating cultural diversity, while contributing to intercultural dialogue. If adopted, the Union would provide financial assistance to organize events, create networks and promote exchange of good practices, notably to celebrate Europe’s fundamental values and major achievements thereby contributing in an indirect way to the array of soft measures against violent radicalisation. Furthermore, the Commission has launched a civil society dialogue between the EU and the candidate countries to enhance mutual understanding and to bring citizens and different cultures closer together.
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2.4. Aanmoediging van integratie, interculturele dialoog en dialoog tussen de godsdiensten
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2.4. Encouraging Integration, Inter-cultural Dialogue and Dialogue with Religions
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2.4.1. Integratie
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2.4.1. Integration
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De meeste immigranten uit derde landen integreren met succes in de samenleving van de EU-lidstaten. Als de integratie echter mislukt, kan dit een vruchtbare voedingsbodem opleveren voor de ontwikkeling van gewelddadige radicalisering. Zoals in de bijlage wordt besproken kan de vervreemding van zowel het land van herkomst als het gastland de kans vergroten dat iemand probeert aan iets anders zijn identiteit en een gevoel van verbondenheid te ontlenen, bijvoorbeeld aan een sterke extremistische ideologie.
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In the majority of cases, third-country nationals have integrated well within the Member States of the EU. However, if integration fails it can provide fertile ground for violent radicalisation to develop. As discussed in the Annex, alienation from both the country of origin and the host country can make it more likely for a person to look for a sense of identity and belonging elsewhere such as in a powerful extremist ideology.
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Het integratiebeleid – dat op zichzelf staat en eigen specifieke doelstellingen heeft – kan positieve neveneffecten hebben op de preventie van gewelddadige radicalisering. De Commissie heeft zich er in het kader van het Haags Programma toe verbonden in de lidstaten voor onderdanen van derde landen een krachtiger integratiebeleid aan te moedigen, dat is gebaseerd op de tenuitvoerlegging van de gemeenschappelijke basisbeginselen inzake integratie die door de Raad Justitie en Binnenlandse Zaken in november 2004 zijn vastgesteld. De Commissie heeft haar voorstellen toegelicht in een mededeling die in september 2005 is goedgekeurd[18]. De Commissie heeft ook, in het kader van de financiële vooruitzichten 2007-2013, een Europees fonds voor de integratie van onderdanen van derde landen voorgesteld, bedoeld voor gerichte acties op dat gebied.
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Integration policies - which are stand-alone polices having their own specific goals – could have positive ancillary effects on preventing violent radicalisation. The Commission is committed under the framework of the Hague Programme to take action to promote more vigorous integration policies within the Member States for third country nationals, based on the implementation of the Common Basic Principles on Integration adopted by the JHA Council in November 2004. The Commission has set out its proposals in a Communication adopted in September 2005[18]. Under the financial perspectives 2007-2013, the Commission has also proposed a European Fund for the Integration of third-country nationals aimed to cover targeted actions in this area.
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Integratie vraagt om een holistische aanpak, waarbij niet alleen wordt gestreefd naar toegang tot de arbeidsmarkt voor alle groepen, maar ook maatregelen worden genomen in verband met sociale, culturele, godsdienstige, taalkundige- en nationale verschillen. Het non-discriminiatierecht, zoals verder ontwikkeld door de anti-discriminatierichtlijnen van de EU[19], is ook een belangrijk aspect van integratie. 20% van het budget van het Europees Sociaal Fonds is al bestemd voor de verbetering van de gelijke kansen inzake werkgelegenheid voor kansarme groepen, maar ook ander beleid kan effect hebben: revitalisering en toegankelijker maken van achterstandsgebieden en –buurten, verbetering van woonomstandigheden, aanmoediging van de toegang tot het onderwijs en bescherming tegen sociale uitsluiting. Voorts zijn op persoonlijk vlak een goede levenskwaliteit en betrokkenheid bij de samenleving van essentieel belang om rekrutering door radicale groepen te voorkomen (zie bijlage).
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A holistic approach to integration is necessary that includes not only access to the labour market for all groups but also measures which deal with social, cultural, religious, linguistic and national differences. The right to non-discrimination, as further developed by the EU anti-discrimination Directives[19], is also a key aspect of integration. While 20% of the European Social Fund budget is already being allocated to improving equal opportunities in employment for disadvantaged groups, other policies that may prove helpful relate to increased regeneration of, and accessibility to, deprived areas and neighbourhoods, improved housing conditions, encouraged access to education and protection from social exclusion. Furthermore, a fulfilling quality of life and ensuring individuals are engaged with society, on a personal level, are key to preventing recruitment to radical groups (see Annex).
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2.4.2. Dialoog tussen staat en godsdiensten
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2.4.2. Dialogue between the State and Religions
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Het komt niet vaak tot een spontane dialoog, zeker niet wanneer het gaat om belangrijke waarden en beginselen. Daarom is het nodig om te leren hoe ideeën en standpunten het best kunnen worden uitgewisseld en om een communicatiemethode te ontwikkelen om obstakels weg te nemen en begrip te kweken voor culturele verschillen die met godsdienst te maken hebben (in het bijzonder wanneer het radicale, extremistische en fundamentalistische opvattingen). Dat is in ieders belang, maar het is tevens een noodzakelijke voorwaarde om op een solide basis een dialoog tussen culturen en godsdiensten op gang te brengen.
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Dialogue is not often spontaneous, especially when dealing with important values and principles. It is therefore necessary to learn how best to exchange views and opinions and to create a method of communication to eliminate barriers and develop understanding of cultural diversities based on religious ideas (particularly when dealing with radical, extremist and fundamentalist concepts). This is both of general interest and a necessary condition for starting inter-cultural and inter-religious dialogue from a solid basis.
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De Europese Unie eerbiedigt en doet geen afbreuk aan de status die kerken en religieuze verenigingen en gemeenschappen volgens het nationale recht in de lidstaten hebben (verklaring nr. 11 bij het Verdrag van Amsterdam). De relatie tussen staat en kerk behoort niet tot de bevoegdheid van de EU. Er bestaat evenwel een traditie van dialoog tussen de Commissie en de godsdiensten, kerken en geloofsgemeenschappen. De Commissie heeft sinds enkele jaren een uitgebreid netwerk van contacten met een groot aantal confessionele en niet-confessionele partners. De Commissie organiseert regelmatig conferenties, seminars en andere bijeenkomsten, om de onderlinge verstandhouding te versterken en Europese waarden uit te dragen. In 2003 werd een EU-conferentie van de ministers van Binnenlandse Zaken gehouden over de interreligieuze dialoog (“The inter-faith dialogue – a social cohesion factor in Europe and an instrument of peace in the Mediterranean area”)[20], met het doel de instelling van een Europees forum voor interreligieuze dialoog en voor dialoog tussen geloofsgemeenschappen en staten te bespreken. De Commissie heeft bijvoorbeeld in februari 2004 een conferentie over antisemitisme georganiseerd, waarbij de Europese Unie haar engagement om het antisemitisme te bestrijden en in het oog te houden bevestigde.
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The EU respects and does not prejudice the status under national law of churches and religious associations or communities in the Member States (Declaration No 11 to the Amsterdam Treaty). The relationship between the State and Churches and religious associations is not an EU competence. At the same time, there is a tradition of dialogue between the Commission and religions, churches communities of conviction. The Commission has for some years established a wide network of different contacts with a large number of confessional and non-confessional partners. On a regular basis the Commission organises conferences, seminars and other sorts of meetings to strengthen the mutual understanding and to promote European values. In 2003, a Conference of EU Home Affairs Ministers was held on “The inter-faith dialogue – a social cohesion factor in Europe and an instrument of peace in the Mediterranean area”[20] whose aim was to discuss establishing a “European Forum for inter-faith and faith-governments dialogue”. The Commission, for instance, organised a conference on anti-Semitism in February 2004 where the pledge to fight and monitor anti-Semitism was reinforced by the European Union.
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De Commissie zal op sommige van deze initiatieven voortbouwen om nader te onderzoeken welke daarvan mogelijk kunnen dienen voor de preventie van gewelddadige radicalisering.
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The Commission will build on some of these initiatives in order to discuss further those that can potentially be linked to the prevention of violent radicalisation.
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2.4.3. Europees Jaar van de interculturele dialoog
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2.4.3. European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
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De Commissie zal voorstellen lanceren om 2008 tot Europees Jaar van de interculturele dialoog uit te roepen. Het jaar is bedoeld om de interculturele dialoog in al zijn facetten onder de aandacht van het Europese publiek te brengen en meer gebruik te maken van de EU-programma’s om de positieve resultaten van die dialoog uit te dragen. Bij de evenementen die tijdens dat jaar door de Unie worden gesteund, zouden de onderwerpen die in deze mededeling worden behandeld, nadrukkelijk kunnen worden belicht.
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The Commission will launch a proposal to establish 2008 as the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue. The Year aims at making Europeans sensitive to the questions related to the Intercultural Dialogue as well as to use better EU programmes in promoting the positive values resulting from such a Dialogue. Topics raised in this Communication could be the object of particular attention at the events to be supported by the Union during the Year.
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2.5. Wetshandhavingsinstanties en veiligheidsdiensten
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2.5. Law enforcement authorities and security services
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Er zouden initiatieven moeten worden overwogen om het contact tussen politie- en wetshandhavingsdiensten en jongeren op lokaal niveau te bevorderen. Lidstaten die de indienstneming van mensen met verschillende achtergronden stimuleren, moeten ook andere landen aanmoedigen dat te doen door beproefde methoden uit te wisselen, zelfs in lidstaten die officieel geen etnische minderheden erkennen. Dat zou een manier kunnen zijn om in alle lidstaten meer begrip en respect tussen deze mensen te kweken.
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Schemes should be considered which involve the police and law enforcement authorities engaging more at the local level with youth. Those Member States that promote the recruitment of people from different backgrounds should also encourage other Member States to do so by sharing their best practices, even in those Member States that do not officially identify ethnic minorities. This could be a way of improving mutual understanding and respect between people across all Member States.
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Verdere preventieve maatregelen op het gebied van terrorismebestrijding, alsmede de voortzetting van de samenwerking tussen de operationele diensten, de inlichtingendiensten en het beleidsniveau zouden in alle lidstaten moeten worden aangemoedigd. De Commissie dringt erop aan dat lidstaten die al goede resultaten hebben behaald, hun ervaringen en beste methoden via de EU-structuren met de andere zouden delen. Op de lidstaten rust de verplichting samen te werken met instanties zoals Europol en ook samenwerking met het Gemeenschappelijk Situatiecentrum (Sitcen) wordt ten zeerste aangemoedigd. Wat de beleidsinitiatieven betreft zal de Commissie de beste methoden van de lidstaten verzamelen en beoordelen, en ze bundelen in periodieke richtsnoeren voor alle lidstaten.
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More preventive work in the area of counter-terrorism should be encouraged across Member States, along with further cooperation between operational, intelligence and policy levels. The Commission urges Member States that have already attained good results to share their experiences and best practices with others via EU structures. Member States have obligations to cooperate with bodies like Europol while cooperation with the Joint Situation Centre (SitCen) is also strongly encouraged. As regards policy initiatives, the Commission will gather and assess the Member States’ best practices and consolidate them into periodic guidelines for all the Member States.
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2.6. Netwerken van deskundigen
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2.6. Experts Networks
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De Commissie zal, overeenkomstig het onlangs goedgekeurde financieringsbesluit, middelen toewijzen voor de oprichting van een netwerk van deskundigen voor het uitwisselen van ideeën op het vlak van onderzoek en beleid, dat begin 2006 een eerste bijdrage over de stand van de kennis betreffende gewelddadige radicalisering zal indienen.
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In line with the recently adopted Commission Financing Decision, the Commission will allocate funds to establish a network of experts for the sharing of research and policy ideas which will submit a preliminary contribution on the state of knowledge on violent radicalisation in the beginning of 2006.
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De Commissie zal tevens een openbare aanbesteding uitschrijven voor onderzoeksprojecten op dit gebied en met name over factoren die aanzetten tot of doen afstappen van gewelddadige radicalisering en sociaal-economische factoren die bijdragen tot gewelddadige radicalisering. Het is mogelijk dat het proefproject in 2006 wordt voortgezet. Zowel de netwerken als de onderzoeksprojecten zullen de balans opmaken van het voltooide of lopende onderzoekswerk in het kader van het EG kaderprogramma voor onderzoek en andere onderzoeksprogramma’s. Een dergelijke inventarisatie van relevante kennis zou ook moeten worden nagestreefd in het programma “Veiligheid en bescherming van de vrijheden” voor de toekomstige financiële vooruitzichten en in het zevende kaderprogramma voor onderzoek zou in nieuw onderzoek op dit gebied moeten worden gepland.
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The Commission will also launch a public tender for studies in this area that will include ‘motivational and desisting factors for violent radicalisation’ and ‘socio-economic factors contributing to violent radicalisation’. It is possible that the Pilot Project will be continued in 2006. Both the networks and the studies will inter alia take stock of research completed or ongoing in the EC Framework Research Programme and other research programmes. Such stock-taking of relevant knowledge should also be pursued in the ‘Security and Safeguarding Liberties’ Programme for the future financial perspectives and new research in this domain should be pursued in the 7th Framework Research Programme.
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2.7. Controle en verzameling van gegevens
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2.7. Monitoring and collection of data
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De Commissie heeft het netwerk van onafhankelijke deskundigen op het gebied van grondrechten geraadpleegd en feedback ontvangen in de vorm van een onderzoeksverslag[21] over het verband tussen gewelddadige radicalisering en de grondrechten binnen het juridisch kader van de lidstaten.
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The Commission has consulted the Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights and has received feedback in the form of a study[21] about the link between violent radicalisation and fundamental rights within the legal framework of Member States.
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De Commissie zal de deskundigheid van het Europees Waarnemingscentrum voor racisme en vreemdelingenhaat (EUMC) aanwenden op gebieden zoals de ervaringen van migranten[22], racistisch geweld[23] en islamofobie[24]. Voorts zal de Commissie het EUMC verzoeken onderzoek te doen naar blijken van haat jegens fundamentele waarden die aan de EU ten grondslag liggen, zoals vrijheid van godsdienst en gelijkheid tussen mannen en vrouwen. Verder zal de omvorming van het EUMC tot een bureau voor de grondrechten het mogelijk maken bredere domeinen te bestrijken (bijvoorbeeld het contact tussen politiediensten en de verschillende gemeenschappen).
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The Commission will utilise the expertise of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) in areas such as migrants' experiences[22], racist violence[23] and Islamophobia[24]. The Commission will also ask the EUMC for studies on different manifestations of hatred towards fundamental constitutional values of the EU such as religious freedom and equality between men and women. Furthermore, the transformation of the EUMC into a Fundamental Rights Agency will widen the possibilities for reaching wider areas (for instance, police interaction with different communities).
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2.8. Externe betrekkingen
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2.8. External relations
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De dialoog met en, waar nodig, technische bijstand aan derde landen en regionale partners moeten integrerend deel uitmaken van onze strategie om de problematiek van de gewelddadige radicalisering en van de rekrutering voor terrorisme aan te pakken. In het kader van haar buitenlands beleid speelt de EU, zij het op indirecte wijze, reeds een actieve rol. De Gemeenschap en de lidstaten zijn samen de grootste donors van ontwikkelingshulp ter wereld, waarmee zij niet alleen bijdragen tot ontwikkeling, maar ook iets helpen doen aan sommige grondoorzaken van terrorisme. Ontwikkelingshulp kan bijdragen tot de afbrokkeling van het draagvlak voor terroristische netwerken en bewegingen, omdat deze hulp kan worden gericht op het terugdringen van ongelijkheden, het ondersteunen van democratie en de naleving van mensenrechten, goed bestuur, de corruptiebestrijding en de hervorming van het veiligheidssysteem.
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Dialogue with and, where appropriate, technical assistance to third countries and regional partners has to be an integral part of our approach to addressing violent radicalisation and terrorist recruitment. As part of its external policy, the EU already has an active role albeit in an indirect way. The Community and Member States together are the largest donors of development aid in the world which, in addition to its primary development role, also helps to address some of the root causes of the emergence of terrorism. Development assistance can help erode the support base for terrorist networks and movements through a focus on reducing inequalities, support for democratisation and respect of human rights in addition to actions on good governance, the fight against corruption and security system reform.
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Er moeten voorts stappen worden ondernomen om het kwetsbaar worden van staten reeds in een vroeg stadium te voorkomen, voor een potentiële voedingsbodem voor terrorisme dreigt te ontstaan. De Gemeenschap zal de steun opvoeren voor de inspanningen van partnerlanden en regionale organisaties ter versterking van tijdigewaarschuwingssystemen, governance en institutionele capaciteitsopbouw en de bevordering van de bescherming van de mensenrechten, zodat zij op een doeltreffende manier aan preventie kunnen doen. Zij zal er ook voor zorgen dat zij vroege tekens van het kwetsbaar worden van staten beter kan herkennen door samen met andere donors te werken aan betere gezamenlijke analyse, gezamenlijk toezicht en gezamenlijke beoordeling van problematische, kwetsbare en falende staten[25]. Dit is een integrerend deel van een algemene veiligheids- en ontwikkelingspolitiek in het kader van het buitenlands beleid.
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Furthermore, steps must be taken to prevent state fragility at an early stage, before a possible ‘breeding ground’ for terrorism might emerge. The Community will step up its assistance to support partner countries’ and regional organisations’ efforts to strengthen early warning systems, governance/institutional capacity building and promotion of human rights protection to enable them to engage effectively in a preventive approach. It will also improve its ability to recognize early signs of state fragility through improved joint analysis, joint monitoring and assessments of difficult, fragile and failing states with other donors[25]. This is an integral part of a comprehensive external action approach to security and development.
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De EU-actieplannen voor de landen van het Middellandse-Zeegebied in het kader van het Europese nabuurschapsbeleid bevatten een aantal anti-radicaliseringsmaatregelen. Bij veel gelegenheden zijn de mogelijke factoren die bijdragen tot de radicalisering van bevolkingsgroepen in het kader van bilaterale en regionale besprekingen aan bod gekomen. Deze dialoog kan verder worden uitgediept in het kader van de instellingen die door de associatieovereenkomsten met de Middellandse-Zeelanden zijn opgericht.
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In the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), the EU action plans with the Mediterranean countries include a number of anti-radicalisation measures. Possible factors contributing to the radicalisation of populations have been addressed on numerous occasions, during bilateral and regional exchanges. This dialogue can be deepened in the framework of the institutions created by the Association Agreements with Mediterranean countries.
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Meer in het algemeen moet meer worden gedaan om het begrip tussen de culturen en de godsdiensten van Europa en derde landen, in het bijzonder met de landen waar de islam de belangrijkste godsdienst is, te bevorderen. Aangezien terroristen het vaak ook op de gematigde islam hebben gemunt, is het belangrijk om met gematigde islamitische regimes en organisaties samen te werken inzake antiterrorismebeleid. Daarnaast kan het ondersteunen van gematigde islamitische groeperingen en het gematigde islamitische gedachtegoed zowel in eigen land als daarbuiten de steun voor extremisme beperken en de mogelijkheid tot rekrutering voor terrorisme verminderen.
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More widely, there is a need to better promote cross-cultural and inter-religious understanding between Europe and third countries, particularly those in which Islam is the predominant religion. Since terrorists often target also moderate Islam, it is important to reach out to moderate Islamic regimes and organisations in cooperating on anti-terrorism policies. In addition, supporting moderate Islamic groups and moderate Islamic thinking both at home and abroad can contribute to limiting support for extremism and therefore reduce the scope of terrorist recruitment.
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De Commissie legt bij haar samenwerking met derde landen op het gebied van de mensenrechten meer de nadruk op de noodzaak racisme en vreemdelingenhaat te bestrijden. Dat blijkt uit de financieringsprioriteiten in het kader van het Europees initiatief voor democratie en mensenrechten van de EU[26], een thematisch instrument dat de politieke dialoog en de met de partnerlanden overeengekomen landenstrategieën aanvult. De EU zou dezelfde benadering kunnen gebruiken om de waarden waarop zij is gegrondvest bij andere staten te bevorderen, zonder deze evenwel haar eigen model op te leggen.
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The Commission is giving greater prominence to the need to fight racism and xenophobia in its cooperation with third countries in the field of human rights. This is reflected in the funding priorities established under the EU's European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights[26], a thematic instrument complementary to the political dialogue and country strategies agreed with partner countries' governments. The EU could adopt the same approach in promoting the values on which it is based to other states without, however, imposing any of its own models on them.
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3. CONCLUSIE
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3. CONCLUSION
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De Commissie levert hiermee haar eerste bijdrage tot de ontwikkeling van een EU-strategie op dit gebied. Zij heeft uiteengezet hoe diverse onderdelen van het EU beleid zouden kunnen worden ingezet of beter kunnen worden benut om de factoren die bijdragen tot gewelddadige radicalisering aan te pakken. Hoewel zij er zich van bewust is dat dit een zaak van lange adem is en dat de aanpak zal moeten worden verfijnd naarmate meer inzicht in de problematiek ontstaat, is de Commissie vastbesloten de acties van de lidstaten en hun regionale en lokale besturen aan te vullen en te ondersteunen om een klimaat te scheppen waarin gewelddadige radicalisering niet gedijt.
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The Commission is hereby providing its initial contribution to an EU strategy being developed in the area. It has explained how various EU policies could be channelled or made better use of, to help address the possible factors contributing to violent radicalisation. While aware of the long-term nature of this effort, and of the need for refining the approach as more knowledge on the subject is gained, the Commission is determined to complement and sustain the actions of the Member States, their regions and localities in trying to create an environment that is hostile towards violent radicalisation.
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ANNEX
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ANNEX
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Violent Radicalisation is defined under section 1, above. In order to understand its historical and psychological roots one needs to look at a wide range of movements, organisations and struggles, with political, religious, national and ethnic motivations, or combinations of these. Radicalisation has become a particular area of focus due to its link with combating terrorism. Europe has a long experience of fighting terrorism. Examples such as the ETA, the IRA and the Brigate Rosse come to mind. Terrorists under many guises and invoking different ideologies and motives have claimed victims in many Member States. The ideologies and propaganda have varied and included extremism of different types – whether from the extreme left or right, anarchist and religious or in many cases nationalist. All these groups have tried to terrorise democratic societies to concede political transformations by non-democratic means. While they sometimes invoked aspirations shared by wider parts of the population, the use of terrorism has always been rejected both by societies as a whole and by the very groups whose interests the groups purportedly sought to promote.
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Violent Radicalisation is defined under section 1, above. In order to understand its historical and psychological roots one needs to look at a wide range of movements, organisations and struggles, with political, religious, national and ethnic motivations, or combinations of these. Radicalisation has become a particular area of focus due to its link with combating terrorism. Europe has a long experience of fighting terrorism. Examples such as the ETA, the IRA and the Brigate Rosse come to mind. Terrorists under many guises and invoking different ideologies and motives have claimed victims in many Member States. The ideologies and propaganda have varied and included extremism of different types – whether from the extreme left or right, anarchist and religious or in many cases nationalist. All these groups have tried to terrorise democratic societies to concede political transformations by non-democratic means. While they sometimes invoked aspirations shared by wider parts of the population, the use of terrorism has always been rejected both by societies as a whole and by the very groups whose interests the groups purportedly sought to promote.
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Terrorism is never legitimate. It therefore always attempts to justify itself by abusively referring to views, aspirations or beliefs which may, themselves, be legitimate and which it most often insidiously deforms. The Commission believes that there is no such thing as “Islamic terrorism”, nor “catholic” nor “red” terrorism. None of the religions or democratic political choices of European citizens tolerates, let alone justifies, terrorism. The fact that some individuals unscrupulously attempt to justify their crimes in the name of a religion or an ideology cannot be allowed in any way and to any extent whatsoever to cast a shadow upon such a religion or ideology. Stating this fact clearly is, in the Commission’s view, the first requirement for the Union in the fight against violent radicalisation.
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Terrorism is never legitimate. It therefore always attempts to justify itself by abusively referring to views, aspirations or beliefs which may, themselves, be legitimate and which it most often insidiously deforms. The Commission believes that there is no such thing as “Islamic terrorism”, nor “catholic” nor “red” terrorism. None of the religions or democratic political choices of European citizens tolerates, let alone justifies, terrorism. The fact that some individuals unscrupulously attempt to justify their crimes in the name of a religion or an ideology cannot be allowed in any way and to any extent whatsoever to cast a shadow upon such a religion or ideology. Stating this fact clearly is, in the Commission’s view, the first requirement for the Union in the fight against violent radicalisation.
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In the recent past, terrorist groups, abusively claiming their legitimacy in the name of Islam, have been known to operate both within and outside Europe and often reasons for their acts are claimed to be related to political situations. Both military and civilians have been victims within Europe of terrorist attacks. Terrorist organisations are known to have had cells within Europe, long before the Madrid train attacks on 11 March 2004 or the London attacks of 7 July 2005. There are also alleged links between those who orchestrated the World Trade Centre and Pentagon attacks, and the Madrid attacks. To date, it appears that organisations are trans-national, logistically well organised and well-funded. Moreover, the range of nationalities involved in various stages of the sophisticated organisation of the attacks indicate how global such terrorist organisations have become and also indicates how those involved may be European citizens, whose motivations defy simplistic categorisation; not being socially-excluded, socio-economically disadvantaged, unemployed or living in deprived suburbs of large cities or inner-city housing estates, or from immigrant families.
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In the recent past, terrorist groups, abusively claiming their legitimacy in the name of Islam, have been known to operate both within and outside Europe and often reasons for their acts are claimed to be related to political situations. Both military and civilians have been victims within Europe of terrorist attacks. Terrorist organisations are known to have had cells within Europe, long before the Madrid train attacks on 11 March 2004 or the London attacks of 7 July 2005. There are also alleged links between those who orchestrated the World Trade Centre and Pentagon attacks, and the Madrid attacks. To date, it appears that organisations are trans-national, logistically well organised and well-funded. Moreover, the range of nationalities involved in various stages of the sophisticated organisation of the attacks indicate how global such terrorist organisations have become and also indicates how those involved may be European citizens, whose motivations defy simplistic categorisation; not being socially-excluded, socio-economically disadvantaged, unemployed or living in deprived suburbs of large cities or inner-city housing estates, or from immigrant families.
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It is important to remember that certain regional terrorist activities, such as attacks related to the Israel-Palestine conflict, are not necessarily linked to global networks and should not be automatically discussed together, or be seen to be carrying out “joined-up” terrorist acts together for one cause. The common “religious” denominator, and the actual religion itself, are often not the basis upon which attacks have been carried out. Small-scale organisations and groups across Member States advocate radical beliefs or encourage young people to take social or political action against Islamophobia or perceived anti-Islamic politics. The same goes for radical beliefs (often voiced in verbally violent terms) against, for instance, immigration or globalisation. Not all the groups that express such beliefs carry out terrorist attacks. Those who do, however, often exist at local levels within Member States, as opposed to globally with sophisticated financing, sponsorship and planning. Terrorist organisations and networks rely on volunteers, logistical networks and funds from others who have raised money as they have similar views. They also have been known to deal in other areas of organised crime, in order to finance terrorism[27].
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It is important to remember that certain regional terrorist activities, such as attacks related to the Israel-Palestine conflict, are not necessarily linked to global networks and should not be automatically discussed together, or be seen to be carrying out “joined-up” terrorist acts together for one cause. The common “religious” denominator, and the actual religion itself, are often not the basis upon which attacks have been carried out. Small-scale organisations and groups across Member States advocate radical beliefs or encourage young people to take social or political action against Islamophobia or perceived anti-Islamic politics. The same goes for radical beliefs (often voiced in verbally violent terms) against, for instance, immigration or globalisation. Not all the groups that express such beliefs carry out terrorist attacks. Those who do, however, often exist at local levels within Member States, as opposed to globally with sophisticated financing, sponsorship and planning. Terrorist organisations and networks rely on volunteers, logistical networks and funds from others who have raised money as they have similar views. They also have been known to deal in other areas of organised crime, in order to finance terrorism[27].
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There is also a potential distinction between trans-national groups having funds and logistics, on the one hand, and local or independent groups able to conduct small-scale operations, on the other. This distinction is the ideological and operational influence exerted by organised groups on locally-based groups. The success recorded by the organised ones and their diffusion through the global information society is an incitement to actions for smaller groups.
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There is also a potential distinction between trans-national groups having funds and logistics, on the one hand, and local or independent groups able to conduct small-scale operations, on the other. This distinction is the ideological and operational influence exerted by organised groups on locally-based groups. The success recorded by the organised ones and their diffusion through the global information society is an incitement to actions for smaller groups.
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1. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RADICALISATION
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1. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RADICALISATION
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The reasons for becoming involved in groups which use terrorism against others as a way of expressing their ideas often stem from a combination of perceived or real injustice or exclusion. Focusing on fighting under a common political, religious, national or ethnic banner enables people to find affiliations with groups, and with these groups, carrying out acts of violence can become part of partaking in a cause. Other reasons can be found in the misinterpretation of writings or ideologies, or gaps between what one reads or has been told and the reality of ones contemporary social context.
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The reasons for becoming involved in groups which use terrorism against others as a way of expressing their ideas often stem from a combination of perceived or real injustice or exclusion. Focusing on fighting under a common political, religious, national or ethnic banner enables people to find affiliations with groups, and with these groups, carrying out acts of violence can become part of partaking in a cause. Other reasons can be found in the misinterpretation of writings or ideologies, or gaps between what one reads or has been told and the reality of ones contemporary social context.
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On a more individual psychological level, not feeling accepted in society, feeling discriminated against and the resulting unwillingness even to try to identify with the values of the society in which one is living, can also lead to feelings of alienation or low self-esteem – a gap which might also be filled by making contact with the powerful ideals and purpose-driven motivations of certain groups or movements. Often the desire to engage with a particular locus of identity that represents one’s opinions can be a powerful motivating force. The phenomenon is very much similar irrespective of the powerful ideal; be it neo-nazism, nationalist or separatist causes, social revolution or extreme interpretations of religions. It is clear that not all those who come into contact with radical groups will in turn become radical themselves. The number of people who actually try to commit terrorist acts of whatever nature or gravity is small. It is important to keep in mind that it is always possible for an individual to renounce violent radicalisation, and many do. A successful policy to combat violent radicalisation needs therefore to understand such processes, but never justify violence.
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On a more individual psychological level, not feeling accepted in society, feeling discriminated against and the resulting unwillingness even to try to identify with the values of the society in which one is living, can also lead to feelings of alienation or low self-esteem – a gap which might also be filled by making contact with the powerful ideals and purpose-driven motivations of certain groups or movements. Often the desire to engage with a particular locus of identity that represents one’s opinions can be a powerful motivating force. The phenomenon is very much similar irrespective of the powerful ideal; be it neo-nazism, nationalist or separatist causes, social revolution or extreme interpretations of religions. It is clear that not all those who come into contact with radical groups will in turn become radical themselves. The number of people who actually try to commit terrorist acts of whatever nature or gravity is small. It is important to keep in mind that it is always possible for an individual to renounce violent radicalisation, and many do. A successful policy to combat violent radicalisation needs therefore to understand such processes, but never justify violence.
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One needs to investigate the ease by which people come into contact with violent radical groups. Some come into contact with them when they go to university. Away from the familiar environment and support structures of friends and family they start to become aware of politics and pressure groups. Those looking for recruits often take advantage of this situation. Others find them and are influenced when they are surfing the internet, via entering chat rooms or reading inflammatory articles on websites, which encourage and motivate people into wanting to change situations of perceived injustice or inequality. Places of worship or political party/organisation cells can also be breeding grounds for terrorist recruitment, as in a similar way, they can become places where people become exposed to new ideas through sermons or lectures. Of those individuals who do become involved in groups or organisations, not all will then actually become ready to act on certain beliefs or opinions, or be influenced by what they hear and subsequently become involved in terrorist activities. It is the very small proportion of people who actually go from being radical to wanting to carry out terrorist acts that should be kept in mind during discussions on violent radicalisation. However, an awareness of the causes of the problem is important.
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One needs to investigate the ease by which people come into contact with violent radical groups. Some come into contact with them when they go to university. Away from the familiar environment and support structures of friends and family they start to become aware of politics and pressure groups. Those looking for recruits often take advantage of this situation. Others find them and are influenced when they are surfing the internet, via entering chat rooms or reading inflammatory articles on websites, which encourage and motivate people into wanting to change situations of perceived injustice or inequality. Places of worship or political party/organisation cells can also be breeding grounds for terrorist recruitment, as in a similar way, they can become places where people become exposed to new ideas through sermons or lectures. Of those individuals who do become involved in groups or organisations, not all will then actually become ready to act on certain beliefs or opinions, or be influenced by what they hear and subsequently become involved in terrorist activities. It is the very small proportion of people who actually go from being radical to wanting to carry out terrorist acts that should be kept in mind during discussions on violent radicalisation. However, an awareness of the causes of the problem is important.
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Those people who attempt to influence others into joining terrorist groups should also be investigated and fought with determination. The Commission is already working to find ways of preventing the financing of terrorism through charities and non-profit organisations.
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Those people who attempt to influence others into joining terrorist groups should also be investigated and fought with determination. The Commission is already working to find ways of preventing the financing of terrorism through charities and non-profit organisations.
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The role of media is significant in this area in a number of ways. Firstly, some media – notably radio, satellite television and the internet - disseminate propaganda which contributes to violent radicalisation. Typically this conveys a reductionist and conspiratorial worldview where inequity and oppression are dominant and entire countries, religions or societies are depicted in a way which denies them human dignity and presents them as collectively guilty. Some form of self-regulation principle or possible code of conduct within the media might be beneficial.
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The role of media is significant in this area in a number of ways. Firstly, some media – notably radio, satellite television and the internet - disseminate propaganda which contributes to violent radicalisation. Typically this conveys a reductionist and conspiratorial worldview where inequity and oppression are dominant and entire countries, religions or societies are depicted in a way which denies them human dignity and presents them as collectively guilty. Some form of self-regulation principle or possible code of conduct within the media might be beneficial.
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Secondly, the media can play a role in facilitating recruitment into terrorist groups, by giving expression to terrorist views and organisations and facilitating the contact between radicalised individuals, e.g. via the internet.
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Secondly, the media can play a role in facilitating recruitment into terrorist groups, by giving expression to terrorist views and organisations and facilitating the contact between radicalised individuals, e.g. via the internet.
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Thirdly, the media have an influence in the way they inform the general public about terrorist acts. Terrorism exploits open societies and the media are the main vehicle through which it attempts to affect citizens and leaders alike. Journalists face the difficult responsibility of reconciling their duty to inform the public with the need not to facilitate the aims of terrorists. These concerns, which are not new, remain an issue of reflection within the profession. Moreover, if certain groups feel they are being targeted via the media, this might reinforce their desire to become hostile in return.
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Thirdly, the media have an influence in the way they inform the general public about terrorist acts. Terrorism exploits open societies and the media are the main vehicle through which it attempts to affect citizens and leaders alike. Journalists face the difficult responsibility of reconciling their duty to inform the public with the need not to facilitate the aims of terrorists. These concerns, which are not new, remain an issue of reflection within the profession. Moreover, if certain groups feel they are being targeted via the media, this might reinforce their desire to become hostile in return.
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Investigating the means by which terrorist cells or networks develop today and maintain themselves - facilitated by global communications such as the internet and mobile phones - and what factors enable new recruits or volunteers to become involved are also areas for analysis investigated since the emergence of political terrorism in the 70’s and the development of modern technologies. Based on this previous work and on detailed studies made by security forces of the radicalisation process of every suspected terrorist placed in custody, research must now turn to the development of new tools – both operational and legal – for those involved in the fight against this process. Such new tools, eg. the standard questionnaires developed by the G8 Practitioners group, should be used by law enforcement and security services to carry out a detailed study of the radicalisation process of every suspected terrorist placed in custody and to provide useful and comparable information to understand more precisely the factors intervening in the radicalisation process and terrorist recruitment.
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Investigating the means by which terrorist cells or networks develop today and maintain themselves - facilitated by global communications such as the internet and mobile phones - and what factors enable new recruits or volunteers to become involved are also areas for analysis investigated since the emergence of political terrorism in the 70’s and the development of modern technologies. Based on this previous work and on detailed studies made by security forces of the radicalisation process of every suspected terrorist placed in custody, research must now turn to the development of new tools – both operational and legal – for those involved in the fight against this process. Such new tools, eg. the standard questionnaires developed by the G8 Practitioners group, should be used by law enforcement and security services to carry out a detailed study of the radicalisation process of every suspected terrorist placed in custody and to provide useful and comparable information to understand more precisely the factors intervening in the radicalisation process and terrorist recruitment.
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Security services and police forces within the Member States have been studying the phenomenon of violent radicalisation concentrating on recruitment hotspots like prisons, religious centres and schools. We should therefore draw upon such expertise but at the same time not limit ourselves to it.
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Security services and police forces within the Member States have been studying the phenomenon of violent radicalisation concentrating on recruitment hotspots like prisons, religious centres and schools. We should therefore draw upon such expertise but at the same time not limit ourselves to it.
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2. Root Causes of RADICALISATION
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2 . ROOT CAUSES OF RADICALISATION
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PRECISELY IDENTIFYING THE ROOT CAUSES OF VIOLENT RADICALISATION IS A VERY HARD TASK AND EXPERTS ARE ONLY STARTING TO UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENON. VIOLENT RADICALISATION can often be a combination of an individual’s negative feelings of exclusion, existing alongside positive mobilising feelings about becoming part of a group and taking action for change.
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Precisely identifying the root causes of violent radicalisation is a very hard task and experts are only starting to understand the phenomenon. Violent radicalisation can often be a combination of an individual’s negative feelings of exclusion, existing alongside positive mobilising feelings about becoming part of a group and taking action for change.
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Social factors such as exclusion - perceived or real - are often partial reasons given for becoming prone to radical opinion or joining radical movements. It can be one’s own perceptions of injustice or discrimination about one’s situation that is seen to affect certain groups and that mobilises people into action.
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Social factors such as exclusion - perceived or real - are often partial reasons given for becoming prone to radical opinion or joining radical movements. It can be one’s own perceptions of injustice or discrimination about one’s situation that is seen to affect certain groups and that mobilises people into action.
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Factors relating to exclusion, which can relate to being part of minority or immigrant groups – either individually or shared by the group with which one identifies or belongs to as a whole –can result in feelings of being discriminated against within the European societies in which people live. Similar feelings can also occur to those that feel their identity is threatened by immigration, globalisation or, in the case of separatists, insertion within wider, often undesired political societies.
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Factors relating to exclusion, which can relate to being part of minority or immigrant groups – either individually or shared by the group with which one identifies or belongs to as a whole –can result in feelings of being discriminated against within the European societies in which people live. Similar feelings can also occur to those that feel their identity is threatened by immigration, globalisation or, in the case of separatists, insertion within wider, often undesired political societies.
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Feelings of “belonging” and of identity are often fragmented and personal allegiances can cause confusion. For example, young people born to immigrant parents and brought up in Europe often have different expectations of the country in which they live from those of their parents. Many do not feel allegiance to their parents or grandparents’ countries of origin, religion or cultural background, and thus can only really be part of the country where they have grown up and live, but yet they may sometimes encounter discrimination within these societies, often due to their cultural, linguistic, religious, national and physical differences.
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Feelings of “belonging” and of identity are often fragmented and personal allegiances can cause confusion. For example, young people born to immigrant parents and brought up in Europe often have different expectations of the country in which they live from those of their parents. Many do not feel allegiance to their parents or grandparents’ countries of origin, religion or cultural background, and thus can only really be part of the country where they have grown up and live, but yet they may sometimes encounter discrimination within these societies, often due to their cultural, linguistic, religious, national and physical differences.
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All young children of whatever background want to “fit in” with others. It is only later on, as older teenagers, that feelings of wanting to rebel become more likely. The resulting alienation from both parental roots and country of origin and the society in which they live, can lead to a desire to identify with a more motivating or powerful locus of identity. It is this crisis of identity that can be seen as being a strong motivating force for many to become involved in organisations with strong beliefs who wish to avenge certain people or society in general, through terrorist acts.
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All young children of whatever background want to “fit in” with others. It is only later on, as older teenagers, that feelings of wanting to rebel become more likely. The resulting alienation from both parental roots and country of origin and the society in which they live, can lead to a desire to identify with a more motivating or powerful locus of identity. It is this crisis of identity that can be seen as being a strong motivating force for many to become involved in organisations with strong beliefs who wish to avenge certain people or society in general, through terrorist acts.
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Political beliefs, national, linguistic, religious identity and self expression, or combinations of the above, are often the motivating factors behind wanting to try to change the status quo. The sense of finding an identity and belonging can be stronger and more significant as a locus of difference, than simply inheriting an ethnic identity, or acquiring or being born into a citizenship especially for children who have had no personal or first-hand experience of their parents’ country of origin. For some young people from Muslim immigrant families, Islam becomes something different from the Islam of their parents, and as they find out more about it, it becomes a positive and more accessible means of expression for an individual. Many of society’s perceptions of immigrant Islam in Europe are cultural norms which have been taken from the countries of origin of immigrants, as opposed to the religion per se. For some Muslims, the quest for a “pure” Islam is important and they do so by engaging with organisations and groups from which they feel they might learn new things.
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Political beliefs, national, linguistic, religious identity and self expression, or combinations of the above, are often the motivating factors behind wanting to try to change the status quo. The sense of finding an identity and belonging can be stronger and more significant as a locus of difference, than simply inheriting an ethnic identity, or acquiring or being born into a citizenship especially for children who have had no personal or first-hand experience of their parents’ country of origin. For some young people from Muslim immigrant families, Islam becomes something different from the Islam of their parents, and as they find out more about it, it becomes a positive and more accessible means of expression for an individual. Many of society’s perceptions of immigrant Islam in Europe are cultural norms which have been taken from the countries of origin of immigrants, as opposed to the religion per se. For some Muslims, the quest for a “pure” Islam is important and they do so by engaging with organisations and groups from which they feel they might learn new things.
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It might be that a small percentage of these organisations take advantage of this and become fora for influencing young people. It is this false attribution of certain values and practices to Islam that creates negative stereotypes in the media and society about the religion, particularly since the attacks of 11 September 2001 in the U.S. This can contribute to negative stereotypes, thus fuelling grounds for attacks on Muslims on the one hand and exacerbating feelings of discrimination within Muslim communities on the other.
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It might be that a small percentage of these organisations take advantage of this and become fora for influencing young people. It is this false attribution of certain values and practices to Islam that creates negative stereotypes in the media and society about the religion, particularly since the attacks of 11 September 2001 in the U.S. This can contribute to negative stereotypes, thus fuelling grounds for attacks on Muslims on the one hand and exacerbating feelings of discrimination within Muslim communities on the other.
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The quest for a pure, simple ideology might also be felt by those that feel left out of social and economic change. Individuals, particularly young people from poorer, or excluded backgrounds, may feel a strong attraction for the “certainties” of extreme (or anti-globalisation) ideologies, although of course it is not only individuals in these categories who are found to have turned to violent radicalisation.
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The quest for a pure, simple ideology might also be felt by those that feel left out of social and economic change. Individuals, particularly young people from poorer, or excluded backgrounds, may feel a strong attraction for the “certainties” of extreme (or anti-globalisation) ideologies, although of course it is not only individuals in these categories who are found to have turned to violent radicalisation.
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[1] Kaderbesluit 2002/475/JBZ van de Raad van 13 juni 2002 inzake terrorismebestrijding. Artikel 1 bepaalt dat iedere lidstaat de maatregelen neemt die noodzakelijk zijn om ervoor te zorgen dat negen opzettelijke gedragingen, die door hun aard of context een land of een internationale organisatie ernstig kunnen schaden en die overeenkomstig het nationale recht als strafbare feiten zijn gekwalificeerd, worden aangemerkt als terroristische misdrijven, indien de dader deze feiten pleegt met het oogmerk om een bevolking ernstig vrees aan te jagen, of de overheid of een internationale organisatie op onrechtmatige wijze te dwingen tot het verrichten of het zich onthouden van een handeling, dan wel de politieke, constitutionele, economische of sociale basisstructuren van een land of een internationale organisatie ernstig te ontwrichten of te vernietigen.
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[1] Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA of 13 June 2002 on Combating Terrorism. Article 1 provides that each Member State shall take the necessary measures to ensure that the intentional acts referred to nine expressly specified offences, as defined under national law, which given their nature and context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of seriously intimidating a population, unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing an act, or seriously destabilising or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation, shall be deemed terrorist offences.
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[2] Artikel 13 van het Verdrag betreffende de Europese Unie, Richtlijn 2000/43/EG van de Raad van 29 juni 2000 houdende toepassing van het beginsel van gelijke behandeling van personen ongeacht ras of etnische afstamming (PB L 180 van 19.7.2000, blz. 22) en Richtlijn 2000/78/EG van de Raad van 27 november 2000 tot instelling van een algemeen kader voor gelijke behandeling in arbeid en beroep (PB L 303 van 2.12.2000, blz. 303).
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[2] Article 13 of the Treaty of the European Union, Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial and ethnic origin - OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 22 - and Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation - OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 303.
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[3] Handvest van de grondrechten van de Europese Unie, 2000 (PB C 364 van 7.12.2000).
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[3] Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000 - OJ C 364, 7.12.2000.
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[4] “Het Haags programma - Versterking van vrijheid, veiligheid en recht in de Europese Unie”, aangenomen door de Europese Raad in november 2004.
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[4] “The Hague Programme – Strengthening freedom, security and justice in the EU”, endorsed by the European Council in November 2004.
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[5] Voorstel voor een kaderbesluit voor de Raad betreffende de bestrijding van racisme en vreemdelingenhaat - COM(2001) 664; PB C 75 E van 26.2.2002.
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[5] Proposal for a Council framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia - COM(2001) 664; OJ C 75 E, 26.3.2002.
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[6] Het financieringsbesluit van de Commissie voor het proefproject “Terrorismebestrijding” , aangenomen op 15 september 2005, preciseert de manier waarop de Commissie het budget van 7 miljoen EUR in het kader van haar terrorismebestrijdingsbeleid wil besteden.
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[6] Commission Financing Decision on the Pilot Project “Fight Against Terrorism”, adopted on 15 September 2005, specifies the way in which the Com, specifies the way in which the Commission intends allocating the € 7 million budget in its counter-terrorism policy.
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[7] Artikel 22 bis van Richtlijn 89/552/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 30 juni 1997 betreffende de coördinatie van bepaalde wettelijke en bestuursrechtelijke bepalingen in de lidstaten inzake de uitoefening van televisie- omroepactiviteiten (de Richtlijn "Televisie zonder grenzen") als gewijzigd bij Richtlijn 97/36/EG.
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[7] Article 22a of Directive 97/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 1997 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities (Television without Frontiers Directive).
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[8] Artikel 2, lid 4, van de Richtlijn “Televisie zonder grenzen”.
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[8] Article 2(4) of the “Television without Frontiers” Directive.
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[9] Het doorgeven van Al Manar werd verboden in alle EU lidstaten met sattelietcapaciteit, in casu Frankrijk (Eutelsat), Nederland (NSS) en Spanje (Hispasat).
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[9] The re-transmission of Al Manar by all relevant EU Member States with satellite capacity, in this case France (Eutelsat), the Netherlands (NSS) and Spain (Hispasat), has been prohbited.
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[10] Richtlijn 2000/31/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 8 juni 2000 betreffende bepaalde juridische aspecten van de diensten van de informatiemaatschappij, met name de elektronische handel, in de interne markt ("richtlijn inzake elektronische handel") - PB L 178/1 van 17.7.2000, blz. 1.
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[10] Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce) - OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.
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[11] Mededeling van de Commissie aan de Raad, het Europees Parlement en de Europese Centrale Bank - De toepassing op financiële diensten van artikel 3, leden 4 tot en met 6, van de richtlijn inzake elektronische handel - COM(2003) 259.
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[11] Communication to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Central Bank on the application to financial services of Articles 3(4) to (6) of the Electronic Commerce Directive - COM(2003) 259.
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[12] In artikel 12, lid 1, van de e-commerce-richtlijn omschreven tussenpersonen (“doorgeefluik”).
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[12] Intermediaries defined in Article 12(1) of the E-Commerce Directive (mere conduit).
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[13] In artikel 13, lid 1, van de e-commerce-richtlijn omschreven tussenpersonen.
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[13] Intermediaries defined in Article 13(1) of the E-Commerce Directive.
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[14] In artikel 14, lid 1, van de e-commerce-richtlijn omschreven tussenpersonen.
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[14] Intermediaries defined in Article 14(1) of the E-Commerce Directive.
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[15] Artikel 12, lid 3, artikel 13, lid 2, en artikel 14, lid 3, van de e-commerce-richtlijn.
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[15] Articles 12(3), 13(2) and 14(3) of the E-Commerce Directive.
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[16] Voorstel voor een besluit van het Europees Parlement en de Raad tot vaststelling van het programma Cultuur 2007 (2007-2013) - COM(2004) 469 van 14.7.2004.
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[16] Proposal for a decision of the European Parliament and the Council establishing the Culture 2007 programme (2007-2013) - COM(2004) 469, 14.7.2004.
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[17] Voorstel voor een besluit van het Europees Parlement en de Raad tot vaststelling voor de periode 2007-2013 van het programma "Burgers voor Europa" ter bevordering van een actief Europees burgerschap - COM (2005) 116 van 6.4.2005.
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[17] Proposal for a decision of the European Parliament and the Council establishing for the period 2007-2013 the programme “Citizens for Europe” to promote active European citizenship - COM(2005) 116, 6.4.2005.
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[18] Mededeling van de Commissie aan de Raad en het Europees Parlement, het Europees Economisch en Sociaal Comité en het Comité van de Regio’s: een gemeenschappelijke agenda voor integratie – kader voor de integratie van onderdanen van derde landen in de Europese Unie - COM(2005) 389 van 1.9.2005.
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[18] Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Common Agenda for Integration – Framework for the Integration of third-country nationals in the European Union - COM(2005) 389, 1.9.2005.
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[19] Richtlijn 2000/43/EG van de Raad en Richtlijn 2000/78/EG van de Raad, zie voetnoot 2.
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[19] Council Directive 2000/43/EC and Council Directive 2000/78/EC, see footnote 2.
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[20] Gehouden te Rome op 30 en 31 oktober 2003.
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[20] Held in Rome, 30-31 October 2003.
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[21] ‘The requirements of fundamental human rights in the framework of the measures of prevention of violent radicalisation and recruitment of potential terrorists’ – Advies nr. 3-2005, 23.8.2005, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/cfr_cdf/index_fr.htm
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[21] ‘The requirements of fundamental human rights in the framework of the measures of prevention of violent radicalisation and recruitment of potential terrorists’ – Opinion no. 3-2005, 23.8.2005; http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/cfr_cdf/index_fr.htm.
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[22] Het EUMC bereidt momenteel een verslag voor over de ervaringen van migranten met racisme en discriminatie.
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[22] The EUMC is currently preparing a report on “Migrants’ Experiences of Racism and Discrimination”.
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[23] Het EUMC heeft in april 2005 een verslag ingediend over racistisch geweld in de vijftien lidstaten.
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[23] The EUMC presented in April 2005 a report on Racist Violence in the 15 Member States.
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[24] Het EUMC bereidt momenteel over dit onderwerp twee verslagen voor.
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[24] The EUMC is currently preparing two reports on this issue.
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[25] Zie ook COM(2005) 311 "Voorstel voor een gezamenlijke verklaring van de Raad, het Europees Parlement en de Commissie: Het ontwikkelingsbeleid van de Europese Unie , “de Europese consensus”.
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[25] See also COM(2005) 311 "Proposal for a Joint Declaration by the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission on the European Union Development Policy "The European Consensus".
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[26] Programmeringsdocument 2002-2004 voor het Europees initiatief voor democratie en mensenrechten. Door de Commissie aangenomen op 20 december 2001. http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/human_rights/doc/eidhr02_04.htm
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[26] European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights Programming Document 2002-2004. Adopted by the Commission on 20 December 2001. http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/human_rights/doc/eidhr02_04.htm
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[27] Communication to the Council and the European Parliament on the Prevention of and the Fight against Terrorist Financing - COM(2004) 700.
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[27] Communication to the Council and the European Parliament on the Prevention of and the Fight against Terrorist Financing - COM(2004) 700.
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