Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council

Uredba (ES) št. 593/2008 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta

of 17 June 2008

z dne 17. junija 2008

on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)

o pravu, ki se uporablja za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja (Rim I)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

EVROPSKI PARLAMENT IN SVET EVROPSKE UNIJE STA –

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 61(c) and the second indent of Article 67(5) thereof,

ob upoštevanju Pogodbe o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti ter zlasti člena 61(c) in druge alinee člena 67(5) Pogodbe,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,

ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee [1],

ob upoštevanju mnenja Evropskega ekonomsko-socialnega odbora [1],

Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty [2],

v skladu s postopkom, določenim v členu 251 Pogodbe [2],

Whereas:

ob upoštevanju naslednjega:

(1) The Community has set itself the objective of maintaining and developing an area of freedom, security and justice. For the progressive establishment of such an area, the Community is to adopt measures relating to judicial cooperation in civil matters with a cross-border impact to the extent necessary for the proper functioning of the internal market.

(1) Skupnost si je zastavila cilj ohranjati in razvijati območje svobode, varnosti in pravice. Za postopno vzpostavitev takšnega območja Skupnost sprejema ukrepe na področju pravosodnega sodelovanja v civilnih zadevah s čezmejnimi posledicami, kolikor so potrebni za pravilno delovanje notranjega trga.

(2) According to Article 65, point (b) of the Treaty, these measures are to include those promoting the compatibility of the rules applicable in the Member States concerning the conflict of laws and of jurisdiction.

(2) V skladu s členom 65(b) Pogodbe so med temi ukrepi tudi tisti, ki spodbujajo združljivost predpisov, ki se uporabljajo v državah članicah glede kolizije zakonov in sporov o pristojnosti.

(3) The European Council meeting in Tampere on 15 and 16 October 1999 endorsed the principle of mutual recognition of judgments and other decisions of judicial authorities as the cornerstone of judicial cooperation in civil matters and invited the Council and the Commission to adopt a programme of measures to implement that principle.

(3) Evropski svet je na zasedanju v Tampereju dne 15. in 16. oktobra 1999 potrdil načelo vzajemnega priznavanja sodb in drugih odločb pravosodnih organov kot temelj pravosodnega sodelovanja v civilnih zadevah ter pozval Svet in Komisijo, naj sprejmeta program ukrepov za izvajanje tega načela.

(4) On 30 November 2000 the Council adopted a joint Commission and Council programme of measures for implementation of the principle of mutual recognition of decisions in civil and commercial matters [3]. The programme identifies measures relating to the harmonisation of conflict-of-law rules as those facilitating the mutual recognition of judgments.

(4) Svet je 30. novembra 2000 sprejel Skupni program ukrepov Komisije in Sveta za izvajanje načela vzajemnega priznavanja odločb v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah [3]. Program ukrepe za usklajevanje kolizijskih pravil opredeljuje kot ukrepe, ki olajšujejo vzajemno priznavanje sodnih odločb.

(5) The Hague Programme [4], adopted by the European Council on 5 November 2004, called for work to be pursued actively on the conflict-of-law rules regarding contractual obligations (Rome I).

(5) S Haaškim programom [4], sprejetim dne 5. novembra 2004, je Evropski svet pozval k dejavnemu nadaljevanju dela na področju kolizijskih pravil za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja ("Rim I").

(6) The proper functioning of the internal market creates a need, in order to improve the predictability of the outcome of litigation, certainty as to the law applicable and the free movement of judgments, for the conflict-of-law rules in the Member States to designate the same national law irrespective of the country of the court in which an action is brought.

(6) Pravilno delovanje notranjega trga zaradi večje predvidljivosti izida pravde, gotovosti o tem, katero pravo se uporablja, ter prostega pretoka sodnih odločb zahteva, da kolizijska pravila držav članic določajo uporabo istega nacionalnega prava ne glede na državo sodišča, kjer je vložena tožba.

(7) The substantive scope and the provisions of this Regulation should be consistent with Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [5] (Brussels I) and Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) [6].

(7) Vsebinsko področje uporabe in določbe te uredbe morajo biti skladne z Uredbo Sveta (ES) št. 44/2001 z dne 22. decembra 2000 o pristojnosti in priznavanju ter izvrševanju sodnih odločb v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah ("Bruselj I") [5] in Uredbo (ES) št. 864/2007 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 11. julija 2007 o pravu, ki se uporablja za nepogodbene obveznosti (Rim II) [6].

(8) Family relationships should cover parentage, marriage, affinity and collateral relatives. The reference in Article 1(2) to relationships having comparable effects to marriage and other family relationships should be interpreted in accordance with the law of the Member State in which the court is seised.

(8) Družinska razmerja bi morala zajemati starševstvo, zakonsko zvezo, svaštvo in sorodstvo v stranski vrsti. Sklicevanje v členu 1(2) na razmerja, ki imajo primerljive učinke kot zakonska zveza, in na druga družinska razmerja bi se moralo razlagati v skladu s pravom države članice, v kateri je sodišče, pred katerim poteka postopek.

(9) Obligations under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments should also cover bills of lading to the extent that the obligations under the bill of lading arise out of its negotiable character.

(9) Obveznosti iz menic, čekov in zadolžnic ter iz drugih prenosljivih vrednostnih papirjev bi morale zajemati tudi nakladnico, kolikor obveznosti iz nakladnice izhajajo iz njene prenosljive narave.

(10) Obligations arising out of dealings prior to the conclusion of the contract are covered by Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 864/2007. Such obligations should therefore be excluded from the scope of this Regulation.

(10) Obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz pogajanj pred sklenitvijo pogodbe, ureja člen 12 Uredbe (ES) št. 864/2007. Takšne obveznosti bi bilo treba zato izvzeti iz področja uporabe te uredbe.

(11) The parties' freedom to choose the applicable law should be one of the cornerstones of the system of conflict-of-law rules in matters of contractual obligations.

(11) Svoboda pogodbenih strank, da izberejo pravo, ki naj se uporablja, bi morala biti temelj sistema kolizijskih pravil na področju pogodbenih obligacijskih razmerij.

(12) An agreement between the parties to confer on one or more courts or tribunals of a Member State exclusive jurisdiction to determine disputes under the contract should be one of the factors to be taken into account in determining whether a choice of law has been clearly demonstrated.

(12) Pri ugotavljanju, ali je izbira prava, ki naj se uporablja, nedvoumna, bi bilo treba kot enega izmed elementov upoštevati dogovor med pogodbenima strankama, da ima za odločanje v sporih v zvezi s pogodbo izključno pristojnost eno ali več sodišč države članice.

(13) This Regulation does not preclude parties from incorporating by reference into their contract a non-State body of law or an international convention.

(13) Ta uredba pogodbenim strankam ne preprečuje, da se v pogodbi sklicujeta na nedržavno pravo ali mednarodno konvencijo.

(14) Should the Community adopt, in an appropriate legal instrument, rules of substantive contract law, including standard terms and conditions, such instrument may provide that the parties may choose to apply those rules.

(14) Če bi Skupnost v ustreznem pravnem aktu določila pravila materialnega pogodbenega prava, vključno s standardnimi splošnimi pogoji, ta akt lahko predvidi, da se pogodbeni stranki lahko odločita, da se uporabljajo ta pravila.

(15) Where a choice of law is made and all other elements relevant to the situation are located in a country other than the country whose law has been chosen, the choice of law should not prejudice the application of provisions of the law of that country which cannot be derogated from by agreement. This rule should apply whether or not the choice of law was accompanied by a choice of court or tribunal. Whereas no substantial change is intended as compared with Article 3(3) of the 1980 Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations [7] (the Rome Convention), the wording of this Regulation is aligned as far as possible with Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 864/2007.

(15) Če je bilo pravo izbrano in se vsi drugi elementi, pomembni za primer, navezujejo na državo, katere prava pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali, izbira prava ne bi smela vplivati na uporabo določb prava te države, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom. To pravilo bi se moralo uporabljati ne glede na to, ali je bilo poleg prava izbrano tudi sodišče. Ker namen te uredbe ni vsebinsko odstopanje od člena 3(3) Konvencije iz leta 1980 o uporabi prava v pogodbenih obligacijskih razmerjih [7] ("Rimska konvencija"), bi moralo biti besedilo te uredbe, kolikor je mogoče, usklajeno s členom 14 Uredbe (ES) št. 864/2007.

(16) To contribute to the general objective of this Regulation, legal certainty in the European judicial area, the conflict-of-law rules should be highly foreseeable. The courts should, however, retain a degree of discretion to determine the law that is most closely connected to the situation.

(16) Da bi kolizijska pravila prispevala k doseganju splošnega cilja te uredbe - k pravni varnosti v evropskem pravosodnem prostoru - bi morala biti zelo predvidljiva. Vendar bi morala imeti sodišča kljub temu določeno stopnjo diskrecije pri določanju prava, ki je najtesneje povezano s primerom.

(17) As far as the applicable law in the absence of choice is concerned, the concept of "provision of services" and "sale of goods" should be interpreted in the same way as when applying Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 in so far as sale of goods and provision of services are covered by that Regulation. Although franchise and distribution contracts are contracts for services, they are the subject of specific rules.

(17) Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava, bi se v zvezi s pravom, ki naj se uporabi, koncepta "opravljanja storitev" in "prodaje blaga" morala razlagati na enak način kot pri uporabi člena 5 Uredbe (ES) št. 44/2001, če prodaja blaga in opravljanje storitev sodita na področje uporabe navedene uredbe. Čeprav so franšizne pogodbe in pogodbe o distribuciji pogodbe o storitvah, veljajo zanje posebna pravila.

(18) As far as the applicable law in the absence of choice is concerned, multilateral systems should be those in which trading is conducted, such as regulated markets and multilateral trading facilities as referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on markets in financial instruments [8], regardless of whether or not they rely on a central counterparty.

(18) Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava, bi morali biti v zvezi s pravom, ki naj se uporabi, večstranski sistemi tisti, v katerih poteka trgovanje, kot so na primer organizirani trgi in večstranski sistemi trgovanja iz člena 4 Direktive 2004/39/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 21. aprila 2004 o trgih finančnih instrumentov [8], ne glede na to, ali se opirajo na osrednjo nasprotno stranko ali ne.

(19) Where there has been no choice of law, the applicable law should be determined in accordance with the rule specified for the particular type of contract. Where the contract cannot be categorised as being one of the specified types or where its elements fall within more than one of the specified types, it should be governed by the law of the country where the party required to effect the characteristic performance of the contract has his habitual residence. In the case of a contract consisting of a bundle of rights and obligations capable of being categorised as falling within more than one of the specified types of contract, the characteristic performance of the contract should be determined having regard to its centre of gravity.

(19) Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava, bi bilo treba pravo, ki se uporabi, določiti v skladu s pravilom, ki velja za posamezno vrsto pogodbe. Če se pogodba ne more šteti za eno od opredeljenih vrst pogodbe oziroma če se njeni sestavni deli uvrščajo v več kot eno opredeljeno vrsto pogodbe, bi se moralo zanjo uporabljati pravo države, v kateri ima pogodbena stranka, ki je dolžna opraviti za pogodbo značilno izpolnitev, običajno prebivališče. Če pogodba sestoji iz skupka pravic in obveznosti, ki jih je možno uvrstiti v več kot le eno opredeljeno vrsto pogodbe, bi bilo treba značilno izpolnitev pogodbe določiti glede na njeno težišče.

(20) Where the contract is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in Article 4(1) or (2), an escape clause should provide that the law of that other country is to apply. In order to determine that country, account should be taken, inter alia, of whether the contract in question has a very close relationship with another contract or contracts.

(20) Kadar je pogodba očitno tesneje povezana z državo, na katero člen 4(1) ali (2) ne napotuje, zaščitna klavzula omogoča, da se uporabi pravo te države. Da bi se določilo to državo, bi bilo treba med drugim upoštevati, ali je zadevna pogodba zelo tesno povezana s kakšno drugo pogodbo oziroma pogodbami.

(21) In the absence of choice, where the applicable law cannot be determined either on the basis of the fact that the contract can be categorised as one of the specified types or as being the law of the country of habitual residence of the party required to effect the characteristic performance of the contract, the contract should be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. In order to determine that country, account should be taken, inter alia, of whether the contract in question has a very close relationship with another contract or contracts.

(21) Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava in prava, ki naj se uporabi, ni mogoče določiti niti z uvrstitvijo pogodbe v eno od opredeljenih vrst pogodb, niti na podlagi običajnega prebivališča pogodbene stranke, ki je dolžna opraviti za pogodbo značilno izpolnitev, bi moralo pogodbo urejati pravo države, s katero je najtesneje povezana. Da bi se določilo to državo, bi bilo treba med drugim upoštevati, ali je zadevna pogodba zelo tesno povezana s kakšno drugo pogodbo oziroma pogodbami.

(22) As regards the interpretation of contracts for the carriage of goods, no change in substance is intended with respect to Article 4(4), third sentence, of the Rome Convention. Consequently, single-voyage charter parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods should be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods. For the purposes of this Regulation, the term "consignor" should refer to any person who enters into a contract of carriage with the carrier and the term "the carrier" should refer to the party to the contract who undertakes to carry the goods, whether or not he performs the carriage himself.

(22) Glede razlage pogodb o prevozu blaga namen te uredbe ni nikakršno vsebinsko odstopanje od tretjega stavka člena 4(4) Rimske konvencije. Zato se pogodbe o najemu vozila za en sam prevoz in druge pogodbe, katerih glavni namen je prevoz blaga, obravnavajo kot pogodbe o prevozu blaga. Za namene te uredbe se bi moral izraz "pošiljatelj" nanašati na katero koli osebo, ki s prevoznikom vstopa v pogodbo o prevozu, izraz "prevoznik" pa bi se moral nanašati na pogodbeno stranko, ki prevaža blago, če to opravlja sama ali ne.

(23) As regards contracts concluded with parties regarded as being weaker, those parties should be protected by conflict-of-law rules that are more favourable to their interests than the general rules.

(23) V pogodbah, pri katerih velja ena pogodbena stranka za šibkejšo, bi morala biti ta šibkejša pogodbena stranka zaščitena s kolizijskimi pravili, ki so za varstvo njenih interesov ugodnejša od splošnih pravil.

(24) With more specific reference to consumer contracts, the conflict-of-law rule should make it possible to cut the cost of settling disputes concerning what are commonly relatively small claims and to take account of the development of distance-selling techniques. Consistency with Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 requires both that there be a reference to the concept of directed activity as a condition for applying the consumer protection rule and that the concept be interpreted harmoniously in Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 and this Regulation, bearing in mind that a joint declaration by the Council and the Commission on Article 15 of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 states that "for Article 15(1)(c) to be applicable it is not sufficient for an undertaking to target its activities at the Member State of the consumer's residence, or at a number of Member States including that Member State; a contract must also be concluded within the framework of its activities". The declaration also states that "the mere fact that an Internet site is accessible is not sufficient for Article 15 to be applicable, although a factor will be that this Internet site solicits the conclusion of distance contracts and that a contract has actually been concluded at a distance, by whatever means. In this respect, the language or currency which a website uses does not constitute a relevant factor.".

(24) Zlasti kar zadeva potrošniške pogodbe, bi moralo kolizijsko pravilo omogočati zmanjšanje stroškov reševanja sporov, ki so večinoma spori majhne vrednosti, in upoštevati razvoj tehnik prodaje na daljavo. Zaradi usklajenosti z Uredbo (ES) št. 44/2001 bi moral biti po eni strani pogoj za uporabo pravila za varstvo potrošnika sklicevanje na koncept usmerjanja dejavnosti, po drugi strani pa bi bilo treba ta koncept v Uredbi (ES) št. 44/2001 in tej uredbi usklajeno razlagati, ob upoštevanju, da Skupna izjava Sveta in Komisije v zvezi s členom 15 Uredbe (ES) št. 44/2001 navaja, da za uporabo člena 15(1)(c) "ni dovolj, da podjetje usmerja svojo dejavnost v državo članico, v kateri ima potrošnik stalno prebivališče, ali v več držav, vključno s to državo članico, poleg tega mora pogodba spadati v okvir te dejavnosti". Ta izjava opozarja tudi, da "samo dejstvo, da je spletna stran dostopna, ni dovolj za uporabo člena 15, saj je poleg tega potrebno še, da ta spletna stran vabi k sklepanju pogodb na daljavo in da je bila na tak ali drugačen način pogodba dejansko sklenjena na daljavo. V tem pogledu jezik ali valuta, uporabljena na spletni strani, nista pomembna elementa".

(25) Consumers should be protected by such rules of the country of their habitual residence that cannot be derogated from by agreement, provided that the consumer contract has been concluded as a result of the professional pursuing his commercial or professional activities in that particular country. The same protection should be guaranteed if the professional, while not pursuing his commercial or professional activities in the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, directs his activities by any means to that country or to several countries, including that country, and the contract is concluded as a result of such activities.

(25) Potrošniki bi morali biti zaščiteni s takšnimi pravili države njihovega običajnega prebivališča, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom, pod pogojem, da je bila potrošniška pogodba sklenjena kot rezultat opravljanja gospodarskih in poklicnih dejavnosti podjetnika v tej državi. Enako varstvo bi moralo biti zagotovljeno, če podjetnik pri opravljanju gospodarskih ali poklicnih dejavnosti, vendar ne v državi, kjer potrošnik običajno prebiva, na kakršen koli način usmerja svoje dejavnosti v to državo ali v več držav, vključno s to državo, in je pogodba sklenjena kot rezultat teh dejavnosti.

(26) For the purposes of this Regulation, financial services such as investment services and activities and ancillary services provided by a professional to a consumer, as referred to in sections A and B of Annex I to Directive 2004/39/EC, and contracts for the sale of units in collective investment undertakings, whether or not covered by Council Directive 85/611/EEC of 20 December 1985 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) [9], should be subject to Article 6 of this Regulation. Consequently, when a reference is made to terms and conditions governing the issuance or offer to the public of transferable securities or to the subscription and redemption of units in collective investment undertakings, that reference should include all aspects binding the issuer or the offeror to the consumer, but should not include those aspects involving the provision of financial services.

(26) Za namene te uredbe bi moralo za finančne storitve, kot so naložbene storitve in dejavnosti ter pomožne storitve, ki jih za potrošnika opravi podjetnik, iz oddelkov A in B Priloge I k Direktivi 2004/39/ES, in za pogodbe za prodajo enot v kolektivnih naložbenih podjemih, ne glede na to, ali so zajeti v Direktivi Sveta 85/611/EGS z dne 20. decembra 1985 o usklajevanju zakonov in drugih predpisov o kolektivnih naložbenih podjemih za vlaganja v prenosljive vrednostne papirje (KNPVP) [9], veljati člen 6 te uredbe. Kadar gre za sklicevanje na pogoje izdajanja ali ponudbe prenosljivih vrednostnih papirjev javnosti ali sklicevanje na vpis in odkup enot v kolektivnih naložbenih podjemih, bi zato morala ta sklicevanja vključevati vse vidike, ki izdajatelja ali ponudnika zavezujejo v razmerju do potrošnika, ne bi pa smela vključevati vidikov, ki se nanašajo na opravljanje finančnih storitev.

(27) Various exceptions should be made to the general conflict-of-law rule for consumer contracts. Under one such exception the general rule should not apply to contracts relating to rights in rem in immovable property or tenancies of such property unless the contract relates to the right to use immovable property on a timeshare basis within the meaning of Directive 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 1994 on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis [10].

(27) Za potrošniške pogodbe bi bilo treba omogočiti različne izjeme od splošnega kolizijskega pravila. V skladu z eno od takih izjem se splošno pravilo ne bi smelo uporabljati za pogodbe, katerih predmet so stvarna pravica na nepremičnini ali najemne pravice na takšni lastnini, razen za pogodbe, katerih predmet je pravica do uporabe nepremičnine na podlagi časovnega zakupa v smislu Direktive 94/47/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. oktobra 1994 o varstvu nakupov v zvezi z nekaterimi vidiki pogodb o nakupu pravice do uporabe nepremičnin na podlagi časovnega zakupa [10].

(28) It is important to ensure that rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument are not covered by the general rule applicable to consumer contracts, as that could lead to different laws being applicable to each of the instruments issued, therefore changing their nature and preventing their fungible trading and offering. Likewise, whenever such instruments are issued or offered, the contractual relationship established between the issuer or the offeror and the consumer should not necessarily be subject to the mandatory application of the law of the country of habitual residence of the consumer, as there is a need to ensure uniformity in the terms and conditions of an issuance or an offer. The same rationale should apply with regard to the multilateral systems covered by Article 4(1)(h), in respect of which it should be ensured that the law of the country of habitual residence of the consumer will not interfere with the rules applicable to contracts concluded within those systems or with the operator of such systems.

(28) Pomembno je zagotoviti, da za pravice in obveznosti v zvezi s finančnim instrumentom ne velja splošno pravilo, ki se uporablja za potrošniške pogodbe, saj bi to lahko povzročilo, da bi se za vsak izdan instrument uporabljalo drugo pravo, s čimer bi se spremenil njegov značaj ter izničila njegova zamenljivost pri trgovanju in ponudbi. Prav tako, kadar se izdajo ali ponudijo takšni instrumenti, za pogodbeno razmerje med izdajateljem ali ponudnikom in potrošnikom ne bi smela veljati obvezna uporaba prava države običajnega prebivališča potrošnika, saj je za izdajanje ali ponudbo treba zagotoviti enotne pogoje. Enako bi moralo veljati za večstranske sisteme iz člena 4(1)(h), pri katerih bi bilo treba zagotoviti, da pravo države običajnega prebivališča potrošnika ne bi posegalo v pravila, ki se uporabljajo za pogodbe, sklenjene v okviru teh sistemov ali z upravljavcem takšnih sistemov.

(29) For the purposes of this Regulation, references to rights and obligations constituting the terms and conditions governing the issuance, offers to the public or public take-over bids of transferable securities and references to the subscription and redemption of units in collective investment undertakings should include the terms governing, inter alia, the allocation of securities or units, rights in the event of over-subscription, withdrawal rights and similar matters in the context of the offer as well as those matters referred to in Articles 10, 11, 12 and 13, thus ensuring that all relevant contractual aspects of an offer binding the issuer or the offeror to the consumer are governed by a single law.

(29) Za namene te uredbe bi morala sklicevanja na pravice in obveznosti, ki so sestavni del pogojev izdajanja, ponudb javnosti ali javnih prevzemnih ponudb prenosljivih vrednostnih papirjev, ter sklicevanja na vpis in odkup enot v kolektivnih naložbenih podjemih vključevati pogoje, ki med drugim urejajo razporejanje vrednostnih papirjev ali enot, pravice v primeru prekomernega vpisa, pravico do umika in podobne zadeve v okviru ponudbe, pa tudi zadeve iz členov 10, 11, 12 in 13, da bi se zagotovilo, da bo vse ustrezne pogodbene vidike ponudbe, ki izdajatelja ali ponudnika zavezujejo v odnosu do potrošnika, urejalo eno pravo.

(30) For the purposes of this Regulation, financial instruments and transferable securities are those instruments referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2004/39/EC.

(30) Za namene te uredbe so finančni instrumenti in prenosljivi vrednostni papirji instrumenti iz člena 4 Direktive 2004/39/ES.

(31) Nothing in this Regulation should prejudice the operation of a formal arrangement designated as a system under Article 2(a) of Directive 98/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 1998 on settlement finality in payment and securities settlement systems [11].

(31) Nič v tej uredbi ne bi smelo posegati v delovanje formalnega dogovora, zasnovanega kot sistem, v skladu s členom 2(a) Direktive 98/26/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 19. maja 1998 o dokončnosti poravnave pri plačilih in sistemih poravnave vrednostnih papirjev [11].

(32) Owing to the particular nature of contracts of carriage and insurance contracts, specific provisions should ensure an adequate level of protection of passengers and policy holders. Therefore, Article 6 should not apply in the context of those particular contracts.

(32) Glede na poseben značaj prevoznih in zavarovalnih pogodb bi morale posebne določbe zagotoviti zadostno raven zaščite potnikov in zavarovalcev. Zato se člen 6 ne bi smel uporabljati za te posebne pogodbe.

(33) Where an insurance contract not covering a large risk covers more than one risk, at least one of which is situated in a Member State and at least one of which is situated in a third country, the special rules on insurance contracts in this Regulation should apply only to the risk or risks situated in the relevant Member State or Member States.

(33) Kadar zavarovalna pogodba, ki ne vključuje velike nevarnosti, vključuje več kot eno nevarnost, od katere se vsaj ena nahaja v državi članici in vsaj ena v tretji državi, se bi morala posebna pravila o zavarovalnih pogodbah v tej uredbi nanašati zgolj na nevarnost ali nevarnosti, navzoče v ustrezni državi članici oziroma državah članicah.

(34) The rule on individual employment contracts should not prejudice the application of the overriding mandatory provisions of the country to which a worker is posted in accordance with Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services [12].

(34) Pravilo o individualnih pogodbah o zaposlitvi ne bi smelo posegati v uporabo prevladujočih obveznih določb države, v katero je delavec napoten v skladu z Direktivo 96/71/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 16. decembra 1996 o napotitvi delavcev na delo v okviru opravljanja storitev [12].

(35) Employees should not be deprived of the protection afforded to them by provisions which cannot be derogated from by agreement or which can only be derogated from to their benefit.

(35) Delavcev se ne bi smelo prikrajšati za zaščito, ki jim jo zagotavljajo določbe, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom ali od katerih je dovoljeno odstopanje le v njihovo korist.

(36) As regards individual employment contracts, work carried out in another country should be regarded as temporary if the employee is expected to resume working in the country of origin after carrying out his tasks abroad. The conclusion of a new contract of employment with the original employer or an employer belonging to the same group of companies as the original employer should not preclude the employee from being regarded as carrying out his work in another country temporarily.

(36) Kar zadeva pogodbe o zaposlitvi se opravljanje dela v drugi državi obravnava kot začasno, če se pričakuje, da bo delavec nadaljeval s svojim delom v državi izvora, ko bo opravil svoje naloge v tujini. Sklenitev nove pogodbe o zaposlitvi s prvotnim delodajalcem ali delodajalcem, ki pripada isti skupini družb kot prvotni delodajalec, ne bi smelo izključevati tega, da se delavec obravnava, kot da začasno opravlja svoje delo v drugi državi.

(37) Considerations of public interest justify giving the courts of the Member States the possibility, in exceptional circumstances, of applying exceptions based on public policy and overriding mandatory provisions. The concept of "overriding mandatory provisions" should be distinguished from the expression "provisions which cannot be derogated from by agreement" and should be construed more restrictively.

(37) Upoštevanje javnega interesa upravičuje, da se sodiščem držav članic v izjemnih okoliščinah da možnost uporabiti izjeme na podlagi javnega reda in prevladujočih obveznih določb. Koncept "prevladujoče obvezne določbe" bi bilo treba razlikovati od izraza "določbe, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom," ter ga razlagati bolj restriktivno.

(38) In the context of voluntary assignment, the term "relationship" should make it clear that Article 14(1) also applies to the property aspects of an assignment, as between assignor and assignee, in legal orders where such aspects are treated separately from the aspects under the law of obligations. However, the term "relationship" should not be understood as relating to any relationship that may exist between assignor and assignee. In particular, it should not cover preliminary questions as regards a voluntary assignment or a contractual subrogation. The term should be strictly limited to the aspects which are directly relevant to the voluntary assignment or contractual subrogation in question.

(38) V kontekstu odstopa terjatve bi moral izraz "razmerje" pojasniti, da se člen 14(1) uporablja tudi za stvarnopravne vidike odstopa terjatve med odstopnikom in prevzemnikom v pravnih redih, v katerih so stvarnopravni in obligacijski vidiki obravnavani ločeno. Vendar se izraz "razmerje" ne bi smel razlagati v smislu, da se nanaša na vsako razmerje, ki lahko obstaja med odstopnikom in prevzemnikom. Zlasti ne bi smel zajemati predhodnih vprašanj v zvezi z odstopom terjatev s pogodbo. Izraz bi se moral nanašati samo na vidike, ki so neposredno relevantni za zadevni odstop terjatve s pogodbo.

(39) For the sake of legal certainty there should be a clear definition of habitual residence, in particular for companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated. Unlike Article 60(1) of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001, which establishes three criteria, the conflict-of-law rule should proceed on the basis of a single criterion; otherwise, the parties would be unable to foresee the law applicable to their situation.

(39) Zaradi pravne varnosti je potrebna jasna opredelitev običajnega prebivališča, zlasti za družbe in druge subjekte, s pravno osebnostjo ali brez nje. Za razliko od člena 60(1) Uredbe (ES) št. 44/2001, v katerem so določena tri merila, bi moralo biti pravilo o izbiri prava vezano na eno samo merilo, sicer bi bilo pogodbenima strankama onemogočeno, da predvidita, katero pravo se bo uporabljalo za njuno zadevo.

(40) A situation where conflict-of-law rules are dispersed among several instruments and where there are differences between those rules should be avoided. This Regulation, however, should not exclude the possibility of inclusion of conflict-of-law rules relating to contractual obligations in provisions of Community law with regard to particular matters.

(40) Treba bi se bilo izogibati stanju, ko so kolizijska pravila razpršena med več instrumentov, ter razlikam med temi pravili. Vendar pa ta uredba ne izključuje možnosti vključitve kolizijskih pravil za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja v predpise prava Skupnosti v zvezi s posebnimi zadevami.

This Regulation should not prejudice the application of other instruments laying down provisions designed to contribute to the proper functioning of the internal market in so far as they cannot be applied in conjunction with the law designated by the rules of this Regulation. The application of provisions of the applicable law designated by the rules of this Regulation should not restrict the free movement of goods and services as regulated by Community instruments, such as Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce) [13].

Ta uredba ne bi smela vplivati na uporabo drugih instrumentov, ki opredeljujejo določbe, katerih namen je prispevati k pravilnemu delovanju notranjega trga, če se te določbe ne morejo uporabljati skupaj s pravom, ki ga določajo pravila te uredbe. Uporaba določb prava, določenega s pravili te uredbe, ne bi smela omejevati prostega pretoka blaga in storitev, kot ga urejajo instrumenti Skupnosti, kakršen je Direktiva 2000/31/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 8. junija 2000 o nekaterih pravnih vidikih storitev informacijske družbe, zlasti elektronskega poslovanja na notranjem trgu (Direktiva o elektronskem poslovanju) [13].

(41) Respect for international commitments entered into by the Member States means that this Regulation should not affect international conventions to which one or more Member States are parties at the time when this Regulation is adopted. To make the rules more accessible, the Commission should publish the list of the relevant conventions in the Official Journal of the European Union on the basis of information supplied by the Member States.

(41) Zaradi spoštovanja mednarodnih obveznosti, ki so jih prevzele države članice, ta uredba ne bi smela vplivati na mednarodne konvencije, katerih pogodbenice so ena ali več držav članic v trenutku, ko se sprejme ta uredba. Komisija bi morala za zagotovitev lažje dostopnosti veljavnih pravil na podlagi informacij, ki jih predložijo države članice, objaviti seznam zadevnih konvencij v Uradnem listu Evropske unije.

(42) The Commission will make a proposal to the European Parliament and to the Council concerning the procedures and conditions according to which Member States would be entitled to negotiate and conclude, on their own behalf, agreements with third countries in individual and exceptional cases, concerning sectoral matters and containing provisions on the law applicable to contractual obligations.

(42) Komisija bo Evropskemu parlamentu in Svetu predložila predlog v zvezi s postopki in pogoji, v skladu s katerimi bi se lahko države članice same v posameznih in izjemnih primerih v zvezi s področnimi zadevami pogajale in sklenile sporazume s tretjimi državami, ki bi vsebovali določbe o pravu, ki se uporablja za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja.

(43) Since the objective of this Regulation cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale and effects of this Regulation, be better achieved at Community level, the Community may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary to attain its objective.

(43) Ker cilja te uredbe države članice ne morejo zadovoljivo doseči in ker ta cilj zaradi obsega in učinkov te uredbe lažje doseže Skupnost, Skupnost lahko sprejme ukrepe v skladu z načelom subsidiarnosti iz člena 5 Pogodbe. Skladno z načelom sorazmernosti iz navedenega člena ta uredba ne prekoračuje okvirov, ki so potrebni za dosego navedenega cilja.

(44) In accordance with Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland, annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Ireland has notified its wish to take part in the adoption and application of the present Regulation.

(44) V skladu s členom 3 Protokola o stališču Združenega kraljestva in Irske, ki je priložen k Pogodbi o Evropski uniji in Pogodbi o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti, je Irska predložila uradno obvestilo, da želi sodelovati pri sprejetju in uporabi te uredbe.

(45) In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland, annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and without prejudice to Article 4 of the said Protocol, the United Kingdom is not taking part in the adoption of this Regulation and is not bound by it or subject to its application.

(45) V skladu s členoma 1 in 2 Protokola o stališču Združenega kraljestva in Irske, ki je priložen k Pogodbi o Evropski uniji in Pogodbi o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti, in brez poseganja v člen 4 tega protokola Združeno kraljestvo ne sodeluje pri sprejetju te uredbe in zato zanj ni zavezujoča niti se zanj ne uporablja.

(46) In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the Protocol on the position of Denmark, annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Denmark is not taking part in the adoption of this Regulation and is not bound by it or subject to its application,

(46) V skladu s členoma 1 in 2 Protokola o stališču Danske, ki je priložen k Pogodbi o Evropski uniji in Pogodbi o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti, Danska ne sodeluje pri sprejetju te uredbe in zato zanjo ni zavezujoča niti se zanjo ne uporablja –

HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

SPREJELA NASLEDNJO UREDBO:

CHAPTER I

POGLAVJE I

SCOPE

PODROČJE UPORABE

Article 1

Člen 1

Material scope

Vsebinsko področje uporabe

1. This Regulation shall apply, in situations involving a conflict of laws, to contractual obligations in civil and commercial matters.

1. Ta uredba se uporablja za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah v primerih, ko pride do kolizije med zakoni več držav.

It shall not apply, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters.

Ne uporablja pa se zlasti v davčnih, carinskih ali upravnih zadevah.

2. The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Regulation:

2. Ta uredba se ne uporablja za:

(a) questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 13;

(a) zadeve, ki se nanašajo na status, pravno ali poslovno sposobnost fizičnih oseb, brez poseganja v člen 13;

(b) obligations arising out of family relationships and relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects, including maintenance obligations;

(b) obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz družinskih razmerij in razmerij, ki imajo po pravu, ki se uporablja za taka razmerja, primerljiv učinek, vključno s preživninskimi obveznostmi;

(c) obligations arising out of matrimonial property regimes, property regimes of relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects to marriage, and wills and succession;

(c) obveznosti, izhajajočih iz premoženjskih razmerij med zakoncema in iz premoženjskih ureditev razmerij, ki imajo po pravu, ki se uporablja za taka razmerja, primerljiv učinek kot zakonska zveza, ter za oporoke in dedovanje;

(d) obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character;

(d) obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz menic, čekov in zadolžnic ter iz drugih prenosljivih vrednostnih papirjev, kolikor obveznosti iz teh drugih prenosljivih vrednostnih papirjev izvirajo iz njihove prenosljive narave;

(e) arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court;

(e) arbitražne dogovore in dogovore o izbiri sodišča;

(f) questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated, such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding-up of companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated, and the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body;

(f) vprašanja, ki jih ureja pravo družb in drugih subjektov s pravno osebnostjo ali brez nje, kot so na primer njihova ustanovitev z registracijo ali kako drugače, pravna in poslovna sposobnost, notranja organizacija ali likvidacija družb in drugih subjektov s pravno osebnostjo ali brez nje ter osebna odgovornost družbenikov in organov za obveznosti družbe ali drugih subjektov;

(g) the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or other body corporate or unincorporated, in relation to a third party;

(g) vprašanje, ali lahko zastopnik s svojimi dejanji zavezuje zastopanega nasproti tretji osebi in ali organ lahko zavezuje družbo ali drugi subjekt s pravno osebnostjo ali brez nje nasproti tretji osebi;

(h) the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries;

(h) ustanovitev "trustov" ter razmerja med ustanovitelji, skrbniki in upravičenci "trustov";

(i) obligations arising out of dealings prior to the conclusion of a contract;

(i) obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz pogajanj pred sklenitvijo pogodbe;

(j) insurance contracts arising out of operations carried out by organisations other than undertakings referred to in Article 2 of Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November 2002 concerning life assurance [14] the object of which is to provide benefits for employed or self-employed persons belonging to an undertaking or group of undertakings, or to a trade or group of trades, in the event of death or survival or of discontinuance or curtailment of activity, or of sickness related to work or accidents at work.

(j) zavarovalne pogodbe, izhajajoče iz dejavnosti, ki jih izvajajo organizacije, različne od podjetij iz člena 2 Direktive 2002/83/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 5. novembra 2002 o življenjskem zavarovanju [14], katerih namen je zagotavljanje ugodnosti zaposlenim ali samozaposlenim osebam iz podjetij ali skupin podjetij, oziroma iz dejavnosti ali skupine dejavnosti v primeru smrti, preživetja, prenehanja ali omejitve dejavnosti, bolezni, povezane z delom, ali nesreč na delovnem mestu.

3. This Regulation shall not apply to evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article 18.

3. Ta uredba se ne uporablja za dokaze in postopek, brez poseganja v člen 18.

4. In this Regulation, the term "Member State" shall mean Member States to which this Regulation applies. However, in Article 3(4) and Article 7 the term shall mean all the Member States.

4. V tej uredbi izraz "država članica" pomeni države članice, za katere se ta uredba uporablja. V členu 3(4) in v členu 7 pa ta izraz pomeni vse države članice.

Article 2

Člen 2

Universal application

Univerzalna uporaba

Any law specified by this Regulation shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Member State.

Uporabi se vsako pravo, na katerega napotuje ta uredba, ne glede na to, ali gre za pravo ene od držav članic.

CHAPTER II

POGLAVJE II

UNIFORM RULES

ENOTNA PRAVILA

Article 3

Člen 3

Freedom of choice

Svoboda izbire

1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice shall be made expressly or clearly demonstrated by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or to part only of the contract.

1. Pogodbo ureja pravo, ki ga izbereta pogodbeni stranki. Izbira mora biti izrecno izražena ali mora jasno izhajati iz pogodbenih določil ali okoliščin primera. Pogodbeni stranki se lahko dogovorita, da se izbrano pravo uporablja za pogodbo v celoti ali le za njen del.

2. The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously governed it, whether as a result of an earlier choice made under this Article or of other provisions of this Regulation. Any change in the law to be applied that is made after the conclusion of the contract shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 11 or adversely affect the rights of third parties.

2. Pogodbeni stranki se lahko kadar koli dogovorita, da se za pogodbo uporablja drugo pravo, kot se je prej uporabljalo na podlagi prejšnje izbire v skladu s tem členom ali na podlagi drugih določb te uredbe. Če se pogodbeni stranki po sklenitvi pogodbe dogovorita za spremembo prava, ki naj se uporablja za pogodbo, to ne posega v formalno veljavnost pogodbe v smislu člena 11 ali v pravice tretjih oseb.

3. Where all other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are located in a country other than the country whose law has been chosen, the choice of the parties shall not prejudice the application of provisions of the law of that other country which cannot be derogated from by agreement.

3. Kadar so vsi elementi, pomembni za zadevo, v trenutku izbire prava v državi, katere prava pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali, izbira pogodbenih strank ne posega v uporabo določb prava te države, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom.

4. Where all other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are located in one or more Member States, the parties' choice of applicable law other than that of a Member State shall not prejudice the application of provisions of Community law, where appropriate as implemented in the Member State of the forum, which cannot be derogated from by agreement.

4. Kadar so vsi elementi, pomembni za zadevo, v trenutku izbire prava v eni ali več državah članicah, izbira prava tretje države s strani pogodbenih strank ne posega v uporabo določb prava Skupnosti, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom, po potrebi kakor so te določbe prava Skupnosti izvedene v državi članici sodišča, pred katerim poteka postopek.

5. The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 10, 11 and 13.

5. Obstoj in veljavnost dogovora pogodbenih strank o izbiri prava se presoja v skladu z določbami členov 10, 11 in 13.

Article 4

Člen 4

Applicable law in the absence of choice

Pravo, ki se uporablja, če pogodbeni stranki ne izbereta prava

1. To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3 and without prejudice to Articles 5 to 8, the law governing the contract shall be determined as follows:

1. Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava v skladu s členom 3, se pravo, ki se uporablja za pogodbo, določi brez poseganja v člene 5 do 8, kakor sledi:

(a) a contract for the sale of goods shall be governed by the law of the country where the seller has his habitual residence;

(a) za prodajno pogodbo o prodaji blaga se uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče prodajalec;

(b) a contract for the provision of services shall be governed by the law of the country where the service provider has his habitual residence;

(b) za pogodbo o opravljanju storitev se uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče izvajalec storitev;

(c) a contract relating to a right in rem in immovable property or to a tenancy of immovable property shall be governed by the law of the country where the property is situated;

(c) za pogodbo, katere predmet je stvarna pravica na nepremičnini ali najemna pravica na nepremičnini, se uporablja pravo države, v kateri se nahaja nepremičnina;

(d) notwithstanding point (c), a tenancy of immovable property concluded for temporary private use for a period of no more than six consecutive months shall be governed by the law of the country where the landlord has his habitual residence, provided that the tenant is a natural person and has his habitual residence in the same country;

(d) ne glede na točko (c) se za najemno pogodbo za nepremičnino, sklenjeno za začasno zasebno uporabo za največ šest zaporednih mesecev, uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče najemodajalec, pod pogojem, da je najemojemalec fizična oseba in da ima običajno prebivališče v isti državi;

(e) a franchise contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the franchisee has his habitual residence;

(e) za franšizno pogodbo se uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče franšizojemalec;

(f) a distribution contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the distributor has his habitual residence;

(f) za pogodbo o distribuciji se uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče distributer;

(g) a contract for the sale of goods by auction shall be governed by the law of the country where the auction takes place, if such a place can be determined;

(g) za prodajno pogodbo o prodaji blaga na dražbi se uporablja pravo države, v kateri poteka dražba, če je tak kraj mogoče določiti;

(h) a contract concluded within a multilateral system which brings together or facilitates the bringing together of multiple third-party buying and selling interests in financial instruments, as defined by Article 4(1), point (17) of Directive 2004/39/EC, in accordance with non-discretionary rules and governed by a single law, shall be governed by that law.

(h) za pogodbo, sklenjeno v okviru večstranskega sistema, ki združuje ali omogoča združevanje več nakupnih in prodajnih interesov tretjih oseb v zvezi s finančnimi instrumenti, kot so opredeljeni s točko 17 člena 4(1) Direktive 2004/39/ES, v skladu s pravili, ki niso diskrecijska in ki jih ureja eno samo pravo, se uporablja to pravo.

2. Where the contract is not covered by paragraph 1 or where the elements of the contract would be covered by more than one of points (a) to (h) of paragraph 1, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the party required to effect the characteristic performance of the contract has his habitual residence.

2. Če pogodba ni zajeta v odstavku 1 ali če bi lahko elemente pogodbe uvrstili v več kot eno točko od (a) do (h) iz odstavka 1, se za pogodbo uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče pogodbena stranka, ki je dolžna opraviti za posamezno pogodbo značilno izpolnitev.

3. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the contract is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply.

3. Kadar je iz vseh okoliščin primera razvidno, da je pogodba očitno v tesnejši zvezi z drugo državo kot z državo iz odstavka 1 ali 2, se uporablja pravo te druge države.

4. Where the law applicable cannot be determined pursuant to paragraphs 1 or 2, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected.

4. Če prava, ki se uporablja, ni mogoče določiti v skladu z odstavkoma 1 ali 2, se za pogodbo uporablja pravo države, s katero je ta pogodba najtesneje povezana.

Article 5

Člen 5

Contracts of carriage

Prevozne pogodbe

1. To the extent that the law applicable to a contract for the carriage of goods has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3, the law applicable shall be the law of the country of habitual residence of the carrier, provided that the place of receipt or the place of delivery or the habitual residence of the consignor is also situated in that country. If those requirements are not met, the law of the country where the place of delivery as agreed by the parties is situated shall apply.

1. Kadar pravo, ki naj se uporabi za pogodbo o prevozu blaga, ni bilo izbrano v skladu s členom 3, se uporablja pravo države običajnega prebivališča prevoznika, če se tudi kraj prevzema blaga v prevoz ali kraj dostave blaga ali običajno prebivališče pošiljatelja nahaja v tej državi. Če ti pogoji niso izpolnjeni, se uporablja pravo države, v kateri se nahaja kraj dostave, o katerem sta se dogovorili pogodbeni stranki.

2. To the extent that the law applicable to a contract for the carriage of passengers has not been chosen by the parties in accordance with the second subparagraph, the law applicable shall be the law of the country where the passenger has his habitual residence, provided that either the place of departure or the place of destination is situated in that country. If these requirements are not met, the law of the country where the carrier has his habitual residence shall apply.

2. Kadar pogodbeni stranki prava, ki naj se uporabi za pogodbo o prevozu potnikov, nista izbrali v skladu z drugim pododstavkom, je pravo, ki se uporablja, pravo države običajnega prebivališča potnika, če je v tej državi tudi kraj odhoda ali namembni kraj. Če ti pogoji niso izpolnjeni, se uporablja pravo države, v katerem ima prevoznik običajno prebivališče.

The parties may choose as the law applicable to a contract for the carriage of passengers in accordance with Article 3 only the law of the country where:

Pogodbeni stranki lahko za pravo, ki se uporablja za pogodbo o prevozu potnikov, v skladu s členom 3 izbereta le pravo države, v kateri:

(a) the passenger has his habitual residence; or

(a) ima običajno prebivališče potnik ali

(b) the carrier has his habitual residence; or

(b) ima običajno prebivališče prevoznik ali

(d) the place of departure is situated; or

(d) je kraj odhoda ali

(e) the place of destination is situated.

(e) je namembni kraj.

3. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the contract, in the absence of a choice of law, is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply.

3. Če je iz vseh okoliščin primera razvidno, da je – v primeru, da pogodbeni stranki ne izbereta prava – pogodba očitno v tesnejši zvezi z drugo državo kot z državo iz odstavka 1 ali 2, se uporablja pravo te druge države.

Article 6

Člen 6

Consumer contracts

Potrošniške pogodbe

1. Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 7, a contract concluded by a natural person for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession (the consumer) with another person acting in the exercise of his trade or profession (the professional) shall be governed by the law of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, provided that the professional:

1. Brez poseganja v člena 5 in 7 se za pogodbo, ki jo fizična oseba sklene za namen, ki ga ni mogoče obravnavati kot poslovno ali poklicno dejavnost te osebe ("potrošnik"), z drugo osebo, ki opravlja svojo poslovno ali poklicno dejavnost ("podjetnik"), uporablja pravo države, v kateri ima potrošnik običajno prebivališče, pod pogojem, da podjetnik:

(a) pursues his commercial or professional activities in the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, or

(a) izvaja svoje poslovne ali poklicne dejavnosti v državi, v kateri ima potrošnik običajno prebivališče, ali

(b) by any means, directs such activities to that country or to several countries including that country,

(b) na kakršen koli način usmerja take dejavnosti v to državo ali več držav, vključno s to državo,

and the contract falls within the scope of such activities.

in da pogodba spada v okvir takih dejavnosti.

2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, the parties may choose the law applicable to a contract which fulfils the requirements of paragraph 1, in accordance with Article 3. Such a choice may not, however, have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by provisions that cannot be derogated from by agreement by virtue of the law which, in the absence of choice, would have been applicable on the basis of paragraph 1.

2. Ne glede na odstavek 1 lahko pogodbeni stranki za pogodbo, ki izpolnjuje pogoje iz odstavka 1, izbereta pravo, ki naj se uporablja v skladu s členom 3. Vendar pa taka izbira potrošnika ne sme prikrajšati za zaščito, ki mu jo zagotavljajo določbe, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom, po pravu, ki bi se uporabljalo v skladu z odstavkom 1, če pogodbeni stranki ne bi izbrali drugega prava.

3. If the requirements in points (a) or (b) of paragraph 1 are not fulfilled, the law applicable to a contract between a consumer and a professional shall be determined pursuant to Articles 3 and 4.

3. Če pogoji iz točk (a) ali (b) odstavka 1 niso izpolnjeni, se pravo, ki se uporablja za pogodbo med potrošnikom in podjetnikom, določi na podlagi členov 3 in 4.

4. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to:

4. Odstavka 1 in 2 se ne uporabljata:

(a) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence;

(a) za pogodbe o opravljanju storitev, če se storitve za potrošnika opravijo izključno zunaj države, v kateri ima potrošnik običajno prebivališče;

(b) a contract of carriage other than a contract relating to package travel within the meaning of Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on package travel, package holidays and package tours [15];

(b) za prevozne pogodbe, razen za pogodbe o paketnih potovanjih v smislu Direktive Sveta 90/314/EGS z dne 13. junija 1990 o paketnem potovanju, organiziranih počitnicah in izletih [15];

(c) a contract relating to a right in rem in immovable property or a tenancy of immovable property other than a contract relating to the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis within the meaning of Directive 94/47/EC;

(c) za pogodbe, katerih predmet je stvarna pravica na nepremičnini ali najemna pravica na nepremičnini, razen za pogodbe, katerih predmet je pravica do uporabe nepremičnin na podlagi časovnega zakupa v smislu Direktive 94/47/ES;

(d) rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument and rights and obligations constituting the terms and conditions governing the issuance or offer to the public and public take-over bids of transferable securities, and the subscription and redemption of units in collective investment undertakings in so far as these activities do not constitute provision of a financial service;

(d) za pravice in obveznosti, ki tvorijo finančni instrument, ter pravice in obveznosti, ki tvorijo pogoje, ki urejajo izdajanje ali javne ponudbe in javne prevzemne ponudbe prenosljivih vrednostnih papirjev ter vpis in odkup enot v kolektivnih naložbenih podjemih, kolikor te dejavnosti ne predstavljajo finančnih storitev;

(e) a contract concluded within the type of system falling within the scope of Article 4(1)(h).

(e) za pogodbe, sklenjene v okviru sistema, ki sodi v področje uporabe člena 4(1)(h).

Article 7

Člen 7

Insurance contracts

Zavarovalne pogodbe

1. This Article shall apply to contracts referred to in paragraph 2, whether or not the risk covered is situated in a Member State, and to all other insurance contracts covering risks situated inside the territory of the Member States. It shall not apply to reinsurance contracts.

1. Ta člen se uporablja za pogodbe iz odstavka 2, ne glede na to, ali je krita nevarnost v državi članici ali zunaj nje, ter za vse druge zavarovalne pogodbe, ki krijejo nevarnosti na ozemlju držav članic. Ne uporablja se za pozavarovalne pogodbe.

2. An insurance contract covering a large risk as defined in Article 5(d) of the First Council Directive 73/239/EEC of 24 July 1973 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking-up and pursuit of the business of direct insurance other than life assurance [16] shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties in accordance with Article 3 of this Regulation.

2. Zavarovalno pogodbo, ki krije veliko nevarnost, kot je opredeljena v členu 5(d) Prve direktive Sveta 73/239/EGS z dne 24. julija 1973 o usklajevanju zakonov in drugih predpisov o začetku opravljanja in opravljanju dejavnosti neposrednega zavarovanja, razen življenjskega zavarovanja [16], ureja pravo, ki ga pogodbeni stranki izbereta v skladu s členom 3 te uredbe.

To the extent that the applicable law has not been chosen by the parties, the insurance contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the insurer has his habitual residence. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the contract is manifestly more closely connected with another country, the law of that other country shall apply.

Če pogodbeni stranki ne izbereta prava, ki naj se uporablja, se za zavarovalno pogodbo uporablja pravo države, kjer ima svoje običajno prebivališče zavarovalnica. Kjer je iz vseh okoliščin v zadevi jasno, da je pogodba očitno tesneje povezana z drugo državo, se uporablja pravo te druge države.

3. In the case of an insurance contract other than a contract falling within paragraph 2, only the following laws may be chosen by the parties in accordance with Article 3:

3. V primeru zavarovalne pogodbe, ki ne sodi med pogodbe iz odstavka 2, lahko pogodbeni stranki v skladu s členom 3 izbereta le naslednje pravo:

(a) the law of any Member State where the risk is situated at the time of conclusion of the contract;

(a) pravo vsake države članice, v kateri je v trenutku sklenitve pogodbe nevarnost;

(b) the law of the country where the policy holder has his habitual residence;

(b) pravo države, v kateri ima zavarovalec svoje običajno prebivališče;

(d) for insurance contracts covering risks limited to events occurring in one Member State other than the Member State where the risk is situated, the law of that Member State;

(d) za zavarovalne pogodbe, ki krijejo nevarnosti, omejene na dogodke, ki se pripetijo v državi članici, ki ni država članica, v kateri je nevarnost, pravo te države članice;

(e) where the policy holder of a contract falling under this paragraph pursues a commercial or industrial activity or a liberal profession and the insurance contract covers two or more risks which relate to those activities and are situated in different Member States, the law of any of the Member States concerned or the law of the country of habitual residence of the policy holder.

(e) če zavarovalec iz pogodbe, ki sodi na področje tega odstavka, opravlja poslovno ali industrijsko dejavnost ali svobodni poklic ter zavarovalna pogodba krije dve ali več nevarnosti, ki se nanašajo na te dejavnosti in se nahajajo v različnih državah članicah, pravo katere koli od teh držav članic ali pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče zavarovalec.

Where, in the cases set out in points (a), (b) or (e), the Member States referred to grant greater freedom of choice of the law applicable to the insurance contract, the parties may take advantage of that freedom.

Kadar v primerih iz točke (a), (b) ali (e) zadevne države članice ponujajo večjo svobodo izbire prava za zavarovalno pogodbo, lahko pogodbene stranke to svobodo izkoristijo.

To the extent that the law applicable has not been chosen by the parties in accordance with this paragraph, such a contract shall be governed by the law of the Member State in which the risk is situated at the time of conclusion of the contract.

Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava, ki naj se uporablja, v skladu s tem odstavkom, se za takšno pogodbo uporablja pravo države članice, v kateri je nevarnost v trenutku sklenitve pogodbe.

4. The following additional rules shall apply to insurance contracts covering risks for which a Member State imposes an obligation to take out insurance:

4. Naslednja dodatna pravila se uporabljajo za zavarovalne pogodbe, ki krije nevarnosti, za katere država članica nalaga obveznost sklenitve zavarovanja:

(a) the insurance contract shall not satisfy the obligation to take out insurance unless it complies with the specific provisions relating to that insurance laid down by the Member State that imposes the obligation. Where the law of the Member State in which the risk is situated and the law of the Member State imposing the obligation to take out insurance contradict each other, the latter shall prevail;

(a) zavarovalna pogodba ne izpolnjuje obveznosti sklenitve zavarovanja, če ne izpolnjuje posebnih določb, ki se nanašajo na to zavarovanje in jih določa država članica, ki nalaga to obveznost. Če si pravo države članice, v kateri je nevarnost, in pravo države članice, ki nalaga obveznost sklenitve zavarovanja, med seboj nasprotujeta, prevlada slednje;

(b) by way of derogation from paragraphs 2 and 3, a Member State may lay down that the insurance contract shall be governed by the law of the Member State that imposes the obligation to take out insurance.

(b) z odstopanjem od odstavkov 2 in 3 lahko država članica določi, da se za tako zavarovalno pogodbo uporablja pravo države članice, ki nalaga obveznost sklenitve zavarovanja.

5. For the purposes of paragraph 3, third subparagraph, and paragraph 4, where the contract covers risks situated in more than one Member State, the contract shall be considered as constituting several contracts each relating to only one Member State.

5. Če pogodba krije nevarnosti, ki se nahajajo v več kot eni državi članici, se za namene uporabe tretjega pododstavka odstavka 3 in odstavka 4 šteje, da pogodbo sestavlja več pogodb, od katerih se vsaka nanaša le na eno državo članico.

6. For the purposes of this Article, the country in which the risk is situated shall be determined in accordance with Article 2(d) of the Second Council Directive 88/357/EEC of 22 June 1988 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to direct insurance other than life assurance and laying down provisions to facilitate the effective exercise of freedom to provide services [17] and, in the case of life assurance, the country in which the risk is situated shall be the country of the commitment within the meaning of Article 1(1)(g) of Directive 2002/83/EC.

6. Za namene tega člena se država, v kateri je nevarnost, določi v skladu s členom 2(d) Druge direktive Sveta 88/357/EGS z dne 22. junija 1988 o usklajevanju zakonov in drugih predpisov o neposrednem zavarovanju razen življenjskega zavarovanja, ki opredeljuje določbe za učinkovito uresničevanje svobode opravljanja storitev [17], v primerih življenjskega zavarovanja pa je država, v kateri je nevarnost, država članica obveznosti v smislu člena 1(1)(g) Direktive 2002/83/ES.

Article 8

Člen 8

Individual employment contracts

Individualne pogodbe o zaposlitvi

1. An individual employment contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties in accordance with Article 3. Such a choice of law may not, however, have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by provisions that cannot be derogated from by agreement under the law that, in the absence of choice, would have been applicable pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of this Article.

1. Za individualne pogodbe o zaposlitvi se uporablja pravo, ki ga v skladu s členom 3 izbereta pogodbeni stranki. Vendar pa taka izbira prava delavca ne sme prikrajšati za zaščito, ki mu jo zagotavljajo določbe, od katerih ni dovoljeno odstopati z dogovorom, po pravu, ki bi se uporabljalo v skladu z odstavki 2, 3 in 4 tega člena, če pogodbeni stranki ne bi bili izbrali drugega prava.

2. To the extent that the law applicable to the individual employment contract has not been chosen by the parties, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country in which or, failing that, from which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract. The country where the work is habitually carried out shall not be deemed to have changed if he is temporarily employed in another country.

2. Če pogodbeni stranki nista izbrali prava, ki naj se uporablja za individualno pogodbo o zaposlitvi, se za pogodbo uporablja pravo države, v kateri oziroma iz katere delavec v izpolnjevanju pogodbe običajno opravlja svoje delo. Če delavec začasno opravlja delo v drugi državi, se ne šteje, da se je država, v kateri običajno opravlja delo, spremenila.

3. Where the law applicable cannot be determined pursuant to paragraph 2, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country where the place of business through which the employee was engaged is situated.

3. Če prava, ki naj se uporablja, ni mogoče določiti v skladu z odstavkom 2, se za pogodbo uporablja pravo države, v kateri se nahaja poslovna enota, ki je delavca zaposlila.

4. Where it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 2 or 3, the law of that other country shall apply.

4. Kadar iz vseh okoliščin izhaja, da je pogodba v tesnejši zvezi z drugo državo kot z državo iz odstavka 2 ali 3, se uporablja pravo te druge države.

Article 9

Člen 9

Overriding mandatory provisions

Prevladujoče obvezne določbe

1. Overriding mandatory provisions are provisions the respect for which is regarded as crucial by a country for safeguarding its public interests, such as its political, social or economic organisation, to such an extent that they are applicable to any situation falling within their scope, irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the contract under this Regulation.

1. Prevladujoče obvezne določbe so določbe, katerih upoštevanje je po mnenju države bistvenega pomena za zaščito njenih javnih interesov, kot je na primer njena politična, socialna ali gospodarska ureditev, in sicer do take mere, da se te določbe uporabljajo za vse primere, ki sodijo na njihovo področje uporabe, ne glede na to, katero pravo se sicer uporablja za pogodbo na podlagi te uredbe.

2. Nothing in this Regulation shall restrict the application of the overriding mandatory provisions of the law of the forum.

2. Nobena določba te uredbe ne omejuje uporabe prevladujočih obveznih določb prava države sodišča, pred katerim poteka postopek.

3. Effect may be given to the overriding mandatory provisions of the law of the country where the obligations arising out of the contract have to be or have been performed, in so far as those overriding mandatory provisions render the performance of the contract unlawful. In considering whether to give effect to those provisions, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application.

3. Prevladujočim obveznim določbam prava države, v kateri morajo biti ali so bile izpolnjene obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz pogodbe, se lahko prizna učinek, kolikor te prevladujoče obvezne določbe izpolnitev pogodbe opredeljujejo kot nezakonito. Pri odločitvi o učinkovanju teh določb se upošteva njihova narava in namen ter posledice njihove uporabe oziroma neuporabe.

Article 10

Člen 10

Consent and material validity

Soglasje volj in materialna veljavnost

1. The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under this Regulation if the contract or term were valid.

1. Obstoj in veljavnost pogodbe ali obstoj in veljavnost pogodbenih določil se presoja po pravu, ki bi se uporabljalo po tej uredbi, če bi bila pogodba ali pogodbena določila veljavna.

2. Nevertheless, a party, in order to establish that he did not consent, may rely upon the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in paragraph 1.

2. Vseeno se lahko pogodbena stranka, kadar zatrjuje, da ni soglašala, sklicuje na pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče, če je iz okoliščin mogoče sklepati, da učinka njenega ravnanja ni primerno presojati po pravu iz odstavka 1.

Article 11

Člen 11

Formal validity

Formalna veljavnost

1. A contract concluded between persons who, or whose agents, are in the same country at the time of its conclusion is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it in substance under this Regulation or of the law of the country where it is concluded.

1. Pogodba, sklenjena med osebami, ki so ali katerih zastopniki so ob sklenitvi pogodbe v isti državi, je formalno veljavna, če zadosti obličnostnim zahtevam po pravu, ki se v skladu s to uredbo uporablja za samo vsebino pogodbe, ali obličnostnim zahtevam po pravu države, v kateri je pogodba sklenjena.

2. A contract concluded between persons who, or whose agents, are in different countries at the time of its conclusion is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it in substance under this Regulation, or of the law of either of the countries where either of the parties or their agent is present at the time of conclusion, or of the law of the country where either of the parties had his habitual residence at that time.

2. Pogodba, sklenjena med osebami, ki so ali katerih zastopniki so ob sklenitvi pogodbe v različnih državah, je formalno veljavna, če zadosti obličnostnim zahtevam po pravu, ki se v skladu s to uredbo uporablja za vsebino pogodbe, ali obličnostnim zahtevam po pravu ene od držav, v kateri se ob sklenitvi pogodbe nahaja ena od pogodbenih strank ali eden od zastopnikov, ali po pravu države, v kateri je imela ena od pogodbenih strank v trenutku sklenitve pogodbe običajno prebivališče.

3. A unilateral act intended to have legal effect relating to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs or would govern the contract in substance under this Regulation, or of the law of the country where the act was done, or of the law of the country where the person by whom it was done had his habitual residence at that time.

3. Enostranski pravni posel v zvezi z obstoječo ali nameravano pogodbo je formalno veljaven, če zadosti obličnostnim zahtevam po pravu države, ki se v skladu s to uredbo uporablja za samo vsebino pogodbe ali bi se zanjo uporabljalo, ali po pravu države, v kateri je bil ta posel opravljen, ali po pravu države, v kateri je imela oseba, ki je ta posel opravila, v tistem trenutku običajno prebivališče.

4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article shall not apply to contracts that fall within the scope of Article 6. The form of such contracts shall be governed by the law of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence.

4. Odstavki 1, 2 in 3 tega člena se ne uporabljajo za pogodbe, ki sodijo na področje uporabe člena 6. Obliko takih pogodb ureja pravo države, v kateri ima običajno prebivališče potrošnik.

5. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4, a contract the subject matter of which is a right in rem in immovable property or a tenancy of immovable property shall be subject to the requirements of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law:

5. Ne glede na odstavke 1 do 4 se za pogodbo, katere predmet je stvarna pravica na nepremičnini ali najemna pravica na nepremičnini, uporabljajo obličnostne zahteve po pravu države, v kateri je nepremičnina, če so po tem pravu:

(a) those requirements are imposed irrespective of the country where the contract is concluded and irrespective of the law governing the contract; and

(a) te obličnostne zahteve obvezne ne glede na to, v kateri državi je bila pogodba sklenjena, in ne glede na to, katero pravo se uporablja za pogodbo, in

(b) those requirements cannot be derogated from by agreement.

(b) od teh zahtev ni dovoljeno odstopanje z dogovorom.

Article 12

Člen 12

Scope of the law applicable

Obseg uporabe prava, ki se uporablja

1. The law applicable to a contract by virtue of this Regulation shall govern in particular:

1. Pravo, ki se uporablja za pogodbo v skladu s to uredbo, ureja predvsem:

(a) interpretation;

(a) razlago;

(b) performance;

(b) izpolnitev;

(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consequences of a total or partial breach of obligations, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;

(c) v mejah pristojnosti, ki jih ima sodišče v skladu s procesnim pravom, posledice delne in popolne neizpolnitve obveznosti, vključno z oceno škode, kolikor tako oceno urejajo predpisi;

(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions;

(d) različne načine prenehanja obveznosti, prekluzijo in zastaranje terjatev;

(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract.

(e) posledice neveljavnosti pogodbe.

2. In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance, regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place.

2. V zvezi z načinom izpolnitve in dejanji, ki jih je treba opraviti v primeru nepopolne izpolnitve, se upošteva pravo države, kjer se pogodba izpolni.

Article 13

Člen 13

Incapacity

Poslovna in pravna nesposobnost

In a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would have capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from the law of another country, only if the other party to the contract was aware of that incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contract or was not aware thereof as a result of negligence.

V primeru pogodbe, sklenjene med osebama, ki se nahajata v isti državi, se lahko fizična oseba, ki bi bila pravno in poslovno sposobna po pravu te države, sklicuje na svojo pravno in poslovno nesposobnost na podlagi prava druge države samo, če je druga pogodbena stranka v trenutku sklenitve pogodbe vedela za njeno nesposobnost oziroma tega ni vedela zaradi malomarnosti.

Article 14

Člen 14

Voluntary assignment and contractual subrogation

Odstop terjatev in pogodbena subrogacija

1. The relationship between assignor and assignee under a voluntary assignment or contractual subrogation of a claim against another person (the debtor) shall be governed by the law that applies to the contract between the assignor and assignee under this Regulation.

1. Za razmerje med odstopnikom in prevzemnikom pri odstopu terjatve ali pogodbeni subrogaciji nasproti drugi osebi ("dolžnik") se uporablja pravo, ki se v skladu s to uredbo uporablja za pogodbo med odstopnikom in prevzemnikom.

2. The law governing the assigned or subrogated claim shall determine its assignability, the relationship between the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment or subrogation can be invoked against the debtor and whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged.

2. Pravo, ki se uporablja za terjatev, ki je predmet odstopa oziroma subrogacije, določa, ali je terjatev prenosljiva, določa razmerja med prevzemnikom in dolžnikom, pogoje, pod katerimi se lahko odstop ali subrogacija uveljavlja nasproti dolžniku, ter vprašanje, ali je dolžnik izpolnil svoje obveznosti.

3. The concept of assignment in this Article includes outright transfers of claims, transfers of claims by way of security and pledges or other security rights over claims.

3. Koncept odstopa v tem členu vključuje popoln odstop terjatve, odstop terjatve v zavarovanje, pa tudi odstop zastavne pravice ali drugih pravic, ki obstojijo na terjatvah zaradi zavarovanja.

Article 15

Člen 15

Legal subrogation

Subrogacija po zakonu

Where a person (the creditor) has a contractual claim against another (the debtor) and a third person has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether and to what extent the third person is entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law governing their relationship.

Kadar ima oseba ("upnik") nasproti drugi osebi ("dolžnik") pogodbeno terjatev, tretja oseba pa ima obveznost poravnati to terjatev upniku ali je to terjatev na podlagi svoje obveznosti že poravnala upniku, se upravičenost tretje osebe, da uveljavlja pravice, ki jih je imel upnik nasproti dolžniku po pravu, ki se je uporabljalo za njuno razmerje, in obseg te upravičenosti presojata po pravu, ki se uporablja za obveznost te tretje osebe, da poravna terjatev.

Article 16

Člen 16

Multiple liability

Več dolžnikov

If a creditor has a claim against several debtors who are liable for the same claim, and one of the debtors has already satisfied the claim in whole or in part, the law governing the debtor's obligation towards the creditor also governs the debtor's right to claim recourse from the other debtors. The other debtors may rely on the defences they had against the creditor to the extent allowed by the law governing their obligations towards the creditor.

Če ima upnik terjatev do več dolžnikov, ki odgovarjajo za isto terjatev, in je eden od dolžnikov terjatev že deloma ali v celoti poravnal, se pravo, ki se uporablja za obveznost dolžnika do upnika, uporablja tudi za pravico dolžnika zahtevati povračilo od ostalih sodolžnikov. Ostali sodolžniki lahko proti temu dolžniku uveljavljajo ugovore, ki so jih imeli nasproti upniku po pravu, ki se uporablja za njihove obveznosti do upnika.

Article 17

Člen 17

Set-off

Pobot

Where the right to set-off is not agreed by the parties, set-off shall be governed by the law applicable to the claim against which the right to set-off is asserted.

Kadar se pogodbeni stranki nista dogovorili o pravici do pobota, se za pobot uporablja pravo, ki se uporablja za terjatev, proti kateri se uveljavlja pravica pobota.

Article 18

Člen 18

Burden of proof

Dokazno breme

1. The law governing a contractual obligation under this Regulation shall apply to the extent that, in matters of contractual obligations, it contains rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof.

1. Pravo, ki ureja pogodbeno obligacijsko razmerje po tej uredbi, se uporablja kolikor glede pogodbenih obligacijskih razmerij postavlja zakonske domneve ali določa dokazno breme.

2. A contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 11 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum.

2. Pravni posel se lahko dokazuje z vsakim dokaznim sredstvom, ki ga dopušča pravo države sodišča, pred katerim poteka postopek, ali katero koli pravo iz člena 11, po katerem je pravni posel formalno veljaven, pod pogojem, da je tako dokazno sredstvo pred sodiščem, pred katerim poteka postopek, možno izvesti.

CHAPTER III

POGLAVJE III

OTHER PROVISIONS

DRUGE DOLOČBE

Article 19

Člen 19

Habitual residence

Običajno prebivališče

1. For the purposes of this Regulation, the habitual residence of companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated, shall be the place of central administration.

1. Za namene te uredbe je običajno prebivališče družb in drugih subjektov, s pravno osebnostjo ali brez nje, kraj njihove glavne uprave.

The habitual residence of a natural person acting in the course of his business activity shall be his principal place of business.

Običajno prebivališče fizične osebe, ki opravlja svojo poslovno dejavnost, je glavni kraj njenega poslovanja.

2. Where the contract is concluded in the course of the operations of a branch, agency or any other establishment, or if, under the contract, performance is the responsibility of such a branch, agency or establishment, the place where the branch, agency or any other establishment is located shall be treated as the place of habitual residence.

2. Kadar je pogodba sklenjena v okviru poslovanja agencije, podružnice ali druge poslovne enote ali če mora po pogodbi obveznosti izpolniti taka agencija, podružnica ali druga poslovna enota, se za običajno prebivališče šteje kraj, v katerem se nahaja ta agencija, podružnica ali druga poslovna enota.

3. For the purposes of determining the habitual residence, the relevant point in time shall be the time of the conclusion of the contract.

3. Za namene ugotavljanja običajnega prebivališča je odločilen trenutek sklenitve pogodbe.

Article 20

Člen 20

Exclusion of renvoi

Izključitev zavračanja

The application of the law of any country specified by this Regulation means the application of the rules of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law, unless provided otherwise in this Regulation.

Uporaba prava katere koli države po tej uredbi pomeni uporabo v tej državi veljavnih pravil, brez pravil mednarodnega zasebnega prava te države, razen če je s to uredbo drugače določeno.

Article 21

Člen 21

Public policy of the forum

Javni red države sodišča, pred katerim poteka postopek

The application of a provision of the law of any country specified by this Regulation may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy (ordre public) of the forum.

Uporaba posamezne določbe prava katere koli države po tej uredbi se lahko zavrne le, če je takšna uporaba očitno nezdružljiva z javnim redom države sodišča, pred katerim poteka postopek.

Article 22

Člen 22

States with more than one legal system

Države z več kot enim pravnim sistemom

1. Where a State comprises several territorial units, each of which has its own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying the law applicable under this Regulation.

1. Če država obsega več ozemeljskih enot, od katerih ima vsaka svoja lastna pravna pravila za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja, se pri določanju, katero pravo se uporablja po tej uredbi, vsaka od teh enot obravnavana kot država.

2. A Member State where different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations shall not be required to apply this Regulation to conflicts solely between the laws of such units.

2. Država članica, v kateri imajo različne ozemeljske enote svoja lastna pravna pravila za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja, te uredbe ni dolžna uporabljati za kolizije med pravnimi redi teh enot.

Article 23

Člen 23

Relationship with other provisions of Community law

Razmerje do drugih določb prava Skupnosti

With the exception of Article 7, this Regulation shall not prejudice the application of provisions of Community law which, in relation to particular matters, lay down conflict-of-law rules relating to contractual obligations.

Z izjemo člena 7 ta uredba ne posega v uporabo določb prava Skupnosti, ki v zvezi s posameznimi zadevami določajo kolizijska pravila za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja.

Article 24

Člen 24

Relationship with the Rome Convention

Razmerje do Rimske konvencije

1. This Regulation shall replace the Rome Convention in the Member States, except as regards the territories of the Member States which fall within the territorial scope of that Convention and to which this Regulation does not apply pursuant to Article 299 of the Treaty.

1. Ta uredba v državah članicah nadomesti Rimsko konvencijo, razen v zvezi z ozemlji držav članic, ki sodijo v ozemeljsko področje uporabe te konvencije in za katera se v skladu s členom 299 Pogodbe ta uredba ne uporablja.

2. In so far as this Regulation replaces the provisions of the Rome Convention, any reference to that Convention shall be understood as a reference to this Regulation.

2. V obsegu, v katerem ta uredba nadomesti določbe Rimske konvencije, se vsako sklicevanje na to konvencijo razume kot sklicevanje na to uredbo.

Article 25

Člen 25

Relationship with existing international conventions

Razmerje do obstoječih mednarodnih konvencij

1. This Regulation shall not prejudice the application of international conventions to which one or more Member States are parties at the time when this Regulation is adopted and which lay down conflict-of-law rules relating to contractual obligations.

1. Ta uredba ne posega v uporabo mednarodnih konvencij, katerih pogodbenice so v trenutku sprejetja te uredbe ena ali več držav članic in ki določajo kolizijska pravila za pogodbena obligacijska razmerja.

2. However, this Regulation shall, as between Member States, take precedence over conventions concluded exclusively between two or more of them in so far as such conventions concern matters governed by this Regulation.

2. Vendar pa ta uredba v razmerjih med državami članicami prevlada nad konvencijami, sklenjenimi izključno med dvema ali več državami članicami, kolikor se te konvencije nanašajo na zadeve, ki jih ureja ta uredba.

Article 26

Člen 26

List of Conventions

Seznam konvencij

1. By 17 June 2009, Member States shall notify the Commission of the conventions referred to in Article 25(1). After that date, Member States shall notify the Commission of all denunciations of such conventions.

1. Države članice do 17. junija 2009 uradno obvestijo Komisijo o konvencijah iz člena 25(1). Po tem datumu države članice Komisijo uradno obvestijo o vseh odpovedih teh konvencij.

2. Within six months of receipt of the notifications referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union:

2. Komisija v šestih mesecih po prejemu uradnih obvestil iz odstavka 1 v Uradnem listu Evropske unije objavi:

(a) a list of the conventions referred to in paragraph 1;

(a) seznam konvencij iz odstavka 1;

(b) the denunciations referred to in paragraph 1.

(b) odpovedi iz odstavka 1.

Article 27

Člen 27

Review clause

Klavzula o pregledu

1. By 17 June 2013, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee a report on the application of this Regulation. If appropriate, the report shall be accompanied by proposals to amend this Regulation. The report shall include:

1. Komisija do 17. junija 2013 predloži Evropskemu parlamentu, Svetu in Evropskemu ekonomsko-socialnemu odboru poročilo o uporabi te uredbe. Če je to primerno, poročilu priloži predloge za spremembo te uredbe. Poročilo vključuje:

(a) a study on the law applicable to insurance contracts and an assessment of the impact of the provisions to be introduced, if any; and

(a) študijo o pravu, ki se uporablja za zavarovalne pogodbe, in presojo vplivov morebitnih določb, ki naj se uvedejo; in

(b) an evaluation on the application of Article 6, in particular as regards the coherence of Community law in the field of consumer protection.

(b) oceno uporabe člena 6, zlasti glede skladnosti prava Skupnosti na področju varstva potrošnikov.

2. By 17 June 2010, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee a report on the question of the effectiveness of an assignment or subrogation of a claim against third parties and the priority of the assigned or subrogated claim over a right of another person. The report shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by a proposal to amend this Regulation and an assessment of the impact of the provisions to be introduced.

2. Komisija do 17. junija 2010 predloži Evropskemu parlamentu, Svetu in Evropskemu ekonomsko-socialnemu odboru poročilo o vprašanju učinkov odstopa terjatve nasproti tretjim osebam in o vprašanju prednosti odstopljene terjatve pred pravico druge osebe. Če je to primerno, poročilu priloži predlog za spremembo te uredbe in presojo vplivov določb, ki naj se uvedejo.

Article 28

Člen 28

Application in time

Časovna uporaba

This Regulation shall apply to contracts concluded after 17 December 2009.

Ta uredba se uporablja za pogodbe, sklenjene po 17. decembru 2009.

CHAPTER IV

POGLAVJE IV

FINAL PROVISIONS

KONČNE DOLOČBE

Article 29

Člen 29

Entry into force and application

Začetek veljavnosti in uporaba

This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Ta uredba začne veljati dvajseti dan po objavi v Uradnem listu Evropske unije.

It shall apply from 17 December 2009 except for Article 26 which shall apply from 17 June 2009.

Uporablja se od 17. decembra 2009, z izjemo člena 26, ki se uporablja od 17. junija 2009.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community.

Ta uredba je v celoti zavezujoča in se neposredno uporablja v državah članicah v skladu s Pogodbo o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti.

Done at Strasbourg, 17 June 2008.

V Strasbourgu, 17. junija 2008

For the European Parliament

Za Evropski parlament

The President

Predsednik

H.-G. Pöttering

For the Council

Za Svet

The President

Predsednik

J. Lenarčič

[1] OJ C 318, 23.12.2006, p. 56.

[1] UL C 318, 23.12.2006, str. 56.

[2] Opinion of the European Parliament of 29 November 2007 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and Council Decision of 5 June 2008.

[2] Mnenje Evropskega parlamenta z dne 29. novembra 2007 (še ni objavljeno v Uradnem listu) in Sklep Sveta z dne 5. junija 2008.

[3] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 1.

[3] UL C 12, 15.1.2001, str. 1.

[4] OJ C 53, 3.3.2005, p. 1.

[4] UL C 53, 3.3.2005, str. 1.

[5] OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1791/2006 (OJ L 363, 20.12.2006, p. 1).

[5] UL L 12, 16.1.2001, str. 1. Uredba, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Uredbo (ES) št. 1791/2006 (UL L 363, 20.12.2006, str. 1).

[6] OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 40.

[6] UL L 199, 31.7.2007, str. 40.

[7] OJ C 334, 30.12.2005, p. 1.

[7] UL C 334, 30.12.2005, str. 1.

[8] OJ L 145, 30.4.2004, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 2008/10/EC (OJ L 76, 19.3.2008, p. 33).

[8] UL L 145, 30.4.2004, str. 1. Direktiva, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Direktivo 2008/10/ES (UL L 76, 19.3.2008, str. 33).

[9] OJ L 375, 31.12.1985, p. 3. Directive as last amended by Directive 2008/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 76, 19.3.2008, p. 42).

[9] UL L 375, 31.12.1985, str. 3. Direktiva, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Direktivo 2008/18/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta (UL L 76, 19.3.2008, str. 42).

[10] OJ L 280, 29.10.1994, p. 83.

[10] UL L 280, 29.10.1994, str. 83.

[11] OJ L 166, 11.6.1998, p. 45.

[11] UL L 166, 11.6.1998, str. 45.

[12] OJ L 18, 21.1.1997, p. 1.

[12] UL L 18, 21.1.1997, str. 1.

[13] OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.

[13] UL L 178, 17.7.2000, str. 1.

[14] OJ L 345, 19.12.2002, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 2008/19/EC (OJ L 76, 19.3.2008, p. 44).

[14] UL L 345, 19.12.2002, str. 1. Direktiva, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Direktivo 2008/19/ES (UL L 76, 19.3.2008, str. 44).

[15] OJ L 158, 23.6.1990, p. 59.

[15] UL L 158, 23.6.1990, str. 59.

[16] OJ L 228, 16.8.1973, p. 3. Directive as last amended by Directive 2005/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 323, 9.12.2005, p. 1).

[16] UL L 228, 16.8.1973, str. 3. Direktiva, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Direktivo 2005/68/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta (UL L 323, 9.12.2005, str. 1).

[17] OJ L 172, 4.7.1988, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 2005/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 149, 11.6.2005, p. 14).

[17] UL L 172, 4.7.1988, str. 1. Direktiva, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Direktivo 2005/14/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta (UL L 149, 11.6.2005, str. 14).

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