[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |

[pic] | IL-KUMMISSJONI TAL-KOMUNITAJIET EWROPEJ |

Brussels, 10.1.2007

Brussel 10.1.2007

COM(2007) 1 final

KUMM(2007) 1 finali

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

KOMUNIKAZZJONI MILL-KUMMISSJONI LILL-KUNSILL EWROPEW U LILL-PARLAMENT EWROPEW

AN ENERGY POLICY FOR EUROPE

POLITIKA DWAR L-ENERĠIJA GĦALL-EWROPA

{SEC(2007) 12}

{SEG (2007) 12}

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WERREJ

1. The Challenges 3

1. L-Isfidi 3

1.1. Sustainability 3

1.1. Is-sostenibbiltà. 3

1.2. Security of supply 3

1.2. Is-sigurtà tal-provvista 3

1.3. Competitiveness 4

1.3. Il-kompetittività 4

2. A Strategic Objective to guide Europe's Energy Policy 5

2. Għan Strateġiku li jiggwida l-Politika Ewropea ta' l-Enerġija 5

3. The Action Plan 5

3. Il-Pjan ta' Azzjoni 6

3.1. The Internal Energy Market 6

3.1. Is-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija 6

3.2. Solidarity between Member States and security of supply for oil, gas and electricity 10

3.2. Is-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri u s-sigurtà tal-provvista għaż-żejt, il-gass u l-elettriku 11

3.3. A long-term commitment to greenhouse gases reduction and the EU Emissions Trading System 11

3.3. Impenn fit-tul lejn it-tnaqqis tal-gassijiet b'effet ta' serra u s-sistema ta' l-UE ta' l-Iskambju ta' l-Emissjonijiet 12

3.4. Anambitious programme of energy efficiency measures at Community, national, local and international level 11

3.4. Programm ambizzjuż ta' miżuri għall-effiċjenza enerġetika fuq il-livell Komunitarju, nazzjonali, lokali u dak internazzjonali 12

3.5. A longer term target for renewable energy 13

3.5. Mira aktar fit-tul għall-enerġija li tiġġedded 13

3.6. A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan 15

3.6. Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew għat-Teknoloġija ta' l-Enerġija 15

3.7. Towards a low CO2 fossil fuel future 16

3.7. Lejn ġejjieni ta' fjuwils fossili b'emissjonijiet baxxi ta' CO2 16

3.8. The future of nuclear 17

3.8. Il-futur ta' l-enerġija nukleari 17

3.9. An International Energy Policy that actively pursues Europe's interests 18

3.9. Politika ta' l-Enerġija Internazzjonali li attivament tħares l-interessi Ewropej 18

3.10 Effective monitoring and reporting 20

3.10. Monitoraġġ u rappurtar effettiv 21

4. Taking work forward 21

4. Tmexxija tax-xogħol 'il quddiem 21

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

KOMUNIKAZZJONI MILL-KUMMISSJONI LILL-KUNSILL EWROPEW U LILL-PARLAMENT EWROPEW

AN ENERGY POLICY FOR EUROPE

POLITIKA DWAR L-ENERĠIJA GĦALL-EWROPA

"To these ends, the ministers have agreed on the following objectives:… putting more abundant energy at a cheaper price at the disposal of the European economies…".

" Għal dawn il-finijiet, il-ministri qablu dwar l-għanijiet li ġejjin: …li jagħmlu mezz sabiex enerġija aktar abbundanti bi prezzijiet orħos tkun disponibbli għall-ekonomiji Ewropej…"

The Messina declaration, 1955

Id-dikjarazzjoni ta' Messina, 1955

1. THE CHALLENGES

L-Isfidi

Energy is essential for Europe to function. But the days of cheap energy for Europe seem to be over. The challenges of climate change, increasing import dependence and higher energy prices are faced by all EU members. Moreover the interdependence of EU Member States in energy, as in many other areas, is increasing – a power failure in one country has immediate effects in others.

L-enerġija hija essenzjali sabiex l-Ewropa taħdem. Iżda jidher li għadda ż-żmien ta' enerġija rħisa għall-Ewropa. Il-membri kollha ta' l-UE qed iħabbtu wiċċhom ma' l-isfidi tat-tibdil fil-klima, dipendenza dejjem akbar fuq l-importazzjoni u prezzijiet ogħla ta' l-enerġija. Barra minn hekk, l-interdipendenza ta' l-Istati Membri ta' l-UE fl-enerġija, kif ukoll f'ħafna oqsma oħra, qed tikber – qtugħ tal-provvista f'pajjiż wieħed għandu effetti immedjati fuq l-oħrajn.

Europe needs to act now, together, to deliver sustainable, secure and competitive energy. In doing so the EU would return to its roots. In 1952 with the Coal and Steel Treaty and 1957 with the Euratom Treaty, the founding Member States saw the need for a common approach to energy. Energy markets and geopolitical considerations have changed significantly since then. But the need for EU action is stronger than ever. Without this, the EU’s objectives in other areas, including the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs and the Millennium Development Goals, will also be more difficult to achieve. A new European Energy Policy needs to be ambitious, competitive and long-term – and to the benefit of all Europeans.

L-Ewropa jeħtieġ li taġixxi issa, flimkien, sabiex twassal enerġija sostenibbli, sikura u kompetittiva. Meta tagħmel dan, il-Komunità tkun qed terġa' lura għal għeruqha. Fl-1952 bit-Trattat tal-Faħam u l-Azzar u l-1957 bit-Trattat tal-Euratom, l-Istati Membri fundaturi raw il-ħtieġa għal approċċ komuni lejn l-enerġija. Is-swieq ta' l-enerġija u l-konsiderazzjonijiet ġeopolitiċi nbidlu b'mod sinifikanti minn dak iż-żmien. Iżda l-ħtieġa għal azzjoni mill-UE hija aktar b'saħħitha issa minn qatt qabel. Mingħajr dan, l-għanijiet ta' l-UE f'oqsma oħra, fosthom l-Istrateġija ta' Liżbona għat-tkabbir u l-impjiegi u l-Għanijiet għall-Iżvilupp tal-Millennju wkoll jintlaħqu b'aktar diffikultà. Politika ġdida Ewropea dwar l-Enerġija jeħtieġ li tkun ambizzjuża, kompetittiva u maħsuba għat-tul – u għandhom jibbenefikaw minnha l-Ewropej kollha.

1.1. Sustainability

Is-sostenibbiltà

Energy accounts for 80% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the EU[1]; it is at the root of climate change and most air pollution. The EU is committed to addressing this - by reducing EU and worldwide greenhouse gas emissions at a global level to a level that would limit the global temperature increase to 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. However, current energy and transport policies would mean EU CO2 emissions would increase by around 5% by 2030 and global emissions would rise by 55%. The present energy policies within the EU are not sustainable.

L-Enerġija hija responsabbli għal 80% ta' gassijiet serra fl-UE[1]; hija l-għerq tat-tibdil fil-klima u l-biċċa l-kbira tat-tniġġis ta' l-arja. L-UE hija impenjata li tindirizza dan il-punt – billi tnaqqas l-emissjonijiet tal-gassijiet b'effett ta' serra ta' l-UE u dawk madwar id-dinja għal livell globali li ma jaqbiżx b'aktar minn 2°C il-livelli pre-industrijali. Madankollu, il-politiki attwali ta' l-enerġija u t-trasport ikunu jsarrfu f'żieda ta' 5% ta' emissjonijiet ta' CO2 mill-UE sa l-2030 u l-emissjonijiet globali jiżdiedu b'55%. Il-politiki attwali ta' l-UE dwar l-enerġija mhumiex sostenibbli.

1.2. Security of supply

Is-sigurtà tal-provvista

Europe is becoming increasingly dependent on imported hydrocarbons. With "business as usual" the EU's energy import dependence will jump from 50% of total EU energy consumption today to 65% in 2030. Reliance on imports of gas is expected to increase from 57% to 84% by 2030, of oil from 82% to 93%.

L-Ewropa qed issir dejjem aktar dipendenti fuq l-idrokarboni impurtati. Jekk nibqgħu sejrin kif aħna, id-dipendenza ta' l-UE fuq l-importazzjoni ta' l-enerġija taqbeż minn 50% tal-konsum totali ta' l-enerġija fl-UE għal 65% fl-2030. Id-dipendenza fuq l-importazzjoni tal-gass mistennija tiżdied minn 57% għal 84% sa l-2030, u fuq iż-żejt minn 82% għal 93%.

This carries political and economic risks. The pressure on global energy resources is intense. The International Energy Agency (IEA) expects global demand for oil to grow by 41% by 2030. How supply will keep up with this demand is unknown: the IEA in its 2006 World Energy Outlook stated that "the ability and willingness of major oil and gas producers to step up investment in order to meet rising global demand are particularly uncertain"[2]. The risk of supply failure is growing.

Dan jimplika riskji politiċi u ekonomiċi. Il-pressjoni fuq ir-riżorsi globali ta' l-enerġija hija kbira ħafna. L-Aġenzija Internazzjonali għall-Enerġija (IEA) tipprevedi li d-domanda globali għaż-żejt għandha tikber b'41% sa l-2030. Mhux magħruf kif il-provvista se tlaħħaq mad-domanda: l-IEA fil- World Energy Outlook għall-2006 stqarret li "il-kapaċità u r-rieda ta' produtturi ewlenin taż-żejt u l-gass sabiex iżidu l-investiment u b'hekk jissodisfaw id-domanda globali dejjem tikber huma partikolarment dubjużi"[2]. Ir-riskju ta' falliment tal-provvista qed jikber.

In addition, the mechanisms to ensure solidarity between Member States in the event of an energy crisis are not yet in place and several Member States are largely or completely dependent on one single gas supplier.

Barra minn hekk, il-mekkaniżmi sabiex tiġi żgurata s-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri fil-każ ta' kriżi ta' l-enerġija għadhom ma jeżistux u diversi Stati Membri huma kważi totalment jew saħansitra kompletament dipendenti fuq fornitur wieħed tal-gass.

At the same time, EU electricity demand is, on a business as usual scenario, rising by some 1.5% per year. Even with an effective energy efficiency policy, investment in generation alone over the next 25 years will be necessary in the order of € 900 billion. Predictability and effective internal gas and electricity markets are essential to enable the necessary long term investments to take place and for user prices to be competitive. These are not yet in place.

Fl-istess ħin, id-domanda għall-elettriku fl-UE, fix-xenarju fejn jibqa' kollox għaddej kif inhu, qed tiżdied b'madwar 1.5% fis-sena. Anke b'politika effettiva ta' l-effiċjenza ta' l-enerġija, fil-25 sena li ġejjin, fil-ġenerazzjoni biss, se jkun meħtieġ investiment ta' madwar €900 biljun. Il-prevedibbiltà u swieq interni effettivi fil-gass u l-elettriku huma essenzjali sabiex ikunu jistgħu iseħħu l-investimenti fit-tul li huma meħtieġa kif ukoll sabiex il-prezzijiet għall-konsumaturi jkunu kompetittivi. Dawn għadhom ma jeżistux.

1.3. Competitiveness

Il-kompetittività

The EU is becoming increasingly exposed to the effects of price volatility and price rises on international energy markets and the consequences of the progressive concentration of hydrocarbons reserves in few hands. The potential effects are significant: if, for example, the oil price rose to 100 $/barrel in 2030, the EU-27 energy total import bill would increase by around € 170 billion, an annual increase of €350 for every EU citizen[3]. Very little of this wealth transfer would result in additional jobs in the EU.

L-UE qed issir dejjem aktar esposta għall-effetti tal-volatilità tal-prezzijiet u ż-żidiet fil-prezzijiet fis-swieq internazzjonali ta' l-enerġija u l-konsegwenzi tal-konċentrazzjoni progressiva tar-riżervi ta' l-idrokarboni f'idejn ftit proprjetarji. L-effetti potenzjali huma sinifikanti: li kieku, pereżempju, il-prezz taż-żejt kellu jiżdied għal 100$/barmil fl-2030, l-ispiża ta' l-enerġija importata għall-UE-27 tkun ta' madwar €170 biljun, żieda annwali ta' €350 għal kull ċittadin ta' l-UE.[3] Dan it-trasferiment ta' ġid ftit li xejn jirriżulta f'aktar impjiegi fl-UE.

Providing that the right policy and legislative frameworks are in place, the Internal Energy Market could stimulate fair and competitive energy prices and energy savings, as well as higher investment. However, all the conditions to achieve this do not yet exist. This prevents EU citizens and the EU economy from receiving the full benefits of energy liberalisation. A longer time horizon in the area of carbon constraints is required in order to promote the necessary investments in the electricity sector.

Ladarba l-oqfsa xierqa ta' politika u ta' leġiżlazzjoni jkunu fis-seħħ, is-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija jistimula prezzijiet ta' l-enerġija ġusti u kompetittivi kif ukoll iffrankar ta' l-enerġija, u wkoll investiment ogħla. Madankollu, għadhom ma jeżistux il-kundizzjonijiet kollha sabiex iseħħ dan. Minħabba f'hekk iċ-ċittadini u l-ekonomija ta' l-UE ma jistgħux igawdu l-benefiċċji kollha mil-liberalizzazzjoni ta' l-enerġija. Fil-qasam tar-restrizzjonijiet fuq il-karbonju huwa meħtieġ orizzont ta' żmien itwal sabiex jingħata biżżejjed żmien għall-promozzjoni ta' l-investimenti meħtieġa fis-settur ta' l-elettriku.

Boosting investment, in particular in energy efficiency and renewable energy should create jobs, promoting innovation and the knowledge-based economy in the EU. The European Union is already the global leader in renewable technologies, accounting for a turnover of € 20 billion and employing 300 000 people[4]. It has the potential to lead the rapidly growing global market for low carbon energy technologies. In wind energy, for example, EU companies have 60% of the world market share. Europe's determination to lead the global fight against climate change creates an opportunity for us to drive the global research agenda. All options should be kept to ensure the development of emerging technologies.

It-titjib ta' l-investiment, partikolarment fl-effiċjenza ta' l-enerġija u l-enerġija li tiġġedded għandu joħloq l-impjiegi, jippromwovi l-innovazzjoni u l-ekonomija msejsa fuq l-għarfien fl-UE. L-Unjoni Ewropea diġà hija mexxejja globali fit-teknoloġiji dwar l-enerġija li tiġġedded, u dawn jirrappreżentaw introjtu ta' €20 biljun u t-tħaddim ta' 300,000 persuna[4]. Għandha l-potenzjal li tmexxi s-suq globali, tat-teknoloġiji b'livelli baxxi ta' karbonju, li qed jikber b'rata mgħaġġla . Fil-qasam ta' l-enerġija mir-riħ, pereżempju, il-kumpaniji ta' l-UE għandhom 60% mill-ishma tas-suq dinji. Id-determinazzjoni ta' l-Ewropa li tmexxi l-ġlieda globali kontra t-tibdil fil-klima toħloqilna opportunità sabiex tiġi xprunata l-aġenda globali tar-riċerka. Għandhom jinżammu miftuħa l-bibien kollha sabiex niżguraw l-iżvilupp ta' teknoloġiji ġodda.

At the same time, the social dimension of Europe's energy policy needs to be taken into account throughout all stages of designing and implementing the individual measures. While this policy should overall contribute to the growth and jobs in Europe on the long term, it may have a significant impact on some internationally traded products and processes in particular in the area of energy-intensive industries.

Fl-istess ħin, id-dimensjoni soċjali tal-politika Ewropea ta' l-enerġija teħtieġ li titqies fl-istadji kollha tat-tfassil u l-implimentazzjoni tal-miżuri individwali. Filwaqt li din il-politika għandha fuq kollox tikkontribwixxi għat-tkabbir ekonomiku u l-impjiegi fl-Ewropa fil-medda t-twila, jista' jkollha impatt sinifikanti fuq ċerti prodotti u proċessi kummerċjati internazzjonalment, partikolarment fil-qasam ta' industriji b'konsum għoli ta' enerġija.

2. A STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE TO GUIDE EUROPE'S ENERGY POLICY

Għan Strateġiku li jiggwida l-Politika Ewropea ta' l-Enerġija

The point of departure for a European energy policy is threefold: combating climate change, limiting the EU's external vulnerability to imported hydrocarbons, and promoting growth and jobs, thereby providing secure and affordable energy to consumers.

Il-punt tat-tluq għal politika Ewropea ta' l-enerġija għandu tliet orjentazzjonijiet: il-ġlieda kontra t-tibdil fil-klima, il-limitazzjoni tal-vulnerabbiltà esterna ta' l-UE minħabba l-idrokarboni impurtati u l-promozzjoni ta' l-impjiegi u t-tkabbir ekonomiku, biex b'hekk tiġi pprovduta enerġija sikura u ekonomikament aċċessibbli għall-konsumaturi.

In the light of the many submissions received during the consultation period on its Green Paper[5], in this Strategic Energy Review the Commission proposes that the European Energy Policy be underpinned by:

Fid-dawl tal-ħafna sottomissjonijiet li daħlu matul il-perjodu ta' konsultazzjoni fuq il- Green Paper [5] tagħha, f'din l-Analiżi Strateġika dwar l-Enerġija, il-Kummissjoni tipproponi li l-Politika Ewropea ta' l-Enerġija tkun xprunata b'li ġej:

- an EU objective in international negotiations of 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by developed countries by 2020 compared to 1990. In addition, 2050 global GHG emissions must be reduced by up to 50% compared to 1990, implying reductions in industrialised countries of 60-80% by 2050;

- Għan ta' l-UE fin-negozjati internazzjonali ta' tnaqqis ta' 30% fl-emissjonijiet tal-gassijiet serra minn pajjiżi żviluppati sa l-2020 meta mqabbla mal-livelli ta' l-1990. Barra minn hekk, sa l-2050, l-emissjonijiet globali jridu jitnaqqsu sa 50% tal-livelli ta' l-1990, u dan jimplika tnaqqis fil-pajjiżi industrijalizzati ta' 60-80% sa l-2050;

- an EU commitment now to achieve, in any event, at least a 20% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020 compared to 1990.

- Impenn ta' l-UE biex jintlaħaq akkost ta' kollox ta' lanqas 20% tnaqqis tal-gassijiet serra sa l-2020 meta mqabbla ma' l-1990.

These form a central part of the Commission Communication " Limiting Climate Change to 2°C - Policy Options for the EU and the world for 2020 and beyond" [6].

Dawn huma parti ċentrali tal-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni " Nillimitaw it-Tibdil fil-Klima għal 2° - l-Għażliet ta' Politika għall-UE u d-Dinja għall-2020 u lil hinn"[6] .

Meeting the EU's commitment to act now on greenhouse gases should be at the centre of the new European Energy Policy for three reasons: (i) CO2 emissions from energy make up 80 % of EU GHG emissions, reducing emissions means using less energy and using more clean, locally produced energy, (ii) limiting the EU's growing exposure to increased volatility and prices for oil and gas, and (iii) potentially bringing about a more competitive EU energy market, stimulating innovation technology and jobs.

L-impenn ta' l-UE sabiex tittieħed azzjoni minnufih rigward il-gassijiet b'effett ta' serra għandu jkun il-qofol tal-Politika Ewropea ta' l-Enerġija għal tliet raġunijiet. (i) L-emissjonijiet tas-CO2 mill-enerġija jammontaw għal 80 % ta' l-emissjonijiet ta' GHG ta' l-UE. It-tnaqqis ta' l-emissjonijiet ifisser li nużaw anqas enerġija u li nużaw enerġija aktar nadifa u prodotta lokalment, (ii) il-limitazzjoni ta' l-esponiment dejjem jikber ta' l-UE għall-volatilità u prezzijiet ogħla taż-żejt u l-gass, u (iii) potenzjalment il-kisba ta' suq ta' l-enerġija ta' l-UE aktar kompetittiv, l-istimolazzjoni tat-teknoloġija innovattiva u l-impjiegi.

Taken together, this strategic objective and the concrete measures set out below to make it a reality represent the core of a new European Energy Policy .

Meqjusa flimkien, dan l-għan strateġiku flimkien mal-miżuri konkreti proposti hawn taħt sabiex isir realtà, jirrappreżentaw il-qalba ta' Politika Ewropea ġdida għall-Enerġija.

3. THE ACTION PLAN

Il-Pjan ta' Azzjoni

To achieve the strategic energy objective set out above means transforming Europe into a highly energy efficient and low CO2 energy economy, catalysing a new industrial revolution , accelerating the change to low carbon growth and, over a period of years, dramatically increasing the amount of local, low emission energy that we produce and use. The challenge is to do this in a way that maximises the potential competitiveness gains for Europe, and limits the potential costs.

Il-kisba ta' l-għan strateġiku ta' l-enerġija msemmi hawn fuq timplika t-trasformazzjoni ta' l-Ewropa f'ekonomija b'effiċjenza enerġetika għolja b'livelli baxxi ta' CO2, permezz ta' revoluzzjoni industrijali ġdida , l-aċċellerazzjoni tal-bidla lejn żidiet baxxi fil-livelli tal-karbonju, u fuq perjodu ta' snin, żieda drammatika fl-ammont ta' l-enerġija lokali b'emissjonijiet baxxi li nipproduċu u nużaw. L-isfida involuta hija li dan isir b'tali mod li l-potenzjal tal-kisbiet fil-kompetittività jiġu massimizzati għall-Ewropa u li l-ispejjeż potenzjali jiġu limitati.

Existing measures on areas such as renewable electricity, biofuels, energy efficiency and the Internal Energy Market have achieved important results but lack the coherence necessary to bring sustainability, security of supply and competitiveness. No one element of the policy provides all the answers – they must be taken together as a whole. Energy policy must be addressed by many different policy areas. For example, as mentioned above the social dimension of Europe's energy policy needs to be taken into account throughout all stages of designing and implementing the individual measures[7] and it will be necessary to develop the further use of oceans and seas to promote the EU's energy goals, given their potential to support the generation of energy and to diversify energy transport routes and methods[8]. The first step is for Member States to endorse a strategic vision and an Action Plan for the next three years: with the explicit aim of moving towards an international alliance of developed countries at least with a view of reducing global Greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 by 30% and making a significant contribution to reducing the EU's greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 by 20%. This will be backed up with careful monitoring and reporting of progress, as well as the effective exchange of best practice and continued transparency - through the regular presentation by the Commission of an updated Strategic Energy Review.

Il-miżuri eżistenti f'oqsma bħall-elettriku li jiġġedded, il-bijofjuwils, l-effiċjenza ta' l-enerġija u s-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija kisbu riżultati importanti, iżda tonqoshom il-koerenza meħtieġa li twassal għas-sostenibbiltà, is-sigurtà tal-provvista u l-kompetittività. L-ebda element wieħed tal-politika ma jipprovdi t-tweġibiet kollha, iridu jitqiesu kollha flimkien bħala unità waħda. Il-Politika ta' l-enerġija għandha tiġi indirizzata minn ħafna oqsma ta' politika. Pereżempju, kif issemma' hawn fuq, id-dimensjoni soċjali tal-politika Ewropea ta' l-enerġija jeħtieġ li titqies matul l-istadji kollha tad-disiinn u l-implimentazzjoni tal-miżuri individwali[7] u se jkun meħtieġ li jiġi żviluppat l-użu ulterjuri ta' l-oċeani u l-ibħra għall-promozzjoni ta' l-għanijiet ta' l-UE fil-qasam ta' l-enerġija, fid-dawl tal-potenzjal tagħhom li jgħinu l-ġenerazzjoni ta' l-enerġija u d-diversifikazzjoni tar-rotot u l-metodi tat-trasport ta' l-enerġija[8]. L-ewwel pass huwa li l-Istati Membri jappoġġaw viżjoni strateġika u Pjan ta' Azzjoni għat-tliet snin li ġejjin: bl-għan espliċitu li jimxu lejn alleanza internazzjonali ta' pajjiżi żviluppat għall-inqas bil-għan li sa l-2020 l-emissjonijiet globali tal-gassijiet b'effett ta' serra jitnaqqsu bi 30% u li jagħtu kontribut sinifikanti għat-tnaqqis ta' l-emissjonijiet ta' l-UE tal-gassijiet b'effett ta' serra jintaqqsu b'20% sa l-2020. Dan se jkun appoġġat minn monitoraġġ u rappurtar bil-għaqal tal-progress, kif ukoll l-iskambju effettiv ta' l-aqwa prassi u kontinwità fit-trasparenza – permezz tal-preżentazzjoni regolari mill-Kummissjoni ta' Analiżi Strateġika ta' l-Enerġija.

The measures outlined below will not only put the EU on the path to becoming a low carbon knowledge-based energy economy, but will at the same time improve its security of supply and make a progressively more significant contribution to competitiveness.

Il-miżuri msemmija hawn taħt mhux biss se jqiegħdu lill-UE fit-triq li ssir ekonomija ta' enerġija b'livell ta' karbonju baxx u msejsa fuq l-għarfien, iżda fl-istess ħin ittejjeb is-sigurtà tal-provvista u progressivament tagħti kontribut aktar sinifikanti għall-kompetittività.

3.1. The Internal Energy Market

Is-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija

A real Internal Energy Market is essential to meet all three of Europe's energy challenges:

Suq Intern reali fl-Enerġija huwa essenzjali sabiex jintlaħqu t-tliet sfidi li għandha l-Ewropa fir-rigward ta' l-enerġija:

- Competitiveness: a competitive market will cut costs for citizens and companies and stimulate energy efficiency and investment.

- Il-kompetittività: suq kompetittiv inaqqas l-ispejjeż għaċ-ċittadini u l-kumpaniji u jistimola l-effiċjenza fl-enerġija u l-investiment;

- Sustainability: A competitive market is vital to allow for the effective application of economic instruments, including the emissions trading mechanism to work properly. Furthermore, transmission system operators must have an interest in promoting connection by renewable, combined heat and power and micro generation, stimulating innovation and encouraging smaller companies and individuals to consider non-conventional supply.

- Is-sostennibiltà: suq kompetittiv huwa vitali sabiex ikunu jistgħu jiġu applikati effettivament l-istrumenti ekonomiċi, fosthom il-mekkaniżmu ta' l-iskambju tal-kwoti ta' l-emissjonijiet. Barra minn hekk, l-operaturi tas-sistemi ta' trażmissjoni jrid ikollhom interess fil-promozzjoni ta' konnessjonijiet ma' provvisti li jiġġeddu, kombinazzjonijiet ta' sħana u elettriku u l-mikroġenerazzjoni, kif ukoll l-istimular ta' l-innovazzjoni u l-inkoraġġiment għal kumpaniji żgħar u individwi sabiex jikkunsidraw provvisti mhux konvenzjonali.

- Security of supply: an effectively functioning and competitive Internal Energy Market can provide major advantages in terms of security of supply and high standards of public service. The effective separation of networks from the competitive parts of the electricity and gas business results in real incentives for companies to invest in new infrastructure, inter-connection capacity and new generation capacity, thereby avoiding black-outs and unnecessary price surges. A true single market promotes diversity.

- Is-sigurtà tal-provvista: Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija li jkun qed jaħdem sewwa u li jkun kompetittiv jista' jipprovdi vantaġġi kbar f'termini ta' sigurtà tal-provvista u standards għoljin tas-servizz pubbliku. Is-separazzjoni effettiva tan-netwerks mill-partijiet kompetittivi tas-suq fl-elettriku u l-gass tirriżulta f'inċentivi reali sabiex il-kumpaniji jinvestu f'infrastruttura ġdida, kapaċità għall-interkonnessjoni u kapaċità ta' ġenerazzjoni ġdida, biex b'hekk jiġi evitat il-qtugħ tad-dawl u żidiet mhux meħtieġa fil-prezzijiet. Suq uniku veru jippromwovi d-diversità.

The EC has already adopted a series of measures[9] to create an Internal Energy Market intended to deliver real choice for all EU consumers, be they citizens or business, new business opportunities and more cross-border trade.

Il-KE diġà adottat sensila ta' miżuri[9] sabiex toħloq Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija, maħsub sabiex iwassal għażla reali għall-konsumaturi ta' l-UE, ikunux ċittadini jew impriżi, kif ukoll opportunitajiet ta' negozju ġodda u volumi akbar ta' kummerċ transkonfinali.

The Internal Energy Market Communication[10] and the final Report on the Competition Sectoral Enquiry[11] demonstrate that the present rules and measures have not yet achieved these objectives. There are signs that this lack of progress is leading Member States to impose generalised caps on electricity and gas prices. Depending on the level at which such price caps are set and whether they are generalised in nature, they can prevent the Internal Energy Market from functioning and suppress price signals that new capacity is needed, leading to underinvestment and future supply crunches. They can, under such circumstances make it harder for new entrants, including those offering clean energy, to enter the market.

Il-Komunikazzjoni dwar is-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija[10] u r-Rapport finali dwar l-Inkjesta Settorjali tal-Kompetizzjoni[11] juru li r-regoli u l-miżuri attwali għadhom ma kisbux dawn l-għanijiet. Hemm sinjali li dan in-nuqqas ta' progress qed iwassal lill-Istati Membri sabiex jimponu limiti ġeneralizzati fuq il-prezzijiet ta' l-elettriku u tal-gass. Skond il-livell li fih jiġu ffissati limiti bħal dawn fuq il-prezzijiet u jekk humiex ta' natura ġeneralizzata jistgħu jxekklu l-ħidma tas-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija kif ukoll jostor sinjali tal-prezzijiet li jkunu qed jindikaw li tkun meħtieġa kapaċità ġdida, u jwassal għal nuqqas ta' investiment u nuqqasijiet fil-provvista fil-ġejjieni. Jistgħu ukoll, taħt ċirkostanzi bħal dawn jirriżultaw f'diffikultajiet fil-penetrazzjoni tas-suq minn entranti ġodda, fosthom dawk li joffru enerġija nadifa.

In the light of the many submissions received during the Green Paper consultation period, the Commission considers that this situation cannot continue. A coherent series of measures now need to be taken with the objective of creating within three years a European Gas and Electricity Grid and truly competitive European-wide energy market.

Fid-dawl tal-ħafna proposti li tressqu matul il-perjodu ta' konsultazzjoni tal- Green Paper, il-Kummissjoni tqis li din is-sitwazzjoni ma tistax tibqa' għaddejja kif inhi. Sensiela koerenti ta' miżuri issa jeħtieġ li jittieħdu bil-għan li fi żmien tliet snin tinħoloq Grid Ewropea tal-Gass u l-Elettriku u suq ta' l-enerġija madwar l-Ewropa li jkun verament kompetittiv.

In order to achieve this, the Commission has identified the following requirements:

Sabiex dan jinkiseb, il-Kummissjoni identifikat ir-rekwiżiti li ġejjin:

3.1.1. Unbundling

Separazzjoni (Unbundling)

The Internal Market Report and Sector enquiry show the danger of discrimination and abuse when companies control energy networks as well as production or sales, protecting national markets and preventing competition. Such a situation also creates a disincentive on vertically integrated companies from investing adequately in their networks, since the more they increase network capacity, the greater the competition that exists on their “home market” and the lower the market price.

Ir-Rapport u l-Inkjesta tas-Settur dwar is-Suq Intern juru l-periklu tad-diskriminazzjoni u l-abbuż meta l-kumpaniji jikkontrollaw in-netwerks ta' l-enerġija kif ukoll il-produzzjoni jew il-bejgħ, il-protezzjoni tas-swieq nazzjonali u l-prevenzjoni tal-kompetizzjoni. Sitwazzjoni bħal din toħloq ukoll diżinċentiv fuq kumpaniji integrati vertikalment milli jinvestu adegwatament fin-netwerks tagħhom, peress li aktar kemm iżidu l-kapaċità tan-netwerk, aktar tikber il-kompetizzjoni li teżisti fis- "suq domestiku tagħhom" u aktar ikun baxx il-prezz tas-suq.

The Commission considers that two options might be considered to redress this: a full Independent System Operator (where the vertically integrated company remains owner of the network assets and receives a regulated return on them, but is not responsible for their operation, maintenance or development) or ownership unbundling (where network companies are wholly separate from the supply and generation companies)[12].

Il-Kummissjoni hi tal-fehma li jistgħu jitqiesu żewġ alternattivi sabiex dan jiġi indirizzat: Operatur tas-Sistema Indipendenti (fejn il-kumpanija integrata vertikalment tibqa' s-sid ta' l-assi tan-netwerk u tirċievi introjtu regolat fuqhom, iżda fejn ma tkunx responsabbli għat-tħaddim, il-manutenzjoni jew l-iżvilupp tagħhom) jew il-firda tas-sidien (fejn il-kumpaniji tan-netwerk jkunu kompletament separati mill-kumpaniji ta' provvista u ġenerazzjoni)[12].

Economic evidence shows that ownership unbundling is the most effective means to ensure choice for energy users and to encourage investment. This is because separate network companies are not influenced by overlapping supply/generation interests as regards investment decisions. It also avoids overly detailed and complex regulation and disproportionate administrative burdens.

L-evidenza ekonomika turi li s-separazzjoni tas-sjieda ( ownership unbundling ) hija l-aktar mod effettiv sabiex tiġi żgurata l-għażla għall-konsumaturi ta' l-enerġija u sabiex jitħeġġeġ l-investiment. Dan huwa għaliex kumpaniji ta' netwerks separati mhumiex influwenzati minn interessi ta' provvista/ġġenerazzjoni fir-rigward tad-deċiżjonijiet ta' investiment. Jevita wkoll regolazzjoni dettaljata żżejjed u kumplessa wisq kif ukoll piżijiet amministrattivi sproporzjonati.

The independent system operator approach would improve the status quo but would require more detailed, prescriptive and costly regulation and would be less effective in addressing the disincentives to invest in networks.

L-approċċ ta' l-operaturi independenti tas-sistema jtejjeb il-qagħda preżenti, iżda jkun jesiġi regolazzjoni aktar dettaljata, preskrittiva u għalja u jkun anqas effettiv fl-indirizzar tad-diżinċentivi għall-investiment fin-netwerks.

In addition, the provisions regarding the unbundling of distribution activities – which presently exempt distributors with less than 100 000 customers from most of the unbundling requirements – need to be re-examined.

Barra minn hekk, id-dispożizzjonijiet dwar l-separazzjoni ta' l-attivitajiet ta' distribuzzjoni - li attwalment jeżentaw lid-distributuri b'anqas minn 100,000 klijent mill-maġġoranza tar-rekwiżiti ta' separazzjoni - jeħtieġ li jerġgħu jiġu eżaminati.

3.1.2. Effective regulation

Regolazzjoni effettiva

First of all, the levels of powers and independence of energy regulators need to be harmonized on the basis of the highest, not the lowest, common denominator in the EU. Secondly, they must be given not only the task of promoting the effective development of their national market, but also that of promoting the development of the Internal Energy Market.

L-ewwelnett, il-livelli kollha ta' setgħa u ta' indipendenza tar-regolaturi ta' l-enerġija jeħtieġ li jiġu armonizzati abbażi ta' l-ogħla denominatur komuni fl-UE, u mhux l-aktar wieħed baxx. It-tieninett, iridu jingħataw mhux biss il-kompitu li jippromwovu l-iżvilupp effettiv tas-suq nazzjonali tagħhom, iżda wkoll dak li jippromwovu l-iżvilupp tas-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija.

In addition, the technical standards necessary for cross-border trade to function effectively need to be harmonised. Progress to date has fallen far short. The creation of the European Regulators' Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) and the electricity and gas regulations, have not provided the governance required. Most of the relevant technical standards remain different in each Member State, making cross-border trade difficult and often impossible. Three main options merit consideration:

Barra minn hekk, l-istandards tekniċi meħtieġa għat-tħaddim effettiv tal-kummerċ transkonfinali jeħtieġ li jiġu armonizzati. Il-progress li sar sa llum huwa ferm 'il bogħod minn dan. Il-ħolqien tal-Grupp ta' Regolaturi Ewropej għall-Elettriku u l-Gass (ERGEG) u r-regolamenti dwar l-elettriku u l-gass, ma pprovdewx il-governanza meħtieġa. Il-maġġoranza ta' l-istandards tekniċi rilevanti għadhom differenti f'kull Stat Membru, u għalhekk il-kummerċ transkonfinali huwa diffiċli u kemm-il darba impossibbli. Tliet għażliet ewlenin jistħoqqilhom li jitqiesu:

- Gradually evolving the current approach: reinforcing collaboration between national regulators by notably requiring Member States to give national regulators a Community objective, and introducing a mechanism whereby the Commission could review some decisions of national regulators which affect the Internal Energy Market[13].

- Evoluzzjoni gradwali ta' l-approċċ attwali: It-tisħiħ tal-kollaborazzjoni bejn ir-regolaturi nazzjonali partikolarment billi wieħed jesiġi li l-Istati Membri jagħtu għan Komunitarju lir-regolaturi nazzjonali, u l-introduzzjoni ta' mekkaniżmu li permezz tiegħu il-Kummissjoni tista' tirrevedi xi wħud mid-deċiżjonijiet tar-regolaturi nazzjonali li jaffettwaw is-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija.[13]

- A European network of independent regulators (“ERGEG+”): Under this mechanism, the role of ERGEG will be formalised, and it would be given the task to structure binding decisions for regulators and relevant market players, such as network operators, power exchanges or generators, on certain precisely defined technical issues and mechanisms relating to cross border issues. It would need the appropriate involvement of the Commission, where necessary, to ensure that due account was taken of the Community interest.

- Netwerk Ewropew ta' regolaturi indipendenti ("ERGEG+"): Skond dan il-mekkaniżmu, ir-rwol ta' l-ERGEG se jkun formalizzat, u jingħata l-kompitu li jistruttura deċiżjonijiet li jorbtu lir-regolaturi u lill-atturi rilevanti fis-suq, bħalma huma l-operaturi tan-netwerks, l-iskambji jew il-ġeneraturi ta' l-enerġija, fir-rigward ta' ċerti kwistjonijiet tekniċi definiti preċiżament kif ukoll mekkaniżmi marbuta ma' kwistjonijiet transkonfinali. Ikun meħtieġ l-involviment xieraq tal-Kummissjoni, fejn jixraq, sabiex jiġi żgurat li jitqies kif suppost l-interess Komunitarju.

- A new, single body at Community level would be set up. It would in particular be granted the responsibility for adopting individual decisions for the EU electricity and gas market related to regulatory and technical issues relevant to making cross border trade work in practice[14].

- Jitwaqqaf korp uniku ġdid fuq il-livell Komunitarju . Dan partikolarment jingħata r-responsabbiltà li jadotta deċiżjonijiet individwali għas-suq ta' l-UE ta' l-elettriku u l-gass li jkopru kwistjonijiet regolatorji u tekniċi rilevanti għat-tħaddim fil-prattika tal-kummerċ transkonfinali[14].

There is a relation between unbundling and regulation. Markets in which there is less than ownership unbundling require more detailed, complex and prescriptive regulation. In such circumstances national Regulators need in particular more intrusive and burdensome powers to prevent discrimination. However, disincentives to adequately invest in networks without ownership unbundling can not in any event be fully addressed by Regulators.

Teżisti relazzjoni bejn is-separazzjoni u r-regolazzjoni. Is-swieq li fihom hemm anqas mis-separazzjoni tas-sjieda jirrikjedu regolazzjoni aktar dettaljata, kumplessa u preskrittiva. F'ċirkostanzi bħal dawn ir-Regolaturi nazzjonali jeħtieġu partikolarment setgħat aktar qawwija sabiex jiġġieldu d-diskriminazzjoni. Madankollu, id-diżinċentivi sabiex isir investiment adegwat fin-netwerks mingħajr separazzjoni tas-sjieda ma jistgħu fi kwalunkwe każ ikunu kompletament indirizzati mir-Regolaturi.

Of the three options, the Commission considers that the first, gradually developing the current approach, would not be sufficient, notably because progress would continue to be based on voluntary agreement between 27 national regulators which often have different interests. Thus, the minimum approach likely to make rapid and effective progress in harmonising the technical issues necessary to make cross-border trade work effectively would be the ERGEG+ approach.

Mit-tliet alternattivi l-Kummissjoni tqis li l-ewwel waħda, l-iżvilupp gradwali ta' l-approċċ attwali ma tkunx biżżejjed, notevolment għaliex il-progress ikompli jkun ibbażat fuq il-qbil volontarju bejn 27 regolatur nazzjonali, li kemm-il darba jkollhom interessi differenti. B'hekk, l-approċċ minimu x'aktar jagħmel progress rapidu u effettiv fl-armonizzazzjoni tal-kwistjonijiet tekniċi meħtieġ sabiex il-kummerċ transkonfinali jkun jista' jaħdem tajjeb, ikun l-approċċ ERGEG+.

In anticipation of a formal decision being taken and implemented, Regulators should be encouraged to work more closely together to use existing powers more effectively on a voluntary basis.

B'antiċipazzjoni għat-teħid u l-implimentazzjoni ta' deċiżjoni formali ir-Regolaturi għandhom ikunu mħeġġa jaħdmu aktar fil-qrib bejniethom sabiex jużaw is-setgħat eżistenti b'mod aktar effettiv fuq bażi volontarja.

3.1.3. Transparency

Trasparenza

Transparency is essential to allow the market to work properly. At present, Transmission System Operators provide varying levels of information, making some markets easier than others to compete in for new entrants. Furthermore, some regulators require generators to be more transparent regarding generation availability than others, which can help prevent price manipulation. Minimum requirements need to be established and to be respected by all EU companies, similar to that already adopted for telecommunications[15].

It-trasparenza hija essenzjali sabiex is-suq ikun jista' jaħdem tajjeb. Attwalment, l-Operaturi tas-Sistemi ta' Trażmissjoni jipprovdu livelli varji ta' informazzjoni, u għalhekk huwa eħfef li l-entrati l-ġodda jikkompetu f'ċerti swieq milli f'oħrajn. Barra minn hekk, ċerti regolaturi jirrikjedu li l-ġeneraturi jkunu aktar trasparenti rigward id-disponibbiltà tal-ġenerazzjoni minn oħrajn, u dan jista' jgħin fil-prevenzjoni tal-manipulazzjoni tal-prezzijiet. Jeħtieġ li jiġu stabbiliti rekwiżiti minimi li jiġu rispettati mill-kumpaniji kollha fl-UE, bl-istess mod ta' dik li diġà ġiet adottata għat-telekomunikazzjoni[15].

3.1.4. Infrastructure

Infrastruttura

T he Priority Interconnection Plan[16] sets out five priorities:

Il-Pjan ta' l-Interkonnessjonijiet ta' Prijorità[16] jidentifika ħames prijoritajiet:

- Identifying the most significant missing infrastructure up to 2013 and ensuring pan-European political support to fill the gaps.

- Li sa l-2013 jiġu identifikati l-aktar infrastrutturi sinifikanti nieqsa u li jiġi żgurat appoġġ madwar l-Ewropa sabiex in-nuqqasijiet jiġu indirizzati;

- Appointing four European co-ordinators to pursue the four of the most important priority projects: the Power-Link between Germany, Poland and Lithuania; connections to off-shore wind power in Northern Europe; electricity interconnections between France and Spain; and the Nabucco pipeline, bringing gas from the Caspian to central Europe.

- Il-ħatra ta' erba' koordinaturi Ewropej sabiex isegwu l-erba' proġetti ta' prijorità l-aktar importanti: il-Konnessjoni ta' l-Elettriku bejn il-Ġermanja, il-Polonja u l-Litwanja; konnessjonijiet ma' impjanti ta' enerġija mir-riħ 'il barra mill-kosta fl-Ewropa ta' Fuq; interkonnessjonijiet ta' l-elettriku bejn Franza u Spanja; u l-linja tal-pajpjiet Nabucco, li twassal il-gass mill-baħar Kaspju għall-Ewropa ċentrali;

- Agreeing a maximum of 5 years within which planning and approval procedures must be completed for projects that are defined as being "of European interest" under Trans-European Energy Guidelines.

- Li jintlaħaq qbil għal massimu ta' 5 snin li fihom il-proċeduri ta' ppjanar u approvazzjoni jridu jitlestew għal proġetti definiti "ta' interess Ewropew" skond il-Linji ta' Gwida Ewropej għall-Enerġija;

- Examining the need to increase funding for the Energy Trans-European networks, particularly to facilitate the integration of renewable electricity into the grid.

- L-eżaminazzjoni tal-ħtieġa li jiżdied il-finanzjament għan-netwerks Trans-Ewropej ta' l-Enerġija, partikolarment sabiex tiġi ffaċilitata l-integrazzjoni fis-sistema, ta' l-elettriku li jiġġedded; kif ukoll

- Establishing a new Community mechanism and structure for Transmission System Operators (TSOs), responsible for co-ordinated network planning.

- L-istabbiliment ta' mekkaniżmu Komunitarju u struttutura ġodda għall-Operaturi tas-Sistemi ta' Trażmissjoni (TSOs), responsabbli għal pjanar koordinat għan-netwerks.

3.1.5. Network security

Sigurtà tan-Netwerks

In order to increase the reliability of the EU's electricity system and prevent black-outs, recent experience has shown that common minimum and binding network security standards are necessary in the EU. The new Community mechanism and structure for Transmission System Operators should also be tasked with proposing common minimum security standards. These would become binding following approval by energy regulators.

Sabiex tiżdied l-affidabilità tas-sistema ta' l-elettriku ta' l-UE u bħala prevenzjoni mill-qtugħ tal-provvista ta' l-elettriku, l-esperjenza reċenti wriet li standards ta' sigurtà vinkolanti komuni minimi huma meħtieġa fl-UE. Il-mekkaniżmu Komunitarju ġdid kif ukoll l-istruttura għall-Operaturi tas-Sistemi ta' Trażmissjoni wkoll għandhom jingħataw il-kompitu li jipproponu standards komuni minimi ta' sigurtà. Dawn isiru jorbtu wara l-approvazzjoni mir-regolaturi ta' l-enerġija.

3.1.6. Adequacy of electricity generation and gas supply capacity

Adegwatezza tal-ġenerazzjoni ta' l-elettriku u l-kapaċità tal-provvista tal-gass

During the next 25 years, Europe will need to invest € 900 billion on new electricity generation. Gas remains a fuel of choice given its high efficiency, but even gas will need € 150 billion of investment on gas-fired power plant and an additional € 220 billion on gas infrastructure. The overriding priority in terms of securing adequate new investment is a properly functioning Internal Energy Market, providing the correct investment signals. In addition, close monitoring of the demand/supply balance is also needed, to identify any potential shortfall. This will be a key role for the new Office of the Energy Observatory (see below).

Matul il-ħamsa u għoxrin sena li ġejjin, l-Ewropa se jeħtieġ tinvesti €900 biljun għal sistemi ġodda ta' ġenerazzjoni ta' l-enerġija. Il-gass jibqa' l-aħjar għażla ta' fjuwil minħabba l-effiċjenza għolja tiegħu, iżda anke dan se jeħtieġ investiment ta' €150 biljun f'impjant ta' l-enerġija mħaddem bil-gass u €220 biljun addizzjonali għall-infrastruttura tal-gass. Il-prijorità ewlenija, f'termini ta' garanzija ta' investiment ġdid, hija Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija li jaħdem kif suppost, u li jipprovdi s-sinjali korretti għall-investiment. Barra minn hekk, il-monitoraġġ mill-qrib tal-bilanċ bejn id-domanda u l-provvista wkoll huwa meħtieġ, sabiex jiġi identifikat kwalunkwe nuqqas potenzjali. Dan se jkun rwol ċentrali għall-Uffiċċju ta' l-Osservatorju ta' l-Enerġija (ara taħt).

3.1.7. Energy as a public service

L-enerġija bħala servizz pubbliku

Energy is essential for every European. Existing European legislation already requires the respect for Public Service Obligations. But the EU needs to go further in tackling energy poverty. The Commission will develop an Energy Customers' Charter with four key goals:

L-Enerġija hija essenzjali għal kull Ewropew. Il-leġiżlazzjoni Ewropea eżistenti diġà tesiġi r-rispett għall-Obbligi tas-Servizz Pubbliku. Iżda l-UE jeħtieġ li taħdem aktar sabiex tindirizza l-faqar fl-enerġija. Il-Kummissjoni se tiżviluppa Karti għall-Konsumaturi ta' l-Enerġija b'erba' għanijiet ewlenin:

- assist in establishing schemes to help the most EU vulnerable citizens deal with increases in energy prices;

- Li tgħin sabiex jiġu stabbiliti skemi bħala għajnuna għall-aktar ċittadini vulnerabbli ta' l-UE fil-konfront ta' żidiet fil-prezzijiet ta' l-enerġija;

- improve the minimum level of information available to citizens to help them choose between suppliers and supply options;

- ittejjeb il-livell minimu ta' informazzjoni disponibbli għaċ-ċittadini sabiex ikunu jistgħu jagħżlu bejn il-fornituri u l-għażliet tal-provvista;

- reduce paper work when customers change supplier; and

- tnaqqas il-burokrazija meta l-klijenti jibdlu l-fornitur, u

- protect customers from unfair selling practices.

- tħares il-klijenti minn prassi ta' bejgħ inġusti.

3.2. Solidarity between Member States and security of supply for oil, gas and electricity

Is-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri u s-sigurtà tal-provvista għaż-żejt, il-gass u l-elettriku

The Internal Energy Market increases the interdependence of Member States in energy supply for both electricity and gas. Even with the targets on energy efficiency and renewables, oil and gas will continue to meet over half the EU's energy needs, with import dependence high in both sectors (over 90 % for oil and some 80% for gas in 2030). Electricity generation will be heavily dependent on gas. Without a significant technology breakthrough, oil will continue to dominate transport. Therefore, security of supply of these fuels will continue to be paramount to the EU economy.

Is-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija jżid l-interdipendenza ta' l-Istati Membri fil-provvista ta' l-enerġija kemm għall-elettriku kif ukoll għall-gass. Ukoll bil-miri fuq l-effiċjenza ta' l-enerġija u s-sorsi li jiġġeddu, iż-żejt u l-gass se jibqgħu jissodisfaw aktar minn nofs il-ħtieġa ta' l-enerġija ta' l-UE, u fiż-żewġ setturi d-dipendenza fuq l-importazzjoni hija għolja (aktar minn 90% għaż-żejt u madwar 80% għall-gass fl-2030). Il-ġenerazzjoni ta' l-elettriku se tiddependi ħafna fuq il-gass. Mingħajr skopri sinifikanti fit-teknoloġija, iż-żejt se jibqa' jiddomina t-trasport. Għalhekk, is-sigurtà tal-provvista ta' dawn il-fjuwils se tibqa' ta' l-iprem importanza għall-ekonomija ta' l-UE.

The EU has effective energy relationshipswith traditional gas suppliers from inside the European Economic Area (EEA), notably Norway and outside, Russia and Algeria. The EU is confident that these relationships will strengthen in the future. Nevertheless, it remains important for the EU to promote diversity with regard to source, supplier, transport route and transport method. In addition, effective mechanisms need to be put into place to ensure solidarity between Member States in the event of an energy crisis. This is particularly important given that a number of Member States are highly or completely reliant on a single gas supplier.

L-UE għandha relazzjonijiet effettivi rigward l-enerġija ma' fornituri tradizzjonali tal-gass li jinsabu ġewwa ż-Żona Ekonomika Ewropea (ŻEE), notevolment in-Norveġja u barra, ir-Russja u l-Alġerija. L-UE hija kunfidenti li dawn ir-relazzjonijiet se jissaħħu fil-ġejjieni. Barra minn hekk, jibqa' importanti għall-UE li tippromwovi d-diversità fir-rigward tas-sors, il-fornitur u r-rotta u l-metodu tat-trasport. Barra minn hekk, jeħtieġ li jitwaqqfu mekkaniżmi effettivi sabiex tiġi żgurata s-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri fil-każ ta' kriżi ta' l-enerġija. Dan huwa partikolarment importanti meta wieħed iqis li għadd ta' Stati Membri huma totalment jew kompletament dipendenti fuq fornitur wieħed tal-gass.

Energy security should be promoted in different ways:

Is-sigurtà ta' l-enerġija għandha tiġi promossa b'modi differenti:

- Measures are needed to assist Member States that are overwhelmingly dependent on one gas supplier to diversify. The Commission will monitor implementation of the recently transposed Gas Security Directive[17] and assess its effectiveness. Projects should be developed to bring gas from new regions, to set up new gas hubs in central Europe and the Baltic countries, to make better use of strategic storage possibilities, and to facilitate the construction of new liquid natural gas terminals. Ways to strengthen existing crisis solidarity mechanisms such as the Energy Correspondents Network and the Gas Co-ordination Group should also be examined. In addition, strategic gas stocks would help the security of gas supply. The considerable new investments in new storage and pipeline capacity that would be needed to ensure a higher degree of security will have to be balanced against the costs this will imply for the consumers.

- Jinħtieġu miżuri bħala għajnuna għall-Istati Membri li huma dipendenti wisq fuq fornitur wieħed tal-gass, sabiex dawn jiddiversifiikaw. Il-Kummissjoni se tissorvelja l-implimentazzjoni tad-Direttiva dwar is-Sigurtà tal-Gass[17], li ġiet trasposta dan l-aħħar mill-Istati Membri, u b'hekk tevalwa kemm din hija effettiva. Għandhom jiġu żviluppati proġetti sabiex jitwassal il-gass minn reġjuni ġodda, jitwaqqfu ċentri ġodda tal-gass fl-Ewropa ċentrali u l-pajjiżi Baltiċi, sabiex jintużaw aħjar possibilitajiet strateġiċi ta' ħżin, u sabiex jiġi ffaċilitat il-bini ta' terminals ġodda tal-gass likwidu naturali. Għandhom jiġu eżaminati wkoll mezzi sabiex jissaħħu l-mekkaniżmi għas-solidarjetà fi żminijiet ta' kriżi bħan-Netwerk ta' Korrispondenti dwar l-Enerġija u l-Grupp ta' Koordinazzjoni fil-qasam tal-Gass. Barra minn hekk, stokkijiet strateġiċi ta' gass jgħinu lis-sigurtà tal-provvista tal-gass. L-investimenti ġodda konsiderevoli, f'kapaċità ġdida għall-ħżin u għal-linji tal-pajpijiet , li jkunu meħtieġa sabiex jiġi żgurat livell ogħla ta' sigurtà, ikun jeħtieġ li jiġu bbilanċjati kontra l-ispejjeż li dan ikun jimplika għall-konsumaturi.

- The EU's strategic oil stocks mechanism, effectively co-ordinated with stocks of other OECD countries through the IEA, has worked well and should be maintained. The manner in which the EU manages its contribution to this mechanism could however be improved. Reporting requirements on Member States should be reinforced, there should be more analysis of the sufficiency of the stocks, and there should be better coordination if the IEA calls for stocks to be released. The Commission will make an analysis of these issues in 2007.

- Il-mekkaniżmu ta' l-UE għall-ħażniet strateġiċi taż-żejt, ikkoordinat effettivament mal-ħażniet ta' pajjiżi oħra ta' l-OECD permezz ta' l-IEA, ħadem tajjeb u għandu jinżamm. Il-mod li bih l-UE tieħu ħsieb il-kontribut tagħha għal dan il-mekkaniżmu, madankollu jista' jittejjeb. Ir-rekwiżiti ta' rappurtar mill-Istati Membri għandu jissaħħaħ, għandha ssir analiżi aktar fil-fond ta' l-adegwatezza tal-ħażniet, u għandu jkun hemm koordinazzjoni aħjar jekk l-IEA titlob li l-ħażniet jiġu rilaxxati. Il-Kummissjoni, matul l-2007 se tanalizza dawn il-kwistjonijiet.

- Electricity interconnections (see 3.1.4 above) and binding, enforceable reliability standards will form a third element of this approach. This will in particular help to address concerns about security of electricity supply.

- Interkonnessjonijiet ta' l-elettriku (ara 3.1.4. hawn fuq) u standards infurzabbli ta' affidabilità se jiffurmaw it-tielet element ta' dan l-approċċ. Dan se jgħin partikolarment sabiex jiġi indirizzat it-tħassib dwar is-sikurezza tal-provvista ta' l-elettriku.

3.3. A long-term commitment to greenhouse gases reduction and the EU Emissions Trading System

Impenn fit-tul lejn it-tnaqqis tal-gassijiet b'effet ta' serra u s-sistema ta' l-UE ta' l-Iskambju ta' l-Emissjonijiet

The EU traditionally favours the use of economic instruments to internalise external costs as the allow the market to determine how to react most efficiently and with limited costs. More particularly, in its Communication Limiting Climate Change to 2°C - Policy Options for the EU and the world for 2020 and beyond , the Commission has set out how the emissions trading mechanism is and must remain a key mechanism for stimulating reductions in carbon emissions and how it could be used as a basis for international efforts to fight climate change. The Commission is reviewing the EU ETS to ensure that emissions trading reaches its full potential: this is critical to creating the incentives to stimulate changes in how Europe generates and uses its energy.

L-UE tradizzjonalment tiffavorixxi l-użu ta' strumenti ekonomiċi sabiex jiġu internalizzati l-ispejjeż esterni għaliex jippermettu lis-suq jiddetermina kif jirreaġixxi bl-aktar mod effiċjenti u bi spejjeż limitati. B'mod aktar partikolari, fil-Komunikazzjoni tagħha Nillimitaw it-Tibdil fil-Klima għal 2° - l-Għażliet ta' Politika għall-UE u d-Dinja għall-2020 u lil hinn, il-Kummissjoni stipulat kif il-mekkaniżmu għall-iskambju tal-kwoti ta' l-emissjonijiet huwa u għandu jibqa' mekkaniżmu ewlieni sabiex jiġi stimulat tnaqqis fl-emissjonijiet tal-karbonju u kif dan jista' jintuża bħala l-bażi għal sforzi internazzjonali kontra t-tibdil fil-klima. Il-Kummissjoni qed tirrevedi l-ETS ta' l-UE sabiex jiġi żgurat li l-iskambju ta' l-emissjonijiet jilħaq il-potenzjal kollu tiegħu: dan huwa kruċjali sabiex jinħolqu l-inċentivi sabiex jiġi stimulat it-tibdil f'kif l-Ewropa tiġġenera u tuża l-enerġija tagħha.

3.4. An ambitious programme of energy efficiency measures at Community, national, local and international level

Programm ambizzjuż ta' miżuri għall-effiċjenza enerġetika fuq il-livell Komunitarju, nazzjonali, lokali u dak internazzjonali

For Europe's citizens, energy efficiency is the most immediate element in a European Energy Policy. Improved energy efficiency has the potential to make the most decisive contribution to achieving sustainability, competitiveness and security of supply.

Għaċ-ċittadini ta' l-Ewropa, l-effiċjenza fl-enerġija hija l-aktar element immedjat fil-Politika Ewropea għall-Enerġija. Effiċjenza mtejba fl-enerġija għandha l-potenzjal li tagħmel l-aktar kontribut deċiżiv sabiex jinkisbu s-sostenibbiltà, il-kompetittività u s-sigurtà tal-provvista.

On 19 October 2006 the Commission adopted the Energy Efficiency Action Plan[18], containing measures that would put the EU well on the path to achieving a key goal of reducing its global primary energy use by 20% by 2020. If successful, this would mean that by 2020 the EU would use approximately 13% less energy than today, saving € 100 billion and around 780 millions tonnes of CO2 each year. However, this will require significant efforts both in terms of behavioural change and additional investment.

Fid-19 ta' Ottubru 2006, il-Kummissjoni adottat il-Pjan ta' Azzjoni għall-Effiċjenza fl-Enerġija[18], li fih il-prijoritajiet u lista twila ta' miżuri speċifiċi li jiggwidaw lill-UE fit-triq it-tajba sabiex tilħaq l-għan tagħha li tnaqqas l-użu globali ta' l-enerġija primarja b'20% sa l-2020. Jekk ikollha suċċess f'dan, ikun ifisser li sa l-2020, l-UE tuża bejn wieħed u ieħor 13% anqas enerġija milli tuża llum, u tiffranka €100 bljun u madwar 780 miljun tunnellata ta' CO2 fis-sena. Madankollu, dan se jesiġi sforzi sinifikanti kemm f'termini ta' tibdil fl-imġiba kif ukoll investiment addizzjonali.

Key measures include:

Il-miżuri ewlenin jinkludu:

- Accelerating the use of fuel efficient vehicles for transport, making better use of public transport; and ensuring that the true costs of transport are faced by consumers[19];

- Aktar ħeffa fl-adozzjoni ta' vetturi b'konsum aktar effiċjenti ta' fjuwil, użu aħjar tat-trasport pubbliku, u l-iżgurar li l-konsumaturi jiffaċċaw l-ispejjeż reali tat-trasport[19];

- Tougher standards and better labelling on appliances;

- Standards aktar stretti u tikkettjar aħjar ta' l- appliances;

- Rapidly improving the energy performance of the EU's existing buildings and taking the lead to make very low energy houses the norm for new buildings;

- Titjib mgħaġġel tar-rendiment ta' l-enerġija fil-bini eżistenti ta' l-UE u inizjattiva sabiex in-norma tkun li l-bini ġdid jikkonsma ftit enerġija kemm jista' jkun;

- Coherent use of taxation to achieve more efficient use of energy;

- Użu koerenti tat-tassazzjoni sabiex jinkiseb użu aktar effiċjenti ta' l-enerġija;

- Improving the efficiency of heat and electricity generation, transmission and distribution;

- It-titjib ta' l-effiċjenza tal-ġenerazzjoni tas-sħana u l-elettriku, it-trażmissjoni u d-distribuzzjoni;

- A new international agreement on energy efficiency to promote a common effort.

- Ftehim internazzjonali ġdid dwar l-effiċjenza fl-użu ta' l-enerġija sabiex jiġi promoss sforz komuni.

A new international agreement on energy efficiency

Ftehim internazzjonali ġdid dwar l-effiċjenza fl-użu ta' l-enerġija

This could bring the OECD and key developing countries (such as China, India and Brazil) together to restrict the use of products failing to meet minimum standards and agree common approaches to saving energy. The EU could formally table a proposal in 2007 which could then be discussed and taken forward during a major international conference on energy efficiency during the German Presidency of the G8. The aim could be to sign the agreement during the Beijing Olympic Games. The potential energy saving and CO 2 reduction is enormous - improved energy efficiency alone could cut, according to the IEA, around 20% of current global CO 2 emissions.

Dan jista' jgħaqqad il-pajjiżi ta' l-OECD u pajjiżi oħra ewlenin li qed jiżviluppaw (bħaċ-Ċina, l-Indja, u l-Brażil) sabiex jillimitaw l-użu ta' prodotti li ma jissodisfawx l-istandards minimi u jaqblu dwar approċċi komuni għall-iffrankar ta' l-enerġija. L-UE tista' formalment tagħmel proposta fl-2007 li mbagħad tista' tiġi diskussa u segwita matul konferenza internazzjonali kbira dwar l-effiċjenza fl-użu ta' l-enerġija matul il-presidenza Ġermaniża tal-G8. L-għan jista' jkun li l-ftehim jiġi ffirmat fil-Logħob Olimpiku ta' Bejġing. Il-potenzjal għall-iffrankar ta' l-enerġija u t-tnaqqis tas-CO 2 huwa enormi – it-titjib fl-effiċjenza ta' l-enerġija waħdu jista' jnaqqas, skond l-IEA, madwar 20% ta' l-emissjonijiet attwali tas-CO 2.

3.5. A longer term target for renewable energy

Mira aktar fit-tul għall-enerġija li tiġġedded

In 1997, the European Union started working towards a target of a 12% share of renewable energy in its overall mix by 2010, a doubling of 1997 levels. Since then, renewable energy production has increased by 55%. Nevertheless the EU is set to fall short of its target. The share of renewable energy is unlikely to exceed 10% by 2010. The main reason for the failure to reach the agreed targets for renewable energy - besides the higher costs of renewable energy sources today compared to “traditional” energy sources - is the lack of a coherent and effective policy framework throughout the EU and a stable long-term vision. As a result, only a limited number of Member States have made serious progress in this area and the critical mass has not been reached to shift niche renewables production into the mainstream.

Fl-1997, l-Unjoni Ewropea bdiet taħdem biex fil-provvista tagħha ta' l-enerġija tilħaq mira ta' 12% enerġija li tiġġedded sa l-2010, id-doppju tal-livelli ta' l-1997. Minn dak iż-żmien, il-produzzjoni ta' l-enerġija minn sorsi li jiġġeddu żdiedet b'55%. Madankollu, hu maħsub li l-UE ma tilħaqx il-mira tagħha. Is-sehem ta' l-enerġija minn sorsi li jiġġeddu ma jidhirx li se jaqbeż l-10% sa l-2010. Ir-raġuni prinċipali għal dan in-nuqqas li jintlaħqu l-miri maqbula għall-enerġija li tiġġedded – apparti l-ispejjeż ogħla tas-sorsi ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded illum meta mqabbla mas-sorsi ta' l-enerġijja "tradizzjonali" - hija n-nuqqas ta' qafas ta' politika koerenti u effettiv madwar l-UE u viżjoni stabbli fit-tul. Konsegwentement, għadd limitat biss ta' Stati Membri għamlu progress serju f'dan il-qasam u l-massa kritika ma ntlaħqitx biex i l-produzzjoni ta' l-enerġija minn sorsi speċjalizzati li jiġġeddu tkun tista' tiddaħħal ma' dawk ewlenin.

The EU needs a step change to provide a credible long term vision of the future of renewable energy in the EU, building on the existing instruments, notably the renewable Electricity Directive. This is essential to realise present targets[20] and trigger further investment, innovation and jobs. The challenge for renewables policy is to find the right balance between installing large scale renewable energy capacity today, and waiting until research lowers their cost tomorrow. Finding the right balance means taking the following factors into account:

L-UE teħtieġ bidla fil-pass biex tipprovdi viżjoni kredibbli fit-tul għall-ġejjieni ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded fl-UE, li tibni fuq l-istrumenti eżistenti, partikolarment id-Direttiva dwar l-Elettriku minn Sorsi li Jiġġeddu Dan huwa essenzjali biex jintlaħqu l-miri attwali[20] u biex jinħolqu aktar investiment, innovazzjoni u impjiegi. L-isfida għall-politika dwar is-sorsi li jiġġeddu hija li jinsab bilanċ xieraq bejn l-installazzjoni ta' kapaċità ta' enerġija li tiġġedded fuq skala kbira llum, u l-istennija sakemm bir-riċerka jitnaqqas l-infiq fuqhom fil-futur. Li jinstab il-bilanċ xieraq ifisser li jitqiesu l-fatturi li ġejjin:

- Using renewable energy today is generally more expensive than using hydrocarbons, but the gap is narrowing – particularly when the costs of climate change are factored in;

- L-użu ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded llum ġeneralment jiswa aktar mill-użu ta' l-idrokarboni, imma d-differenzi qed jixxejnu – partikolarment meta jitqiesu l-ispejjeż tat-tibdil fil-klima;

- Economies of scale can reduce the costs for renewables, but this needs major investment today;

- Ekonomiji fil-kobor jnaqqsu l-ispejjeż għas-sorsi li jiġġeddu, imma dan jeħtieġ investiment kbir illum.

- Renewable energy helps to improve the EU's security of energy supply by increasing the share of domestically produced energy, diversifying the fuel mix and the sources of energy imports and increasing the proportion of energy from politically stable regions as well as creating new jobs in Europe;

- L-enerġija li tiġġedded tgħin ittejjeb is-sigurtà tal-provvista ta' l-enerġija ta' l-UE billi żżid is-sehem ta' l-enerġija prodotta internament, tiddiversifika t-taħlita tal-fjuwil u s-sorsi ta' l-importazzjonijiet ta' l-enerġija, u żżid is-sehem ta' l-enerġija minn reġjuni politikament stabbli, kif ukoll toħloq impiegi ġodda fl-Ewropa;

- Renewable energies emit few or no greenhouse gases, and most of them bring significant air quality benefits.

- Is-sorsi ta' enerġija li jiġġeddu jemettu ftit jew xejn gassijiet serra, u bosta minnhom huma ta benefiċċju konsiderevoli għall-kwalità ta' l-arja.

In the light of the information received during the public consultation and the impact assessment, the Commission proposes in its Renewable Energy Roadmap[21] a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020 . Targets beyond 2020 would be assessed in the light of technological progress.

Fid-dawl ta' l-informazzjoni li daħlet tul il-konsultazzjoni pubblika u l-valutazzjoni ta' l-impatt, il-Kummissjoni tipproponi fil-Gwida dwar l-Enerġija li Tiġġedded[21] mira vinkolanti biex jiżdied l-ammont ta' enerġija li tiġġedded fit-taħlita enerġetika globali ta' l-UE minn 7% tal-lum għal 20% sa l-2020. Miri għal wara l-2020 jiġu vvalutati fid-dawl tal-progress teknoloġiku.

How do we get there?

Kif se nilħqu dawn l-miri?

Meeting the 20% target will require a massive growth in all three renewable energy sectors: electricity, biofuels and heating and cooling. But in all sectors, the policy frameworks set up in particular Member States have achieved results which show how this is possible.

L-ilħuq tal-mira ta' 20% jeħtieġ tkabbir enormi fit-tliet setturi ta' l-eneġija li tiġġedded: l-elettriku, il-bijofjuwils u t-tisħin u tkessiħ. Imma fis-setturi kollha, l-oqfsa ta' politika mwaqqfa fi Stat Membru partikolari kisbu riżultati li juru kif dan huwa possibli.

Renewables has the potential to provide around a third of EU electricity by 2020. Wind power provides approximately 20% of electricity needs in Denmark, today, as well as 8% in Spain and 6% in Germany. Costs in other new technologies - photovoltaic, solar thermal power, and wave & tide, are projected to decrease from currently high levels.

Is-sorsi li jiġġeddu għandhom potenzjali li jipprovdu madwar terz ta' l-elettriċita ta' l-UE sa l-2020. L-enerġija mir-riħ tipprovdi madwar 20% ta' l-elettriku meħtieġ fid-Danimarka, illum, kif ukoll 8% fi Spanja u 6% fil-Ġermanja. L-ispejjeż ta' teknoloġiji ġodda oħra – enerġija fotovaltajka, enerġija solari termali, u enerġija mill-mewġ u l-marea – huma maħsuba li jinżlu mil-livelli għolja attwali.

In the heating and cooling sector, progress will have to come from a number of technologies. Sweden, for example, has over 185 000 installed geothermal heat pumps. Germany and Austrian have led the way on solar heating. If other Member States matched these levels, the share of renewable energy in heating and cooling would jump by 50%.

Fis-settur tat-tisħin u tkessiħ, il-progress hu mistenni li jsir f'għadd ta' teknoloġiji. L-Iżvezja, pereżempju, għandha aktar minn 185,000 pompi tas-sħana ġeotermali installati. Il-Ġermanja u l-Awstrija kienu pijunieri fit-tisħin fl-enerġija solari. Jekk Stati Membri oħra jilħqu dawn il-livelli, is-sehem ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded fit-tisħin u t-tkessiħ jiżdied b'50%.

As for biofuels, Sweden has already achieved a market share of 4% of the petrol market for bioethanol, and Germany is the world leader for bio-diesel, with 6% of the diesel market. Biofuels could make up to 14% of transport fuels by 2020.

Fil-każ ta' bijofjuwils, l-Iżvezja diġà laħqet 4% tas-suq tal-petrol għal bijoetanol, u l-Ġermanja hija fuq quddiem fid-dinja fil-bijodijżil, b'6% tas-suq tad-dijżil. Il-bijofjuwils jistgħu jlaħħqu l-14% tal-fjuwils għat-trasport sa l-2020.

This 20% target is truly ambitious and will require major efforts by all Member States. The contribution of each Member State to achieving the Union's target will need to take into account different national circumstances and starting points, including the nature of their energy mix. Member State should have the flexibility to promote the renewable energies most suited to their specific potential and priorities. The way in which Member States will meet their targets should be set out in National Action Plans to be notified to the Commission. The Plans should contain sectoral targets and measures consistent with achieving the agreed overall national targets. In practice, in implementing their Plans Member States will need to set their own specific objectives for electricity, biofuels, heating and cooling, which would be verified by the Commission to ensure that the overall target is being met. The Commission will set out this architecture in a new renewables legislative package in 2007.

Din il-mira ta' 20% hija tassew ambizzjuża u teħtieġ sforzi kbar mill-Istati Membri kollha. Il-kontribut ta' kull Stat Membru biex tintlaħaq il-mira ta' l-Unjoni jeħtieġ li jqis iċ-ċirkostanzi nazzjonali u l-punt tat-tluq differenti, inkluż in-natura tat-taħlita ta' l-enerġija. L-Istati Membri għandhom jkunu flessibli biex jippromwovu l-enerġiji li tiġġedded l-aktar xierqa għall-potenzjali u l-prijoritajiet speċifiċi tagħhom. Il-mod li bih l-Istati Membri se jilħqu l-miri tagħhom għandu jkun stipulat fil-Pjanijiet ta' Azzjoni Nazzjonali li jkunu notifikati lill-Kummissjoni. Il-Pjanijiet għandhom jinkludu miri u miżuri settorali konsistenti ma' l-ilħuq tal-miri nazzjonali kumplessivi miftehma. Fil-prattika, waqt l-implimentazzjoni tal-Pjanijiet tagħhom l-Istati Membri se jkunu jeħtieġu jistipulaw l-għanijiet speċifiċi tagħhom stess għall-elettriku, bijofjuwils, tisħin u tkessiħ, li jiġu verifikati mill-Kummissjoni biex ikun żgurat li tintlaħaq il-mira kumplessiva. Il-Kummissjoni se tistabilixxi fl-2007 din l-istruttura f'pakkett leġiżlattiv ġdid dwar l-enerġija li tiġġedded.

A particular feature of this framework is the need for a minimum and coordinated development of biofuels throughout the EU. While biofuels are today and in the near future more expensive than other forms of renewable energy, over the next 15 years they are the only way to significantly reduce oil dependence in the transport sector. In its Renewable Energy Roadmap and Biofuels Progress Report[22], the Commission therefore proposes to set a binding minimum target for biofuels of 10% of vehicle fuel by 2020 and to ensure that the biofuels used are sustainable in nature, inside and outside the EU. The EU should engage third countries and their producers to achieve this. In addition, the 2007 renewables legislative package will include specific measures to facilitate the market penetration of both biofuels and heating & cooling from renewables. The Commission will also continue and intensify the use of renewable energy through other policies and flanking measures with the aim of creating a real internal market for renewables in the EU.

Aspett partikolari ta' dan il-qafas huwa meħtieġ għal żvilupp minimu u koordinat tal bijofjuwils fl-UE. Filwaqt li bijofjuwils llum u fil-futur qrib jiswew aktar minn forom oħra ta' enerġija li tiġġedded, huma l-unika mod biex titnaqqas konsiderevolment id-dipendenza fuq iż-żejt fis-settur tat-trasport tul il-ħmistax-il sena li ġejjin. Fil-Gwida dwar l-Enerġija li Tiġġedded u r-Rapport dwar il-Progress fil-Bijofjuwils[22] maħruġa minnha, il-Kummissjoni għalhekk tipproponi biex jiġu ffissati mira minima vinkolanti għall-bijofjuwils ta' 10% għall-fjuwil tal-karozzi sa l-2020, u jiġu żgurati li l-bijofjuwils użati huma ta' natura sostenibbli, fi ħdan u barra mill-UE. L-UE għandha tinkludi pajjiżi terzi u l-produtturi tagħhom biex jintlaħaq dan. Barra minn hekk, fl-2007 il-pakkett leġiżlattiv dwar is-sorsi li jiġġeddu se jinkludi miżuri speċifiċi biex jiffaċilitaw l-penetrazzjoni fis-suq kemm tal-bijofjuwils kif ukoll tat-tisħin u tkessiħ mis-sorsi li jiġġeddu. Il-Kummissjoni se tkompli u tintensifika wkoll l-użu ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded permezz ta' politiki u miżuri rilevanti oħra bl-għan li jinħoloq suq intern reali għas-sorsi li jiġġeddu fl-UE.

How much will it cost?

Dan kemm se jqum?

To achieve a 20% share for renewables will result in an additional average annual cost of approximately € 18 billion – around 6% extra on the EU's total expected energy import bill in 2020. But this assumes oil prices of $ 48/barrel by 2020. If these rose to $ 78/barrel, the average annual cost would fall to € 10.6 billion. If a carbon price of more than € 20 is factored in, the 20% would cost practically no more than relying on “traditional” energy sources, but create many jobs in Europe and develop new, technology driven European companies.

Biex tintlaħaq mira ta' 20% għas-sorsi li jiġġeddu se tinħoloq spiża annwali medja adizzjonali ta' €18 biljun – madwar 6% aktar fuq it-total tal-kont mistenni għall-importazzjoni ta' l-enerġija fl-UE fl-2020. Imma dan qed isir bil-kalkolu ta' $48/barmil għall-prezzijiet taż-żejt sa l-2020. Jekk dawn jiżdiedu għal $78/barmil, l-ispiża annwali medja tinżel għal €10.6 biljun. Jekk jiddaħħal prezz tal-karbonju ta' aktar minn €20, il- mira ta' 20% ma tiġix tqum aktar milli kieku wieħed jiddependi mis-sorsi "tradizzjonali" ta' l-enerġija, imma toħloq ħafna impiegi fl-Ewropa u tiżviluppa kumpaniji Ewropej ġodda, fil-qasam tat-teknoloġija.

3.6. A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan

Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew għat-Teknoloġija ta' l-Enerġija

Europe has two key objectives for energy technology: to lower the cost of clean energy and to put EU industry at the forefront of the rapidly growing low carbon technology sector. To meet these objectives, the Commission will present a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan[23] in 2007. This Plan will need a long term vision to match the long term challenge of moving towards a low carbon energy system in a competitive manner:

L-Ewropa għandha żewġ għanijiet ta' qofol għat-teknoloġija enerġetika: li tbaxxi l-ispiża ta' l-enerġija nadifa u li tpoġġi l-industrija ta' l-UE fuq quddiem fis-settur, li qed jikber rapidament, tat-teknoloġija b'emissjonijiet baxxi tal-karbonju. Biex jintlaħqu dawn l-għanijiet fl-2007 il-Kummissjoni se tippreżenta Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew dwar it-Teknoloġija[23]. Dan il-Pjan jeħtieġ viżjoni fit-tul biex tilqa' għall-isfida dejjiema li noqorbu għal sistema ta' l-enerġija b'emissjonijiet baxxi ta' karbonju b'mod kompetittiv.

- By 2020, technologies will have to make the 20% renewable target a reality by permitting a sharp increase in the share of lower cost renewables (including the roll-out of off-shore wind and 2nd generation biofuels);

- Sa l-2020, it-teknoloġiji se jkollhom jilħqu l-mira ta' 20% għas-sorsi li jiġġeddu billi jippermettu żieda qawwija fis-sehem li jkollhom is-sorsi li jiġġeddu li jqumu anqas (inkluż l-iżvilupp ta' l-impanti tar-riħ 'il barra mill-kosta u bijofjuwils tat-tieni ġenerazzjoni);

- By 2030, electricity and heat will increasingly need to be produced from low carbon sources and extensive near-zero emission fossil fuel power plants with CO2 capture and storage. Transport will need to increasingly adapt to using 2nd generation biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells;

- Sa 2030, l-elettriku u s-sħana se jkunu jeħtieġu dejjem aktar li jiġu prodotti minn sorsi b'emissjonijiet baxxi tal-karbonju u minn impjanti ta' l-enerġija mill-fjuwil fossili estensivi bi kważi l-ebda emissjoni, b'tagħmir għall-ġbir u l-ħżin tas-CO2. It-trasport se jkun meħtieġ aktar minn qatt qabel jadatta għall-użu ta' bijofjuwils tat-tieni ġenerazzjoni u ċelloli tal-fjuwil ta' l-idroġenu;

- For 2050 and beyond, the switch to low carbon in the European energy system should be completed, with an overall European energy mix that could include large shares for renewables, sustainable coal and gas, sustainable hydrogen, and, for those member states that want, Generation IV fission power and fusion energy.

- Għall-2050 u wara, il-qlib għal sistema enerġetika Ewropea b'emissjonijiet baxxi tal-karbonju għandu jkun totali, b'taħlita kumplessiva ta' enerġija Ewropea li tinkludi partijiet kbar minnha jkunu sorsi li jiġġeddu, faħam u gass sostenibbli, idroġenu sostenibbli, u, għal dawk l-Istati Membri li jridu, enerġija fissiva u enerġija fużiva tar-IV Ġenerazzjoni.

This is a vision of Europe with a thriving and sustainable energy economy, that has grasped the opportunities behind the threats of climate change and globalisation, gained world leadership in a diverse portfolio of clean, efficient and low-emission energy technologies and become a motor for prosperity and a key contributor to growth and jobs. To achieve this vision the European Union must act jointly and urgently, agreeing and implementing a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan accompanied with realistic resources. Under the 7th Framework Research Programme, annual spending on energy research over the next 7 years at EU level will increase by 50%, but even this will not provide the progress needed. The Technology Plan must be ambitious; it needs to better coordinate spending at Community and national level, and set clear targets with precise roadmaps and milestones. It should use all available EU tools, including Joint Technology Initiatives and the European Institute for Technology.

Din hija viżjoni ta' Ewropa b'ekonomija ta' l-enerġija vitali u sostenibbli, li ħatfet l-opportunitajiet mit-theddid tat-tibdil fil-klima u l-globalizzazzjoni, li kisbet it-tmexxija dinjija f'taħlita ta' teknoloġiji enerġetiċi nodfa, effiċjenti u b'emissjonijiet baxxi, u li ssir mutur għall-ħolqien tal-ġid u kontributur ewlieni għat-tkabbir u l-impiegi. Biex tikseb din il-viżjoni l-Unjoni Ewropea għandha taġixxi flimkien u malajr, bi qbil u implimentazzjoni ta' Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew għat-Teknoloġija Enerġetika sostnut b'riżorsi meħtieġa. Taħt is-7 Programm ta' Qafas għar-Riċerka, in-nefqa annwali fuq ir-riċerka għall-enerġija tul is-7 snin li ġejjin fil-livell ta' l-UE se tiżdied b'50%, imma anki dan mhux se jġib il-progress meħtieġ. Il-Pjan Teknoloġiku għandu jkun ambizzjuż; jeħtieġ li jikkoordina aħjar l-infiq fil-livell Komunitarju u nazzjonali, u jistabilixxi miri ċari bi gwidi u riżultati mistennija preċiżi. Għandu juża l-għodda kollha disponibbli ta' l-UE, inkluż l-Inizjattivi Teknoloġiċi Konġunti u l-Istitut Ewropew tat-Teknoloġija.

Priorities of such a targeted initiative could include:

Prijoritajiet għal tali inizjattiva mmirata jinkludu:

- More energy efficient buildings, appliances, equipment, industrial processes and transport systems;

- Aktar bini, apparat, appliances , proċessi industrijali u sistemi tat-trasport li jkunu enerġetikament effiċjenti;

- Developing biofuels, in particular second generation biofuels, to become fully competitive alternatives to hydrocarbons;

- L-iżvilupp ta' bijofjuwils, partikolarment bijofjuwils tat-tieni ġenerazzjoni, biex ikunu ta' alternattivi kompetittivi għall-idrokarboni;

- Getting large scale offshore wind competitive within the short term and paving the way towards a competitive European offshore supergrid;

- L-enerġija mir-riħ 'il barra mill-kosta fuq skala kbira ssir kompetittiva għaż-żmien qasir u titwitta t-triq għal supergrid Ewropea kompetittiva 'il barra mill-kosta;

- Getting photovoltaic electricity competitive to harness solar energy;

- L-elettriku fotovoltajku jsir kompetittiv biex tiġi sfruttata l-enerġija solari;

- Using fuel cell and hydrogen technologies to exploit their benefits in decentralised generation and transport;

- L-użu tat-teknoloġiji taċ-ċelloli tal-fjuwil u ta' l-idroġenu biex jiġu sfruttati il-benefiċċji ta' ġenerazzjoni u trasport deċentralizzati.

- Sustainable coal and gas technologies, particularly carbon capture and storage (see below ) ;

- Teknologiji tal-faħam u gass sostenibbli, partikolarment l-ġbir u l-ħżin tal-karbonju (ara hawn taħt);

- The EU should maintain its technological lead in fourth generation fission nuclear reactors and future fusion technology to boost the competitiveness, safety and security of nuclear electricity, as well as reduce the level of waste.

- L-UE għandha żżomm it-tmexxija teknoloġika tagħha fir-raba' ġenerazzjoni ta' reatturi nukleari fissivi u t-teknoloġija fużiva futura biex iżidu il-kompetittività, s-sikurezza u s-sigurtà ta' l-elettriku nukleari, kif ukoll biex tnaqqas il-livelli ta' skart.

These sectoral objectives should be underpinned by specific milestones and an increase in energy research spending. The Commission will propose a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan for the 2008 Spring European Council.

Dawn l-għanijiet settorjali għandhom ikunu bbażati fuq riżultati speċifiċi u żieda fl-infiq għar-riċerka fl-enerġija. Il-Kummissjoni se tipproponi Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew għat-Teknoloġija Enerġetika konkret lill-Kunsill Ewropew tar-Rebbiegħa ta' l-2008.

3.7. Towards a low CO 2 fossil fuel future

Lejn ġejjieni ta' fjuwils fossili b'emissjonijiet baxxi ta' CO 2

Coal and gas account for 50% of the EU's electricity supply and are certain to remain an important part of our energy mix. Long-term reserves are substantial. But coal produces roughly twice the emissions of CO2 compared to gas. Much cleaner coal generation and CO2 abatement will be necessary. Furthermore, developing clean coal and carbon capture and storage is crucial at the international level: the IEA expects twice more electricity to be produced from coal by 2030. That would release around 5 bn tonnes of CO2, representing 40% of the expected increase in global energy-related CO2 emissions. In addition to the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan, other action will be required to catalyse international research and action on CO2 capture and storage.

Il-faħam u gass jikkostitwixxu 50% tal-provvista ta' l-elettriku fl-UE u bla dubju se jibqgħu parti importanti mit-taħlita tagħna ta' l-enerġija. Il-ħażniet fit-tul huma sostanzjali. Imma l-faħam jipproduċi madwar id-doppju ta' l-emissjonijiet tas-CO2 meta mqabbel mal-gass. Se jkunu meħtieġa ġenerazzjoni aktar nadifa mill-faħam u tnaqqis tas-CO2. Barra minn hekk, l-iżvilupp ta' faħam nadif, u l-ġbir u l-ħżin tal-karbonju huwa kruċjali fuq livell internazzjonali: l-IEA jassumi li l-elettriku prodott mill-faħam jirdoppja sa l-2030. Dan ifisser emissjoni ta' madwar 5bn tunnellata ta' CO2, li jirrappreżentaw 40% taż-żieda mistennija fl-emissjonijiet globali tas-CO2 b'rabta ma' l-enerġija. Barra l-Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew għat-Teknoloġija Enerġetika, se tkun meħtieġa aktar ħidma biex issostni riċerka internazzjonali u azzjoni dwar l-ġbir u l-ħżin tas-CO2.

To provide global leadership, the EU must provide a clear vision for the introduction of CO2 capture and storage in the EU, establish a favourable regulatory framework for its development, invest more, and more effectively, in research, as well as taking international action. The EU Emissions Trading System will also need to incorporate capture and storage in the future.

Biex tkun mexxeja globali, l-UE għandha tipprovdi viżjoni ċara dwar l-introduzzjoni tal-ġbir u l-ħżin tas-CO2 fl-UE, tistabilixxi qafas regolatorju favorevoli għall-iżvilupp tagħha, tinvesti aktar, u b'mod aktar effettiv, fir-riċerka, kif ukoll tieħu azzjoni internazzjonali. Is-Sistema ta' l-UE tan-Negozjar ta' l-Emissjonijiet fil-ġejjieni se tkun meħtieġa wkoll tinkorpora fiha l-ġbir u l-ħżin.

As set out in its Sustainable Power Generation Communication[24], the Commission will in 2007 start work to:

Kif stipulat fil-Komunikazzjoni dwar il-Ġenerazzjoni ta' Enerġija Sostenibbli[24] maħruġa minnha, fl-2007 il-Kummissjoni se tibda ħidma biex:

- Design a mechanism to stimulate the construction and operation by 2015 of up to 12 large-scale demonstrations of sustainable fossil fuels technologies in commercial power generation in the EU[25].

- Tiddiżinja mekkaniżmi biex jiġi stimulat, sa l-2015, il-bini u t-tħaddim sa tnax-il mudell fuq skala kbira ta' teknoloġiji sostenibbli ta' fjuwils fossili fis-settur tal-ġenerazzjoni ta' l-enerġija kummerċjali fl-UE[25].

- Provide a clear perspective when coal- and gas-fired plants will need to install CO2 capture and storage. On the basis of existing information, the Commission believes that by 2020 all new coal-fired plants should to be fitted with CO2 capture and storage and existing plants should then progressively follow the same approach. Whilst it is too early to reach a definite view on this, the Commission hopes to be able to make firm recommendations as soon as possible.

- Tipprovdi perspettiva ċara dwar meta impjanti mħaddma bil-faħam jew gass se jinħtieġu li jinstallaw tagħmir għall-ġbir u l-ħżin tas-CO2. Abbażi ta' l-informazzjoni eżistenti, il-Kummissjoni temmen li sa l-2020 l-impjanti kollha ġodda mħaddma bil-faħam għandhom jinstallaw tagħmir għall-ġbir u l-ħżin tas-CO2 u impjanti eżistenti għandhom gradwalment isegwu dan l-eżempju. Filwaqt li għadu wisq kmieni biex tintlaħaq pożizzjoni finali dwar dan, il-Kummissjoni tittama li tkun kapaċi tagħmel rakkomandazzjonijiet sodi kemm jista' jkun malajr.

3.8. The future of nuclear

Il-futur ta' l-enerġija nukleari

Currently around one third of the electricity and 15% of the energy consumed in the EU comes from nuclear which is one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) free energy in Europe. Nuclear power has been one of the ways of limiting CO2 emissions within the EU and, for those Member States that wish, is also likely to form part of an energy scenario where significant emission reductions are going to be required in the coming decades.

Attwalment madwar terz ta' l-elettriku u 15% ta' l-enerġija kkonsmata fl-UE ġejja min-nukleari li huwa wieħed mill-akbar sorsi ta' enerġija ħielsa mid-dijossidu tal-karbonju (CO2) fl-Ewropa. L-enerġija nukleari hija waħda mill-modi biex jitrażżnu l-emissjonijiet tas-CO2 fl-UE u, għall-Istati Membri li jkunu jixtiequ, tista' wkoll tkun parti mix-xenarju ta' l-enerġija fejn se jkun meħtieġ tnaqqis konsiderevoli fl-emissjonijiet tul id-deċenni li ġejjin.

Nuclear power is less vulnerable to fuel price changes than coal or gas-fired generation, as uranium represents a limited part of the total cost of generating nuclear electricity and is based on sources which are sufficient for many decades and widely distributed around the globe.

L-enerġija nukleari hija anqas vulnerabbli għal bidliet fil-prezzijiet taż-żejt mill-ġenerażżjoni ta' l-enerġija bil-faħam u bil-gass, billi l-uranju jirrappreżenta parti limitata ta' l-ispiża totali tal-ġenerazzjoni nukleari ta' l-elettriku u huwa bbażat fuq sorsi li huma suffiċjenti għal bosta deċenni u mifrux sew madwar id-dinja.

As can be seen from the table attached to this document which outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different sources of energy, nuclear energy is one of the cheapest sources of low carbon energy that is presently produced in the EU and also has relatively stable costs[26]. The next generation of nuclear reactors should reduce these costs further.

Kif jidher fit-tabella mehmuża ma' dan id-dokument li turi l-vantaġġi u l-iżvantaġġi ta' sorsi differenti ta' l-enerġija, l-enerġija nukleari hija waħda mill-orħos sorsi ta' enerġija b'emissjonijiet baxxi tal-karbonju li hija attwalment prodotta fl-UE u kif ukoll l-ispejjeż tagħha huma relattivament stabbli[26]. Il-ġenerazzjoni li jmiss ta' reatturi nukleari għandha terġa' tnaqqas dawn l-ispejjeż.

It is for each Member State to decide whether or not to rely on nuclear electricity. However, in the event that the level of nuclear energy reduces in the EU, it is essential that this reduction is phased in with the introduction of other supplementary low-carbon energy sources for electricity production; otherwise the objective of cutting GHG emissions and improving security of energy supply will not be met.

Huwa f'idejn kull Stat Membru biex jiddeċiedi jekk joqgħodx jew le fuq l-użu ta' l-elettriku nukleari. Madankollu, fil-każ li l-livell ta' l-enerġija nukleari tonqos fl-UE, huwa essenzjali li dan it-tnaqqis isir gradwalment bl-introduzzjoni ta' produzzjoni oħra ta' l-elettriku supplimentari minn sorsi ta' enerġija b'emissjonijiet baxxi tal-karbonju, inkella l-għanijiet li jitnaqqsu l-emissjonijiet GHG u li tittejjeb is-sigurtà tal-provvista ta' l-enerġija ma jintlaħqux.

In the current energy context, the IEA expects the world-wide use of nuclear power to increase from 368 GW in 2005 to 416 GW in 2030. There are therefore economic benefits in maintaining and developing the technological lead of the EU in this field.

Fil-kuntest attwali ta' l-enerġija, l-IEA tistenna li l-użu ta' l-enerġija nukleari madwar id-dinja tiżdied minn 369 GW fl-2005 għal 416 GW fl-2030. Għalhekk hemm benefiċċji ekonomiċi fiż-żamma u l-iżvilupp ta' tmexxija teknoloġika ta' l-UE f'dan il-qasam.

As set out in a new Nuclear Illustrative Programme[27], at EU level, the role should be to develop further, in conformity with Community law, the most advanced framework for nuclear energy in those Member States that choose nuclear power, meeting the highest standards of safety, security and non-proliferation as required by the Euratom Treaty. However, nuclear power also raises important issues regarding waste and decommissioning so nuclear waste management and decommissioning should also be included in future Community work. The EU should also continue their efforts to ensure that such high standards are observed internationally. In order to make progress on this the Commission proposes to establish an EU High Level Group on Nuclear Safety and Security with the mandate of progressively developing common understanding and, eventually, additional European rules, on nuclear security and safety.

Kif stipulat fi Programm Nukleari Illustrattiv[27] ġdid, fil-livell ta' l-UE, ir-rwol għandu jkun li jiġi żviluppat aktar, skond il-leġiżlazzjoni Komunitarja, l-aktar qafas avvanzat għall-enerġija nukleari f'dawk l-Istati Membri li jistgħu jagħżlu l-enerġija nukleari, b'konformità ma' l-ogħla standards ta' sikurezza, sigurtà u non-proliferazzjoni kif rekwiżit fit-Trattat tal-Euratom. Madankollu, l-enerġija nukleari tqajjem ukoll kwistjonijiet importanti dwar l-iskart u d-diżattivazzjoni, għaldaqstant l-immaniġġar u d-diżattivar ta' l-iskart nukleari għandu jkun inkluż fil-ħidma Komunitarja tal-ġejjieni. L-UE għandha wkoll tkompli fl-isforzi tagħha biex tiżgura li tali standards għolja jitħarsu internazzjonalment. Sabiex isir progress f'dan ir-rigward, il-Kummissjoni tipproponi li tistabbilixxi Grupp ta' l-UE fuq Livell Għoli għas-Sikurezza u s-Sigurtà Nukleari bil-mandat li gradwalment jiżviluppa ftehim komuni u, eventwalment, regoli adizzjonali Ewropej dwar is-sigurtà u s-sikurezza nukleari.

3.9. An International Energy Policy that actively pursues Europe's interests

Politika ta' l-Enerġija Internazzjonali li attivament tħares l-interessi Ewropej

The EU cannot achieve its energy and climate change objectives on its own. The EU in the future will account for only 15% of new CO2 emissions. Furthermore by 2030, with the new objectives, the EU will consume less than 10% of the world's energy. So the challenges of security of energy supply and climate change cannot be overcome by the EC or its Member States acting individually. It needs to work with both developed and developing countries, energy consumers and producers, to ensure competitive, sustainable and secure energy.

L-UE ma tistax tilħaq weħidha l-għanijiet tagħha rigward l-enerġija u t-tibdil fil-klima. L-UE fil-futur se tirrappreżenta 15% biss ta' l-emissjonijiet ġodda tas-CO2. Barra minn hekk sa 2030, bl-għanijiet il-ġodda, l-UE se tikkonsma anqas minn 10% ta' l-enerġija dinjija. Għalhekk l-isfida għas-sigurtà tal-provvista ta' l-enerġija u t-tibdil fil-klima ma jistgħu jingħelbu mill-KE jew mill-Istati Membri individwalment. Hu meħtieġ li dan jinħadem flimkien ma' pajjiżi żviluppati jew li qed jiżviluppaw, konsumaturi u produtturi ta' l-enerġija, biex tiġi żgurata enerġija kompetittiva, sostenibbli u sikura.

The EU and Member States must pursue these goals with a common voice, forging effective partnerships to translate these into a meaningful external policy. Indeed, energy must become a central part of all external EU relations; it is crucial to geopolitical security, economic stability, social development and international efforts to combat climate change. The EU must therefore develop effective energy relations with all its international partners, based on mutual trust, cooperation and interdependence. This means relations broadened in geographical scope, and deepened in nature on the basis of agreements with substantial energy provisions.

L-UE u l-Istati Membri għandhom isostnu dawn l-għanijiet b'vuċi komuni, bi tħaddim ta' partenarjat effettiv biex isarrfuhom f'politika esterna li tagħmel sens. Tabilħaqq, l-enerġija għandha tkun parti ċentrali mir-relazzjonijiet esterni kollha ta' l-UE, minħabba li hija kruċjali għas-sigurtà ġeopolitika, l-istabbiltà ekonomika, l-iżvilupp soċjali u l-isforzi internazzjonali fil-ġlieda kontra t-tibdil fil-klima. L-UE għandha għalhekk tiżviluppa relazzjonijiet effettivi dwar l-enerġija ma' l-imsieħba internazzjonali kollha tagħha, imsejsa fuq fiduċja reċiproka, kooperazzjoni u interdependenza. Dan ifisser relazzjonijiet aktar miftuħa f'sens ġeografiku u eqreb abbażi ta' ftehimiet b'dispożizzjonijiet sostanzjali dwar l-enerġija.

The European Council has endorsed the vision of a long term framework for the external energy dimension set out jointly by the Commission and the Council[28] and has agreed to establish a network of energy security correspondents which will provide an early warning system and enhance the EU's capability to react in times of external energy security pressure.

Il-Kunsill Ewropew ikkonferma l-viżjoni għal qafas fit-tul għad-dimensjoni esterna ta' l-enerġija stipulata flimkien mill-Kummissjoni u l-Kunsill[28] u qabel li jistabilixxi netwerk ta' korrispondenti dwar is-sigurtà ta' l-enerġija li se jipprovdi sistema ta' avviż bikri u jtejjeb il-kapaċità ta' l-UE biex tirrispondi f'mumenti ta' pressjoni esterna fuq is-sigurtà ta' l-enerġija.

The EU already speaks with one voice in negotiations of international agreements, notably in the field of trade. Ongoing and future international agreements, whether bilateral or with several countries at a time, can be used more effectively to establish legally binding commitments. These can extend to the reciprocal liberalisation of trading conditions and investment in upstream and downstream markets, and to the grant of access to pipelines by countries situated along transit and transport chains. Equally, they can be used to promote international trade in sustainably produced biofuels or environmental goods, or to the international pricing of carbon emissions.

L-UE diġà titkellem b'vuċi waħda f'negozjati ta' ftehimiet internazzjonali, partikolarment fil-qasam tal-kummerċ. Ftehimiet internazzjonali kontinwi u futuri, kemm jekk bilaterali jew multilaterali, jistgħu jintużaw b'mod aktar effettiv biex jiġu stabbiliti impenji vinkolanti legalment. Dawn jistgħu jiġu estiżi għal-liberazzjoni reċiproka tal-kundizzjonijiet tal-kummerċ u l-investimet fis-swieq upstream u downstream , u għall-għoti ta' l-aċċess għal-linji tal-pajpijiet lill-pajjiżi li jinsabu f'żoni ta' tranżitu jew tul il-katina tat-trasport. Bl-istess mod, jistgħu jintużaw biex jiġi promoss il-kummerċ internazzjonali tal-bijofjuwils prodotti b'mod sostenibbli jew ta' l-oġġetti ambjentali, jew għall-valutazzjoni internazzjonali ta' l-emissjonijiet tal-karbonju.

The EU must therefore now follow through these principles into action. The first step towards "speaking with one voice" is to set out clear objectives, and the means to coordinate effectively. The regular Strategic Energy Reviews will provide the overall framework for frequent discussion of external energy issues in the EU institutions. The priorities to be pursued by an effective external EU Energy Policy during the next three years are:

L-UE issa għandha għalhekk tara li dawk il-prinċipji jissarfu f'azzjoni. L-ewwel pass biex "nitkellmu b'vuċi waħda" huwa li jiġu stabbiliti għanijiet ċari, u l-mezzi għall-koordinazzjoni effettiva. L-Analiżi Strateġiċi dwar l-Enerġija regolari se jipprovdu qafas għad-diskussjoni frekwenti dwar kwistjonijiet esterni ta' l-enerġija, fi ħdan l-istituzzjonijiet ta' l-UE. Il-prioritajiet li għandhom jiġu segwiti minn Politika ta' l-UE esterna u effettiva dwar l-Enerġija tul it-tliet snin li ġejjin huma:

- The EC and its Member States should be a key driver in the design of international agreements, including the future of the Energy Charter Treaty and the post-2012 climate regime.

- Il-KE u l-Istati Membri tagħha għandhom ikun mutur ewlieni fit-tfassil ta' ftehimiet internazzjonali, inkluż il-futur tat-Trattat dwar il-Karta ta' l-Enerġija u r-reġim dwar il-klima wara l-2012.

- EU energy relations with its neighbours are fundamental to European security and stability. The EU should aim to build up a wide network of countries around the EU, acting on the basis of shared rules or principles derived from the EU energy policy.

- Ir-relazzjonijiet dwar l-enerġija ta' l-UE mal-ġirien tagħha huma fundamentali għas-sigurtà u l-istabbiltà Ewropea. L-għan huwa l-ħolqien ta' sistema wiesgħa ta' pajjiżi madwar l-UE, li jaġixxu fuq il-bażi ta' regoli ta' tqassim jew prinċipji derivati mis-suq intern.

- To enhance relations with our external energy suppliers, further developing comprehensive partnerships based on mutual interest, transparency, predictability and reciprocity.

- It-titjib tar-relazzjonijiet mal-fornituri esterni ta' l-enerġija ta' l-UE, biex jiġu żviluppati aktar partenarjati komprensivi bbażati fuq l-interess reċiproku, it-trasparenza, il-prevedibbiltà u r-reċiproċità.

- To continue to develop closer energy relations with other major consumers, in particular through IEA and G8 or through intensified bilateral cooperation.

- It-tkomplija ta' l-iżvilupp ta' relazzjonijiet eqreb dwar l-enerġija ma' konsumaturi prinċipali oħra, partikolarment permezz ta' l-IEA u l-G8 jew permezz ta' kooperazzjoni bilaterali intensifikata.

- Develop the use of financial instruments, via enhanced co-operation with the EIB and EBRD and the establishment of a Neighbourhood Investment Fund, to enhance the EU’s energy security.

- L-iżvilupp ta' l-użu ta' strumenti finanzjarji, permezz ta' koperazzjoni mtejba ma' l-EIB u l-EBRD u t-twaqqif ta' Fond għall-Investiment għall-Viċinat, biex tittejjeb is-sigurtà ta' l-enerġija ta' l-UE.

- To improve the conditions for investments in international projects, working for example to secure a clearly defined and transparent legal framework and appointing European coordinators to represent EU interests in key international projects.

- It-titjib tal-kundizzjonijiet għall-investimenti fi proġetti internazzjonali, f'ħidma pereżempju biex tiżgura qafas legali definit kjarament u trasparenti, bil-ħatra ta' koordinaturi Ewropej biex jirrappreżentaw l-interessi ta' l-UE fi proġetti internazzjonali ewlenin.

- Promote non proliferation, nuclear safety and security, in particular through a reinforced cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency.

- Il-promozzjoni tan-non-proliferazzjoni, sikurezza u siġurtà nukleari, partikolarment permezz ta' kooperazzjoni msaħħa ma' l-Aġenzija Internazzjonali dwar l-Enerġija Atomika.

The detailed manner in which these objectives will now be pursued, as discussed in detail by the European Council at the Lahti Summit and the December 2006 European Council is contained in Annex to this Review. In addition, however, the Commission considers that two additional priority actions should now be pursued:

Il-mod dettaljat li bih dawn l-għanijiet issa se jiġu segwiti, kif diskuss fid-dettall fil-Kunsill Ewropew fis-Samit ta' Laht u fil-Kunsill Ewropew ta' Diċembru 2006, jinsab fl-Anness għal din l-Analiżi. Iżda aktar minn hekk, il-Kummissjoni tikkunsidra li żewġ azzjonijiet prijoritarji adizzjonali għandhom jiġu segwiti.

- A comprehensive Africa-Europe Energy partnership. The importance of Africa as an energy supplier has increased greatly in recent years, but its potential is still greater. The dialogue should include security of supply, technology transfer in renewable energy, sustainable exploitation of resources, transparency of energy markets and respect for good governance. The dialogue should be launched through a joint event at the highest level.

- Partenarjat koprensiv Afrika-Ewropa dwar l-Enerġija. L-importanza ta' l-Afrika bħala fornitur ta' l-enerġija żdiedet bil-bosta fl-aħħar snin, imma l-potenzjal tagħha huwa saħansitra akbar. Id-djalogu għandu jinkludi s-sigurtà tal-provvista, it-trasferiment tat-teknoloġija għall-enerġija minn sorsi li jiġġeddu, l-isfruttar sostenibbli tar-riżorsi, it-trasparenza tas-swieq ta' l-enerġija u r-rispett għat-tmexxija xierqa. Id-djalogu għandu jitnieda f'attività konġunta fl-ogħla livell.

- As already mentioned above, an international agreement on energy efficiency.

- Kif diġà msemmi hawn fuq, ftehim internazzjonali dwar l-effiċjenza enerġetika.

3.9.1. Integrating Europe's Energy and Development Policies: a win-win game

L-integrazzjoni tal-Politiki Ewropej dwar l-Enerġija u l-Iżvilupp: fejn jirbaħ kulħadd

High energy prices are particularly damaging for developing countries. Whilst a few developing countries might benefit as producer, others can find the increased costs of energy imports outstripping their development aid receipts[29]. Africa and other developing regions have a vital interest, like Europe, to boost diversification and energy efficiency – this can make a major contribution to the Millennium Development Goals. The EU is therefore committed to support developing countries in promoting sustainable and secure energy supply and use.

Prezzijiet għolja ta' l-enerġija huma ta' ħsara partikolarment għall-pajjiżi li qed jiżviluppaw. Filwaqt li ftit pajjiżi li qed jiżviluppaw jistgħu igawdu bħal produtturi, oħrajn jistgħu jsibu li l-ispejjeż ogħla għall-importazzjonijiet ta' l-enerġija huma aktar mill-għajnuniet li jirċievu għall-iżvilupp[29]. L-Afrika u reġjuni li qed jiżviluppaw oħrajn għandhom interess qawwi, bħall-Ewropa, biex jippromwovu d-diversifikazzjoni u l-effiċjenża enerġetika – dan jista' jagħti kontribut qawwi għall-Miri tal-Millennju għall-Iżvilupp. L-UE hija għalhekk impenjata biex tappoġġa l-pajjiżi li qed jiżviluppaw biex jippromwovu l-provvista u l-użu sostenibbli u sikur ta' l-enerġija.

To deliver on the above commitment, the EU should focus on the delivery of affordable, reliable and sustainable energy services to the poor, notably from renewable sources as well as for the development of clean and efficient technologies for gas and oil production. Africa offers a unique opportunity to install renewable energy technology in a competitive manner. It can by-pass the need to build expensive transmission grids and "leap-frog" to a new generation of clean, local low carbon energy sources and technologies – as already seen for mobile telecommunications. This is a real "win-win" opportunity, increasing the penetration of clean renewable energy and bringing electrification to some of the world's poorest citizens. A special effort will be needed in Sub-Saharan Africa, where rates of access to electricity are the lowest in the world.

Biex jitwettaq l-impenn imsemmi, l-UE għandha tiffoka fuq id-distribuzzjoni ta' serviżżi ta' l-enerġija finanzjarjament aċċessibli, affidabbli u sostenibbli lill-foqra, partikolarment minn sorsi li jiġġeddu kif ukoll għall-iżvilupp ta' teknoloġiji tal-produzzjoni tal-gass u taż-żejt nodfa u effiċjenti. L-Afrika toffri opporunità unika biex tinstalla teknoloġija ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded b'mod kompetittiv. Tista' tgħaddi mingħajr il-bżonn li tibni grids tat-trażmissjoni li jiswew ħafna flus u "taqbeż" għal ġenerazzjoni ġdida ta' sorsi u teknoloġiji lokali ta' l-enerġija b'emissjonijiet baxxi ta' karbonju – bħal ma diġà ġara fit-telefonija mobbli. Din hija tassew opportunità "fejn jirbaħ kulħadd," fejn tiżdied il-penetrazzjoni ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded nadifa u jitwassal l-elettriku lil uħud mill-ifqar ċittadini tad-dinja. Sforz speċjali jkun meħtieġ fl-Afrika fin-nofsinhar għas-Saħara, fejn ir-rati ta' aċċess għall-elettriku huma fost l-aktar baxxi fid-dinja.

The EU will also leverage the different instruments at its disposal to this end: the 10th European Development Fund, the EU-Africa Partnership on Infrastructure which addresses regional projects on the generation and transmission of electricity, the ACP-EU Energy Facility, and the EC COOPENER programme and its successor as well as the EUROSOLAR programme for Latin America.

L-UE se tuża wkoll l-istrumenti differenti li għandha disponibbli għal dan il-għan: l-10 Fond Ewropew għall-Iżvilupp, il-Partenarjat UE-Afrika dwar l-Infrastruttura mmirat għal proġetti reġjonali għall-ġenerazzjoni u t-trażmissjoni ta' l-elettriku, il-Faċilità ta' l-Enerġija AKP-UE, u l-programm KE COOPENER u s-suċċessur tiegħu kif ukoll il-programm EUROSOLAR għall-Amerka Latina.

3.10. Effective monitoring and reporting

Monitoraġġ u rappurtar effettiv

Monitoring, transparency and reporting will be essential elements in progressively developing an effective European energy policy. The Commission proposes to establish an Office of the Energy Observatory within the Directorate General for Energy and Transport. This Office should undertake core functions regarding Europe’s energy demand and supply, notably increasing transparency regarding the future investment needs in the EU for electricity and gas infrastructure and generation facilities and, via benchmarking and the exchange of best practice, the success of Member States in ensuring that their energy mix evolves in a manner that contributes effectively to the EU's energy goals.

Is-sorveljanza, it-trasparenza u r-rapportar se jkunu elementi essenzjali fl-iżvilupp gradwali ta' politika Ewropea effettiva dwar l-enerġija. Il-Kummissjoni tipproponi li twaqqaf Uffiċċju ta' l-Osservatorju dwar l-Enerġija fi ħdan id-Direttorat Ġenerali għall-Enerġija u t-Trasport. Dan l-Uffiċċju għandu jaqdi l-funzjonijiet ta' qofol fir-rigward tad-domanda u provvista l-enerġija fl-Ewropa, partikolarment fiż-żieda tat-trasparenza rigward il-bżonnijiet futuri ta' l-investiment fl-UE għall-infrastruttura ta' l-elettriku u l-gass u l-faċilitajiet ta' ġenerazzjoni u, permezz ta' analiżi komparattiva u l-iskambju ta' l-aqwa prassi, kemm l-Istati Membri jirnexxielhom jiżguraw li t-taħlita ta' l-enerġija tagħhom tevolvi b'mod li jikkontribwixxi b'mod effettiv għall-miri ta' l-UE dwar l-enerġija.

The Commission will set out the specific responsibilities of the Observatory and propose in 2007 a legal base for financing its activities. In doing so it will examine and streamline existing energy related information and reporting obligations upon the Commission and Member States.

Il-Kummissjoni se tistipula r-responsabbiltajiet speċifiċi ta' l-Osservatorju u fl-2007 tipproponi bażi legali għall-finanzjament ta' l-attivitajiet tiegħu. B'dan il-mod, teżamina u tirrazzjonalizza informazzjoni eżistenti b'rabta ma' l-enerġija u obbligi ta' rapportar tal-Kummissjoni u l-Istati Membri.

4. TAKING WORK FORWARD

Tmexxija tax-xogħol 'il quddiem

This Strategic Review has set out a set of policies required to achieve the goals of sustainable, secure and competitive energy. The first step is to secure clear decisions from the European Council and the European Parliament on the strategic approach, an Action Plan to enable the EU to achieve ambitious, broad and long term targets. Future Strategic Reviews can help the EU refine and update its Action Plan to take account of change – most obviously, technological advance and common international action to address climate change. The pursuit of reduced emissions in Europe and worldwide is indivisible from the European Energy Policy.

Din l-Analiżi Strateġika stipulat ġabra ta' politiki meħtieġa biex jintlaħqu l-għanijiet ta' enerġija sostenibbli, sikura u kompetittiva. L-ewwel pass huwa li jiġu żgurati deċiżjonijiet ċari mill-Kunsill Ewropew u mill-Parlament Ewropew dwar l-approċċ strateġiku, Pjan ta' Azzjoni biex jippermetti lill-UE biex tilħaq miri ambizzjużi, wiesgħa u fit-tul. Analiżi Strateġiċi futuri jistgħu jgħinu lill-UE tirfina u taġġorna l-Pjan ta' Azzjoni tagħha biex jitqies t-tibdil – l-aktar ovvju, l-avvanz teknoloġiku u l-azzjoni internazzjonali komuni biex tiġi indirizzata t-tibdil fil-klima. L-impenn għat-trażżin ta' l-emissjonijiet fl-Ewropa u madwar id-dinja ma jistax jinfired mill-Politika Ewropea dwar l-Enerġija.

Were the EU to succeed in meeting the specific objectives proposed regarding energy efficiency and renewables, this would put it on track to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas reduction of 20 %, and provide a springboard to achieve dramatic reductions by 2050 objectives. Determined action now will mean progress towards stabilising our import dependence, timely investment, new jobs and a technological lead for Europe in low carbon technologies . The EU would have set the pace for a new global industrial revolution .

Kieku l-UE jirnexxielha tilħaq għanijiet speċifiċi proposti rigward l-effiċjenza enerġetika u s-sorsi li jiġġeddu, dan ipoġġiha fit-triq lejn l-ilħuq tal-mira ta' tnaqqis ta' 20% gass serra sa l-2020, u jservi ta' katalist biex jintlaħaq tnaqqis konsiderevoli skond il-miri sa l-2050. Azzjoni b'determinazzjoni issa se ssarraf fi progress lejn l-istabilizzar tad-dipendenza ta' l-UE fuq l-importazzjoni, l-investiment opportun, impiegi ġodda u tmexxija teknoloġika għall-Ewropa fit-teknoloġiji b'emissjonijiet baxxi tal-karbonju. L-UE se tkun wittiet it-triq għal rivoluzzjoni globali industrijali ġdida.

The Commission therefore calls on the European Council and Parliament to:

Il-Kummissjoni għalhekk tappella lill-Kunsill Ewropew u l-Parlament Ewropew biex:

- endorse an EU objective in international negotiations of 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by developed countries by 2020 compared to 1990;

- jikkonfermaw mira ta' l-UE, għan-negozjati internazzjonali, ta' 30% tnaqqis fl-emissjonijiet tal-gassijiet serra mill-pajjiżi żviluppati sa l-2020 meta mqabbla ma' l-1990;

- endorse already now an EU commitment to achieve, in any event, at least a 20% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020 compared to 1990;

- jikkonfermaw minn issa impenn ta' l-UE biex jintlaħaq akkost ta' kollox ta' lanqas 20% tnaqqis tal-gassijiet serra sa l-2020 meta mqabbla ma' l-1990;

- confirm that additional measures are necessary to make the potential benefits of the Internal Electricity and Gas Markets a reality for all EU citizens and businesses and specifically:

- jikkonfermaw li miżuri adizzjonali huma meħtieġa biex jiġu realizzati l-benefiċji potenzjali tas- Swieq Interni ta' l-Elettriku u l-Gass għaċ-ċittadini u n-negozji kollha ta' l-UE u speċifikament:

- Commit to further unbundling to deliver greater competition, increased investment and more choice for energy users, through ownership unbundling, or through a full Independent System Operator. In the light of the evidence the Commission considers that ownership unbundling is the most effective means to ensure choice for energy users and to encourage investment. On the basis of the conclusions of the European Council of 9 March and the position of the European Parliament, the Commission will come forward swiftly with a legislative proposal;

- impenn għal aktar separazzjoni biex ikun hemm aktar kompetizzjoni, investiment u għażla għall-konsumaturi ta' l-enerġija, idealment permezz ta' separazzjoni tas-sjieda, jew permezz ta' Operatur kompletament Indipendenti tas-Sistema. Fid-dawl ta' l-evidenza l-Kummissjoni tikkunsidra li s-separazzjoni tas-sjieda hija l-aktar mod effettiv biex tkun żgurata l-għażla għall-konsumaturi ta' l-enerġija u biex jitħeġġeġ l-investiment. abbażi tal-konklużjonijiet tal-Kunsill Ewropew tad-9 ta' Marzu u l-pożizzjoni tal-Parlament Ewropew, il-Kummissjoni se tressaq minnufih proposta leġiżlattiva;

- Ensure effective regulation in every Member State through the harmonisation of the powers and independence of energy regulators based the highest common denominator in the EU and tasking regulators with the development of the Internal Energy Market as well as the effective development of national markets;

- jiżguraw regolazzjoni effettiva f'kull Stat Membru permezz ta' l-armonizzazzjoni tas-setgħat u l-indipendenza tar-regolaturi ta' l-enerġija bbażati fuq l-ogħla denominatur komuni fl-UE u l-inkarigu tar-regolaturi bl-iżvilupp tas-Suq Intern ta' l-Enerġija kif ukoll l-iżvilupp effettiv tas-swieq nazzjonali;

- Accelerate the harmonisation of the technical standards necessary to enable cross-border trade to work effectively, and to ensure the promotion of the European market by establishing a new single body at EU level or, at a minimum, through a European network of independent regulators which would need to take due account of the European interest and have the appropriate involvement of the Commission;

- titħaffef l-armonizzazzjoni ta' l-istandards tekniċi meħtieġa biex tippermetti kummerċ transkonfinali jaħdem effettivament, u biex tiġi żgurata l-promozzjoni tas-suq Ewropew bit-twaqqif ta' korp ġdid fil-livell ta' l-UE jew, ta' lanqas, permezz ta' netwerk Ewropew ta' regolaturi indipendenti li jkunu meħtieġa jqisu l-interessi Ewropej u jinvolvu kif xieraq lill-Kummissjoni.

- Establish in 2007 a new Community mechanism and structure for Transmission System Operators, responsible for co-ordinated network planning, reporting to national regulators and the Commission. This should also be responsible for proposing minimum network security standards, which once approved by Regulators and the Commission, be proposed as legally binding;

- fl-2007 jitwaqqaf mekkaniżmu u struttura Komunitarja ġdida għall-Operaturi tas-Sistema tat-Trażmissjoni, responsabbli mill-ippjanar tan-netwerk koordinat, li jirrappurtaw għand ir-regolaturi nazzjonali u l-Kummissjoni. Din għandha wkoll tkun inkarigata li tipproponi standards minimi għas-sigurtà tan-netwerk, li ladarba jkunu approvati mir-Regolaturi u l-Kummissjoni, jkunu proposti bħala legalment vinkolanti;

- Endorse the Commission tabling in 2007 minimum standards regarding transparency;

- jikkonfermaw fl-2007 it-tressiq mill-Kummissjoni ta' standards minimi rigward it-trasparenza;

- Welcome a new Customers' Energy Charter;

- jilqgħu Karta ġdida dwar il-Konsumaturi ta' l-Enerġija;

- Make further progress in realising the construction of essential new interconnectors. Confirm the need to appoint European co-ordinators to pursue the most problematic priority projects and invite the Commission to table, in 2007, a formal legislative proposal defining a maximum of 5 years within which planning and approval procedures must be completed for projects of European interest;

- jagħmlu aktar progress fit-twettiq tal-kostruzzjoni ta' interkonnetturi essenzjali ġodda; jikkonfermaw il-ħtieġa tal-ħatra ta' koordinaturi Ewropej biex isegwu l-aktar proġetti problematiċi ta' prijorità u l-istedina lill-Kummissjoni biex fl-2007 tressaq proposta formali leġiżlattiva li tiddefinixxi sa massimu ta' 5 snin li tulhom il-proċeduri ta' l-ippjanar u l-approvazzjoni għadhom jitlestew għall-proġetti ta' interess Ewropew;

- Endorse the need to make further progress in ensuring solidarity between Member States in the event of an energy crisis or a disruption in supplies. Effective mechanisms need to be put in place to this end. Welcome the Commission's intention to bring forward in 2007 a Communication on strategic stocks with, where appropriate, reinforced measures;

- jikkonfermaw il-ħtieġa li jsir aktar progress fl-iżgurar tas-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri fil-każ ta' kriżi ta' l-enerġija jew ta' twaqqif fil-provvista. jitwaqqaf mekkaniżmu effettiv b'dan il-għan; jilqgħu l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni li fl-2007 tressaq Komunikazzjoni dwar r-riżervi strateġiċi b'miżuri msaħħa fejn xieraq;

- Underline the priority that the EU strengthens its efforts to get global action to combat climate change. Welcome the Commission's intention to take all opportunities of bilateral and multilateral international negotiations to promote the fight against climate change, to coordinate energy policies and to strengthen the cooperation on clean technologies;

- jenfasizzaw il-prijorità li l-UE ssaħħaħ l-isforzi tagħha biex toħloq azzjoni dinjija kontra t-tibdil fil-klima. jilqgħu l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni li tieħu kull opportunità għal negozjati bilaterali u multilaterali internazzjonali biex tippromwovi l-glieda kontra t-tibdil fil-klima, tikkoordina l-politiki dwar l-enerġija u ssaħħaħ il-kooperazzjoni dwar it-teknoloġiji ndaf;

- Endorse the objective of saving 20% of the EU's energy consumption in a cost-efficient manner by 2020 as presented in the Commission's Energy Efficiency Action Plan, and welcome the Commission's intention to roll out concrete measures to make this a reality, notably to:

- jikkonfermaw l-għan ta' l-iffrankar ta' 20% mill-konsum ta' l-enerġija fl-UE b'effiċjenza fl-infiq sa l-2020, kif preżentat fil-Pjan ta' Azzjoni tal-Kummissjoni dwar l-Effiċjenza Enerġetika, u jilqgħu l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni biex tieħu miżuri konkreti biex dan iseħħ, partikolarment sabiex:

- establish and update on a regular basis, minimum efficiency requirements for energy-using equipment;

- twaqqaf u taġġorna fuq bażi regolari, rekwiżiti minimi għall-effiċjenza għat-tagħmir li juża l-enerġija;

- realise further energy savings in buildings, utilising and developing the framework provided by the Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings;

- ikun hemm aktar frankar ta' enerġija minn bini, bl-użu u l-iżvilupp ta' qafas previst mid-Direttiva dwar ir-Rendiment ta' l-Enerġija fil-Bini;

- exploit the significant energy efficiency potential in transportation, using a variety of measures including legislation as necessary;

- jiġi sfruttat il-potenzjat konsiderevoli ta' l-effiċjenza enerġetika fit-trasport, bl-użu ta' miżuri varji, inkluż leġiżlazzjoni kif meħtieġ;

- Improve the energy-efficient and energy saving behaviour of all energy consumers, including by demonstrating the benefits of available energy efficient technology and behaviour;

- tittejjeb l-effiċjenza enerġetika u d-disponibbiltà għall-iffrankar ta' l-enerġija tal-konsumaturi kollha, inkluż bl-espożizzjoni tal-benefiċċji tat-teknologija u l-imġieba enerġetikament effiċjenti disponibbli;

- continue to improve efficiency in energy generation, in particular by promoting high efficiency combined heat and power technologies;

- tibqa' tittejjeb l-effiċjenza fil-ġenerazzjoni ta' l-enerġija, partikolarment bil-promozzjoni ta' teknoloġiji li jgħaqqdu s-sħana ma' l-enerġija;

- Endorse the binding targets of 20% for the share of renewable energy in overall EU energy consumption by 2020 and 10% minimum biofuels. Invite the Commission to table a new Directive to put this into practice during 2007 specifying their national targets and the procedure for developing National Action Plans to meet them;

- jikkonfermaw il-mira ta' 20 % għas-sehem ta' l-enerġija li tiġġedded mill-konsum kumplessiv ta' l-enerġija fl-UE sa l-2020 u minimu ta' 10% bijofjuwils; jistiednu lill-Kummissjoni biex tressaq Direttiva ġdida biex twettaq dan tul l-2007, li tispeċifika miri nazzjonali tagħhom u l-proċeduri għall-iżvilupp ta' Pjanijiet ta' Azzjoni Nazzjonali biex dawn jintlaħqu;

- Endorse the need for an ambitious and targeted European Strategic Energy Technology Plan and welcome the Commission's intention to formally propose such a Plan in 2007;

- jikkonfermaw il-ħtieġa għal Pjan Ewropew Strateġiku dwar it-Teknoloġija ta' l-Enerġija ambizzjuż u mmirat, u jilqgħu l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni li formalment tipproponi tali Pjan fl-2007;

- Confirm the priority of making rapid progress in providing a clear perspective when coal- and gas-fired plants will need to install CO2 capture and storage in the EU and establishing a mechanism to stimulate the construction and operation by 2015 of up to 12 large-scale demonstrations of sustainable fossil fuels technologies in commercial power generation in the EU;

- jikkonfermaw il-prijorità li jsir progress rapidu fit-tfassil ta' perspettiva ċara meta l-impjanti mħaddma bil-faħam jew bil-gass ikunu jeħtieġu li l-installazzjoni ta' tagħmir għall-ġbir u l-ħżin tas-CO2 fl-UE, u li jitwaqqaf mekkaniżmu biex jistimula sa l-2015 il-bini u t-tħaddim sa tnax-il eżemplar fuq skala kbira ta' teknoloġiji sostenibbli ta' fjuwils fossili fis-settur tal-ġenerazzjoni ta' l-enerġija kummerċjali fl-UE;

- Welcomes the Commission's intention to establish an EU High Level Group on Nuclear Safety and Security with the mandate of progressively developing common understanding and, eventually, additional European rules on nuclear security and safety to support the efforts of those Member States that so choose to continue to rely on nuclear power;

- jilqgħu l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni li twaqqaf ta' Grupp ta' l-UE fuq Livell Għoli għas-Sikurezza u s-Sigurtà Nukleari bil-mandat li gradwalment jiżviluppa ftehim komuni u, eventwalment, regoli adizzjonali Ewropej dwar is-sigurtà u s-sikurezza nukleari b'appoġġ għall-isforzi ta' dawk l-Istati Membri li għażlu li jkomplu jiddependu fuq l-enerġija nukleari;

- Confirm the importance of “speaking with one voice” on international energy issues. In addition to the need to now pursue in practice conclusions resulting from at the Lahti Summit and the December 2006 European Council on this issue, (i) endorse the proposal to develop a comprehensive Africa-Europe Energy partnership and welcome the Commission's initiative to launch this through a joint event at the highest level in 2007 and (ii) welcome the objective of concluding an international agreement on energy efficiency and the Commission's intention to table the basis of such an agreement during the first part of 2007 for consideration by the Council and Parliament;

- jikkonfermaw l-importanza li l-UE "titkellem b'vuċi waħda" dwar kwistjonijiet internazzjonali ta' l-enerġija; barra mill-ħtieġa li issa jissegwew fil-prattika l-konklużjonijiet li joħorġu mis-samit ta' Lahti u l-Kunsill Ewropew ta' Diċembru 2006 dwar din il-kwistjoni, (i) jikkonfermaw il-proposta għall-iżvilupp ta' partenarjat komprensiv Afrika-Ewropa dwar l-Enerġija u jilqgħu l-inizzjattiva tal-Kummissjoni li tniedi dan permezz ta' avveniment konġunt fl-ogħla livell fl-2007 u (ii) jilqgħu l-għan li jiġi konkluż ftehim internazzjonali dwar l-effiċjenza enerġetika u l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni li tressaq il-bazi ta' tali ftehim tul l-ewwel parti ta' l-2007 għall-kunsiderazzjoni tal-Kunsill u l-Parlament;

- use international negotiations to encourage sustainable methods of production and to promote international trade in environmental and energy efficient goods and services;

- jużaw in-negozjati internazzjonali biex jippromwovu metodi sostenibbli tal-produzzjoni u biex jippromwovu l-kummerċ internazzjonali f'oġġetti u servizzi ambjentali u enerġetikament effiċjenti.

- Welcome the Commission's intention to put forward a new Strategic Energy Review every 2 years and to propose in 2007, a formal legal base for financing the work of an Office of the Energy Observatory within the Commission to coordinate and improve transparency on EU energy markets.

- jilqgħu l-intenzjoni tal-Kummissjoni li tressaq Analiżi Strateġika dwar l-Enerġija kull sentejn u li tipproponi fl-2007, bażi legali formali għall-Uffiċċju ta' l-Osservatorju dwar l-Enerġija fi ħdan il-Kummissjoni biex jikkoordina u jtejjeb it-trasparenza dwar is-swieq ta' l-enerġija fl-UE;

Annex 1: EU International Energy Policy Priorities.

Anness 1: Prijoritajiet ta' l-UE tal-Politika Internazzjonali dwar l-Enerġija

Annex 2: The advantages and disadvantages of different sources of electrical energy, based on current oil, gas and coal prices.

Anness 2: Il-vantaġġi u l-iżvantaġġi ta' sorsi differenti ta' enerġija elettrika, bbażata fuq il-prezzijiet attwali taż-żejt, gass u faħam

Annex 3: The advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources for heating.

Anness 3: Il-vantaġġi u l-iżvantaġġi ta' sorsi differenti ta' l-enerġija għat-tisħin

Annex 4: The advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources for road transport.

Anness 4: Il-vantaġġi u l-iżvantaġġi ta' sorsi differenti ta' l-enerġija għat-trasport bit-triq

Sources for the figures contained in the annexes can be found in the Commission's Staff Working Document: EU Energy Policy Data[30].

Sorsi għal-grafiċi inklużi fl-annessi jinsabu fid-Dokument ta' Ħidma ta' l-Impjegati tal-Kummissjoni: Data dwar il-Politika ta' l-UE dwar l-Enerġija[30].

Annex 1

Anness 1

EU International Energy Policy Priorities

Prijoritajiet ta' l-UE tal-Politika Internazzjonali dwar l-Enerġija

The priorities to be pursued by a external EU Energy Policy during the next three years are:

Il-prioritajiet li għandhom jiġu segwiti minn Politika esterna ta' l-UE dwar l-Enerġija tul it-tliet snin li ġejjin huma:

- Driving forward international agreements , including the post-2012 climate regime, the extension of emissions trading to global partners, the future of the Energy Charter Treaty and the development and deployment of clean and renewable energy technologies. This means stepping up coordination between the EU and the Member States in international fora and improving collaboration with the International Energy Agency. The EU shall also be involved in multilateral initiatives such as the World Bank Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. In order to enhance further coherence the EU should also strive where appropriate for membership in relevant international organisations.

- It-tmexxija 'l quddiem ta' ftehimiet internazzjonali , inkluż ir-reġim dwar il-klima ta' wara l-2012, l-estensjoni ta' l-iskambju ta' l-emissjonijiet ma' msieħba globali u l-iżvilupp u l-użu ta' teknoloġiji ta' l-enerġija nadifa u li tiġġedded. Dan ifisser li tiżdied il-koordinazzjoni bejn l-UE u l-Istati Membri f'fora internazzjonali u li titjieb il-kollaborazzjoni ma' l-Aġenzija Internazzjonali għall-Enerġija. L-UE għandha wkoll tkun involuta f'inizjattivi multilaterali bħall-Partenarjat tal-Bank Dinji għat-Tnaqqis Globali ta' l-Ivvampjar tal-Gass u l-Inizjattiva dwar it-Trasparenza ta' l-Industriji Estrattivi. Sabiex titjieb aktar il-koerenza l-UE għandha wkoll tfittex, fejn xieraq, sħubija f'organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali rilevanti;

- Building up energy relations with the EU's neighbours, following up the Commission's recent proposal to strengthen the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)[31] also in the field of energy, with a possible EU-ENP energy Treaty with in the long run, possibly, all of our relevant neighbours. The Energy Community Treaty already acts as the basis for an emerging regional energy market, and should seek to gradually extend beyond the EU and the Western Balkans to incorporate neighbours like Moldova, Norway, Turkey and Ukraine Enhanced energy relationships with Egypt and other Mashrek/Maghreb energy supplier and transit countries need to be developed, as well as with Libya. Both Norway and Algeria deserve special attention and tailor-made relations.

- Il-bini ta' relazzjonijiet dwar l-enerġija mal-ġirien ta' l-UE , b'kontigwità mal-proposta riċenti tal-Kummissjoni biex tissaħħaħ il-Politika Ewropea dwar il-Viċinat (PEV)[31] fis-settur ta' l-enerġija wkoll, bil-possibiltà ta' Trattat ta' l-Enerġija UE-PEV, 'il quddiem, possibilment mal-ġirien kollha rilevanti ta' l-UE. It-Trattat Komunitarju dwar l-Enerġija diġà jservi bħala l-bażi għal suq reġjonali ġdid ta' l-enerġija, u għandu jara li gradwalment jestendi lil hinn mill-UE u l-Balkani tal-Punent biex jinkludi ġirien bħal Moldova, in-Norveġja, it-Turkija u l-Ukraina. Relazzjonijiet imtejba dwar l-enerġija ma' fornituri ta' l-enerġija mill-Eġittu u pajjiżi tal-Maxrek/Magreb oħrajn u pajjiżi ta' tranżitu, kif ukoll mal-Libja, jeħtieġu li jiġu żviluppati. Kemm in-Norveġja u l-Alġerija jixraqilhom attenzjoni speċjali u relazzjonijiet speċjali.

- To reduce the threat of possible disruptions or physical destruction of critical energy infrastructure beyond the EU borders through an exchange of best practice with all relevant EU partners and international organizations based on the actions for the internal infrastructure outlined in the Commission’s recent Communication on a European Program for Critical Infrastructure Protection.

- It-tnaqqis tat-theddid ta' qtugħ possibli jew qerda fiżika ta' infrastruttura ta' l-enerġija kruċjali lil hinn mill-fruntieri ta' l-UE permezz ta' skambju ta' l-aqwa prassi ma' l-imsieħba ta' l-UE u organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali rilevanti kollha ta' l-UE bbażati fuq l-azzjonijiet għall-infrastruttura interna mfissra fil-Komunikazzjoni riċenti tal-Kummissjoni dwar il-Programm Ewropew għall-Ħarsien ta' l-Infrastruttura Kruċjali.

- Enhancing relations with Russia through the negotiation of a new robust, comprehensive framework agreement, including a fully-fledged energy partnership benefiting both sides and that creates the conditions necessary for new investments. This should emphasize the mutual long-term benefits to both Russia and the EU and be based on market principles and those of the Energy Charter Treaty and draft Transit Protocol.

- It-titjib tar-relazzjonjiet mar- Russja permezz tan-negozjar ta' ftehim ta' qafas ġdid, sod u komprensiv, inkluż paternarjat komprensiv dwar l-enerġija li minnhu jibbenefikaw iż-żewġ partijiet u li joħloq il-kundizzjonijiet meħtieġa għal investimenti ġodda. Dan għandu jenfasizza l-benefiċċji reċiproċi fit-tul kemm għar-Russja kif ukoll għall-UE, u jkun ibbażat fuq il-prinċipji tas-suq u dawk tat-Trattat dwar il-Karta ta' l-Enerġija u l-abbozz tal-Protokoll dwar it-Tranżitu;

- Deepening dialogue and relations with key energy producers and transit countries , whether through OPEC and the Gulf Cooperation Council or fully implementing the Memoranda of Understanding with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan and moving on to establish new ties with other important Central Asian producers like Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In addition, it is imperative to facilitate the transport of the Caspian energy resources to the EU. The Commission will also present a Communication on the Cooperation with the Black Sea Council in Spring 2007. This aspect of the strategy should also look further afield to maximise the geographical diversification of EU energy supplies to areas like Latin America and the Caribbean. It should also look to new energy sources, developing a dialogue with Brazil to include biofuels - and organizing in 2007 an international conference on biofuels.

- L-approfondiment tad-djalogu u r-relazzjonijiet ma' produtturi ta' l-enerġija u pajjiżi ta' tranżitu ewlenin , kemm jekk permezz ta' organizzazzjonijiet bħall-OPEC u l-Kunsill ta' Kooperazzjoni tal-Golf jew l-implimentazzjoni sħiħa tal-Memoranda ta' ftehim ma' l-Ażerbajġan u l-Każakastan u progress lejn it-twaqqif ta' rabtiet ġodda ma' produtturi importanti oħra fiċ-Ċentru ta' l-Ażja bħal fit-Turkmenistan u l-Użbekistan. Barra minn hekk, huwa neċessarju li jkun faċilitat it-trasport tar-riżorsi enerġetiċi tal-Kaspju lejn l-UE. Il-Kummissjoni se tippreżenta wkoll Komunikazzjoni dwar il-Kooperazzjoni mal-Kunsill tal-Baħar l-Iswed fir-Rebbiegħa 2007. Dan l-aspett ta' l-istrateġija għandu wkoll iħares fil-bogħod biex jimmassimizza d-diversità ġeografika tal-provvista ta' l-eneġija fl-UE ma' l-Amerika Latina u l-Karibew. Għandha wkoll tħares lejn sorsi ġodda ta' l-enerġija, u tiżviluppa djalogu mal-Brażil li jinkludi l-bijofjuwils u fl-2007 torganizza konferenza internazzjonali dwar il-bijofjuwils.

- Developing a new Africa-Europe Energy partnership . The importance of Africa as an energy supplier is still growing, and relations merit a comprehensive dialogue to include security of supply, technology transfer in renewable energy, sustainable exploitation of resources, transparency of energy markets and respect for good governance. The dialogue should be launched through a joint event at the highest level.

- L-iżvilupp ta' partenarjat ġdid Afrika-Ewropa dwar l-Enerġija . L-importanza ta' l-Afrika bħala produttur ta' l-enerġija għadha qed tikber, u r-relazzjonijiet magħha jixraqilhom djalogu komprensiv li jinkludi s-sigurtà tal-provvista, it-trasferiment tat-teknoloġija għall-enerġija li tiġġedded, l-isfruttar sostenibbli tar-riżorsi, it-trasparenza tas-swieq ta' l-enerġija u r-rispett lejn tmexxija xierqa. Id-djalogu għandu jitnieda f'attività konġunta fl-ogħla livell.

- Enhancing relations with other major energy consumers . In particular, the scope of relations with partners like the US should continue to cover areas like promoting open and competitive global energy markets, energy efficiency, regulatory cooperation and research. The steps already taken with China should be developed with the focus on advanced “near-zero-emissions” clean coal technologies, as well as energy efficiency, savings and renewables. A similar approach should be developed with India.

- It-titjib tar-relazzjonijiet ma' konsumaturi ewlenin oħra ta' l-enerġija . Partikolarment, l-iskop tar-relazzjonijiet ma' l-imsieħba bħal l-Istati Uniti għandhom jibqgħu jkopru oqsma bħall-promozzjoni ta' swieq globali miftuħa u kompetittivi ta' l-enerġija, l-effiċjenza enerġetika u l-kooperazzjoni u r-riċerka regolatorja. Il-passi diġà meħuda maċ-Ċina għandhom jiġu żviluppati b'attenzjoni għat-teknoloġiji avvanzati ta' faħam nadif "bi kważi l-ebda emissjoni," kif ukoll għall-effiċjenza, l-iffrankar u s-sorsi enerġetiċi li jiġġeddu. Approċċ simili għandu jinħadem ma' l-Indja.

- Promoting non proliferation, nuclear safety and security , in particular through a reinforced cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency and through the new Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation.

- Il-promozzjoni tan-non-proliferazzjoni, sikurezza u siġurtà nukleari , partikolarment permezz ta' kooperazzjoni msaħħa mal-Aġenzija Internazzjonali dwar l-Enerġija Atomika u permezz ta' l-Istrument ta' Kooperazzjoni ġdid dwar is-Sikurezza Nukleari.

To pursue these goals means redefining relations with these partners to put energy centre stage. In addition to promoting EU energy goals through dialogue and international negotiation, a variety of instruments at the EU's disposal should be used to best effect, which include:

L-isforz sabiex dawn il-miri jintlaħqu jfisser li r-relazzjonijiet ma' dawn is-sħab jiġu definiti mill-ġdid, b'tali mod li l-enerġija titqiegħed fiċ-ċentru ta' l-attenzjoni. Barra mill-promozzjoni tal-miri ta' l-UE dwar l-enerġija permezz ta' djalogu u negozjati internazzjonali, għandhom jintużaw bl-aktar mod effettiv strumenti varji disponibbli għall-UE, li jinkludu:

- In trade negotiations , the EU already speaks with one voice and competence is well established. International trade and investment agreements, whether negotiated bilaterally or with several countries at a time, can be used more effectively to establish legally binding instruments. They can help to create the conditions necessary for increased investment, more sustainable production and competition. Armed with the right instruments and mandates, the EU will, for example, be able to better pursue the reciprocal liberalisation of investment and trading conditions to upstream and downstream markets, as well as possibly access to pipelines. The same applies to the promotion of international pricing of carbon emissions or trade in biofuels.

- Fin-negozjati kummerċjali, l-UE diġà titkellem b'vuċi waħda, u għaldaqstant il-ħiliet meħtieġa diġà jeżistu. Ftehimiet internazzjonali kummerċjali u ta' investiment, kemm jekk negozjati bilaterali jew multilaterali fl-istess waqt, jistgħu jintużaw b'mod aktar effettiv biex jiġu stabbiliti impenji vinkolanti legalment. Dawn jistgħu jgħinu biex joħolqu l-kundizzjonijiet meħtieġa għal aktar investiment, produzzjoni sostenibbli u kompetizzjoni. Mgħamra bl-istrumenti u mandati xierqa, l-UE pereżempju se tkun kapaċi ssegwi aħjar il-liberalizzazzjoni reċiproka tal-kundizzjonijiet ta' l-investiment u l-kummerċ fis-swieq upstream u downstream , kif ukoll possibilment aċċess għal-linji tal-pajpijiet. L-istess japplika għall-promozzjoni tal-valutazzjoni internazzjonali ta' l-emissjonijiet tal-karbonju jew il-kummerċ tal-bijofjuwils.

- Improving cooperation with the EIB and EBRD to use financial instruments to back up energy partnerships with concrete actions by financing important projects such as the Trans-Caspian energy corridor or the Sub Saharan–Maghreb–EU projects. Energy projects could be an important element in the proposed Neighbourhood Investment Fund, designed to leverage of four to five times the amount of grant funding available under the European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument.

- It-titjib tal-kooperazzjoni ma' l-EIB u l-EBRD biex jintużaw l-istrumenti finanzjarji biex jissostnew partenarjati fl-enerġija b'azzjonijiet konkreti b'finanzjament ta' proġetti importanti bħal-linja ta' l-enerġija li taqsam il-Kaspju jew il-proġetti bejn l-UE, is-Sub-Saħara u l-Magreb. Il-proġetti ta' l-enerġija jistgħu jkunu element importanti fil-Fond għall-Investiment għall-Viċinat propost, immirati biex tgħolli b'erba' jew ħames darbiet l-ammont ta' l-għotjiet finanzjarji disponibbli fl-Istrument tal-Politika Ewropea dwar il-Viċinat.

- Promoting improved conditions for investments in international projects, with a clearly defined and transparent legal framework and with the support of European coordinators. As a first step, a European Co-coordinator should be appointed for the Nabucco gas pipeline from the Caspian basin to Austria and Hungary. Options for the future could include appointing co-coordinators for projects to bring energy supplies from partners such as Turkey, Central Asia and North Africa.

- Il-promozzjoni ta' kundizzjonijiet imtejba għall-investimenti fi proġetti internazzjonali, b'qafas legali kjarament definit u trasparenti, u bl-appoġġ tal-koordinaturi Ewropej. Bħala l-ewwel pass, Koordinatur Ewropew għandu jinħatar għal-linja tal-gass Nabucco mill-Kaspju għall-Awstrija u l-Ungerija. Alternattivi għall-futur jistgħu jinkludu l-ħatra ta' koordinaturi għall-proġetti li jwasslu provvisti ta' enerġija minn imsieħba bħat-Turkija, iċ-Ċentru ta' l-Ażja u t-Tramuntana ta' l-Afrika.

Annex 2: The advantages and disadvantages of different sources of electrical energy

Anness 2: Il-vantaġġi u l-iżvantaġġi ta' sorsi differenti ta' l-enerġija elettrika

2005 | 2030 |

2005 | 2030 |

Fossil fuels | Heating gas oil | 20% | 525 (€0.45/l) | 300-1300 | 3.1 | 82% | 93% |

Fjuwils fossili | Fjuwil gass għat-tisħin | 20% | 525 (€0.45/l) | 300-1300 | 3.1 | 82% | 93% |

Natural gas | 33% | 230 – 340 (€20-30/MWh) | 2.1 | 57% | 84% |

Gass naturali | 33% | 230 – 340 (€20-30/MWh) | 2.1 | 57% | 84% |

Coal | 1.8% | 70 (€100/tce) | 4 | 39% | 59% |

Faħam | 1.8% | 70 (€100/tce) | 4 | 39% | 59% |

Biomass | Wood chips | 5.7% | 280 | 545-1300 | 0.4 | 0 | ? |

Bijomassa | Injam imqatta' | 5.7% | 280 | 545-1300 | 0.4 | 0 | ? |

Pellets | 540 | 630-1300 | 0.4 | 0 | ? |

Pellets | 540 | 630-1300 | 0.4 | 0 | ? |

Electricity | 31% | 550 - 660 (€50-60/MWh) | 550 - 660 | 0 to 12 | <1% | ? |

Elettriku | 31% | 550 - 660 (€50-60/MWh) | 550 - 660 | 0 to 12 | <1% | ? |

Solar | 0.2% | / | 680-2320 | Very low | 0 | 0 |

Solari | 0.2% | / | 680-2320 | Baxxi ħafna | 0 | 0 |

Geothermal | 0.4% | / | 230-1450 | Very low | 0 | 0 |

Ġeotermali | 0.4% | / | 230-1450 | Baxxi ħafna | 0 | 0 |

Annex 4: The advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources for road transport

Anness 4: Il-vantaġġi u l-iżvantaġġi ta' sorsi differenti ta' l-enerġija għat-trasport bit-triq

Market price (€/toe) | CO2 emissions (t CO2/toe)[32] | Import dependence |

Prezz fis-suq (€/toe) | Emissjonijiet CO2 (t CO2ek/toe)[32] | Dipendenza fuq l-importazzjoni |

2005 | 2030 |

2005 | 2030 |

Petrol and diesel | 398-582[33] | 3.6–3.7 | 82% | 93% |

Petrol u dijżil | 398-582[33] | 3.6–3.7 | 82% | 93% |

Natural gas | 230–340 (NB: requires a specially adapted vehicle and a dedicated distribution system) | 3.0 | 57% | 84% |

Gass naturali | 230–340 (NB: jeħtieġ vettura speċifikament adattata u sistema tad-distribuzzjoni dedikata) | 3.0 | 57% | 84% |

Domestic biofuel | 609-742 | 1.9–2.4 | 0% | 0% |

Bijofjuwil lokali | 609-742 | 1.9–2.4 | 0% | 0% |

Tropical bio-ethanol | 327-540 | 0.4 | 100% | 100% |

Bijoetanol tropikali | 327-540 | 0.4 | 100% | 100% |

Second-generation biofuel | 898–1 109 | 0.3–0.9 | / | 15% |

Bijofjuwils tat-tieni ġenerazzjoni | 898–1 109 | 0.3–0.9 | / | 15% |

[1] Source – European Environment Agency. Other data are European Commission unless otherwise stated

[1] Sors – l-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Ambjent. Data oħra ġejja mill-Kummissjoni Ewropea sakemm mhux indikat mod ieħor

[2] IEA World Energy Outlook 2006.

[2] IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

[3] Assumed dollar exchange rate of 1.25 $ per ¬ and compared with an oil price of 60 $ (today's money) in 2030.

[3] Abbażi ta' rata ta' kambju mad-dollaru ta' 1.25$ kull € u mqabbel ma' prezz taż-żejt ta' 60$ (il-flus ta' llum) fl-2030.

[4] European Renew Assumed dollar exchange rate of 1.25 $ per € and compared with an oil price of 60 $ (today's money) in 2030.

[4] Il-Kunsill Ewropew għall-Enerġija li Tiġġedded: “Renewable Energy Targets for Europe: 20% sa l-2020”.

[5] European Renewable Energy Council “Renewable Energy Targets for Europe: 20% by 2020”.

[5] Strateġija Ewropea għal Enerġija Sostenibbli, Kompetittiva u Sikura, COM (2006) 105 finali, 8.03.2006; Dokument ta' Ħidma għall-Istaff tal-Kummissjoni, Rapport ta' sinteżi dwar l-analiżi tad-dibattitu dwar il- green paper "Strateġija Ewropea għal Enerġija Sostenibbli, Kompetittiva u Sikura", SEC(2006) 1500

[6] A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy - COM(2006) 105, 8.3.2006; Commission Staff Working document, Summary report on the analysis of the debate on the green paper "A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy" - SEC(2006) 1500.

[6] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni lill-Kunsill u l-Parlament Ewropew, COM(2007) 2

[7] Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - COM(2007) 2.

[7] Il-Komunikazzjoni dwar ir-ristrutturar - 31 ta' Marzu 2005, COM (2005) 120

[8] Communication on restructuring of 31 March 2005 - COM(2005) 120.

[8] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni bit-Titlu: Lejn politika marittima ta' l-Unjoni għall-ġejjieni: Viżjoni Ewropea għall-Oċeani u l-Ibħra, COM (2006) 275

[9] Communication from the Commission entitled: Towards a future maritime Policy for the Union: A European Vision for the Oceans and Seas - COM(2006) 275.

[9] Fosthom id-Direttivi dwar il-ftuħ tat-tieni suq, ir-Regolamenti mmirati lejn l-armonizzazzjoni ta' l-istandards tekniċi meħtieġa sabiex ikun jista' jaħdem fil-prattika il-kummerċ transkonfinali, u d-Direttivi dwar is-sigurtà tal-provvistà

[10] Including the second market opening Directives, the Regulations aimed at harmonising the technical standards necessary to make cross-border trade work in practice, and the Directives on security of supply.

[10] Il-Komunikazzjoni tal-Kummissjoni lill-Parlament Ewropew u lill-Kunsill dwar il-prospetti għas-suq intern fil-gass u fl-elettriku, COM (2006) 841

[11] Communication of the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on prospects for the internal gas and electricity market - COM(2006) 841.

[11] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni "Sector Enquiry under Art. 17 of Regulation 1/2003 on the gas and markets (rapport finali)", COM (2006) 581

[12] Communication from the Commission "Sector Enquiry under Article 17 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 on the gas and electricity markets (final report)" - COM(2006) 851.

[12] Dan diġà jeżisti għall-elettriku fid-Danimarka, il-Finlandja, l-Italja, l-Olanda, l-Portugall, ir-Rumanija, is-Slovakkja, is-Slovenja, Spanja, l-Iżvezja u r-Renju Unit. U għall-gass fid-Danimarka, l-Olanda, l-Portugall, ir-Rumanija, Spanja, l-Iżvezja u r-Renju Unit. It-TSO sseparat huwa wkoll sid in-network.

[13] This already exists for electricity in the Denmark, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and The United Kingdom. And for gas in Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The unbundled TSO is also the owner of the network.

[13] Kif indikat hawn fuq, dan huwa bbażat fuq l-approċċ li diġà jintuża fis-settur tal-komunikazzjoni elettronika u fir-rigward ta' l-eżenzjoni għall-aċċess ta' partijiet terzi għal infrastrutturi ġodda tal-gass u l-elettriku.

[14] As indicated above, this is based on the approach already used in the electronic communication sector and in relation to exemptions for third party access for new gas and electricity infrastructure.

[14] Skond l-Abbozz tal-Ftehim Interistituzzjonali dwar il-qafas operattiv għall-aġenziji regolatorji Ewropej (COM(2005)59 finali), korp bħal dan jista' partikolarment ikun inkarigat bil-kompitu li japplika l-istandards Komunitarji għal każijiet speċifiċi, li jinkludi s-setgħa li jadotta deċiżjonijiet individwali li jorbtu legalment lil partijiet terzi (artikolu 4).

[15] Under the Draft Interinstitutional Agreement on the operating framework for the European regulatory agencies [COM(2005) 59], such a body may in particular be entrusted with the task of applying Community standards to specific cases, which includes the power to adopt individual decisions which are legally binding on third parties (Article 4).

[15] Id-Direttiva 2002/19/KE tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill dwar l-aċċess għal komunikazzjonijiet elettroniċi.

[16] Directive 2002/19/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on access for electronic communications.

[16] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni lill-Parlament Ewropew u l-Kunsill: Pjan ta' l-interkonnessjonijiet ta' prijorità, , COM (2006) 846

[17] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Priority interconnection plan - COM(2006) 846.

[17] Id-Direttiva tal-Kunsill u tal-Parlament Ewropew 2004/67/KE tas-26 ta' April 2004 li għandha x'taqsam mal-miżuri biex tissalvagwardja s-sigurtà tal-provvista ta' gass naturali ĠU L 127, 29.4.2004, p. 92–96

[18] Directive 2004/67/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 April 2004 concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply ( OJ L 127, 29.4.2004, p. 92).

[18] Pjan ta' Azzjoni għall-Effiċjenza fl-Enerġija: Nirrealizzaw il-Potenzjal COM(2006)545 19 ta' Ottubru 2006

[19] Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential - COM(2006) 545, 19.10.2006.

[19] Ara wkoll: Keep Europe moving -Sustainable mobility for our continent - Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper COM(2006)314 tat-22 ta' Ġunju 2006

[20] See also Keep Europe moving -Sustainable mobility for our continent - Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper - COM(2006) 314, 22.6.2006.

[20] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni lill-Parlament Ewropew u l-Kunsill: azzjonijiet ta' segwiment għall- Green Paper : rapport dwar il-progress fl-elettriku inn sorsi li jiġġeddu COM(2006) 849

[21] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Follow-up actions of the Green Paper: Report on progress in renewable electricity - COM(2006) 849.

[21] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni lill-Parlament Ewropew u l-Kunsill: Gwida għall-Enerġija li Tiġġedded: L-Enerġiji li Tiġġedded fis-seklu 21; lejn futur sostenibbli, COM(2006) 848

[22] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Renewable Energy Roadmap: Renewable Energies in the 21st century; building a sustainable future - COM(2006) 848.

[22] Il-Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni lill-Parlament Ewropew u l-Kunsill: Rapport dwar il-progress fil-Bijofjuwils COM(2006) 845

[23] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Biofuels progress report - COM(2006) 845.

[23] Ara wkoll il-komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni: Lejn Pjan Strateġiku Ewropew għat-Teknoloġija ta' l-Enerġija, COM(2006) 847

[24] See also the Communication from the Commission : Towards a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan - COM(2006) 847.

[24] Komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni: Ġenerazzjoni ta' Enerġija Sostenibbli mill-karburanti fossili: bil-mira għal kważi ebda emissjoni sa l-2020 COM(2006) 843

[25] Communication from the Commission : Sustainable Power Generation from fossil fuels: aiming at near zero emission by 2020 - COM(2006) 843.

[25] Il-Pjattaforma tat-Teknoloġija Ewropea għall-impjant ta' l-enerġija tal-fjuwils fossili mingħajr emissjonijiet (ZEP TP) tinkludi, fir-Rakkomandazzjonijiet ta' Qofol għall-Agenda tar-Riċerka Strateġika (SRA) tagħha adottata tard fl-2006, appell għal implimentazzjoni bikrija ta' 10 sa 12-il proġett ta' impjant ta' l-enerġija eżemplari CCC integrat u fuq skala kbira fl-Ewropa.

[26] The European Technology Platform for Zero-emission fossil fuels power plant (ZEP TP) includes in the Key Recommendations of its Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) adopted in late 2006 a call for early implementation of 10-12 integrated, large-scale CCS demonstration power plants projects in Europe.

[26] Skond it- 2006 World Energy Outlook ta' l-IEA "l-impjanti ta' l-enerġija nukleari l-ġodda jistgħu jipproduċu elettriku b'4.9 sa 5.7 ċenteżmi ta' dollaru għal kull kWh [3,9 sa 4.5 ċenteżmi ta' Euro skond ir-rati tal-kambju ta' nofs Novembru 2006] jekk ir-riskji tal-bini u t-tħaddim jitrażżnu" u dan kollu, b' "10$ kull tunnellata ta' CO2 emess ipoġġi n-nukleari f'pożizzjoni kompetittiva ma' l-impjanti ta' l-enerġija mħaddma bil-faħam."

[27] According to the IEA 2006 World Energy Outlook "new nuclear power plants could produce electricity at 4.9 to 5.7 $ cents per kWh [3.9 to 4.5 Euro cents at mid November 2006 exchange rates] if construction and operating risks are mitigated" and that is, at " a price of about 10 $ per tonne of CO2 emitted makes nuclear competitive with coal-fired power stations".

[27] Abbozz tal-Programm Nukleari Illustrattiv, COM(2006) 844

[28] Nuclear Illustrative Programme - COM(2006) 844.

[28] Id-dokument tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea/tar-Rappreżentazzjoni Għolja: Politika esterna biex taqdi l-interessi ta' l-Ewropa dwar l-enerġija, Ġunju 2006, S160/06; segwit minn Relazzjonijiet Esterni dwar l-Enerġija – mill-prinċipji għall-azzjoni, COM(2006)590 finali

[29] European Commission/High Representative paper An external policy to serve Europe's energy interests, June 2006 S160/06; followed by External Energy Relations - from principles to action - COM(2006) 590.

[29] 137 biljun US$ annwali għall-impurtaturi taż-żejt li qed jiżviluppaw kontra ODA ta' 84 biljun US$ fl-2005, netti mill-ħfir adizzjonali ta' dejn. Ara " The Vulnerability of African Countries to Oil Price Shocks: Major factors and Policy Options. The Case of Oil Importing Countries ". ESMAP Report 308/05 , Bank Dinji, Awissu 2005.

[30] 137 billion US$ annually for developing oil importers against an ODA of 84 billion US$ in 2005, net of additional debt relief. See "The Vulnerability of African Countries to Oil Price Shocks: Major factors and Policy Options. The Case of Oil Importing Countries". ESMAP Report 308/05, World Bank, August 2005.

[30] SEC(2007)12, sit elettroniku: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/index_en.htm

[31] SEC(2007) 12, web page: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/index_en.htm

[31] Il-Komunikazzjoni tal-Kummissjoni lill-Kunsill u lill-Parlament Ewropew dwar it-tisħiħ tal-Politika Ewropea dwar il-Viċinat, COM(2006) 726 finali ta' l-4.12.2006

[32] Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament on strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy - COM(2006) 726, 4.12.2006.

[32] Iċ-ċifri mogħtija għall-bijofjuwils huma għall-orħos tekniki tal-produzzjoni

[33] Figures given for biofuels are those for the cheapest production techniques.

[33] Jekk wieħed jassumi prezzijiet taż-żejt ta' $48/barmil u $70/barmil rispettivament

[34] Assuming oil price of $48/barrel and $70/barrel respectively.