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Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council
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Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 864/2007 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle
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of 11 July 2007
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an 11 Iúil 2007
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on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II)
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maidir leis an dlí is infheidhme ar oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha ("An Róimh II")
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THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
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TÁ PARLAIMINT NA hEORPA AGUS COMHAIRLE AN AONTAIS EORPAIGH,
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Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Articles 61(c) and 67 thereof,
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Ag féachaint don Chonradh ag bunú an Chomhphobail Eorpaigh, agus go háirithe Airteagail 61(c) agus 67 de,
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Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,
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Ag féachaint don togra ón gCoimisiún,
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Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee [1],
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Ag féachaint don tuairim ó Choiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa [1],
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Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty in the light of the joint text approved by the Conciliation Committee on 25 June 2007 [2],
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Ag gníomhú dóibh i gcomhréir leis an nós imeachta dá bhforáiltear le hAirteagal 251 den Chonradh i bhfianaise an téacs chomhpháirtigh a d'fhormheas an Coiste Idir-réitigh an 25 Meitheamh 2007 [2],
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Whereas:
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De bharr an méid seo a leanas:
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(1) The Community has set itself the objective of maintaining and developing an area of freedom, security and justice. For the progressive establishment of such an area, the Community is to adopt measures relating to judicial cooperation in civil matters with a cross-border impact to the extent necessary for the proper functioning of the internal market.
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(1) Tá sé leagtha amach mar chuspóir dó féin ag an gComhphobal limistéar saoirse, slándála agus ceartais a chothabháil agus a fhorbairt. Ar mhaithe le limistéar den sórt sin a bhunú go comhleanúnach, tá an Comhphobal le bearta a ghlacadh a bhaineann le comhar breithiúnach in ábhair shibhialta a mbeidh éifeacht thrasteorann acu, a mhéid is gá d'oibriú cuí an mhargaidh inmheánaigh.
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(2) According to Article 65(b) of the Treaty, these measures are to include those promoting the compatibility of the rules applicable in the Member States concerning the conflict of laws and of jurisdiction.
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(2) De réir Airteagal 65(b) den Chonradh, áireofar sna bearta sin bearta lena ndéanfar comhchuibheas na rialacha is infheidhme sna Ballstáit maidir le heasaontacht dlíthe agus dlínse a chur ar aghaidh.
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(3) The European Council meeting in Tampere on 15 and 16 October 1999 endorsed the principle of mutual recognition of judgments and other decisions of judicial authorities as the cornerstone of judicial cooperation in civil matters and invited the Council and the Commission to adopt a programme of measures to implement the principle of mutual recognition.
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(3) Rinne an cruinniú den Chomhairle Eorpach in Tampere an 15 agus 16 Deireadh Fómhair 1999 prionsabal aitheantais fhrithpháirtigh breithiúnas agus cinntí eile de chuid údarás breithiúnach a fhormheas mar bhunchloch don chomhar breithiúnach in ábhair shibhialta agus d'iarr an cruinniú ar an gComhairle agus ar an gCoimisiún clár beart a ghlacadh chun prionsabal an aitheantais fhrithpháirtigh a chur chun feidhme.
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(4) On 30 November 2000, the Council adopted a joint Commission and Council programme of measures for implementation of the principle of mutual recognition of decisions in civil and commercial matters [3]. The programme identifies measures relating to the harmonisation of conflict-of-law rules as those facilitating the mutual recognition of judgments.
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(4) An 30 Samhain 2000, ghlac an Chomhairle clár comhpháirteach beart ón gCoimisiún agus ón gComhairle chun prionsabal an aitheantais fhrithpháirtigh cinntí in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála a chur chun feidhme [3]. Aithnítear sa chlár na bearta a bhaineann le comhchuibhiú rialacha easaontachta dlí mar bhearta a dhéanann aitheantas frithpháirteach breithiúnas a éascú.
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(5) The Hague Programme [4], adopted by the European Council on 5 November 2004, called for work to be pursued actively on the rules of conflict of laws regarding non-contractual obligations (Rome II).
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(5) I gClár na Háige [4], a ghlac an Chomhairle Eorpach an 5 Samhain 2004, iarradh go mbeifí ag obair go beo ar na rialacha easaontachta dlíthe i dtaca le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha (An Róimh II).
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(6) The proper functioning of the internal market creates a need, in order to improve the predictability of the outcome of litigation, certainty as to the law applicable and the free movement of judgments, for the conflict-of-law rules in the Member States to designate the same national law irrespective of the country of the court in which an action is brought.
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(6) Cruthaíonn oibriú cuí an mhargaidh inmheánaigh gá, d'fhonn feabhas a chur ar intuarthacht thorthaí na dlíthíochta, ar dheimhneacht i dtaca leis an dlí agus ar shaoirse gluaiseachta breithiúnas, go ndéanfadh na rialacha easaontachta dlí sna Ballstáit an dlí náisiúnta céanna a ainmniú, is cuma cén tír ina bhfuil an chúirt ina dtugtar an chaingean.
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(7) The substantive scope and the provisions of this Regulation should be consistent with Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [5] (Brussels I) and the instruments dealing with the law applicable to contractual obligations.
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(7) Ba chóir do raon feidhme substainteach agus d'fhorálacha an Rialacháin seo a bheith ar comhréir le Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 44/2001 ón gComhairle an 22 Nollaig 2000 maidir le dlínse agus le haithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála [5] (An Bhruiséil I) agus leis na hionstraimí ina bpléitear leis an dlí is infheidhme ar oibleagáidí conarthacha.
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(8) This Regulation should apply irrespective of the nature of the court or tribunal seised.
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(8) Ba chóir go mbeadh feidhm ag an Rialachán seo, is cuma cad é cineál na cúirte nó an bhinse a bhfuiltear os a comhair nó os a chomhair.
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(9) Claims arising out of acta iure imperii should include claims against officials who act on behalf of the State and liability for acts of public authorities, including liability of publicly appointed office-holders. Therefore, these matters should be excluded from the scope of this Regulation.
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(9) Ba cheart go n-áireodh éilimh a eascróidh as acta iure imperii éilimh i gcoinne feidhmeannach a ghníomhaíonn thar ceann an Stáit, agus dliteanas i leith gníomhartha údarás poiblí, lena n-áirítear dliteanas sealbhóirí oifige arna gceapadh go poiblí. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart na hábhair seo a eisiamh ó raon feidhme an Rialacháin seo.
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(10) Family relationships should cover parentage, marriage, affinity and collateral relatives. The reference in Article 1(2) to relationships having comparable effects to marriage and other family relationships should be interpreted in accordance with the law of the Member State in which the court is seised.
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(10) Ba cheart go bhfolódh caidrimh theaghlaigh tuismíocht, pósadh, cleamhnas agus gaoil chomhthaobhacha. Ba cheart an tagairt atá in Airteagal 1(2) maidir le caidrimh a bhfuil a n-éifeachtaí inchomórtais le pósadh agus caidrimh theaghlaigh eile a léiriú i gcomhréir le dlí an Bhallstáit a bhfuiltear os comhair cúirte ann.
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(11) The concept of a non-contractual obligation varies from one Member State to another. Therefore for the purposes of this Regulation non-contractual obligation should be understood as an autonomous concept. The conflict-of-law rules set out in this Regulation should also cover non-contractual obligations arising out of strict liability.
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(11) Ní hionann an coincheap a bheadh i mBallstát amháin maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach agus an coincheap a bheadh i mBallstát eile maidir leis. Dá bhrí sin, chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, tuigfear gur coincheap uathrialach í oibleagáid neamhchonarthach. Ba chóir go gcumhdódh na rialacha easaontachta dlí a leagtar amach sa Rialachán seo oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as diandliteanas chomh maith.
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(12) The law applicable should also govern the question of the capacity to incur liability in tort/delict.
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(12) Ba cheart go rialódh an dlí is infheidhme ceist na hinniúlachta ar dhliteanas a thabhú i leith torta nó míghnímh.
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(13) Uniform rules applied irrespective of the law they designate may avert the risk of distortions of competition between Community litigants.
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(13) Maidir le rialacha comhionanna a chuirtear i bhfeidhm is cuma cén dlí a ainmníonn siad, d'fhéadfadh siad an baol saofa iomaíochta a sheachaint idir dhlíthithe Comhphobail.
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(14) The requirement of legal certainty and the need to do justice in individual cases are essential elements of an area of justice. This Regulation provides for the connecting factors which are the most appropriate to achieve these objectives. Therefore, this Regulation provides for a general rule but also for specific rules and, in certain provisions, for an "escape clause" which allows a departure from these rules where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with another country. This set of rules thus creates a flexible framework of conflict-of-law rules. Equally, it enables the court seised to treat individual cases in an appropriate manner.
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(14) Is eilimintí bunúsacha de limistéar ceartais iad an ceangaltas deimhneachta dlíthiúla agus an gá atá ann an ceart a thabhairt i gcásanna aonair. Forálann an Rialachán seo do na nascfhachtóirí is mó is iomchuí chun na cuspóirí sin a bhaint amach. Dá bhrí sin, foráiltear sa Rialachán seo do riail ghinearálta, ach foráiltear ann chomh maith do rialacha sainiúla agus, i bhforálacha áirithe, do "chlásal éalaithe" a cheadaíonn imeacht ó na rialacha sin i gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an tort nó ag an míghníomh le tír eile. Dá réir sin, cruthaítear creat solúbtha rialacha easaontachta dlí leis an tsraith rialacha sin. Cuireann sin freisin ar chumas na cúirte a bhfuiltear os a comhair plé le cásanna aonair ar dhóigh is iomchuí.
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(15) The principle of the lex loci delicti commissi is the basic solution for non-contractual obligations in virtually all the Member States, but the practical application of the principle where the component factors of the case are spread over several countries varies. This situation engenders uncertainty as to the law applicable.
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(15) Is é prionsabal an lex loci delicti commissi an réiteach bunúsach ar oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha sna Ballstáit uile, geall leis, ach ní hionann cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil an phrionsabail i gcás ina mbíonn fachtóirí comhpháirte an cháis scaipthe thar líon tíortha. Gineann an staid seo éiginnteacht maidir leis an dlí is infheidhme.
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(16) Uniform rules should enhance the foreseeability of court decisions and ensure a reasonable balance between the interests of the person claimed to be liable and the person who has sustained damage. A connection with the country where the direct damage occurred (lex loci damni) strikes a fair balance between the interests of the person claimed to be liable and the person sustaining the damage, and also reflects the modern approach to civil liability and the development of systems of strict liability.
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(16) Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh rialacha comhionanna le réamhfheictheacht breithiúnas cúirte agus go n-áiritheodh siad go mbeadh cothromaíocht réasúnta ann idir leasanna an duine a n-éilítear dliteanas a bheith air agus leasanna an duine a ndearnadh damáiste dó. Ach baint a bheith leis an tír ina ndearnadh an damáiste díreach (lex loci damni) aimsítear cothromaíocht chóir idir leasanna an duine a n-éilítear dliteanas a bheith air agus leasanna an duine a ndéantar damáiste dó, agus léiríonn sé freisin an cur chuige nua-aimseartha i leith an dliteanais shibhialta agus forbairt córas diandliteanais.
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(17) The law applicable should be determined on the basis of where the damage occurs, regardless of the country or countries in which the indirect consequences could occur. Accordingly, in cases of personal injury or damage to property, the country in which the damage occurs should be the country where the injury was sustained or the property was damaged respectively.
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(17) Ba cheart an dlí is infheidhme a chinneadh ar bhonn na háite ina ndéantar an damáiste, gan aird ar an tír ná ar na tíortha ina bhféadfadh na hiarmhairtí indíreacha tarlú. Dá réir sin, i gcásanna díobhála pearsanta nó damáiste do mhaoin, ba chóir gurbh í an tír ina dtarlaíonn an damáiste an tír ina ndearnadh an díobháil nó ina ndearnadh damáiste don mhaoin, faoi seach.
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(18) The general rule in this Regulation should be the lex loci damni provided for in Article 4(1). Article 4(2) should be seen as an exception to this general principle, creating a special connection where the parties have their habitual residence in the same country. Article 4(3) should be understood as an ‘escape clause’ from Article 4(1) and (2), where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with another country.
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(18) Ba cheart gurbh í an riail ghinearálta sa Rialachán seo an lex loci damni dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 4(1). Ba cheart go bhféachfaí ar Airteagal 4(2) mar eisceacht ón bprionsabal ginearálta seo, sa mhéid go gcruthaíonn sé baint speisialta i gcás ina mbíonn gnáthchónaí ar na páirtithe sa tír chéanna. Ba cheart go dtuigfí gur "clásal éalaithe" ó Airteagal 4(1) agus (2) é Airteagal 4(3), i gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an tort nó ag an míghníomh le tír eile.
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(19) Specific rules should be laid down for special torts/delicts where the general rule does not allow a reasonable balance to be struck between the interests at stake.
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(19) Ba cheart rialacha sonracha a leagan síos do thortanna speisialta nó do mhíghníomhartha speisialta i gcás nach gceadaíonn an riail ghinearálta go dtiocfaí ar chothromaíocht idir na leasanna uile atá i gceist.
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(20) The conflict-of-law rule in matters of product liability should meet the objectives of fairly spreading the risks inherent in a modern high-technology society, protecting consumers' health, stimulating innovation, securing undistorted competition and facilitating trade. Creation of a cascade system of connecting factors, together with a foreseeability clause, is a balanced solution in regard to these objectives. The first element to be taken into account is the law of the country in which the person sustaining the damage had his or her habitual residence when the damage occurred, if the product was marketed in that country. The other elements of the cascade are triggered if the product was not marketed in that country, without prejudice to Article 4(2) and to the possibility of a manifestly closer connection to another country.
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(20) Ba cheart go mbainfeadh riail na heasaontachta dlí in ábhair dhliteanais i leith táirgí amach na cuspóirí atá ann na rioscaí a scaipeadh amach go cothrom ar cuid de dhlúth agus d'inneach na sochaí nua-aimseartha ardteicneolaíochta iad, sláinte tomhaltóirí a chosaint, an nuálaíocht a spreagadh, an iomaíocht neamhshaofa a shlánú agus an trádáil a éascú. Réiteach cothrom atá ann, maidir leis na cuspóirí sin, córas easghluaiseachta nascfhachtóirí, mar aon le clásal réamhfheictheachta a chruthú. Is é an chéad rud a chaithfear a chur san áireamh dlí na tíre ina raibh gnáthchónaí ar an duine a ndéantar an damáiste dó nó di nuair a tharla an damáiste, má bhí an táirge á mhargú sa tír sin. Cuirtear siúl faoi eilimintí eile na heasghluaiseachta mura raibh an táirge á mhargú sa tír sin, gan dochar d'Airteagal 4(2) ná don fhéidearthacht gurbh fhollasach go raibh baint níos dlúithe le tír eile i gceist.
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(21) The special rule in Article 6 is not an exception to the general rule in Article 4(1) but rather a clarification of it. In matters of unfair competition, the conflict-of-law rule should protect competitors, consumers and the general public and ensure that the market economy functions properly. The connection to the law of the country where competitive relations or the collective interests of consumers are, or are likely to be, affected generally satisfies these objectives.
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(21) Maidir leis an riail speisialta atá in Airteagal 6, ní heisceacht ón riail ghinearálta atá in Airteagal 4(1) í; is amhlaidh a dhéanann sí soiléiriú uirthi. In ábhair iomaíochta éagóraí, ba cheart do riail na heasaontachta dlí iomaitheoirí, tomhaltóirí agus an pobal i gcoitinne a chosaint agus a áirithiú go bhfeidhmeoidh an geilleagar margaidh mar is cuí. Déanann an bhaint le dlí na tíre ina ndéantar, nó inar dócha go ndéanfaí, difear don chaidreamh iomaíoch nó do chomhleasanna na dtomhaltóirí na cuspóirí sin a shásamh, a bheag nó a mhór.
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(22) The non-contractual obligations arising out of restrictions of competition in Article 6(3) should cover infringements of both national and Community competition law. The law applicable to such non-contractual obligations should be the law of the country where the market is, or is likely to be, affected. In cases where the market is, or is likely to be, affected in more than one country, the claimant should be able in certain circumstances to choose to base his or her claim on the law of the court seised.
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(22) Na hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha sin a thig de dhroim srianta ar iomaíocht atá in Airteagal 6(3), ba chóir go bhfolóidís sáruithe ar dhlí iomaíochta náisiúnta agus ar dhlí iomaíochta Comhphobail araon. Ba chóir gurb é an dlí a bheadh infheidhme ar oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha den sórt sin dlí na tíre ina ndéanfaí, nó inar dócha go ndéanfaí, difear don mhargadh. I gcásanna ina ndéanfar, nó inar dócha go ndéanfaí, difear don mhargadh i mbreis agus tír amháin, ba chóir go mbeadh an t-éilitheoir in ann a roghnú, i gcásanna áirithe, go mbunófaí a éileamh nó a héileamh ar dhlí na cúirte a bhfuiltear os a comhair.
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(23) For the purposes of this Regulation, the concept of restriction of competition should cover prohibitions on agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within a Member State or within the internal market, as well as prohibitions on the abuse of a dominant position within a Member State or within the internal market, where such agreements, decisions, concerted practices or abuses are prohibited by Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty or by the law of a Member State.
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(23) Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, ba cheart go gcumhdódh coincheap an tsriain ar iomaíocht toirmisc ar chomhaontuithe idir ghnóthais, ar chinntí comhlachas gnóthas agus ar chleachtais chomhbheartaithe arb é a gcuspóir nó a n-éifeacht iomaíocht a chosc, a shrianadh nó a shaobhadh laistigh de Bhallstát nó laistigh den mhargadh inmheánach, agus toirmisc ar mhí-úsáid ceannasachta laistigh de Bhallstát nó laistigh den mhargadh inmheánach má tá toirmeasc ar chomhaontuithe, ar chinntí, ar chleachtais chomhbheartaithe nó ar mhí-úsáid den sórt sin faoi Airteagail 81 agus 82 den Chonradh nó faoi dhlí Ballstáit.
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(24) "Environmental damage" should be understood as meaning adverse change in a natural resource, such as water, land or air, impairment of a function performed by that resource for the benefit of another natural resource or the public, or impairment of the variability among living organisms.
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(24) Ba cheart go gciallódh damáiste comhshaoil athrú chun donais ar acmhainn nádúrtha, amhail uisce, talamh nó aer, lagú ar fheidhm a bhí á déanamh ag an acmhainn sin chun tairbhe acmhainne nádúrtha eile nó chun tairbhe an phobail, nó lagú ar an athraitheacht i measc orgánach beo.
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(25) Regarding environmental damage, Article 174 of the Treaty, which provides that there should be a high level of protection based on the precautionary principle and the principle that preventive action should be taken, the principle of priority for corrective action at source and the principle that the polluter pays, fully justifies the use of the principle of discriminating in favour of the person sustaining the damage. The question of when the person seeking compensation can make the choice of the law applicable should be determined in accordance with the law of the Member State in which the court is seised.
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(25) Maidir le damáiste don chomhshaol, tugtar bunús daingean d'úsáid phrionsabal an idirdhealaithe i bhfabhar an duine a ndéantar an damáiste dó in Airteagal 174 den Chonradh, lena bhforáiltear gur cheart ardleibhéal cosanta bunaithe ar phrionsabal an réamhchúraim agus ar an bprionsabal gur chóir bearta coisctheacha a ghlacadh, ar an bprionsabal go dtabharfar tosaíocht do bhearta chun damáiste don chomhshaol a cheartú ag an bhfoinse agus ar an bprionsabal gurb é údar an truaillithe a íocfaidh as. Ba cheart gur i gcomhréir le dlí an Bhallstáit a bhfuiltear os comhair na cúirte ann a dhéanfaí cinneadh maidir leis an uair ar féidir leis an duine a bhfuil cúiteamh á lorg aige rogha a dhéanamh maidir leis an dlí is infheidhme.
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(26) Regarding infringements of intellectual property rights, the universally acknowledged principle of the lex loci protectionis should be preserved. For the purposes of this Regulation, the term ‘intellectual property rights’ should be interpreted as meaning, for instance, copyright, related rights, the sui generis right for the protection of databases and industrial property rights.
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(26) Maidir le sáruithe ar chearta maoine intleachtúla, ba cheart prionsabal an lex loci protectionis a aithnítear go forleathan, a chaomhnú. Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, ba cheart an téarma "cearta maoine intleachtúla" a léiriú mar ní a chiallaíonn, mar shampla, cóipcheart, cearta gaolmhara, an ceart sui generis chun bunachair shonraí a chosaint agus cearta maoine tionsclaíche.
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(27) The exact concept of industrial action, such as strike action or lock-out, varies from one Member State to another and is governed by each Member State’s internal rules. Therefore, this Regulation assumes as a general principle that the law of the country where the industrial action was taken should apply, with the aim of protecting the rights and obligations of workers and employers.
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(27) Ní hionann go baileach an coincheap a bheadh i mBallstát amháin maidir le gníomhaíocht thionsclaíoch, gníomhaíocht stailce nó frithdhúnadh mar shampla, agus a bheadh i mBallstát eile agus rialaítear le rialacha inmheánacha gach Ballstáit é. Dá bhrí sin, glacann an Rialachán seo chuige féin mar phrionsabal ginearálta gur cheart go mbeadh feidhm ag dlí na tíre ina ndearnadh an ghníomhaíocht thionsclaíoch, ionas go ndéanfaí cearta agus oibleagáidí oibrithe agus fostóirí a chosaint.
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(28) The special rule on industrial action in Article 9 is without prejudice to the conditions relating to the exercise of such action in accordance with national law and without prejudice to the legal status of trade unions or of the representative organisations of workers as provided for in the law of the Member States.
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(28) Ní dhéanfaidh an riail speisialta maidir le gníomhaíocht thionsclaíoch atá in Airteagal 9 dochar do na coinníollacha a bhaineann le gníomhaíocht den sórt sin a dhéanamh i gcomhréir leis an dlí náisiúnta agus gan dochar do stádas dlíthiúil ceardchumann nó na n-eagraíochtaí a ionadaíonn oibrithe de réir mar a fhoráiltear le dlí na mBallstát.
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(29) Provision should be made for special rules where damage is caused by an act other than a tort/delict, such as unjust enrichment, negotiorum gestio and culpa in contrahendo.
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(29) Ba cheart foráil a dhéanamh do rialacha speisialta i gcás inar gníomh nach tort ná míghníomh, a dhéanann an damáiste, amhail saibhriú éagórach nó negotiorum gestio agus culpa in contrahendo.
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(30) Culpa in contrahendo for the purposes of this Regulation is an autonomous concept and should not necessarily be interpreted within the meaning of national law. It should include the violation of the duty of disclosure and the breakdown of contractual negotiations. Article 12 covers only non-contractual obligations presenting a direct link with the dealings prior to the conclusion of a contract. This means that if, while a contract is being negotiated, a person suffers personal injury, Article 4 or other relevant provisions of this Regulation should apply.
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(30) Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, is coincheap uathrialach culpa in contrahendo agus ní gá gur cheart é a léirmhíniú de réir bhrí an dlí náisiúnta. Ba cheart go n-áireodh sé sárú ar dhualgas nochta agus briseadh síos caibidlíochtaí conarthacha. Ní fholaíonn Airteagal 12 ach na hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha ina bhfuil nasc díreach leis na déileálacha a bhí ann roimh thabhairt i gcrích an chonartha. Ciallaíonn sé seo, má fhulaingíonn duine díobháil phearsanta agus conradh fós á chaibidil, gur cheart go mbeadh feidhm ag Airteagal 4 nó ag forálacha ábhartha eile an Rialacháin seo.
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(31) To respect the principle of party autonomy and to enhance legal certainty, the parties should be allowed to make a choice as to the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation. This choice should be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the circumstances of the case. Where establishing the existence of the agreement, the court has to respect the intentions of the parties. Protection should be given to weaker parties by imposing certain conditions on the choice.
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(31) Chun prionsabal neamhspleáchas na bpáirtithe a urramú agus chun cur leis an deimhneacht dhlíthiúil, ba cheart go gceadófaí do na páirtithe rogha a dhéanamh maidir leis an dlí is infheidhme ar oibleagáid neamhchonarthach. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh imthosca an cháis an rogha in iúl nó go léireodh siad í le deimhneacht réasúnta. I gcás ina mbeifear ag suíomh go bhfuil comhaontú ann, caithfidh an chúirt a bhfuil ar intinn ag na páirtithe a urramú. Ba cheart go dtabharfaí cosaint do pháirtithe laga trí choinníollacha áirithe a fhorchur ar an rogha.
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(32) Considerations of public interest justify giving the courts of the Member States the possibility, in exceptional circumstances, of applying exceptions based on public policy and overriding mandatory provisions. In particular, the application of a provision of the law designated by this Regulation which would have the effect of causing non-compensatory exemplary or punitive damages of an excessive nature to be awarded may, depending on the circumstances of the case and the legal order of the Member State of the court seised, be regarded as being contrary to the public policy (ordre public) of the forum.
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(32) Cosnaíonn dálaí leasa phoiblí go dtabharfaí an fhéidearthacht do chúirteanna na mBallstát, in imthosca eisceachtúla, eisceachtaí a chur i bhfeidhm bunaithe ar bheartas poiblí agus forálacha sainordaitheacha a shárú. Go háirithe, maidir le cur i bhfeidhm fhoráil den dlí a ainmnítear sa Rialachán seo a mbeadh sé d'éifeacht aici a bheith ina cúis le damáistí samplacha neamhchúitimh nó le damáistí pionósacha neamhchúitimh de chineál iomarcach a thabhairt ag brath ar imthosca an cháis agus ar ord dlíthiúil Bhallstát na cúirte a bhfuiltear os a comhair, d'fhéadfaí a mheas go bhfuil sin ag cur in aghaidh bheartas poiblí (ordre public) an fhóraim.
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(33) According to the current national rules on compensation awarded to victims of road traffic accidents, when quantifying damages for personal injury in cases in which the accident takes place in a State other than that of the habitual residence of the victim, the court seised should take into account all the relevant actual circumstances of the specific victim, including in particular the actual losses and costs of after-care and medical attention.
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(33) De réir na rialacha náisiúnta reatha maidir leis an gcúiteamh a thugtar d'íospartaigh taismí bóthair, agus damáistí á meas do ghortú pearsanta i gcásanna ina dtarlaíonn an taisme i Stát seachas an Stát ina bhfuil gnáthchónaí ar an íobartach, ba cheart go ndéanfadh an chúirt a bhfuiltear os a comhair imthosca ábhartha iarbhír uile an íobartaigh áirithe sin a chur san áireamh, lena n-áirítear go háirithe caillteanais agus costais iarbhír an iarchúraim agus na gcúram leighis.
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(34) In order to strike a reasonable balance between the parties, account must be taken, in so far as appropriate, of the rules of safety and conduct in operation in the country in which the harmful act was committed, even where the non-contractual obligation is governed by the law of another country. The term "rules of safety and conduct" should be interpreted as referring to all regulations having any relation to safety and conduct, including, for example, road safety rules in the case of an accident.
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(34) Chun cothromaíocht réasúnach a aimsiú idir pháirtithe, ní foláir rialacha sábháilteachta agus iompair atá i bhfeidhm sa tír ina ndearnadh an gníomh díobhálach a chur san áireamh, a mhéid is iomchuí, fiú i gcás ina mbeidh an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach á rialú ag dlí tíre eile. Ba cheart go léireofaí leis an mbrí a bhainfí as an téarma "rialacha sábháilteachta agus iompair" go dtagraíonn sé do na rialacháin uile a bhfuil baint acu le sábháilteacht agus le hiompar, lena n-áirítear, mar shampla, rialacha sábháilteachta bóthair i gcás tionóisce.
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(35) A situation where conflict-of-law rules are dispersed among several instruments and where there are differences between those rules should be avoided. This Regulation, however, does not exclude the possibility of inclusion of conflict-of-law rules relating to non-contractual obligations in provisions of Community law with regard to particular matters.
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(35) Ba cheart an staid a sheachaint ina mbeadh rialacha easaontachta dlí scaipthe ar líon rialacha agus ina mbeadh difríochtaí idir na rialacha sin. Ní fhágann an Rialachán seo nach bhféadfaí rialacha easaontachta dlí a bhaineann le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a áireamh i bhforálacha an dlí Chomhphobail i dtaca le hábhair áirithe.
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This Regulation should not prejudice the application of other instruments laying down provisions designed to contribute to the proper functioning of the internal market in so far as they cannot be applied in conjunction with the law designated by the rules of this Regulation. The application of provisions of the applicable law designated by the rules of this Regulation should not restrict the free movement of goods and services as regulated by Community instruments, such as Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce) [6].
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Níor cheart don Rialachán seo dochar a dhéanamh do chur i bhfeidhm ionstraimí eile lena leagtar síos forálacha a ceapadh chun rannchuidiú le hoibriú cuí an mhargaidh inmheánaigh a mhéid nach féidir iad a chur i bhfeidhm i gcomhar leis an dlí a ainmnítear le rialacha an Rialacháin seo. Níor cheart go gcuirfeadh cur i bhfeidhm fhorálacha an dlí is infheidhme a ainmnítear de réir rialacha an Rialacháin seo srian ar shaorghluaiseacht earraí agus seirbhísí a rialaítear le hionstraimí Comhphobail, amhail Treoir 2000/31/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 8 Meitheamh 2000 maidir le gnéithe áirithe dlí de sheirbhísí sochaí faisnéise, an trádáil leictreonach go háirithe, sa Mhargadh Inmheánach (Treoir maidir leis an trádáil leictreonach) [6].
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(36) Respect for international commitments entered into by the Member States means that this Regulation should not affect international conventions to which one or more Member States are parties at the time this Regulation is adopted. To make the rules more accessible, the Commission should publish the list of the relevant conventions in the Official Journal of the European Union on the basis of information supplied by the Member States.
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(36) Níor cheart go ligfeadh an urraim do thiomantais idirnáisiúnta a rinne na Ballstáit don Rialachán seo difear a dhéanamh do choinbhinsiúin idirnáisiúnta a bhfuil Ballstát amháin nó níos mó ina bpáirtithe iontu tráth a nglactar an Rialachán seo. Chun gur inrochtanaí na rialacha, ba cheart don Choimisiún liosta de na coinbhinsiún ábhartha a fhoilsiú in Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh, ar bhonn faisnéise a chuirfidh na Ballstáit ar fáil.
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(37) The Commission will make a proposal to the European Parliament and the Council concerning the procedures and conditions according to which Member States would be entitled to negotiate and conclude on their own behalf agreements with third countries in individual and exceptional cases, concerning sectoral matters, containing provisions on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations.
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(37) Déanfaidh an Coimisiún togra chuig Parlaimint na hEorpa agus chuig an gComhairle maidir leis na nósanna imeachta agus na coinníollacha ar dá réir a bheadh na Ballstáit i dteideal comhaontuithe a chaibidil agus a thabhairt i gcrích thar a gceann féin le tríú tíortha i gcásanna aonair eisceachtúla, maidir le hábhair earnálacha, ina mbeadh forálacha maidir leis an dlí is infheidhme ar oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha.
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(38) Since the objective of this Regulation cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States, and can therefore, by reason of the scale and effects of this Regulation, be better achieved at Community level, the Community may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity set out in Article 5 of the Treaty. In accordance with the principle of proportionality set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary to attain that objective.
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(38) Ó tharla nach féidir leis na Ballstáit cuspóir an Rialacháin seo a ghnóthú go leordhóthanach agus dá bhrí sin, gur fearr, de bharr fhairsinge agus iarmhairtí an Rialacháin seo, is féidir iad a ghnóthú ar leibhéal an Chomhphobail, féadfaidh an Comhphobal bearta a ghlacadh, i gcomhréir le prionsabal na coimhdeachta a leagtar amach in Airteagal 5 den Chonradh. I gcomhréir le prionsabal na comhréireachta a leagtar amach san Airteagal sin, ní théann an Rialachán seo thar a bhfuil riachtanach chun an cuspóir sin a bhaint amach.
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(39) In accordance with Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, the United Kingdom and Ireland are taking part in the adoption and application of this Regulation.
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(39) I gcomhréir le hAirteagal 3 den Phrótacal maidir le seasamh na Ríochta Aontaithe agus na hÉireann, atá i gceangal leis an gConradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus leis an gConradh ag bunú an Chomhphobail Eorpaigh, tá an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Éire rannpháirteach i nglacadh agus i gcur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo.
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(40) In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the Protocol on the position of Denmark, annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Denmark does not take part in the adoption of this Regulation, and is not bound by it or subject to its application,
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(40) I gcomhréir le hAirteagail 1 agus 2 den Phrótacal maidir le seasamh na Danmhairge, atá i gceangal leis an gConradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus leis an gConradh ag bunú an Chomhphobail Eorpaigh, níl an Danmhairg rannpháirteach i nglacadh an Rialacháin seo agus ní bheidh sé ina cheangal ar an Danmhairg ná ní bheidh sí faoi réir a chur i bhfeidhm,
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HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
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TAR ÉIS AN RIALACHÁN SEO A GHLACADH:
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CHAPTER I
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CAIBIDIL I
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SCOPE
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RAON FEIDHME
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Article 1
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Airteagal 1
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Scope
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Raon feidhme
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1. This Regulation shall apply, in situations involving a conflict of laws, to non-contractual obligations in civil and commercial matters. It shall not apply, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters or to the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority (acta iure imperii).
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1. Beidh feidhm ag an Rialachán seo, i staideanna ina mbeidh easaontacht dlíthe, maidir le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála. Ní bheidh feidhm aige, go háirithe, maidir le hábhair ioncaim, custaim ná riaracháin ná le dliteanas an Stáit i leith gníomhartha agus neamhghníomhartha i bhfeidhmiú údarás an Stáit (acta iure imperii).
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2. The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Regulation:
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2. Eisiafar na hábhair seo a leanas ó raon feidhme an Rialacháin seo:
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(a) non-contractual obligations arising out of family relationships and relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects including maintenance obligations;
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(a) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as gaoil teaghlaigh nó as gaoil a measann an dlí is infheidhme ar ghaoil den sórt sin go bhfuil comhéifeacht acu, lena n-áirítear oibleagáidí cothabhála;
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(b) non-contractual obligations arising out of matrimonial property regimes, property regimes of relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects to marriage, and wills and succession;
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(b) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as socruithe maidir le maoin phósta nó socruithe maidir le maoin ghaol a measann an dlí is infheidhme ar ghaoil den sórt sin go bhfuil comhéifeacht acu le pósadh, agus uachtanna agus comharbais;
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(c) non-contractual obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character;
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(c) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as billí malairte, seiceanna, nótaí gealltanais agus ionstraimí soshannta eile a mhéid gur ó shoshanntacht na n-ionstraimí soshannta eile sin a eascraíonn na hoibleagáidí a thagann díobh;
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(d) non-contractual obligations arising out of the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporated regarding matters such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding-up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporated, the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body and the personal liability of auditors to a company or to its members in the statutory audits of accounting documents;
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(d) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as an dlí cuideachtaí agus comhlachtaí eile, corpraithe nó neamhchorpraithe, maidir le hábhair amhail bunú, trí chlárú nó eile, inniúlacht dhlíthiúil, eagraíocht inmheánach nó foirceannadh cuideachtaí agus comhlachtaí eile, corpraithe nó neamhchorpraithe, agus dliteanas pearsanta oifigeach agus comhaltaí, sa cháil sin dóibh, i leith oibleagáidí na cuideachta nó an chomhlachta agus le dliteanas pearsanta iniúchóirí i leith cuideachta nó i leith a comhaltaí in iniúchadh reachtach doiciméad cuntasaíochta;
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(e) non-contractual obligations arising out of the relations between the settlors, trustees and beneficiaries of a trust created voluntarily;
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(e) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as an gcaidreamh idir socraitheoirí, iontaobhaithe agus tairbhithe iontaobhais a cruthaíodh go saorálach;
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(f) non-contractual obligations arising out of nuclear damage;
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(f) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as damáiste núicléach;
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(g) non-contractual obligations arising out of violations of privacy and rights relating to personality, including defamation.
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(g) oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as sáruithe príobháideachta agus ceart a bhaineann le pearsantacht, lena n-áirítear clúmhilleadh.
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3. This Regulation shall not apply to evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Articles 21 and 22.
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3. Ní bheidh feidhm ag an Rialachán seo maidir le fianaise ná le nós imeachta, gan dochar d'Airteagail 21 agus 22.
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4. For the purposes of this Regulation, "Member State" shall mean any Member State other than Denmark.
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4. Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, ciallóidh "Ballstát" aon Bhallstát seachas an Danmhairg.
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Article 2
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Airteagal 2
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Non-contractual obligations
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Oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha
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1. For the purposes of this Regulation, damage shall cover any consequence arising out of tort/delict, unjust enrichment, negotiorum gestio or culpa in contrahendo.
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1. Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, folóidh damáiste aon iarmhairt a eascróidh as tort nó míghníomh, saibhriú éagórach, negotiorum gestio nó culpa in contrahendo.
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2. This Regulation shall apply also to non-contractual obligations that are likely to arise.
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2. Beidh feidhm ag an Rialachán seo maidir le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha ar dóigh dóibh eascairt.
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3. Any reference in this Regulation to:
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3. Maidir le tagairtí sa Rialachán seo,
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(a) an event giving rise to damage shall include events giving rise to damage that are likely to occur; and
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(a) aon tagairt do theagmhas as a n-éireoidh damáiste, folóidh sé na teagmhais sin as a n-éireoidh damáiste is dóigh a tharlóidh; agus
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(b) damage shall include damage that is likely to occur.
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(b) aon tagairt do dhamáiste, folóidh sé an damáiste is dóigh a tharlóidh.
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Article 3
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Airteagal 3
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Universal application
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Cur i bhfeidhm uilíoch
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Any law specified by this Regulation shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Member State.
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Déanfar aon dlí a shonraítear leis an Rialachán seo a chur i bhfeidhm cibé acu an dlí nó nach dlí de chuid Ballstáit é.
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CHAPTER II
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CAIBIDIL II
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TORTS/DELICTS
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TORTANNA NÓ MÍGHNÍOMHARTHA
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Article 4
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Airteagal 4
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General rule
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Riail ghinearálta
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1. Unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation, the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of a tort/delict shall be the law of the country in which the damage occurs irrespective of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred and irrespective of the country or countries in which the indirect consequences of that event occur.
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1. Mura bhforáiltear a mhalairt sa Rialachán seo, is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as tort nó as míghníomh dlí na tíre ina dtarlóidh an damáiste, is cuma cén tír inar tharla an teagmhas as ar éirigh an damáiste agus is cuma cén tír ina dtarlóidh iarmhairtí indíreacha an teagmhais sin.
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2. However, where the person claimed to be liable and the person sustaining damage both have their habitual residence in the same country at the time when the damage occurs, the law of that country shall apply.
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2. Ar a shon sin, i gcás ina mbeidh gnáthchónaí sa tír chéanna ar an duine a éileofar a bheith faoi dhliteanas agus ar an duine a ndéanfar damáiste dó nuair a tharlóidh an damáiste, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre sin.
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3. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply. A manifestly closer connection with another country might be based in particular on a pre-existing relationship between the parties, such as a contract, that is closely connected with the tort/delict in question.
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3. I gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an tort nó ag an míghníomh le tír seachas an tír a shonraítear i mír 1 nó mír 2, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre eile sin. D'fhéadfadh baint ar follasach gur dlúithe í le tír eile a bheith bunaithe go háirithe ar ghaol a bhí ann cheana idir na páirtithe, amhail conradh, a bhfuil dlúthbhaint aige leis an tort nó leis an míghníomh atá i gceist.
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Article 5
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Airteagal 5
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Product liability
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Dliteanas i leith táirge
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1. Without prejudice to Article 4(2), the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of damage caused by a product shall be:
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1. Gan dochar d'Airteagal 4(2), is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as damáiste arb é táirge is cúis leis:
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(a) the law of the country in which the person sustaining the damage had his or her habitual residence when the damage occurred, if the product was marketed in that country; or, failing that,
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(a) dlí na tíre ina raibh gnáthchónaí ar an duine a ndéanfar an damáiste dó nó di nuair a tharla an damáiste, má bhí an táirge á mhargú sa tír sin; nó, dá uireasa sin,
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(b) the law of the country in which the product was acquired, if the product was marketed in that country; or, failing that,
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(b) dlí na tíre ina bhfuarthas an táirge, má bhí an táirge á mhargú sa tír sin; nó, dá uireasa sin,
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(c) the law of the country in which the damage occurred, if the product was marketed in that country.
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(c) dlí na tíre inar tharla an damáiste, má bhí an táirge á mhargú sa tír sin.
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However, the law applicable shall be the law of the country in which the person claimed to be liable is habitually resident if he or she could not reasonably foresee the marketing of the product, or a product of the same type, in the country the law of which is applicable under (a), (b) or (c).
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Ar a shon sin, is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme dlí na tíre ina bhfuil gnáthchónaí ar an duine a éileofar a bheith faoi dhliteanas mura réasúnta go réamhfheicfeadh sé nó sí margú an táirge, nó margú táirge dá shamhail, sa tír a mbeidh a dlí infheidhme faoi (a), (b) nó (c).
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2. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraph 1, the law of that other country shall apply. A manifestly closer connection with another country might be based in particular on a pre-existing relationship between the parties, such as a contract, that is closely connected with the tort/delict in question.
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2. I gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an tort nó ag an míghníomh le tír seachas an tír a shonraítear i mír 1, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre eile sin. D'fhéadfadh baint ar follasach gur dlúithe í le tír eile a bheith bunaithe go háirithe ar chaidreamh a bhí ann cheana idir na páirtithe, amhail conradh, a bhfuil dlúthbhaint aige leis an tort nó leis an míghníomh atá i gceist.
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Article 6
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Airteagal 6
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Unfair competition and acts restricting free competition
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Iomaíocht éagórach agus gníomhartha lena sriantar saoriomaíocht
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1. The law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of an act of unfair competition shall be the law of the country where competitive relations or the collective interests of consumers are, or are likely to be, affected.
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1. Is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as gníomh iomaíochta éagóraí dlí na tíre ina ndéanfar, nó inar dócha go ndéanfaí, difear don chaidreamh iomaíoch nó do chomhleasanna na dtomhaltóirí.
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2. Where an act of unfair competition affects exclusively the interests of a specific competitor, Article 4 shall apply.
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2. I gcás ina ndéanfaidh gníomh iomaíochta éagóraí difear do leasanna iomaitheora áirithe go heisiach, beidh feidhm ag Airteagal 4.
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3. (a) The law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of a restriction of competition shall be the law of the country where the market is, or is likely to be, affected.
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3. (a) Is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as srian ar iomaíocht dlí na tíre ina ndéanfar, nó inar dócha go ndéanfaí, difear don mhargadh.
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(b) When the market is, or is likely to be, affected in more than one country, the person seeking compensation for damage who sues in the court of the domicile of the defendant, may instead choose to base his or her claim on the law of the court seised, provided that the market in that Member State is amongst those directly and substantially affected by the restriction of competition out of which the non-contractual obligation on which the claim is based arises; where the claimant sues, in accordance with the applicable rules on jurisdiction, more than one defendant in that court, he or she can only choose to base his or her claim on the law of that court if the restriction of competition on which the claim against each of these defendants relies directly and substantially affects also the market in the Member State of that court.
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(b) I gcás ina ndéanfar, nó i gcás inar dócha go ndéanfaí, difear don mhargadh i mbreis agus tír amháin, féadfaidh an duine a bheidh ag éileamh cúitimh as damáiste agus a thabharfaidh cás i gcúirt sa tír ina mbeidh cónaí ar an gcosantóir a roghnú, ina ionad sin, go mbunófaí a éileamh nó a héileamh ar dhlí na cúirte a mbeifear os a comhair, ar choinníoll go mbeidh an margadh sa Bhallstát sin i measc na margaí a ndearna an srian ar iomaíocht as a n-eascróidh an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach ar a bhfuil an t-éileamh bunaithe difear díreach agus substainteach dóibh; i gcás ina dtabharfaidh an t-éilitheoir cás, i gcomhréir leis na dlíthe is infheidhme maidir le dlínse, in aghaidh níos mó ná cosantóir amháin sa chúirt sin, ní fhéadfaidh sé nó sí a roghnú ach go mbunófaí a éileamh nó a héileamh ar dhlí na cúirte sin má dhéanann an srian ar iomaíocht, ar a bhfuil an t-éileamh in aghaidh gach duine de na cosantóirí sin ag brath, difear díreach agus substainteach chomh maith don mhargadh i mBallstát na cúirte sin.
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4. The law applicable under this Article may not be derogated from by an agreement pursuant to Article 14.
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4. Ní fhéadfar maolú ar an dlí is infheidhme faoin Airteagal seo le comhaontú de bhun Airteagal 14.
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Article 7
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Airteagal 7
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Environmental damage
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Damáiste don chomhshaol
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The law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of environmental damage or damage sustained by persons or property as a result of such damage shall be the law determined pursuant to Article 4(1), unless the person seeking compensation for damage chooses to base his or her claim on the law of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred.
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Is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as damáiste don chomhshaol nó as damáiste a dhéanfar do dhaoine nó do mhaoin de thoradh an damáiste sin an dlí a chinnfear de bhun Airteagal 4(1), mura roghnóidh an duine a bheidh ag lorg cúitimh as an damáiste sin a éileamh nó a héileamh a bhunú ar dhlí na tíre inar tharla an teagmhas as ar éirigh an damáiste.
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Article 8
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Airteagal 8
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Infringement of intellectual property rights
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Sárú ar chearta maoine intleachtúla
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1. The law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising from an infringement of an intellectual property right shall be the law of the country for which protection is claimed.
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1. Is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as sárú ar chearta maoine intleachtúla dlí na tíre a n-éileofar an chosaint ina leith.
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2. In the case of a non-contractual obligation arising from an infringement of a unitary Community intellectual property right, the law applicable shall, for any question that is not governed by the relevant Community instrument, be the law of the country in which the act of infringement was committed.
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2. I gcás oibleagáide neamhchonarthaí a eascróidh as sárú ar cheart aonadach Comhphobail maoine intleachtúla, is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme, ar aon cheist nach mbeidh faoi rialú ag an ionstraim Chomhphobail ábhartha, dlí na tíre ina ndearnadh an sárú.
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3. The law applicable under this Article may not be derogated from by an agreement pursuant to Article 14.
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3. Ní fhéadfar maolú ar an dlí is infheidhme faoin Airteagal seo le comhaontú de bhun Airteagal 14.
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Article 9
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Airteagal 9
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Industrial action
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Gníomhaíocht thionsclaíoch
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Without prejudice to Article 4(2), the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation in respect of the liability of a person in the capacity of a worker or an employer or the organisations representing their professional interests for damages caused by an industrial action, pending or carried out, shall be the law of the country where the action is to be, or has been, taken.
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Gan dochar d'Airteagal 4(2), is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach i ndáil le dliteanas duine ina cháil mar oibrí nó mar fhostóir nó le dliteanas na n-eagraíochtaí a ionadaíonn a leasanna gairmiúla i leith damáistí arb í gníomhaíocht thionsclaíoch, ar feitheamh nó ar siúl, is cúis leo, dlí na tíre ina seolfar nó inar seoladh an ghníomhaíocht.
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CHAPTER III
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CAIBIDIL III
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UNJUST ENRICHMENT, NEGOTIORUM GESTIO AND CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO
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SAIBHRIÚ ÉAGÓRACH, NEGOTIORUM GESTIO AGUS CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO
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Article 10
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Airteagal 10
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Unjust enrichment
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Saibhriú éagórach
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1. If a non-contractual obligation arising out of unjust enrichment, including payment of amounts wrongly received, concerns a relationship existing between the parties, such as one arising out of a contract or a tort/delict, that is closely connected with that unjust enrichment, it shall be governed by the law that governs that relationship.
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1. Má bhaineann oibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as saibhriú éagórach, lena n-áirítear méideanna a fuarthas go mícheart a íoc, le gaol atá ann idir na páirtithe, ar nós gaoil a eascróidh as conradh nó as tort nó as míghníomh, a mbeidh dlúthbhaint aige leis an saibhriú éagórach sin, beidh sí faoi rialú ag an dlí a rialóidh an gaol sin.
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2. Where the law applicable cannot be determined on the basis of paragraph 1 and the parties have their habitual residence in the same country when the event giving rise to unjust enrichment occurs, the law of that country shall apply.
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2. I gcás nach féidir an dlí is infheidhme a chinneadh ar bhonn mhír 1 agus ina mbeidh gnáthchónaí ar na páirtithe sa tír chéanna nuair a tharlóidh an teagmhas as a n-éireoidh saibhriú éagórach, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre sin.
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3. Where the law applicable cannot be determined on the basis of paragraphs 1 or 2, it shall be the law of the country in which the unjust enrichment took place.
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3. I gcás nach féidir an dlí is infheidhme a chinneadh ar bhonn mhír 1 nó mhír 2, is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme dlí na tíre inar tharla an saibhriú éagórach.
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4. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the non-contractual obligation arising out of unjust enrichment is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, the law of that other country shall apply.
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4. I gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as saibhriú éagórach le tír seachas an tír a shonraítear i míreanna 1, 2 agus 3, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre eile sin.
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Article 11
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Airteagal 11
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Negotiorum gestio
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Negotiorum gestio
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1. If a non-contractual obligation arising out of an act performed without due authority in connection with the affairs of another person concerns a relationship existing between the parties, such as one arising out of a contract or a tort/delict, that is closely connected with that non-contractual obligation, it shall be governed by the law that governs that relationship.
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1. Má bhaineann oibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as gníomh a rinneadh gan údarás cuí i ndáil le gnóthaí duine eile le gaol atá ann idir na páirtithe, ar nós gaoil a eascróidh as conradh nó as tort nó as míghníomh, a bhfuil dlúthbhaint aige leis an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach sin, beidh sí faoi rialú ag an dlí a rialaíonn an gaol sin.
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2. Where the law applicable cannot be determined on the basis of paragraph 1, and the parties have their habitual residence in the same country when the event giving rise to the damage occurs, the law of that country shall apply.
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2. I gcás nach féidir an dlí is infheidhme a chinneadh ar bhonn mhír 1 agus ina mbeidh gnáthchónaí ar na páirtithe sa tír chéanna nuair a tharlóidh an teagmhas as a n-éireoidh an damáiste, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre sin.
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3. Where the law applicable cannot be determined on the basis of paragraphs 1 or 2, it shall be the law of the country in which the act was performed.
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3. I gcás nach féidir an dlí is infheidhme a chinneadh ar bhonn mhír 1 nó mhír 2, is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme dlí na tíre ina ndearnadh an gníomh.
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4. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the non-contractual obligation arising out of an act performed without due authority in connection with the affairs of another person is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, the law of that other country shall apply.
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4. I gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as gníomh a rinneadh gan údarás cuí i ndáil le gnóthaí duine eile le tír seachas an tír a shonraítear i míreanna 1, 2 agus 3, beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre eile sin.
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Article 12
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Airteagal 12
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Culpa in contrahendo
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Culpa in contrahendo
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1. The law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of dealings prior to the conclusion of a contract, regardless of whether the contract was actually concluded or not, shall be the law that applies to the contract or that would have been applicable to it had it been entered into.
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1. Is é an dlí a bheidh infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as déileálacha a tharla sular tugadh an conradh i gcrích, gan aird ar tugadh nó nár tugadh an conradh i gcrích iarbhír, an dlí is infheidhme maidir leis an gconradh nó a bheadh infheidhme maidir leis dá mbeadh sé tugtha i gcrích.
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2. Where the law applicable cannot be determined on the basis of paragraph 1, it shall be:
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2. I gcás nach féidir an dlí is infheidhme a chinneadh ar bhonn mhír 1, is é an dlí seo a leanas a bheidh infheidhme:
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(a) the law of the country in which the damage occurs, irrespective of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred and irrespective of the country or countries in which the indirect consequences of that event occurred; or
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(a) dlí na tíre ina dtarlóidh an damáiste, is cuma cén tír inar tharla an teagmhas as ar éirigh an damáiste agus is cuma cén tír nó cé na tíortha inar tharla iarmhairtí indíreacha an teagmhais sin; nó
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(b) where the parties have their habitual residence in the same country at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurs, the law of that country; or
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(b) i gcás ina mbeidh gnáthchónaí ar na páirtithe sa tír chéanna nuair a tharlóidh an teagmhas as a n-éireoidh an damáiste, dlí na tíre sin; nó
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(c) where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the non-contractual obligation arising out of dealings prior to the conclusion of a contract is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in points (a) and (b), the law of that other country.
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(c) i gcás inar léir ó imthosca uile an cháis gur follasach gur dlúithe an bhaint atá ag an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach a eascróidh as déileálacha a tharla sular tugadh conradh i gcrích le tír seachas an tír a shonraítear i bpointí (a) agus (b), beidh feidhm ag dlí na tíre eile sin.
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Article 13
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Airteagal 13
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Applicability of Article 8
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Infheidhmeacht Airteagal 8
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For the purposes of this Chapter, Article 8 shall apply to non-contractual obligations arising from an infringement of an intellectual property right.
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Chun críocha na Caibidle seo, beidh feidhm ag Airteagal 8 maidir le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascróidh as sárú ar cheart maoine intleachtúla.
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CHAPTER IV
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CAIBIDIL IV
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FREEDOM OF CHOICE
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SAOIRSE ROGHA
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Article 14
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Airteagal 14
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Freedom of choice
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Saoirse rogha
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1. The parties may agree to submit non-contractual obligations to the law of their choice:
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1. Féadfaidh na páirtithe comhaontú a n-oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a chur faoi réir dlí dá rogha:
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(a) by an agreement entered into after the event giving rise to the damage occurred;
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(a) trí chomhaontú a thabharfar i gcrích tar éis don teagmhas as ar éirigh an damáiste tarlú;
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or
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nó
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(b) where all the parties are pursuing a commercial activity, also by an agreement freely negotiated before the event giving rise to the damage occurred.
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(b) i gcás ina bhfuil na páirtithe ag saothrú gníomhaíochta tráchtála, freisin trí chomhaontú arna chaibidil faoi shaoirse sular tharla an teagmhas as ar éirigh an damáiste.
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The choice shall be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the circumstances of the case and shall not prejudice the rights of third parties.
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Déanfar an rogha a shonrú nó a léiriú le deimhneacht réasúnta le himthosca an cháis agus ní dhéanfaidh an rogha difear do chearta tríú páirtithe.
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2. Where all the elements relevant to the situation at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurs are located in a country other than the country whose law has been chosen, the choice of the parties shall not prejudice the application of provisions of the law of that other country which cannot be derogated from by agreement.
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2. I gcás ina mbeidh na heilimintí go léir a bheidh ábhartha maidir leis an staid, tráth tarlaithe an teagmhais as a n-éireoidh an damáiste, lonnaithe i dtír seachas an tír ar roghnaíodh a dlí, ní dhéanfaidh rogha na bpáirtithe dochar do chur i bhfeidhm na bhforálacha sin de dhlí na tíre eile sin nach féidir maolú orthu trí chomhaontú.
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3. Where all the elements relevant to the situation at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurs are located in one or more of the Member States, the parties' choice of the law applicable other than that of a Member State shall not prejudice the application of provisions of Community law, where appropriate as implemented in the Member State of the forum, which cannot be derogated from by agreement.
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3. I gcás ina mbeidh na heilimintí go léir a bheidh ábhartha maidir leis an staid, tráth tarlaithe an teagmhais as a n-éireoidh an damáiste, lonnaithe i gceann amháin nó níos mó de na Ballstáit agus nach dlí de chuid Ballstáit an dlí is infheidhme a roghnaigh na páirtithe, ní dhéanfaidh an rogha sin dochar do chur i bhfeidhm na bhforálacha sin de dhlí an Chomhphobail nach féidir maolú orthu trí chomhaontú, i gcás inar iomchuí de réir mar a chuirfear i bhfeidhm iad i mBallstát an fhóraim.
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CHAPTER V
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CAIBIDIL V
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COMMON RULES
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RIALACHA COMHCHOITEANNA
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Article 15
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Airteagal 15
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Scope of the law applicable
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Raon feidhme an dlí is infheidhme
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The law applicable to non-contractual obligations under this Regulation shall govern in particular:
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An dlí is infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha faoin Rialachán seo, rialóidh sé go háirithe:
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(a) the basis and extent of liability, including the determination of persons who may be held liable for acts performed by them;
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(a) bonn agus réim an dliteanais, lena n-áirítear cinneadh na ndaoine a fhéadfar a chur faoi dhliteanas i leith gníomhartha a dhéanfaidh siad;
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(b) the grounds for exemption from liability, any limitation of liability and any division of liability;
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(b) na forais le díolúine ó dhliteanas, aon teorannú ar dhliteanas agus aon chionroinnt dliteanais;
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(c) the existence, the nature and the assessment of damage or the remedy claimed;
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(c) marthain, cineál agus measúnú an damáiste, nó an leigheas a éileofar;
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(d) within the limits of powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the measures which a court may take to prevent or terminate injury or damage or to ensure the provision of compensation;
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(d) faoi réim theorainneacha na gcumhachtaí a thabharfar don chúirt lena dlí nós imeachta, na bearta a fhéadfaidh cúirt a ghlacadh chun díobháil nó damáiste a chosc nó deireadh a chur léi nó leis nó chun soláthar cúitimh a áirithiú;
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(e) the question whether a right to claim damages or a remedy may be transferred, including by inheritance;
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(e) ceist sin an féidir ceart chun damáistí a éileamh nó leigheas a aistriú, lena n-áirítear trí oidhreacht;
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(f) persons entitled to compensation for damage sustained personally;
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(f) daoine a bheidh i dteideal cúitimh ar dhamáiste a rinneadh dóibh go pearsanta;
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(g) liability for the acts of another person;
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(g) dliteanas i leith gníomhartha duine eile;
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(h) the manner in which an obligation may be extinguished and rules of prescription and limitation, including rules relating to the commencement, interruption and suspension of a period of prescription or limitation.
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(h) an bealach chun oibleagáidí a mhúchadh agus na rialacha maidir le rúradh agus teorannú, lena n-áirítear na rialacha a bhaineann le tosú, le hidirbhriseadh agus le fionraí tréimhse rúraidh nó tréimhse teorann.
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Article 16
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Airteagal 16
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Overriding mandatory provisions
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Forálacha sainordaitheacha sáraitheacha
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Nothing in this Regulation shall restrict the application of the provisions of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the non-contractual obligation.
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Ní chuirfidh aon ní sa Rialachán seo srian le cur i bhfeidhm fhorálacha dhlí an fhóraim i dtoisc inar forálacha sainordaitheacha iad, is cuma cén dlí is infheidhme ar shlí eile maidir leis an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach.
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Article 17
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Airteagal 17
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Rules of safety and conduct
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Rialacha sábháilteachta agus iompair
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In assessing the conduct of the person claimed to be liable, account shall be taken, as a matter of fact and in so far as is appropriate, of the rules of safety and conduct which were in force at the place and time of the event giving rise to the liability.
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Agus iompar an duine a éileofar a bheith faoi dhliteanas á mheasúnú, tabharfar aird, mar cheist fhíorais agus a mhéid is iomchuí, ar na rialacha sábháilteachta agus iompair a bhí i bhfeidhm san áit inar tharla an teagmhas as a n-éireoidh an dliteanas agus ag an am a tharla.
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Article 18
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Airteagal 18
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Direct action against the insurer of the person liable
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Caingean dhíreach i gcoinne árachóir an duine atá faoi dhliteanas
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The person having suffered damage may bring his or her claim directly against the insurer of the person liable to provide compensation if the law applicable to the non-contractual obligation or the law applicable to the insurance contract so provides.
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Féadfaidh an duine a ndearnadh damáiste dó nó di a éileamh nó a héileamh a thabhairt go díreach i gcoinne árachóir an duine a bheidh faoi dhliteanas cúiteamh a sholáthar má fhoráiltear amhlaidh leis an dlí is infheidhme maidir leis an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach nó leis an dlí is infheidhme maidir leis gconradh árachais.
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Article 19
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Airteagal 19
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Subrogation
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Seachaíocht
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Where a person (the creditor) has a non-contractual claim upon another (the debtor), and a third person has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether, and the extent to which, the third person is entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law governing their relationship.
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I gcás ina mbeidh éileamh neamhchonarthach ag duine ("an creidiúnaí") ar dhuine eile ("an féichiúnaí") agus go mbeidh de dhualgas ar thríú duine an creidiúnaí a shásamh, nó go mbeidh an creidiúnaí sásaithe aige iarbhír mar urscaoileadh ar an dualgas sin, is é an dlí lena rialófar dualgas an tríú duine an creidiúnaí a shásamh a chinnfidh an mbeidh, agus a mhéid a bheidh, an tríú duine i dteideal na cearta sin a fheidhmiú a bhí ag an gcreidiúnaí in aghaidh an fhéichiúnaí faoin dlí lena rialófar a ngaol.
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Article 20
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Airteagal 20
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Multiple liability
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Dliteanas iolrach
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If a creditor has a claim against several debtors who are liable for the same claim, and one of the debtors has already satisfied the claim in whole or in part, the question of that debtor's right to demand compensation from the other debtors shall be governed by the law applicable to that debtor's non-contractual obligation towards the creditor.
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Má bhíonn éileamh ag creidiúnaí ar líon féichiúnaithe a bhfuil dliteanas orthu i leith an éilimh chéanna agus go bhfuil an t-éileamh sásaithe go hiomlán nó go páirteach ag féichiúnaí amháin, is é an dlí is infheidhme maidir leis an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach a bheidh ar an bhféichiúnaí sin i leith an chreidiúnaí a rialóidh ceart an fhéichiúnaí sin cúiteamh a iarraidh ar na féichiúnaithe eile.
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Article 21
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Airteagal 21
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Formal validity
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Bailíocht fhoirmiúil
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A unilateral act intended to have legal effect and relating to a non-contractual obligation shall be formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law governing the non-contractual obligation in question or the law of the country in which the act is performed.
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Beidh bailíocht fhoirmiúil ag gníomh aontaobhach a mbeartófar éifeacht dhlíthiúil a bheith aige agus a bhainfidh le hoibleagáid neamhchonarthach má shásaíonn sé ceanglais fhoirmiúla an dlí lena rialófar an oibleagáid neamhchonarthach atá i gceist nó ceanglais fhoirmiúla dhlí na tíre ina ndéantar an gníomh.
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Article 22
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Airteagal 22
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Burden of proof
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Dualgas cruthúnais
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1. The law governing a non-contractual obligation under this Regulation shall apply to the extent that, in matters of non-contractual obligations, it contains rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof.
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1. Beidh feidhm ag an dlí lena rialófar oibleagáid neamhchonarthach faoin Rialachán seo sa mhéid go mbeidh rialacha ann, in ábhair oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha, lena mbunófar toimhdí dlí nó lena gcinnfear an dualgas cruthúnais.
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2. Acts intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 21 under which that act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum.
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2. Féadfar gníomhartha a mbeartófar éifeacht dhlíthiúil a bheith acu a chruthú le haon mhodh cruthúnais a aithneofar le dlí an fhóraim nó le haon cheann de na dlíthe dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 21 faoina mbeidh bailíocht fhoirmiúil ag an ngníomh sin, ar choinníoll gur féidir leis an bhfóram an modh cruthúnais sin a riar.
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CHAPTER VI
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CAIBIDIL VI
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OTHER PROVISIONS
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FORÁLACHA EILE
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Article 23
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Airteagal 23
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Habitual residence
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Gnáthchónaí
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1. For the purposes of this Regulation, the habitual residence of companies and other bodies, corporate or unincorporated, shall be the place of central administration.
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1. Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, measfar gurb í áit an riaracháin lárnaigh gnáthchónaí cuideachtaí nó gnólachtaí agus comhlachtaí eile, corpraithe nó neamhchorpraithe.
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Where the event giving rise to the damage occurs, or the damage arises, in the course of operation of a branch, agency or any other establishment, the place where the branch, agency or any other establishment is located shall be treated as the place of habitual residence.
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I gcás ina dtarlóidh an teagmhas as a n-éireoidh an damáiste, nó i gcás ina dtarlóidh an damáiste, le linn oibriú brainse, gníomhaireachta nó aon fhorais eile, déileálfar leis an áit a mbeidh an brainse, an ghníomhaireacht nó aon fhoras eile lonnaithe mar an áit ghnáthchónaithe.
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2. For the purposes of this Regulation, the habitual residence of a natural person acting in the course of his or her business activity shall be his or her principal place of business.
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2. Chun críocha an Rialacháin seo, is í a phríomháit nó a príomháit gnó a bheidh mar ghnáthchónaí ag duine nádúrtha ag gníomhú dó i rith a ghníomhaíochta gnó nó ag gníomhú di i rith a gníomhaíochta gnó.
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Article 24
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Airteagal 24
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Exclusion of renvoi
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Renvoi a eisiamh
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The application of the law of any country specified by this Regulation means the application of the rules of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law.
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Ciallaíonn cur i bhfeidhm dhlí aon tíre a shonraítear leis an Rialachán seo cur i bhfeidhm na rialacha dlí a bheidh i bhfeidhm sa tír sin seachas a rialacha dlí idirnáisiúnta phríobháidigh.
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Article 25
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Airteagal 25
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States with more than one legal system
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Stáit a bhfuil níos mó ná córas dlí amháin acu
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1. Where a State comprises several territorial units, each of which has its own rules of law in respect of non-contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying the law applicable under this Regulation.
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1. I gcás ina gcuimseofar i Stát aonaid chríochacha leithleacha a mbeidh a rialacha dlí féin ag gach aonad díobh i dtaobh oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha, féachfar ar gach aonad críche mar thír chun go n-aithneofaí an dlí is infheidhme faoin Rialachán seo.
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2. A Member State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of non-contractual obligations shall not be required to apply this Regulation to conflicts solely between the laws of such units.
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2. Ballstát ina mbeidh a rialacha dlí féin ag aonaid chríochacha i dtaobh oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha, ní cheanglófar air an Rialachán seo a chur i bhfeidhm maidir le heasaontachtaí nach bhfuil ann ach idir dhlíthe na n-aonad sin.
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Article 26
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Airteagal 26
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Public policy of the forum
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Beartas poiblí an fhóraim
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The application of a provision of the law of any country specified by this Regulation may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy (ordre public) of the forum.
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Ní fhéadfar diúltú foráil dhlí aon tíre a shonraítear leis an Rialachán seo a chur i bhfeidhm ach amháin más follas nach mbeidh an cur i bhfeidhm sin ag luí le beartas poiblí (ordre public) an fhóraim.
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Article 27
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Airteagal 27
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Relationship with other provisions of Community law
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Gaol le forálacha eile de dhlí an Chomhphobail
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This Regulation shall not prejudice the application of provisions of Community law which, in relation to particular matters, lay down conflict-of-law rules relating to non-contractual obligations.
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Ní dhéanfaidh an Rialachán seo dochar do chur i bhfeidhm forálacha de dhlí an Chomhphobail lena leagfar síos, i dtaca le hábhair áirithe, rialacha easaontachta dlí a bhaineann le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha.
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Article 28
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Airteagal 28
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Relationship with existing international conventions
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Gaol le coinbhinsiúin idirnáisiúnta atá ann
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1. This Regulation shall not prejudice the application of international conventions to which one or more Member States are parties at the time when this Regulation is adopted and which lay down conflict-of-law rules relating to non-contractual obligations.
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1. Ní dhéanfaidh an Rialachán seo dochar do chur i bhfeidhm coinbhinsiún idirnáisiúnta a mbeidh Ballstát amháin nó níos mó ina bpáirtithe iontu an tráth a nglacfar an Rialachán seo agus lena leagfar síos rialacha easaontachta dlí a bhaineann le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha.
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2. However, this Regulation shall, as between Member States, take precedence over conventions concluded exclusively between two or more of them in so far as such conventions concern matters governed by this Regulation.
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2. Beidh tosaíocht ag an Rialachán seo, áfach, amhail idir Bhallstáit, ar choinbhinsiúin idirnáisiúnta a tugadh i gcrích go heisiach idir dhá Bhallstát nó níos mó sa mhéid go mbaineann na coinbhinsiúin sin le hábhair atá á rialú ag an Rialachán seo.
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CHAPTER VII
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CAIBIDIL VII
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FINAL PROVISIONS
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FORÁLACHA CRÍOCHNAITHEACHA
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Article 29
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Airteagal 29
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List of conventions
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Liosta coinbhinsiún
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1. By 11 July 2008, Member States shall notify the Commission of the conventions referred to in Article 28(1). After that date, Member States shall notify the Commission of all denunciations of such conventions.
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1. Faoin 11 Iúil 2008, tabharfaidh na Ballstáit fógra don Choimisiún faoi na coinbhinsiúin dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 28(1). Tar éis an dáta sin, tabharfaidh na Ballstáit fógra don Choimisiún faoi gach séanadh ar na coinbhinsiúin sin.
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2. The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union within six months of receipt:
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2. Foilseoidh an Coimisiún in Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh laistigh de shé mhí tar éis iad a fháil:
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(i) a list of the conventions referred to in paragraph 1;
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(i) liosta na gcoinbhinsiún dá dtagraítear i mír 1;
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(ii) the denunciations referred to in paragraph 1.
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(ii) na séantaí dá dtagraítear i mír 1.
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Article 30
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Airteagal 30
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Review clause
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Clásal athbhreithnithe
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1. Not later than 20 August 2011, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee a report on the application of this Regulation. If necessary, the report shall be accompanied by proposals to adapt this Regulation. The report shall include:
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1. Tráth nach déanaí ná an 20 Lúnasa 2011, déanfaidh an Coimisiún tuarascáil ar chur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo a thíolacadh do Pharlaimint na hEorpa, don Chomhairle agus do Choiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa. Beidh tograí chun an Rialachán seo a oiriúnú in éineacht leis an tuarascáil más gá. Áireofar na nithe seo a leanas sa tuarascáil:
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(i) a study on the effects of the way in which foreign law is treated in the different jurisdictions and on the extent to which courts in the Member States apply foreign law in practice pursuant to this Regulation;
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(i) staidéar ar na héifeachtaí atá ag an dóigh a bpléitear le dlí eachtrannach i ndlínsí éagsúla agus ar a oiread a chuireann cúirteanna sna Ballstáit dlí eachtrannach i bhfeidhm iarbhír de bhun an Rialacháin seo;
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(ii) a study on the effects of Article 28 of this Regulation with respect to the Hague Convention of 4 May 1971 on the law applicable to traffic accidents.
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(ii) staidéar ar éifeachtaí Airteagal 28 den Rialachán seo i dtaca le Coinbhinsiún na Háige an 4 Bealtaine 1971 maidir leis an dlí is infheidhme maidir le taismí bóthair.
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2. Not later than 31 December 2008, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee a study on the situation in the field of the law applicable to non-contractual obligations arising out of violations of privacy and rights relating to personality, taking into account rules relating to freedom of the press and freedom of expression in the media, and conflict-of-law issues related to Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data [7].
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2. Tráth nach déanaí ná an 31 Nollaig 2008, tíolacfaidh an Coimisiún staidéar do Pharlaimint na hEorpa, don Chomhairle agus do Choiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa maidir leis an staid i réimse an dlí is infheidhme ar oibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as sáruithe ar an bpríobháideachas agus ar chearta a bhaineann le pearsantacht, ag cur san áireamh rialacha a bhaineann le saoirse an phreasa agus le saoirse cainte sna meáin, agus na ceisteanna easaontachta dlí a bhaineann le Treoir 95/46/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 24 Deireadh Fómhair 1995 maidir le daoine aonair a chosaint i ndáil le sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil agus maidir le saorghluaiseacht sonraí den sórt sin [7].
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Article 31
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Airteagal 31
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Application in time
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Cur i bhfeidhm i dtaca le ham
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This Regulation shall apply to events giving rise to damage which occur after its entry into force.
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Beidh feidhm ag an Rialachán seo maidir le teagmhais as a n-éireoidh damáiste a tharlóidh tar éis a theacht i bhfeidhm.
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Article 32
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Airteagal 32
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Date of application
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Dáta cur i bhfeidhm
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This Regulation shall apply from 11 January 2009, except for Article 29, which shall apply from 11 July 2008.
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Beidh feidhm ag an Rialachán seo ón 11 Eanáir 2009, seachas Airteagal 29, a mbeidh feidhm aige ón 11 Iúil 2008.
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This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community.
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Beidh an Rialachán seo ina cheangal go huile agus go hiomlán agus beidh sé infheidhme go díreach i ngach Ballstát, i gcomhréir leis an gConradh ag bunú an Chomhphobail Eorpaigh.
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Done at Strasbourg, 11 July 2007.
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Arna dhéanamh in Strasbourg, an 11 Iúil 2007.
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For the European Parliament
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Thar cheann Pharlaimint na hEorpa
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The President
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An tUachtarán
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H.-G. Pöttering
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H.-G. Pöttering
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For the Council
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Thar ceann na Comhairle
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The President
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An tUachtarán
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M. Lobo Antunes
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M. Lobo Antunes
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[1] OJ C 241, 28.9.2004, p. 1.
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[1] IO C 241, 28.9.2004, lch. 1.
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[2] Opinion of the European Parliament of 6 July 2005 (OJ C 157 E, 6.7.2006, p. 371), Council Common Position of 25 September 2006 (OJ C 289 E, 28.11.2006, p. 68) and Position of the European Parliament of 18 January 2007 (not yet published in the Official Journal). European Parliament Legislative Resolution of 10 July 2007 and Council Decision of 28 June 2007.
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[2] Tuairim ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa an 6 Iúil 2005 (IO C 157 E, 6.7.2006, lch. 371), Comhsheasamh ón gComhairle an 25 Meán Fómhair 2006 (IO C 289 E, 28.11.2006, lch. 68 agus Seasamh ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa an 18 Eanáir 2007 (gan foilsiú fós san Iris Oifigiúil). Rún Reachtach ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa an 10 Iúil 2007 agus Cinneadh ón gComhairle an 28 Meitheamh 2007.
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[3] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 1.
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[3] IO C 12, 15.1.2001, lch. 1.
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[4] OJ C 53, 3.3.2005, p. 1.
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[4] IO C 53, 3.3.2005, lch. 1.
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[5] OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1791/2006 (OJ L 363, 20.12.2006, p. 1).
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[5] IO L 12, 16.1.2001, lch. 1. Rialachán arna leasú go deireanach le Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1791/2006 (IO L 363, 20.12.2006, lch. 1).
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[6] OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.
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[6] IO L 178, 17.7.2000, lch. 1.
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[7] OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
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[7] IO L 281, 23.11.1995, lch. 31.
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Commission Statement on the review clause (Article 30)
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Dearbhú ón gCoimisiún maidir leis an gClásal athbhreithnithe (Airteagal 30)
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The Commission, following the invitation by the European Parliament and the Council in the frame of Article 30 of the "Rome II" Regulation, will submit, not later than December 2008, a study on the situation in the field of the law applicable to non-contractual obligations arising out of violations of privacy and rights relating to personality. The Commission will take into consideration all aspects of the situation and take appropriate measures if necessary.
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Déanfaidh an Coimisiún, tar éis cuireadh a fháil ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle bhfráma Airteagal 30 de Rialachán "An Roimh II" tráth nach déanaí ná Nollaig 2008, staidéar a chur isteach ar an staid i réimse an dlí is infheidhme maidir le hoibleagáidí neamhchonarthacha a eascraíonn as sáruithe príobháideachta agus ceart a bhaineann le pearsantacht. Déanfaidh an Coimisiún gach gné den staid a chur san áireamh agus glacfaidh sé bearta iomchuí más gá.
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Commission Statement on road accidents
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Dearbhú ón gCoimisiún maidir le tionóiscí tráchta
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The Commission, being aware of the different practices followed in the Member States as regards the level of compensation awarded to victims of road traffic accidents, is prepared to examine the specific problems resulting for EU residents involved in road traffic accidents in a Member State other than the Member State of their habitual residence. To that end the Commission will make available to the European Parliament and to the Council, before the end of 2008, a study on all options, including insurance aspects, for improving the position of cross-border victims, which would pave the way for a Green Paper.
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Tá an Coimisiún, agus é ar an eolas faoi na cleachtais dhifriúla a leantar sna Ballstáit i dtaca leis an leibhéal cúitimh a bhronntar ar íospartaigh tionóiscí tráchta, ullamh chun na fadhbanna sonracha atá ag áitritheoirí AE a raibh tionóiscí tráchta acu i mBallstát eile seachas an Ballstát ina bhfuil gnáthchónaí orthu, a scrúdú. Chun na críche sin, roimh dheireadh 2008, déanfaidh an Coimisiún, d'fhonn an riocht ina bhfuil na híospartaigh trasteorann a fheabhsú, staidéar ar na roghanna go léir, lena n-áirítear gnéithe árachais, agus a réiteodh an chonair do pháipéar glas, a chur ar fáil don Pharlaimint agus don Chomhairle.
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Commission Statement on the treatment of foreign law
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Dearbhú ón gCoimisiún maidir le hionramháil dlí eachtraigh
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The Commission, being aware of the different practices followed in the Member States as regards the treatment of foreign law, will publish at the latest four years after the entry into force of the "Rome II" Regulation and in any event as soon as it is available a horizontal study on the application of foreign law in civil and commercial matters by the courts of the Member States, having regard to the aims of the Hague Programme. It is also prepared to take appropriate measures if necessary.
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Déanfaidh an Coimisiún, agus é ar an eolas faoi na cleachtais dhifriúla sna Ballstáit maidir le hionramháil dlí eachtraigh, ar a dhéanaí ceithre bliana tar éis theacht i bhfeidhm Rialachán "An Róimh II" agus ar aon chuma chomh luath agus a bheidh sé ar fáil, staidéar cothrománach a fhoilsiú maidir le cur chun feidhme dlí eachtraigh in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála ag na cúirteanna sna Ballstáit, ag féachaint d'aidhmeanna Chlár na Háige. Tá an Coimisiún réidh bearta iomchuí a ghlacadh freisin más gá.
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