EN

(...PICT...)|COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES|

Brussels, 8.3.2011

SEC(2011) 279 final

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANNEX II

Accompanying document to the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 COM(2011) 109 final SEC(2011) 277 final

ANNEX II TO THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

EU27: PRIMES 2009 Efficiency Scenario

Analytical Results

Primes Ver. 4 Energy Model

E3M Lab

National Technical University of Athens

07/05/2010

SUMMARY ENERGY BALANCE AND INDICATORS (A)

ktoe|1990 |1995 |2000 |2005 |2010 |2015 |2020 |2025 |2030 |'90-'00|'00-'10|'10-'20|

|||||||||||||

||||||||Annual % Change|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Production|936047 |950181 |941860 |900326 |822199 |770370 |737350 |732546 |751835 |0,1|-1,3|-1,1|

Solids|366477 |277810 |213423 |196277 |167822 |152891 |139933 |133480 |130396 |-5,3|-2,4|-1,8|

Oil|129551 |171052 |173006 |134290 |102950 |74336 |49872 |40787 |37231 |2,9|-5,1|-7,0|

Natural gas|162447 |188965 |207559 |188677 |164149 |129066 |111499 |91726 |75140 |2,5|-2,3|-3,8|

Nuclear|202589 |223028 |243761 |257360 |238917 |241308 |237522 |244981 |263509 |1,9|-0,2|-0,1|

Renewable energy sources|74984 |89326 |104111 |123722 |148360 |172770 |198525 |221572 |245560 |3,3|3,6|3,0|

Hydro|25101 |28054 |30374 |26395 |27808 |28531 |29242 |30037 |30511 |1,9|-0,9|0,5|

Biomass & Waste|46473 |57201 |67982 |85129 |97525 |108657 |118434 |124055 |127924 |3,9|3,7|2,0|

Wind|67 |350 |1913 |6061 |13860 |23139 |34150 |45182 |55792 |39,8|21,9|9,4|

Solar and others|153 |274 |421 |807 |3262 |6224 |9009 |11367 |13618 |10,7|22,7|10,7|

Geothermal|3190 |3447 |3421 |5331 |5904 |6218 |7690 |10932 |17715 |0,7|5,6|2,7|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Net Imports|756079 |738600 |826299 |986048 |994588 |1075329 |1110582 |1093649 |1057460 |0,9|1,9|1,1|

Solids|81846 |79338 |98645 |126639 |121617 |130855 |135286 |130745 |122784 |1,9|2,1|1,1|

Oil|535645 |512185 |533039 |599851 |580318 |615114 |626358 |611095 |588167 |0,0|0,9|0,8|

- Crude oil and Feedstocks|508460 |494000 |513725 |581995 |579210 |616460 |633238 |622747 |604198 |0,1|1,2|0,9|

- Oil products|27185 |18185 |19314 |17856 |1108 |-1346 |-6880 |-11652 |-16031 |-3,4|-24,9||

Natural gas|135121 |145288 |192531 |257366 |289171 |324084 |341566 |341952 |335267 |3,6|4,2|1,7|

Electricity|3323 |1508 |1686 |971 |99 |-613 |-1684 |-1781 |-1867 |-6,6|-24,7||

Renewable energy forms|144 |279 |397 |1222 |3384 |5889 |9056 |11638 |13109 |10,7|23,9|10,3|

Detailed Results| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Gross Inland Consumption|1660159 |1662517 |1723099 |1825989 |1766735 |1793808 |1795298 |1772466 |1754215 |0,4|0,3|0,2|

Solids|452940 |364248 |321007 |319922 |289439 |283746 |275219 |264225 |253180 |-3,4|-1,0|-0,5|

Oil|631058 |650858 |658727 |676859 |633216 |637558 |623595 |598152 |570317 |0,4|-0,4|-0,2|

Natural gas|294905 |333268 |393417 |445998 |453320 |453150 |453065 |433679 |410407 |2,9|1,4|0,0|

Nuclear|202589 |223028 |243761 |257360 |238917 |241308 |237522 |244981 |263509 |1,9|-0,2|-0,1|

Electricity|3323 |1508 |1686 |971 |99 |-613 |-1684 |-1781 |-1867 |-6,6|-24,7||

Renewable energy forms|75343 |89606 |104501 |124880 |151744 |178659 |207581 |233210 |258669 |3,3|3,8|3,2|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

as % in Gross Inland Consumption|||||||||||||

Solids|27,3 |21,9 |18,6 |17,5 |16,4 |15,8 |15,3 |14,9 |14,4 ||||

Oil|38,0 |39,1 |38,2 |37,1 |35,8 |35,5 |34,7 |33,7 |32,5 ||||

Natural gas|17,8 |20,0 |22,8 |24,4 |25,7 |25,3 |25,2 |24,5 |23,4 ||||

Nuclear|12,2 |13,4 |14,1 |14,1 |13,5 |13,5 |13,2 |13,8 |15,0 ||||

Renewable energy forms|4,5 |5,4 |6,1 |6,8 |8,6 |10,0 |11,6 |13,2 |14,7 ||||

|||||||||||||

Gross Electricity Generation in GWh e|2562823 |2712209 |2991720 |3274121 |3306907 |3539987 |3763728 |3974563 |4154468 |1,6|1,0|1,3|

Nuclear|794718 |881662 |944823 |997519 |926545 |937067 |928611 |978255 |1064396 |1,7|-0,2|0,0|

Hydro & wind|292648 |330306 |375545 |378836 |501928 |633873 |786086 |940044 |1088090 |2,5|2,9|4,6|

Thermal (incl. biomass)|1475456 |1500241 |1671352 |1897765 |1878434 |1969047 |2049031 |2056264 |2001982 |1,3|1,2|0,9|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Fuel Inputs for Thermal Power Generation|383492 |362334 |382613 |424208 |413270 |419274 |427345 |426777 |412907 |0,0|0,8|0,3|

Solids|263837 |230040 |223012 |229245 |219296 |215528 |208159 |199245 |190852 |-1,7|-0,2|-0,5|

Oil (including refinery gas)|54404 |51463 |39294 |29780 |15783 |16306 |15437 |13965 |11863 |-3,2|-8,7|-0,2|

Gas|56754 |67806 |102408 |134637 |138400 |140574 |148807 |148127 |132636 |6,1|3,1|0,7|

Biomass & Waste|5724 |10033 |14960 |25901 |34692 |41639 |48465 |55907 |61201 |10,1|8,8|3,4|

Geothermal heat|2774 |2992 |2939 |4645 |5098 |5227 |6476 |9532 |16355 |0,6|5,7|2,4|

Hydrogen - Methanol|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 ||||

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

|||||||||||||

Fuel Input in other transformation proc.|839073 |814654 |827098 |842975 |794488 |805380 |798865 |776192 |751812 |-0,1|-0,4|0,1|

Refineries|679426 |705954 |735244 |758152 |716734 |726162 |716900 |695921 |672350 |0,8|-0,3|0,0|

Biofuels and hydrogen production|2 |202 |610 |3129 |11802 |17450 |22015 |24357 |25886 |79,6|34,5|6,4|

District heating|32960 |23240 |19323 |16212 |17488 |15768 |15126 |13097 |12625 |-5,2|-1,0|-1,4|

Others|126685 |85258 |71921 |65482 |48464 |46000 |44824 |42818 |40952 |-5,5|-3,9|-0,8|

|||||||||||||

Energy Branch Consumption|82379 |88696 |88176 |96033 |92241 |90711 |90058 |89584 |89123 |0,7|0,5|-0,2|

|||||||||||||

Non-Energy Uses|97931 |110541 |112495 |117477 |111366 |114981 |117038 |117712 |118698 |1,4|-0,1|0,5|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Final Energy Demand|1068710 |1069989 |1112989 |1173676 |1168714 |1206226 |1213578 |1195402 |1178548 |0,4|0,5|0,4|

by sector|||||||||||||

Industry|365650 |328513 |326949 |326308 |312942 |321533 |327328 |329924 |332479 |-1,1|-0,4|0,5|

- energy intensive industries|234722 |214526 |213112 |210991 |193633 |195410 |196003 |194164 |193088 |-1,0|-1,0|0,1|

- other industrial sectors|130928 |113987 |113837 |115317 |119310 |126123 |131325 |135759 |139391 |-1,4|0,5|1,0|

Residential|264307 |280418 |286784 |308104 |309189 |315127 |310395 |298871 |292450 |0,8|0,8|0,0|

Tertiary|158484 |160442 |159866 |176859 |176231 |181468 |181243 |176885 |174673 |0,1|1,0|0,3|

Transport|280269 |300617 |339389 |362405 |370352 |388099 |394611 |389722 |378946 |1,9|0,9|0,6|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

by fuel|||||||||||||

Solids|125031 |84977 |61454 |54486 |44341 |43910 |43358 |42070 |39978 |-6,9|-3,2|-0,2|

Oil|444429 |456959 |478882 |495857 |475863 |481036 |471276 |453252 |433326 |0,7|-0,1|-0,1|

Gas|227902 |245996 |265552 |283524 |284994 |282842 |272655 |252732 |242098 |1,5|0,7|-0,4|

Electricity|184145 |193367 |216403 |237537 |240672 |259000 |274252 |288280 |299142 |1,6|1,1|1,3|

Heat (from CHP and District Heating) (A)|48610 |44616 |40061 |44441 |59097 |67708 |72624 |77293 |80628 |-1,9|4,0|2,1|

Other|38592 |44073 |50640 |57832 |63748 |71731 |79414 |81775 |83376 |2,8|2,3|2,2|

|||||||||||||

CO 2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2 - sec approach) |4030,6 |3800,1 |3810,6 |3946,6 |3742,8 |3724,7 |3609,9 |3371,4 |3021,2 |-0,6|-0,2|-0,4|

Power generation/District heating|1484,3 |1321,2 |1320,8 |1381,1 |1302,1 |1287,2 |1235,5 |1113,7 |867,3 |-1,2|-0,1|-0,5|

Energy Branch|152,2 |171,0 |170,2 |181,6 |158,4 |147,3 |140,1 |130,0 |119,5 |1,1|-0,7|-1,2|

Industry|781,4 |678,1 |623,0 |581,9 |496,8 |485,6 |477,1 |454,0 |441,7 |-2,2|-2,2|-0,4|

Residential|499,4 |481,6 |466,2 |486,7 |481,2 |472,5 |436,6 |395,1 |368,2 |-0,7|0,3|-1,0|

Tertiary|300,5 |275,3 |242,0 |262,2 |253,6 |245,1 |228,5 |209,2 |194,3 |-2,1|0,5|-1,0|

Transport|812,7 |872,9 |988,5 |1053,1 |1050,7 |1087,0 |1092,0 |1069,4 |1030,3 |2,0|0,6|0,4|

|||||||||||||

CO 2 Emissions Index (1990=100)|100,0 |94,3 |94,5 |97,9 |92,9 |92,4 |89,6 |83,6 |75,0 ||||

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

CO 2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2 - ref approach)|4172,0 |3950,7 |3922,7 |4087,6 |3812,4 |3791,3 |3679,7 |3441,7 |3092,3 |-0,6|-0,3|-0,4|

|||||||||||||

CO 2 Emissions Index (1990=100)|100,0 |94,7 |94,0 |98,0 |91,4 |90,9 |88,2 |82,5 |74,1 ||||

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SUMMARY ENERGY BALANCE AND INDICATORS (B)|

|1990 |1995 |2000 |2005 |2010 |2015 |2020 |2025 |2030 |'90-'00|'00-'10|'10-'20|

||||||||Annual % Change|

Main Energy System Indicators|||||||||||||

Population (Million)|470,388 |477,010 |481,072 |489,211 |499,389 |507,727 |513,838 |517,811 |519,942 |0,2|0,4|0,3|

GDP (in 000 MEuro'05)|8142,7 |8748,4 |10107,2 |11063,1 |11385,6 |12750,3 |14164,0 |15503,7 |16824,7 |2,2|1,2|2,2|

Gross Inl. Cons./GDP (toe/MEuro'05)|203,9 |190,0 |170,5 |165,1 |155,2 |140,7 |126,8 |114,3 |104,3 |-1,8|-0,9|-2,0|

Gross Inl. Cons./Capita (toe/inhabitant)|3,53 |3,49 |3,58 |3,73 |3,54 |3,53 |3,49 |3,42 |3,37 |0,1|-0,1|-0,1|

Electricity Generated/Capita (kWh gross/inhabitant)|5448 |5686 |6219 |6693 |6622 |6972 |7325 |7676 |7990 |1,3|0,6|1,0|

Carbon intensity (t of CO2/toe of GIC)|2,43 |2,29 |2,21 |2,16 |2,12 |2,08 |2,01 |1,90 |1,72 |-0,9|-0,4|-0,5|

CO2 Emissions/Capita (t of CO2/inhabitant)|8,57 |7,97 |7,92 |8,07 |7,49 |7,34 |7,03 |6,51 |5,81 |-0,8|-0,6|-0,6|

CO2 Emissions to GDP (t of CO2/MEuro'05)|495,0 |434,4 |377,0 |356,7 |328,7 |292,1 |254,9 |217,5 |179,6 |-2,7|-1,4|-2,5|

Import Dependency %|44,6 |43,5 |46,8 |52,5 |54,7 |58,3 |60,1 |59,9 |58,4 ||||

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Energy intensity indicators (2000=100)|||||||||||||

Industry (Energy on Value added)|130,3 |115,2 |100,0 |95,1 |90,4 |84,2 |77,6 |71,9 |67,4 |-2,6|-1,0|-1,5|

Residential (Energy on Private Income)|114,4 |113,2 |100,0 |97,5 |97,2 |88,0 |78,4 |69,7 |63,4 |-1,3|-0,3|-2,1|

Tertiary (Energy on Value added)|126,5 |117,0 |100,0 |99,4 |95,3 |86,8 |77,8 |69,0 |62,5 |-2,3|-0,5|-2,0|

Transport (Energy on GDP)|102,5 |102,3 |100,0 |97,6 |96,9 |90,6 |83,0 |74,9 |67,1 |-0,2|-0,3|-1,5|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Carbon Intensity indicators|||||||||||||

Electricity and Steam production (t of CO2/MWh)|0,46 |0,40 |0,37 |0,35 |0,31 |0,28 |0,26 |0,22 |0,16 |-2,1|-1,8|-2,0|

Final energy demand (t of CO2/toe)|2,24 |2,16 |2,08 |2,03 |1,95 |1,90 |1,84 |1,78 |1,73 |-0,7|-0,6|-0,6|

Industry|2,14 |2,06 |1,91 |1,78 |1,59 |1,51 |1,46 |1,38 |1,33 |-1,1|-1,8|-0,8|

Residential|1,89 |1,72 |1,63 |1,58 |1,56 |1,50 |1,41 |1,32 |1,26 |-1,5|-0,4|-1,0|

Tertiary|1,90 |1,72 |1,51 |1,48 |1,44 |1,35 |1,26 |1,18 |1,11 |-2,2|-0,5|-1,3|

Transport|2,90 |2,90 |2,91 |2,91 |2,84 |2,80 |2,77 |2,74 |2,72 |0,0|-0,3|-0,2|

 | || | | | | | | | | | |

Electricity and steam generation|||||||||||||

Net Generation Capacity in MW e|||654125 |715734 |813322 |901412 |942378 |1009278 |1099158 ||2,2|1,5|

Nuclear energy|||133923 |134409 |127038 |126752 |123223 |121792 |132165 ||-0,5|-0,3|

Renewable energy|||112878 |147262 |206951 |264849 |325615 |385402 |444137 ||6,2|4,6|

Hydro (pumping excluded)|||99714 |104505 |107334 |110498 |113598 |114930 |116206 ||0,7|0,6|

Wind |||12793 |40584 |84096 |126032 |171490 |217761 |261956 ||20,7|7,4|

Solar|||371 |2172 |15272 |27744 |38885 |49718 |61081 ||45,0|9,8|

Other renewables (tidal etc.)|||0 |1 |249 |575 |1642 |2993 |4894 |||20,8|

Thermal power|||407324 |434063 |479334 |509810 |493540 |502083 |522855 ||1,6|0,3|

of which cogeneration units|||77070 |84892 |98907 |114270 |122982 |132928 |141688 ||2,5|2,2|

of which CCS units|||0 |0 |0 |0 |5394 |13859 |36740 ||||

Solids fired|||194165 |186620 |182756 |185037 |166094 |153525 |163732 ||-0,6|-1,0|

Gas fired|||129444 |167173 |215977 |245307 |246098 |261964 |269649 ||5,3|1,3|

Oil fired|||71058 |62082 |55837 |48518 |44147 |42138 |38539 ||-2,4|-2,3|

Biomass-waste fired|||12051 |17502 |24036 |30209 |36321 |43187 |48760 ||7,1|4,2|

Fuel Cells|||0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 ||||

Geothermal heat|||605 |686 |727 |738 |880 |1270 |2175 ||1,9|1,9|

|||||||||||||

Load factor for net electric capacities (%)|||49,1 |49,1 |44,2 |42,8 |43,4 |42,6 |40,5 ||||

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Indicators for gross electricity production|||||||||||||

Efficiency for thermal electricity production (%)|||37,6 |38,5 |39,1 |40,4 |41,2 |41,4 |41,7 ||||

CHP indicator (% of el. from CHP)|||11,4 |11,7 |14,8 |18,5 |19,3 |19,9 |20,3 ||||

CCS indicator (% of electricity from CCS)|||0,0 |0,0 |0,0 |0,0 |1,5 |3,7 |9,1 ||||

Non fossil fuels in electricity generation (%)|||45,8 |44,8 |47,2 |49,3 |50,9 |54,2 |58,2 ||||

- nuclear|||31,6 |30,5 |28,0 |26,5 |24,7 |24,6 |25,6 ||||

- renewable energy forms and industrial waste|||14,2 |14,3 |19,2 |22,8 |26,2 |29,5 |32,6 ||||

Indicators for renewables (excluding industrial waste) (%) (B)||||||||

RES in gross final energy demand (%)|||7,6 |8,6 |10,9 |12,8 |14,9 |16,9 |18,7 ||||

RES in transport (%)|||0,5 |1,4 |4,2 |5,9 |7,4 |8,4 |9,3 ||||

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Transport sector|||||||||||||

Passenger transport activity (Gpkm)|4880,7 |5307,7 |5892,2 |6240,3 |6511,3 |7134,7 |7596,4 |8015,4 |8421,6 |1,9|1,0|1,6|

Public road transport|544,0 |504,0 |517,6 |526,0 |545,0 |574,9 |602,2 |624,6 |643,0 |-0,5|0,5|1,0|

Private cars and motorcycles|3501,1 |3986,3 |4428,1 |4686,5 |4866,1 |5300,8 |5576,3 |5809,6 |6041,2 |2,4|0,9|1,4|

Rail|472,5 |421,7 |447,9 |461,0 |482,5 |522,4 |563,5 |603,5 |641,4 |-0,5|0,7|1,6|

Aviation|317,3 |351,3 |456,9 |527,3 |576,9 |694,1 |810,6 |932,7 |1049,7 |3,7|2,4|3,5|

Inland navigation|45,8 |44,4 |41,7 |39,5 |40,8 |42,4 |43,8 |45,1 |46,3 |-0,9|-0,2|0,7|

Travel per person (km per capita)|10376 |11127 |12248 |12756 |13039 |14052 |14784 |15479 |16197 |1,7|0,6|1,3|

|||||||||||||

Freight transport activity (Gtkm)|1848,4 |1942,4 |2195,7 |2494,6 |2662,6 |2964,9 |3149,3 |3311,1 |3459,9 |1,7|1,9|1,7|

Trucks|1060,4 |1288,7 |1518,7 |1800,3 |1940,3 |2178,6 |2308,6 |2426,1 |2538,2 |3,7|2,5|1,8|

Rail|526,3 |386,1 |403,7 |414,1 |440,5 |487,7 |524,9 |554,3 |578,8 |-2,6|0,9|1,8|

Inland navigation|261,6 |267,6 |273,3 |280,2 |281,9 |298,6 |315,7 |330,7 |342,9 |0,4|0,3|1,1|

|||||||||||||

Freight activity per unit of GDP (tkm/000 Euro'05)|227 |222 |217 |225 |234 |233 |222 |214 |206 |-0,4|0,7|-0,5|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Energy demand in transport (ktoe)|280269 |300617 |339389 |362405 |370352 |388099 |394611 |389722 |378946 |1,9|0,9|0,6|

Public road transport|5197 |4732 |4914 |5039 |5179 |5318 |5306 |5215 |5086 |-0,6|0,5|0,2|

Private cars and motorcycles|154395 |166321 |182974 |187736 |186470 |185223 |182700 |174680 |164739 |1,7|0,2|-0,2|

Trucks|74969 |79037 |90951 |105104 |111593 |123875 |127520 |129191 |128901 |2,0|2,1|1,3|

Rail|9560 |9452 |9600 |9436 |9653 |10183 |10052 |9692 |8520 |0,0|0,1|0,4|

Aviation|29038 |34112 |45395 |49703 |51992 |57812 |63078 |64740 |65315 |4,6|1,4|2,0|

Inland navigation|7110 |6963 |5555 |5386 |5466 |5688 |5954 |6203 |6385 |-2,4|-0,2|0,9|

 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Efficiency indicator (activity related)||||||||||||

Passenger transport (toe/Mpkm)|39,6 |39,5 |40,3 |39,5 |38,0 |35,4 |33,6 |31,0 |28,4 |0,2|-0,6|-1,2|

Freight transport (toe/Mtkm)|47,1 |46,8 |46,3 |46,5 |46,1 |45,8 |44,3 |42,6 |40,3 |-0,2|-0,1|-0,4|

Source: PRIMES

Explanations:

(A) Regarding heat from CHP, there is a break in the series between 2005 and 2010. This is related to the practice of Eurostat to report the fuel consumption of on site CHP under the final demand categories of the individual fuels, even if the fuel is in reality used in industrial CHP. In order to keep comparability with Eurostat statistics, the fuel consumption data for the statistical years are presented in a Eurostat compatible format. For the projection period from 2010 onwards the modeling allocates the fuel consumption for new CHP plants to the CHP part of the power generation sector while the corresponding heat and steam is shown under industrial energy demand. Comparisons concerning steam in industry should therefore start only from 2010 onwards. Except for the knock-on effect on total steam, this break in the heat series does not affect other comparisons in PRIMES that can start from 2005 or earlier years.

(B) PRIMES does not report separately on industrial waste. In order to ensure a consistent breakdown of supply and demand quanties, industrial waste is shown as part of total waste and of renewables. Given that only biodegradable waste counts towards the renewables targets, the indicators on the share of RES in gross final energy demand have been adjusted to exclude industrial waste. RES indicators have been calculated on the basis of the methodology developed by EUROSTAT, i.e. taking into account normalised hydro and wind production, increased weight for renewable electricity in road transport and aviation cap for gross final energy demand.

Disclaimer: Energy and transport statistics reported in this publication and used for the modelling are taken mainly from EUROSTAT and from the publication “EU Energy and Transport in Figures” of the Directorate General for Energy and Transport. Energy and transport statistical concepts have developed differently in the past according to their individual purposes. Energy demand in transport reflects usually sales of fuels at the point of refuelling, which can differ from the region of consumption. This is particularly relevant for airplanes and trucks. Transport statistics deal with the transport activity within a country but may not always fully include transit shipments. These differences should be borne in mind when comparing energy and transport figures. This applies in particular to transport activity ratios, such as energy efficiency in freight transport, which is measured in tonnes of oil equivalent per million tonne-km.

Abbreviations

GIC: Gross Inland Consumption

CHP: combined heat and power

Geographical regions

EU27: EU15 Member States + NM12 Member States

EU15: EU15 Member States (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom)

NM12: New Member States (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania , Slovakia, Slovenia)

Units

toe: tonne of oil equivalent, or 107 kilocalories, or 41.86 GJ (Gigajoule)

Mtoe: million toe

GW: Gigawatt or 109 watt

kWh: kilowatt-hour or 103 watt-hour

MWh: megawatt-hour or 106 watt-hour

TWh: Terawatt-hour or 1012 watt-hour

t: metric tonnes, or 1000 kilogrammes

Mt: Million metric tonnes

km: kilometre

pkm: passenger-kilometre (one passenger transported a distance of one kilometre)

tkm: tonne-kilometre (one tonne transported a distance of one kilometre)

Gpkm: Giga passeng er-kilometre, or 109 passenger-kilometre

Gtkm: Giga tonn